Quiz #2 Review

1. The body has more than how many skeletal muscles?

2. __% to __% of our body weight is skeletal muscle
3. Is someone weighs 120 pounds, about __ pounds of the body weight comes from
skeletal muscles.
4. Muscles fill in the ___ and ____ of the body.
5. Contractions of individual muscle cells in ultimately responsible for _____ movement.
6. The manner in which muscles are grouped is the _____ of muscles to joints, and how
the muscles ____ to the skeletal determine the purposeful body movement.
7. In addition to movement, muscle tissue performs various other functions which are
______ _____ and ______.
8. What are the three characteristics of skeletal muscle cells?
9. What is excitability? Because skeletal muscles are excitable, they can respond to ___
___ such as ____ _____.
10. What is contractility? What does contraction mean?
11. What is extensibility? Muscles may extend while still exerting _____, what is an
example?
12. All of these characteristics of muscle cells are related to the _______ structure of the
skeletal muscle cells.
13. What are muscle cells called and why because of their shape?
14. What is the sarcolemma?
15. What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
16. What are T-tubules?
17. The membrane of the SR continually pumps what from the sarcoplasm? What does it
store within its sacs for later release?
18. The muscle fibers contain many ____ and several ____.
19. What are myofibrils? Each myofibril consists of many _____.
20. Sarcomere is the ____ unit of muscle fibers.
21. Why is a skeletal muscle sometimes called a striated muscle?
22. What does electron microscopy of skeletal muscle reveal?
23. What does the triad allow?
24. Each myofibril contains thousands of thick and thin _______.
25. What are the four kinds of protein molecules that make up myofilaments? (MATT)
26. What is myosin? Which myofilaments are they attracted to? Which way do they angle
towards? How are they shaped? What is the function? What are the heads known as
when attached to actin?
27. Actin is a ____ protein that forms two ______ strands twisted around each other to
form the bulk of the ____ _____. Actin and myosin molecules have a ______ _____ for
one another but at rest, actin molecules are covered by long what?
28. What is tropomyosin?
29. What is troponin?
30. A skeletal muscle fiber remains at rest until stimulate by what?
31. What is a neuromuscular junction? motor neurons connect to the sarcolemma at the
_____ _____.
32. The NMJ is a synapse where neurotransmitter molecules transmit _____.
33. What is acetylcholine? When nerve impulses reach the end of the motor neuron fiber,
small vesicles release a neurotransmitter, ___ into the synaptic cleft.
34. The Ach that is released into the synaptic cleft diffuses across the gap, stimulates the
_______ and initiates an _____ in the sarcolemma.
35. Nerve impulse travels over the sarcolemma and inward along the T tubules which
trigger what?
36. Calcium binds to _____ which causes _____ to shift and expose active sites on actin.
37. Once the active sites are exposed, what happens?
38. The myosin head temporarily forms a cross bridge between ____ and ____ filaments.
39. After forming cross bridges, what happens? What is this called?
40. Explain the role of calcium in muscle contraction.
41. What happens in the sliding filament model?
42. When active sites on actin are exposed, what happened to myosin heads?
43. Myosin heads then ___ and ___ the thin filaments past them
44. Each head ____, binds to the next ___ site and pulls again.
45. The entire myofibril ____.
46. What happens during muscle relaxation?
47. Immediately after the calcium ions are released, the ____ _____ begins actively
pumping them backs into the sacs.
48. Calcium ions are removed from the ____ molecules thereby shutting down the
contraction. Troponin without its bound calcium allows the tropomyosin to once again
block actin’s ____ sites.
49. Myosin heads reaching for the next active site on actin are ___ therefore, the thin
filaments are no longer being held or pulled by the ____ filaments.
50. Hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate yields the energy required for ______ _____.
51. Before contraction occurs, each myosin cross bridge head moves into a ____ position
with an ___ molecule binds to it.
52. ATP binds to the myosin head and then transfers its energy to the myosin head to
perform the working of pulling the ____ filament during contraction.
53. Muscle fibers continually resynthesize ___ from the breakdown of ______ ____ (_ _).
54. If a cell runs out of ATP completely and cannot resynthesize more, ____ stops, possibly
resulting in ____ caused by the inability of ____ heads to disengage from _____.
55. In the aerobic pathway, occurs when adequate __ is available from blood.
56. Is the aerobic pathway slower or faster than the anaerobic pathway?
57. Aerobic pathways supply energy for the short term or long term?
58. Is the anaerobic pathway fast or slow and why?
59. May occur when ___ levels of O2 are available.
60. Production of an _______ is sometimes called ___ ____-_______ ______ ______
(EPOC).
