CEE 424- Elementary Structural Dynamics

Lecture 06: Ductility Design

Semester – January 2020
Dr.Tahir Mehmood
INTRODUCTION

It is now well established that for buildings of normal usage, it is not economical to
provide strength sufficient to prevent structural damage during very large earthquakes
that are likely to occur only once in a few hundred years.

Significant damage during such exceptional events must be expected. Design and
construction must ensure that collapse resulting in loss of life will not occur.
Relatively large inelastic structural deformations must be possible without significant
loss of lateral resistance, and the integrity of the structure to support gravity loads
must be maintained. This structural property is called "Ductility".

The ductility capacity of a reinforced concrete building system is normally quantified

by the ratio of the maximum lateral roof displacement to the yield roof displacement—
the global displacement ductility factor.
Typical force-displacement relationship for RC elements
Mechanical properties of reinforcing steel and concrete
Figure 3.5 Stress-strain model for monotonic loading of confined and
unconfined concrete in compression
Figure 3.2 Concrete stress block design parameters for flexural strength calculations
Figure 3.3 Confinement of concrete by circular and square hoops [P43]
Figure 3.4 Confinement of column section by transverse and longitudinal reinforcement
Figure 3.18 Typical stress-strain curves for reinforcing steel ( 1MPa= 145 psi)
Figure 3.19 Cyclic straining of reinforcing steel [MPa (55 ksi)] [L3]
Ductility in structural members can be developed only if the constituent material itself is
ductile.

The ductility of ordinary concrete in compression is very limited, and its tensile strength
is not usable for transmission of significant forces.

Reinforcing steel bars are on the other hand very ductile.

The primary aim of detailing of composite structures, consisting of concrete and steel, is
to combine these materials in such a way to produce ductile members.
It is relatively easy to achieve the desired ductility if resistance is to be provided by
steel in tension.

The hysteretic response of steel with large inelastic strains in both tension and
compression can only be sustained if the full compression strength of reinforcing bars
without interference by bucking can be assured.

The strain ductility capacity of concrete in compression can be markedly enhanced if

its volumetric increase by lateral expansion is restricted by confinement.

Moreover, with significant confinement its ultimate compression strength will increase.
This can then compensate for loss of strength resulting from the spalling of concrete
outside the confined zone.
CAPACITY DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

Developed primarily in New Zealand

The philosophy is illustrated by the ductile chain analogy.
The chain consists of many links.

To make the chain ductile, at least the weakest link must be ductile. The other links,
having higher strength, may be brittle.

If these links were designed to have the same strength as the ductile link, the randomness
of strength variation might lead to a failure in a brittle link and the chain would have no
ductility.

Failure of all other links can be prevented if their strength is in excess of the maximum
feasible strength of the ductile link, corresponding to the level of expected ductility .

The ductility of the entire chain is less than the ductility of the ductile link.
Global ductility vs Local ductility.
Capacity Design of Structures

Certain members of the primary lateral force resisting system are chosen and suitably
designed and detailed for "ductile behavior".

The critical regions of these members are detailed such that ductile plastic hinges can
be formed, and undesirable modes of inelastic deformation (shear failure, anchorage
failure, bucking) are prevented.

All other structural elements are then protected against actions that could cause failure,
by providing them with strength greater than that corresponding to development of
maximum feasible strength in the potential plastic hinge regions.
These "other elements" are designed to remain elastic. Hence, conventional detailing,
such as used for structures designed to resist only gravity loads and wind forces, can be
employed for these elements.

Note that: Strength = "Actual" Strength not "Nominal" or "Ideal" Strength

A kinematically admissible plastic mechanism of the entire structural system must be able
to form by these chosen plastic hinges.

The plastic mechanism should be such that the necessary overall displacement ductility
can be developed with the smallest inelastic rotation demands in the plastic hinges.
Kinematically admissible plastic mechanism in multi-story buildings
Strength Definitions

Strength = the resistance of a structure, or a member, or a particular section.

Required Strength is the strength demand arising from the application of prescribed
loads or forces.

Ideal Strength or "nominal strength" of a section of a member is computed based on

established theory of structural mechanics (for example, by using code formulas) for a
prescribed failure mode of that section (flexure strength, shear strength, etc.).
Strength Definitions

It is derived from the dimensions, reinforcing content, and details of the section
designed, and code- specified nominal material strength properties. In some cases
the nominal material strength is a specified minimum strength, which suppliers
guarantee to exceed; in others the lower 5 percentile limit of measured strengths is
adopted.
In Limit state design:

where is a strength reduction factor.

Strength Definitions

Probable Strength takes into account the fact that material strengths are generally
greater than nominal strengths specified by codes. It requires a knowledge of the
mean strength of materials used in the construction. It may be quantified by

Where is the probable strength factor allowing for materials being stronger than code
specified, and is thus greater than 1.
Strength Definitions

Overstrength , takes into account all possible sources that may contribute to strength
exceeding the ideal value.

