ONTARIOFiiiiiER

GENERATION File Notes

Subject Page
'T of

?\J(l~O ~~_~ '(I..:) Df.:l'Cv\ tA O(l..A<:r Fot-Lt!:) (t~~U\..'"?\N~ m "~WJ _ f~c:.\<"'l N(E,
~ ~N'" tN"l'~C.l~oN

tI\.~l~"O() ~ I~NC\lt\"nY\.. ~-r~ W\'t~ \Ir--tCl~ SEAI...Af'JT IN ~<:c..cf\..CA.Nc::.. W~l"

~f'a) ~NC') ~~t:Nn ~ ~ of -r~\ S ~~\...C.\")\.J\,,,{,\.c)N \)O~V'A\N

"\sc.os~ 1 C\.. \I ~OI,jS \..OW\ ItJ PI <,l....lrJQ IeA-\".. ?\(l)~ •.

\Il)('~ O(l~e:, l OE:."t~(\"MlNC/.:) IJ~(NC» ANA ~ll<:A ~I,JA('lON ~

p..N\JJ\.A n... ~~ wen",- ~ l N U\.. t.y\..tt.J C~ f\._ M~ \J VN(:, I«l ~ t.

c..c~f.:IlN~C) \~ Q ~ l) ~ 1.) ~t\..SfF.:c.
'T\.IJEt~ .

~', ~@P -1'1 \j\~c..QS\"( \\~E:r';) ~"~,, IJ~~(.\~ 1

~\~\.U\rL 11>~:n...eN f\.Cw tN(;j'-J ~ fb, (). Pn..EZ U G!M()\ :;..rr
\~ ~ ~~'-\,..,~ ~O ey INNrJ\.. '-t'-lN~m. OAA(:, \N AJ.J
~t-J~\J\.IJ'::I

I NN ~ "'" Ol.o.M. ~€J\._ w: S'Tt..~ C l/V~ "'lC'A. d..~':: o,S t.

~ M/PAc \N6 Q,()r.t' AA"'T(O k:: d~/4p

p~~",~~ H l'-l11 (~r:: IltJ~ (f\~~\)~ 0)
S f.\ ~'?'(LO\ ~;. ~ t) /Y'IYw, ;::r (. ') 7 ~ ~,
•••.\M\k.UiVL \It-'l\...vtt O(>~\N~ -r M. At ...7. '{ S

rOt'\.. uJNOJA"'(Q(\. -c :s S I -n-l. cyu,...roCl\. ~I--t.

\.OW \ ~~,,~ oc "71 ',N u, ~o

820654 rev, 99-05

ONTARIOPiiiiiER
GENERATION File Notes
Subject Page
'2- of '3
File no.

Date

t<...6:~ ~)
~f= \1( (I.W'-C.'-~'T f:l,NNI,,) ••.•"n) 'Te

tl d.~
11\
.It I'"

'?
v I~'t
:z
..::7
~
. ~
,~ ~
,4-(
,~
.~
,')." .1
, '2. 3 ,G.
,16 .~.;
.a~'1.. .~ol

,~ .7 .~ ,9 l.u
d.P(JN~)

T",~ ~\..~ <i'TI.)1) t-lu-rs \,..lLL ~i:~~D c:kf 1'0 ALL.CW S'{_f:...\J:.N-r to ~IU_ '(He:
A('1N\l\...~) a(i't~t"N S-rl.)f"r-l~(:, ~ ~ (ot(J: t I,) A,.t() ~-rE.M (ciS: .:>"') ,
'"\\'\CC:f\.C.fCfl~ \J\~OSl'"ty it.~TING W\~ ya.•. I.e) A(\)E.. \~ (1£~w~~tt().