61. Anaerobic pathways result in the formation of ___ ___ which requires oxygen to convert
back to ______.
62. Muscles are composed of bundles of ____ _____ held together by ____ _____ _____.
63. The motor neuron often called a ____ ____ ____ is one of the several nerve cells that
enter a muscle organ together in a bundle called a ____ _____.
64. What is the motor unit?
65. Some motor units consist only consist of a few muscle _____, whereas others consist of
numerous fibers.
66. Generally, the smaller the number of fibers in a motor unit, _________________. The
larger the number of fibers in a motor unit, ________________.
67. What is myography?
68. What is twitch contraction?
69. What are the three phases of the twitch contraction?
70. What is treppe?
71. If the relaxation phase disappears, What occurs?
72. What are the three tetanus contractions?
73. The availability of calcium determines whether a muscle will _____.
74. If calcium is continuously available, a _____ be sustained.
75. What is muscle tone?
76. What is it important for?
77. What is tonic contraction?
78. Muscles with less tone than normal are ____.
79. Muscles with more tone than normal are _____.
80. Muscle is maintained by ______ ______ ______.
81. What are isotonic contractions?
82. What are isometric contractions?
83. Where is the cardiac muscle only found?
84. What is it also known as?
85. Cardiac muscle resembles what other muscle? But has what?
86. Each cardiac muscle contains what?
87. What is syncytium?
88. How are the t tubules in cardiac muscle and form what with a rather sparse
sarcoplasmic reticulum?
89. Cardiac muscle sustains each impulse ____ than does skeletal muscle, therefore,
impulses cannot come _____ enough to produce _____.
90. Cardiac muscle is ____-_______.
91. Smooth muscle is composed of ____, _____ cells that have a single _____.
92. Calcium comes from where of the cell? And binds to what instead of troponin to trigger
a contraction?
93. Are striations seen on smooth muscle? Why?
94. In a single-unit smooth cell, gap junctions join smooth muscle fibers into large _____
_____.
95. Single unit smooth cells exhibits ______ and produces _______.
96. Multiunit smooth muscle are composed of many ______ ______-_____ _____.
97. Can form _____ sheets, such as the walls of _____ _____ ______.
98. Muscle cells _____ or ____ in number, size and ability to ____ at different periods.
99. Pathological conditions at different periods of the life cycle may affect the muscle
system. True or false?
100. Life cycle changes do not manifest in other components of functional unit. True
or false?
101. Infancy and childhood: ______ and _____ of muscle contraction permit
sequential development steps.

102. What are the three different connective tissues which surround and bundle
skeletal muscle cells?
103. What is endomysium?
104. What is perimysium?
105. What is epimysium? Fuses to become a ____ or ________.
106. The function of all three major types of muscle is integral to what?
107. All three types of muscle tissue provide the ______ necessary for survival.
108. Muscles maintain the body in a ____ _____ _____.
109. Relative constancy of the body’s internal temperature is maintained by “____”
heat generated by ____ _____.
110. The immune system helps defend muscle tissue against ___ and ____ as it does
for all body tissues.
111. The fibers that make up muscle tissues then, are truly members of the large
interactive “____ __ _____” that forms the human body.
112. Size of skeletal muscle ranges from what?
113. What are the different shapes?
114. What are the different arrangements?
115. The direction of fibers is significant because of why?
116. What is the origin of the muscles? What is the origin bone?
117. What is the insertion of the muscles? The insertion bone moves along a “___
____ ___” towards the ___ bone when the muscle _____.
118. Many muscles have multiple _____ ___ ____ or _____.
119. Origin and insertion are points that may change under _____.
120. What are the five muscle actions? (PAFSA)
121. What is the prime mover?
122. What is the agonist?
123. What is the antagonist? Antagonists also provide ___ and ____ during
contraction of prime movers.
124. What is the synergist?
125. What is the fixator muscles?
126. What are the muscles named according to one or more of the following
features? (LOWER DIR NUMBER OF RELATIVE POINTS)
127. Muscles of facial expression are unique in that at least one point of attachment
is to the deep layers of the skin over the ____ or _____.
128. The occipitofrontalis is in reality two muscles ; one portion lies over the ____ and
the other overs the ____ bone in the back of the head.
129. The two muscular parts or ____ Are joined by a connective tissue _____ that
covers the top of the skull.
130. Muscles of mastication are responsible for _____ movements.
131. Muscles that move the head are paired muscles on each side of the ___ that are
responsible for ____ movements.