These include:
 steel strength greater than specified yield strength,
 additional strength enhancement of steel due to strain hardening at large
deformation, concrete strength at a given age being higher than specified,
 unaccounted-for compression strength enhancement of the concrete due to its
confinement,
 strain rate effects.

where, is the overstrength factor.

Strength Definitions

The value of for flexural strength is typically in the range of 1.25-1.45.

Overstrength is an important property because brittle elements must have strengths

exceeding the maximum feasible strength of ductile elements.
DESIGN OF BUILDINGS WITH STRUCTURAL WALLS

RC walls in a building can form an efficient lateral-force-resisting system.

These walls are sometimes called "shear walls". This name is not appropriate, because it
implies that shear might control their behavior. In fact RC walls should be designed such
that inelastic shear modes of deformations are avoided. For this reason, we call them
"structural walls" instead of "shear walls".
In the following, it is assumed that:

 Structural walls have adequate foundations-stiff and strong foundations! No rocking,

no inelastic deformations in the foundation structure

 Floor systems (diaphragms) remain elastic at all times, and have adequate
connections to structural walls.

 The entire lateral force is resisted by structural walls.

Locate Structural Walls

The positions of the structural walls within a building are usually dictated by functional
(architectural) requirements. This may lead to undesirable layout of walls from a
structural point of view.

Minimizing Torsional Effects

This can be achieved by reducing the distance between the center of mass (CM) and
the center of rigidity (CR).
Note that torsion may arise also in
theoretically perfectly symmetrical
buildings. Hence codes require
that allowance be made in all
buildings for so-called "accidental"
torsional effects.
Torsional Stability
Many walls are open thin-walled sections with small torsional rigidities. The wall arrangements
(a) (b) (c) are torsionally unstable, because torsional resistance could only be achieved if the
lateral force resistance of each wall with respect to its weak axis was significant.
Although the arrangements (a) and (c) have no eccentricity of inertia forces, the systems will
not be able to resist "accidental" torsion.

The arrangements (d) to (f) are torsionally stable configurations, even though significant
eccentricity is present for case (d).

Try to locate as many of the walls as possible at the periphery of the building.

A concentration of the total lateral force resistance in only one or two walls is likely to
introduce very large forces to the foundation structure.

In medium-sized buildings, the cross section of a wall normally does not change with height
—prismatic wall. However, the strength demand due to lateral forces reduces in upper
stories of tall buildings. Hence, wall thickness and steel reinforcement may be reduced.
Slender cantilever walls (with large height-to-length ratio, ) can be treated as ordinary RC
beam-columns.

Lateral forces are introduced by means of a series of point loads through the floors acting as
diaphragms.

The floor slab will also stabilize the wall against lateral buckling, and this allows relatively thin wall
sections to be used.
Failure Modes in Structural Walls

A basic requirement for walls to be ductile: a flexural plastic hinge zone should be
formed at the base of the wall ((b) and (e)), and brittle failure mechanisms should not
be permitted to occur.
This is achieved by establishing a desirable hierarchy in the failure mechanics using
capacity design procedures and by appropriate detailing of the potential plastic hinge
region.
Failure modes to be prevented are:
 Diagonal tension failure (c) caused by shear,
 Diagonal compression failure caused by shear,
 Instability of thin walled sections,
 Instability of the principal compression reinforcement,
 Sliding shear along construction joints (d),
 Shear or bond failure along lapped splices or anchorages.
Hysteretic response of a structural wall controlled by shear strength
(an example of the undesirable shear-dominated response)
 Hysteretic response of a ductile wall structure
(A displacement ductility of 4 can be attained in a stable manner)
Design for Flexural Strength

Because of the multilayered arrangement of vertical reinforcement in wall sections, the

analysis for flexural strength is a little more complex than that of beam sections (but the same
assumptions and analysis procedure can be used).

Limitations on Longitudinal Wall Reinforcement

The ratio of longitudinal (vertical) wall reinforcement to the gross concrete area, , should not
be less than (MPa) nor more than (MPa).
The upper limit is likely to cause congestion when lapped splices are to be provided.

The lower limit is from traditional recommendations, where the primary concerns
were shrinkage and temperature effects.

In walls that are thicker than 200 mm, two layers of reinforcement, one near each
face of the wall, should be used.
In regions where the wall section is to be confined, the horizontal spacing of vertical
bars should not exceed 200 mm, and in other regions, 450 mm or three times the
thickness of the wall.

The diameter of bars should not exceed 1/8 of the thickness of the wall.

Several of these recommendations are based on engineering judgment and

traditional practice rather than on specific studies.
 DESIGN FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH

Curtailment of flexural Reinforcement

Typical bending moment demand diagram resulting from code-specified equivalent static
lateral forces is shown in the following figure.
If the flexural reinforcement were to be curtailed exactly in accordance with the moment
demand, plastic hinges could form with equal probability anywhere along the height of the
wall during a strong earthquake.