'2.:-rc Hf tJ V ~
('iTEM. 'l\~C'()j~ .nMG. I'S ~~~' F.:.
,h..V·~(.
--"ir 'Yt ) Rtf1) Wb\m.C' ,,::.
_ \. ~7B
Y~t.
'f::. 1..,"n,(. I 'I( ')( # I 64-

~( Y.~)

~c:..LIJ~\O"-.) '. Thf:.. tJA,"!.CtkUk. ':l ;'''TlN<'. O'-C. ~~ (t~r "21) \~.., ~'t- llot
wt\lCM. wo~ C}4.t C?JV ~U:Nl 0 'A ~'\.A,..n- ('It..
~ NG,"tl« or- 71)4/ <:; 1NCb4.~") ) wH\c.v.. l S
C::IrlF-A-rE.t\_ ~~I\~ ~\J ~l \..At'bUl..

820654 rev. 99-05

ONTARIOFiiiiiER File Notes
GENERATION
Subject Page
~~r(~D~x.().. 3 of '3
File no.
~ t',j ~ 0\1(\ '"tC(\_ Te:S"'l'\ NC, oi- \10-(00
Date

P(lDc..{CU'\.E.. •~ S(~ ~"'t1.t~A"\~ 1't•.~\.... OA""lEQ JUL.? va ('LOttO (A.'"MA.c:k\ttO ~~.,.()

\~')-r fl.€"UL"TS ~ t>.-r7~C.~r-D A-'l.
-•, T~~ fcu...oW~~~ ~\J\..A7l0'" S COMt=lL>( wC'n~ {('I.'\-~ \)

'tw:
~
D
--
I{'\
\.
-
•
Ot -
p - l
• 1'\-1 \
. t\

~
I
~ ::.\(_'6~ t.
I ~; "''t~
r:sr:: q -aV l f
" tJ
l•... "!l N \)l \)'\_

I'Y~
V
0
(\
-
~~-t-(

4"
~

'*" ~>;,.~ (>\;_~ \,._~ I/S ~ ps ~.~

820654 rev. 99-05

 3

Incompressible Non-Newtonian Fluid Flows

Quae-Hung Nguyen and Ngae-Diep Nguyen
Mechanical Faculty, Ho Chi Minh University of Industry,
Vietnam

1. Introduction
A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose flow properties differ in many ways from those of
Newtonian fluids. Most commonly the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids is not independent
of shear rate or shear rate history. In practice, many fluid materials exhibits non-Newtonian
fluid behavior such as: salt solutions, molten, ketchup, custard, toothpaste, starch suspensions,
paint, blood, and shampoo etc. In a Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and
the shear rate is linear, passing through the origin, the constant of proportionality being the
coefficient of viscosity. In a non-Newtonian fluid, the relation between the shear stress and the
shear rate is different, and can even be time-dependent. Therefore a constant coefficient of
viscosity cannot be defined. In the previous parts of this book, the mechanics of Newtonian
fluid have been mentioned. In this chapter, the common rheological models of non-Newtonian
fluids are introduced and several approaches concerned with non-Newtonian fluid flows are
( considered. In addition, the solution of common non-Newtonian fluid flows in a circular pipe,
annular and rectangular duct are presented.

2. Classification of non-Newtonian fluid

As above mentioned, a non-Newtonian fluid is one whose flow curve (shear stress versus
shear rate) is nonlinear or does not pass through the origin, i.e. where the apparent viscosity,
shear stress divided by shear rate, is not constant at a given temperature and pressure but is
dependent on flow conditions such as flow geometry, shear rate, etc. and sometimes even
on the kinematic history of the fluid element under consideration. Such materials may be
conveniently grouped into three general classes:
1. fluids for which the rate of shear at any point is determined only by the value of the
shear stress at that point at that instant; these fluids are variously known as 'time
independent' , ' purely viscous' , 'inelastic' or 'generalized Newtonian fluids');
2. more complex fluids for which the relation between shear stress and shear rate
depends, in addition, upon the duration of shearing and their kinematic history; they
are called 'time-dependent fluids', and finally,
3. substances exhibiting characteristics of both ideal fluids and elastic solids and showing
partial elastic recovery, after deformation; these are categorized as 'viscoplastic fluids'.
Among the three groups, the time independent Non-Newtonian fluids are the most popular
and easiest to handle in analysis. In this chapter, only this group of Non-Newtonian fluids
are considered.

www.intechopen.com
 Incompressible Non-Newtonian Fluid Flows 55

3. Rabinowitsch-Mooney equation
Consider a one-directional flow of fluid through a circular tube with radius R, Figure 2. The
volumetric flow rate through an annular element of area perpendicular to the flow and of
width Br is given by

(11)

and, consequently, the flow rate through the whole tube is

Q (12)

Integrating by parts gives

(13)

Provided there is no slip at the tube wall, the first term in equation (13) vanishes. Equation
(13) then can be written as

Q = 7rfr2(-Y)dr (14)
o
If the fluid is time-independent and homogeneous, the shear stress is a function of shear rate
only. The inverse is that the shear rate y, is a function of shear stress 'rx only and the
variation of 'rx with r is known from the following well-known equation:

r
(15)
R

where 'w is the wall shear stress.

Changing variables in equation (14), using equation (15), and dropping the subscripts rx,
equation (14) can be written as

(16)

where y is interpreted as a function of ,instead of r.

_Ri-
.. _._._._._._
~vx

x
dr®J
Fig. 2. Geometric presentation of MR fluid in 0 circular tube

www.intechopen.com
 56 Continuum Mechanics - Progress in Fundamentals and Engineering Applications

( Writing equation (16) in terms of the flow characteristic gives

SU 4Q 4 'w
-
D
= -
JrR3
= -J'
,3
2 .
(-y)d, (17)
W 0

where u is the average velocity of the fluid flow and D is the diameter of the tube. For flow
in a pipe or tube the shear rate is negative so the integral in equation (17) is positive. For a
given relationship between , and y , the value of the integral depends only on the value of
'w. Thus, for a non-Newtonian fluid, as well as for a Newtonian fluid, the flow
characteristic 8u/D is a unique function of the wall shear stress 'w.

The shear rate y can be extracted from equation (17) by differentiating with respect to ,.
Moreover, if a definite integral is differentiated w.r.t. the upper limit ( 'w)' the result is the
integrand evaluated at the upper limit. It is convenient first to multiply equation (17) by ':u
throughout, then differentiating w.r.t. 'w gives

2 Su 3 d(Su / D) - 4 2 ( .)
(IS)
3 'w- +'w - 'w -y lo
D d,lO

Rearranging equation (IS) gives the wall shear rate Yw as

_.
Yw
= Su
D
[~+4
1 'lo
4 (Su / D)
d(Su / D)]
d,w
(19)

Making use of the relationship dX/l: = dlnx, equation (19) can be written as

_y
W
= Su
D
[~+
4
1 d In(Su / D)]
4 d In,w
(20)

As the wall shear rate YlON for a Newtonian fluid in laminar flow is equal to (-8u/D),
equation (20) can be expressed as

. _. [~+
yw - YwN 4
1 d In(Su / D)]
4 dIn, lO
(21)

Equations (20) and (21) are forms of the Rabinowitsch-Mooney equation. It shows that the
wall shear rate for a non-Newtonian fluid can be calculated from the value for a Newtonian
fluid having the same flow rate in the same pipe, the correction factor being the quantity in
the square brackets. The derivative can be estimated by plotting [n(8ujD) against In 'wand
measuring the gradient. Alternatively the gradient may be calculated from the (finite)
differences between values of In(8du/D) and In 'w . Thus the flow curve 'w against Yw can
be determined. The measurements required and the calculation procedure are as follows.