This would be undesirable from a design point of view because potential plastic hinges
require special and more expensive detailing. It is more rational to ensure that a plastic
hinge can develop only at the base of the wall.
Due to higher mode effects, actual bending moment envelope that arises during the
dynamic response is different from the bending moment demand from code-specified
equivalent lateral forces.
Dynamic moment envelopes for a 20-story cantilever wall with different base yield
moment strengths (dash lines show bending moments due to static forces, corresponding to 10% of
the base shear being applied at the top and 90% in the form of an inverted triangularly distributed force)

An approximate linear variation of bending moment envelope (demand) during both

elastic and inelastic dynamic response!

Hence, it is recommended that the flexural reinforcement in cantilever walls be

curtailed so as to give not less than a linear variation of moment of resistance
with height.
The shaded bending moment diagram shows moments that would result from the
application of code-specified equivalent static lateral force.

The straight dashed line represents the minimum flexural strength demand that takes into
account of higher mode effects.

The multi-linear envelope is the recommended design moment envelope.

The design moment at the wall base = ME.

The maximum flexural strength that could be developed at the wall base (flexural
overstrength) = M0

The wall flexural overstrength factor

 CONTROL OF SHEAR

To ensure that shear failure modes will be prohibited, an estimate must be made for
the upper bound (maximum) shear demand during the ductile response of the wall.

Where,

is the maximum shear force (design shear)

is the shear demand derived from code-specified static forces
is the dynamic shear magnification factor (due to higher mode effects),
considered to be dependent on the number of stories, n.
Design for shear strength:

Where,
is the shear resistance from truss mechanisms,

is the shear resistance from mechanisms other than the model truss aggregate
interlock along crack interfaces, dowel action of chord reinforcement, shear
transfer by concrete in the flexural compression regions, etc. , is commonly called
the contribution of the concrete to shear strength.
Under the actions due to earthquake forces, reversal of shear forces will be
common, and extensive cracks will be formed in the plastic hinge region. The
contributions to shear resistance from mechanisms other than due to truss action
gradually diminish. Therefore, the shear strength of concrete () cannot be relied on,
and hence sufficient shear reinforcement (for ) must be provided.
Truss mechanisms of shear transfer in plastic hinges

By this reason, in the plastic hinge region:

While in all other regions:

In addition, to ensure that potential diagonal tension failure planes are crossed by
sufficient set of stirrups, the spacing between stirrups should not exceed 2.5 times
the wall thickness or 450 mm.

Spacing limitations to satisfy requirements for the confinement of compressed

concrete and the stabilizing of compression bars in the plastic hinge region are likely
to be more restrictive.
Other undesirable failure modes associated with shear will also have to be
prevented. These failure modes include:

Sliding Shear: the failure along potential sliding planes across the wall, where
construction joints occur or where wide flexural cracks originating from each of the
two edges interconnect.

Shear transfer across such planes may be based on mechanisms of aggregate

interlock. A sufficient amount of well-distributed reinforcement transverse to the
potential sliding plane must be provided to produce appropriate "clamping forces".
Diagonal Compression Failure may occur in walls with high web shear stresses, even
when sufficient shear reinforcement (for ) is provided. This may result in "web crushing"
in the plastic hinge zone.

To avoid such failure, particularly in the plastic hinge region, nominal concrete shear
stresses must be kept low. Otherwise, the dimensions of the wall should be increased.
 WALL STABILITY

When parts of a thin-wall section are subjected to compression strains, the danger of
instability due to out-of-plane bucking may arise, particularly in the plastic hinge
region.

Recent studies show that out-of-plane buckling may be triggered by large inelastic
steel strains rather than by high concrete compression stresses!
 The possibility of this failure mode can be reduced
by
 The use of two layers of reinforcement, one
near each face of the wall

 Providing a sufficiently enlarged boundary

element

 Increasing the wall thickness.

Deformations leading to out-of-plane buckling

 TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

Special attention on the roles of and detailing requirements for transverse

reinforcement must be given to potential plastic hinge regions.

The roles are:

 To provide shear resistance (as explained earlier)

 To stabilize compression bars (prevent buckling) in plastic hinge regions

 To provide confinement of compressed concrete in plastic hinge regions

 To provide clamping of lapped splices

The spacing of the transverse reinforcement is as important as the quantity to
be provided. Recommended maximum spacing for these four specific purposes
must be checked.
 FOUNDATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL WALL SYSTEMS

When foundations are designed for ductile cantilever walls, the actions transmitted from
the inelastic superstructure to the foundation structure should be as follows:

Bending Moment =

Shear Force =

All components of the foundation structure should have ideal strengths equal to or higher
than the above bending moment and shear force.
Because yielding is not expected to occur in components of a foundation structure, the
special requirements for seismic detailing of the reinforcement need not be specified.
 FOUNDATIONS FOR STRUCTURAL WALL SYSTEMS

Figure 26. A typical sectional configuration of the wall

Thank you