1. Measure Q at various values of t.Pf / L, preferably eliminating end effects.

2. Calculate, w from the pressure drop measurements and the corresponding values of
the flow characteristic (Sdu / D = 4Q / JrR3) from the flow rate measurements.

www.intechopen.com
Incompressible Non-Newtonian Fluid Flows 57

3. Plot In(8du / D) against In 'wand measure the gradient at various points on the curve.
Alternatively, calculate the gradient from the differences between the successive values
of these quantities.
4. Calculate the true wall shear rate from equation (20) with the derivative determined in
'w
step 3. In general, the plot of In(8du / D) against In will not be a straight line and the
gradient must be evaluated at the appropriate points on the curve.
Example 1
The flow rate-pressure drop measurements shown in Table 3 were made in a horizontal
tube having an internal diameter 0 = 6 mm, the pressure drop being measured between two
tapings 2.0m apart. The density of the fluid, p, was 870 kg/m3. Determine the wall shear
stress-flow characteristic curve and the shear stress-true shear rate curve for this material.

Pressure drop Mass flow rate

(bar) x 103 (kg/s)
0.384 0.0864
0.519 0.463
0.716 1.37
0.965 2.76
1.16 4.13
1.29 5.20
1.46 6.78
1.60 8.15
Table 3.

The results are shown in Table 4

7(1) (Pa) 8du/D gradient n' (3n'+1)/4n' -r (1) (S-1)

28.8 4.68 0.157 2.34 11.0

38.9 25.1 0.232 1.83 45.9
53.7 74.3 0.375 1.42 106
72.4 150 0.439 1.32 197
87.0 224 0.475 1.28 286
96.8 282 0.475 1.28 360
110 367 0.475 1.28 469
120 442 0.475 1.28 564
Table 4

4. Calculation of flow rate-pressure drop relationship for laminar flow using

T-y data
Flow rate-pressure drop calculations for laminar non-Newtonian flow in pipes may be made
in various ways depending on the type of flow information available. When the flow data
are in the form of flow rate and pressure gradient measured in a tubular viscometer or in a

www.intechopen.com
 58 Continuum Mechanics - Progress in Fundamentals and Engineering Applications

pilot scale pipeline, direct scale-up can be done as described in Section 5. When the data are
in the form of shear stress-shear rate values (tabular or graphical), the flow rate can be
calculated directly using equation (17), where D is the diameter of the pipe to be used and
'w is the wall shear stress corresponding to the specified pressure gradient. Whether
obtained with a rotational instrument or with a tubular viscometer, the data provide the
relationship between , and f . Numerical evaluation of the integral in equation (17) can be
done using selected pairs of values of , and f ranging from 0 to 'w .
If the r - f , relationship can be accurately represented by a simple algebraic expression,
such as the power law, over the required range then this may be used to substitute for f, in
equation (17), allowing the integral to be evaluated analytically. Both these methods are
illustrated in the following example.
Example 2
Using the viscometric data given in Table 5 calculate the average velocity for the material
flowing through a pipe of diameter 37mrn when the pressure gradient is 1.lkPa/m.

Y(S-l ) , (Pa) I-'a (Pa s)

0.00911 0.0417 4.58

0.0911 0.175 1.95
0.911 0.708 0.777
9.111 2.82 0.310
( 91.11 11.22 0.123
102.3 12.03 0.118

Table 5.

Calculations
The wall shear stress is given by

Df"P (37 x 1O-3m)(1100 Palm)

,w = 10.18 Pa
4L 4
the flow characteristic

8u 4 2 .
-
o
= 3
'zu
fr
'111

0
(-rfir

It is necessary to evaluate the integral from , = 0 to , = 10.18Pa. This can be done by

y
calculating ,2 for each of the values given in the table and plotting ,2 against ,. The y
area under the curve between , = 0 and , = 10.18Pa can then be measured. An alternative,
which will be used here, is to use a numerical method such as Simpson's rule. This requires
values at equal intervals of ,. Dividing the range of integration into six strips and
interpolating the data allows Table 6 to be constructed.

www.intechopen.com
Incompressible Non-Newtonian Fluid Flows 59

1: (Pa) y ,2 Y
0.00 0.0 0.00 (Centerline)
1.70 3.91 11.24
3.39 12.41 142.8
5.09 24.38 631.0
6.78 39.39 1812
8.48 57.14 4108
10.18 77.43 8016 (pipe wall)

Table 6.

By Simpson's rule

10.18
f ,2 yd, "'"10.18/6 [0+8016+4(11.24+613+4108)+2(142.8+ 1812)]= 17490 Pa3s-1
° 3
From equation (17)

U=

The above is the general method but in this case the visco metric data can be well
represented by, = 0.749yo.60 Pa, thus y = 1.62,16675-1. This allows the integral in equation
(17) to be evaluated analytically.

10.18
f f
T"

,2 yd, = 1.62 d, = 17510

,3.667 Pa35-1

° °
This agrees with the value found by numerical integration and would give the same value
for u.

Note that the values of the apparent viscosity flo were not used; they were provided to
show that the fluid is strongly shear thinning. If the data were available as values of flo at
corresponding values of y, then , should be calculated as their product. The table of
values of ,2y (Table 6) illustrates the fact that flow in the centre makes a small contribution
to the total flow: flow in the outer parts of the pipe is most significant.

As mentioned previously, the minus sign in equation (17) reflects the fact that the shear rate
is negative for flow in a pipe. In the above calculations, the absolute values of y, and ,
have been used and the minus sign has therefore been dropped.

5. Wall shear stress-flow characteristic curves and scale-up for laminar flow

When data are available in the form of the flow rate-pressure gradient relationship obtained
in a small diameter tube, direct scale-up for flow in larger pipes can be done. It is not
necessary to determine the ,- y curve with the true value of y calculated from the

www.intechopen.com
BSL Transport Phenomena 2e Revised: Chapter 2 - Problem 2B.7 Page 1 of 7

Problem 2B.7
Annular flow with inner cylinder moving axially (see Fig. 2B.7). A cylindrical rod of
radius J<i,R moves axially with velocity Vz = Va along the axis of a cylindrical cavity of radius R as
seen in the figure. The pressure at both ends of the cavity is the same, so that the fluid moves
through the annular region solely because of the rod motion.

Cylinder of inside
Fluid at modified radius R Fluid at modified
pressure gpo '--! \ ~ pressure gpo

Fig.2B.7 Annular flow with the inner cylinder moving axially.

(a) Find the velocity distribution in the narrow annular region.

(b) Find the mass rate of flow through the annular region.

(c) 0btain the viscous force acting on the rod over the length L.

(d) Show that the result in (c) can be written as a "plane slit" formula multiplied by a
"curvature correction." Problems of this kind arise in studying the performance of
wire-coating dies.1

Vz In(r / R)
Answers: (a) - = ---
Va In J<i,
(b) w = 7rR2vap [(1 - J<i,2) _ 2J<i,2]
2 In(l/ J<i,)

(c) Fz = -27rLfLVa/ln(1/J<i,)
(d) Fz = -27r LfLVa (1 - ~E - ~E2 + ... ) where E = 1- J<i, (see Problem 2B.5)
E 2 12

Solution

Unlike the previous problem, the fluid here is flowing horizontally, so gravity will not influence its
velocity. If we assume no-slip boundary conditions, then the fluid velocity at the cylindrical rod
r = K,R is Va and the fluid velocity at the outer wall r = R is O.

Part (a)

Choose a cylindrical coordinate system with the positive z-axis pointing to the right, the direction
the inner cylinder is moving in. Then the fluid flows in the z-direction and varies as a function of
radius from the cylinder's axis.
Vz = vz(r)
1 J. B. Paton, P. H. Squires, vv. H. Darnell, F. M. Cash, and J. F. Carley, Processing of Thermoplastic Materials,
E. C. Bernhardt (ed.), Reinhold, New York (1959), Chapter 4.

www.stemjock.com
BSL Transport Phenomena 2e Revised: Chapter 2 - Problem 2B.7 Page 2 of 7

As a result, the boundary conditions are written as follows.

B.C. 1: Vz = Vo when r = K,R

B.C. 2: Vz = 0 when r =R
Gravity is pointing down, so we can say that the pressure does not depend on z.

p=Jp(z)
Because Vz = vz(r), only rPTZ (the z-momentum in the positive r-direction) and rPzz (the
z-momentum in the positive z-direction) contribute to the momentum balance.

z+L

/ rP=:::.I.:+L
/

i
------I---r
rPr:::. I,.;, / \

- z J
~ I
\
\
I

\
\
I
/
\
I

_____ \ __ \..~_J
,
'"
L

Figure 1: This is the shell over which the momentum balance is made for flow in a horizontally
oriented annulus.

Rate of z-momentum into the shell at z: (27rrt::.r)rPzzlz

Rate of z-momentum out of the shell at z + L: (27rrt::.r )rPzz IZ+L
Rate of z-momentum into the shell at r: (27rr L )rPTZ IT
Rate of z-momentum out of the shell at r + t::.r: [27r(r + t::.r)L]rPTzIT+L'.T
Component of gravitational force on the shell in z-direction: o
If we assume steady flow, then the momentum balance is

Rate of momentum in - Rate of momentum out + Force of gravity = O.

Considering only the z-component, we have

Factor the left side.

www.stemjock.com
 BSL Transport Phenomena 2e Revised: Chapter 2 - Problem 2B.7 Page 3 of 7

Divide both sides by 27f6.1'L.

¢zzlz+L - ¢zzlz (1' + 6.1')¢rZlr+L'>T - 1'¢r-zir =0

-1' L - 6.1'

Take the limit as 6.1' -+ O.

-1' ¢zziz+L - ¢zzlz _ lim (1' + 6.1')¢TZlr+L'>r - 1'¢rZIT =0

L M--+O 6.1'

The second term is the definition of the first derivative of 1'¢rz.

-1' ¢zz IZ+L - ¢zz Iz _ !!_ (1''"' ) =0

L d1' 'VTZ

Now substitute the expressions for ¢rz and ¢zz,

¢rz = Trz + .fJ1J..r4:JZ = Trz

¢zz = p6zz +~ + pVzVz = p + pv;
Since p and Vz do not depend on z, the p and pv; terms cancel.

-1'~+~-yt;-~-!!_(1'T )=0
L dr rz

So we have
d
d1' (TTrz) = O.

From Newton's law of viscosity we know that Trz = -fJ(dvz/d1'), so

!!_ (-fJ1' dVz) = O.

d1' d1'

Integrate both sides of the differential equation with respect to 1'.

dvz
-fJ1'- = C1
d1'

Divide both sides by - fJ1'.

dvz C1
d1' fJ1'
Integrate both sides of the differential equation with respect to l' once more.

Cl
vz(1') = --lnr+C2
fJ

Apply the boundary conditions now to determine C1 and C2.

C1
vz(r;,R) = --In(r;,R) + C2 = Va
fJ
C1
vz(R) = --In R + C2 = 0
fJ

(
www.stemjock.com
BSL Transport Phenomena 2e Revised: Chapter 2 - Problem 2B.7 Page 4 of 7

Solving the system of equations, we get

C1 = - __!:!_va
In I'\:
InR
C2 = ---Va·
In I'\:
Armed with the constants of integration, the velocity distribution is known.
1 InR
vz(r) = -va In r - --Va
In I'\: In I'\:

= Iva (In r - InR)

nl'\:

= ~ln!_
In I'\: R
Therefore,
Vz In(r / R)
Va In I'\:

Part (b)

The mass flow rate w is, assuming constant density p,

dm d(pV) dV
w- - - -- -p-
- dt - dt - dt'
The volumetric flow rate dV / dt is average velocity times cross-sectional area.
w = p(vz)A
The average velocity is obtained by integrating the velocity over the area the fluid is flowing
through and then dividing by that area.

Make a substitution to solve the integral.

r
u = - -+ r = Ru
R
du = dr -+ R du = dr
R
The mass flow rate becomes

w = 27rp
}
t Ivan
K I'\:
(Ru) In u(R du)

')
~7rPVoR211 I d
= I u nu u
n I'\: K

2 2
27r pvaR2 (u-- u
+ -lnu ) 11
In I'\: 4 2 K

www.stemjock.com
BSL Transport Phenomena 2e Revised: Chapter 2 - Problem 2B.7 Page 5 of 7

Therefore,

Part (c)

The viscous stress Trz physically represents the force in the z-direction on a unit area
perpendicular to the r-direction. By evaluating Tn at r = r;,R and multiplying it by the surface
area of the inner cylinder, we obtain the viscous force acting on it over its length. The final point
to note is that because the fluid is acting from a larger radius r on the inner cylinder, which has a
smaller radius r;,R, we place a minus sign in front of Trz.

From Newton's law of viscosity, we have

dvz
Trz = -/.LTr
= -/.L.!!:._ ( Vo In!:_)
dr lnr;, R
Vo J{ 1
= -/.L--'-
lnr;, r J{
/.Lvo 1
In r;, r

Now we can find the force.

Fz = - (- /.LVo . ~) I ·27r(r;,R)L
In r;, r T=~R
27rAAL/.Lvo 1
In r;, AA
27r L/.Lvo
In r;,
27r L/.Lvo
-lnr;,

Therefore,
F __ 27rL/.Lvo
z- In(l/r;,)'
The minus sign here makes sense because the viscous (frictional) force of the fluid opposes the
motion of the cylinder, which is moving in the positive z-direction.

www.stemjock.com
BSL Transport Phenomena 2e Revised: Chapter 2 - Problem 2B.7 Page 6 of 7

Part (d)

To make the annulus a plane slit, we let the radius of the inner cylinder tend towards the radius
of the outer cylinder; that is, K, is very slightly less than 1.

K, = 1- c.:, where 0 < c.: «1

Substitute this into the formula for Fz.

F, = 27T Lj..lvo
- In K,
27T Lj..lvo

In(l - c.:)

The Taylor series expansion for In(l - c.:) is as follows.

c.:2 c.:3
In(l - c.:) = -c.: - - - - - ...
2 3
Substitute this formula into Fz.

Use long division to obtain a series for the fraction.

c.: c.:2
1-----···
2 12

1+ Oc.: + Oc.:2
c.: c.:2
(- ) 1+-+-+···
2 3
€ ~2
-2" -"3 - ...
c.: c.:2
(- ) - - - - - 2c.:5 - ..•
2 4

Therefore,

IF'~ -2~:PVO (1--~-~- ) I

The viscous stress Txz for laminar slit flow with a wall moving at speed Vo was obtained in
Problem 2B.4.
Txz -
_ (9"0 -L 9"L) _ 2B x
j..lVo

www.stemjock.com
BSL Transport Phenomena 2e Revised: Chapter 2 - Problem 2B.7 Page 7 of 7

If we orient the slit horizontally so that pressure and gravity do not influence the fluid flow as is
the case in this problem, then Txz simplifies.

J Direction of
gravitational force

Figure 2: This is Couette flow in a horizontal slit with one moving wall at x = B.

p'Vo
Txz = - 2B
The viscous force acting on the moving wall is Fz = +T xz Ix=B . TlV L. There is no minus sign here
because the fluid acting on the wall has a lower x-coordinate than the moving wall at x = B.

Fz = (- p,Vo ) I . WL
2B x=B
WLp,vo
2B
Comparing this formula with the boxed result, we see that they are equivalent if E = 2B, the slit
width, and W = 27r. TlV should be a distance, but it's only an angle; thus, the fraction in the
boxed result is not truly a plane slit formula. The remaining series in parentheses then must be a
curvature correction.

E
'-._..-'
"plane slit" formula curvature correction

www.stemjock.com