132. What are the four trunk muscles or axial muscles? (TAPB)
133. Muscles acting on the shoulder girdle are muscles that attach the ___ ____ to
the torso.
134. Where are the appendicular muscles located?
135. Allow extensive movement including what five movements?
136. The pelvic girdle and lower extremity function in ____ and maintenance of
_____.
137. Lower extremity muscles move the ____ and _____.
138. Muscles acting on the thigh can be divided into three groups which are?
139. Extrinsic foot muscles in the leg pull on ___ that insert on bones in the ______
and _____. They are responsible for ____, ____ ____, _____ and ______.
140. What are the four functional groups of the extrinsic muscles?
141. Intrinsic foot muscles are located within the ____. They are responsible for
____ ,_____ ,_____ and _____ of the toes.
142. What does the term posture mean?
143. Maintaining body posture is a major role of ____.
144. Good posture is body alignment that most favors ____. It is achieved by how?
145. Good posture in standing position is how?
146. Good posture in sitting position varies with the position in the person is
__________.
147. Muscles evert a ____ ___ on bones in the opposite direction from gravity.
148. Structures other than muscle and bones have a role in _____ _____.
149. What are the other four structures that have a role in maintaining posture?
150. How does the nervous system help maintain posture?

151. How does the nervous system direct the body’s internal environment?
152. How does it link the body to the external environment?
153. Without the nervous system? What five things can happen?
154. What are the three functions of the nervous system?
155. What is sensory input?
156. What is integration?
157. What is motor output?
158. How is the nervous system organized?
159. It is subdivided into smaller “___” by location.
160. How does it simply categorizes all nervous system tissues by?
161. What is the central nervous system? It consists of what two? It integrates and
evaluates what and initiates what?
162. What is the peripheral nervous system?
163. Cranial nerves originate from the ____.
164. Spinal nerves originate from the ___ ____.
165. What is the somatic nervous system? What is the somatic motor division? What
is the somatic sensory division?
166. What is the somatic sensory division?
167. What is the efferent division of the autonomic nervous system?
168. What is the sympathetic division?
169. What is the parasympathetic division?
170. What are the five major types of glia? (SOMEA)
171. What are astrocytes?
172. What are microglia?
173. What are ependymal cells?
174. What are oligodendrocytes?
175. What are schwann cells?
176. What is the neuronal sheath?
177. The myelin sheath gaps are often called ____ ___ ______.
178. What are the four structural components of a neuron?
179. What is the cell body?
180. What is the dendrites?
181. What is the axon? A process extending from the axon _____. Sometimes called
the _____ ______.
182. What is the cytoskeleton? ______ and _____ as well as ______ which are
bundles of neurofilaments.
183. What are the four functional regions of the neuron?
184. What is the input zone?
185. What is the summation zone?
186. What is the conduction zone?
187. What is the output zone?
188. What are the three structural classifications of neurons?
189. Neurons are classified according to the number of _____ extending from the cell
body.
190. What are the three functional classifications of neurons?
191. Functional classification is classification according to the ____ in which neurons
conduct impulses.
192. What are afferent neurons?
193. What are efferent neurons?
194. What are interneurons?
195. A reflex arc is a signal conduction route to and from the _____. The electrical
signal begins in ____ And ends in _____.
196. What is the three neuron reflex arc?
197. Which is the most common form of reflex arc?
198. What is the two neuron reflex arc?
199. Which is the simplest form?
200. What is the synapse?
201. What are nerves?
202. What are the three layers of connective tissue that bundle peripheral nerves?
203. What is endoneurium?
204. What is perineurium?
205. What is epineurium?
206. What are the two mixed nerves?
207. What are sensory nerves?
208. What are motor nerves?
209. Neurons have a ____ capacity to repair themselves
210. If the damage is not extensive, the ____ ___ and ____ Are intact, and ____ has
not occurred, nerve fibers can be repaired.
211. Mature neurons are ____ of cell division, therefore, damage to nervous tissue
can be _____.
212. Neurons are remarkable among cells because they initiate and conduct electrical
signals called _____ ______.
213. What is a nerve impulse?
214. An _____ ____ is also known as a nerve impulse.
215. What is the mechanism that produces the action potential? When an adequate
stimulus triggers stimulus gated __ channels to open, allowing __ to diffuse rapidly into
the cell a local ______ is produced.
216. As the threshold potential is reached, voltage gated __ channels open and more
__ enters the cell causing further ________.
217. All living cells maintain a difference in the concentration of ___ across their
membranes.
218. Slight excess of charged ions on the outside of the membrane and slight
deficiency of _____ charged ions on the inside of the membrane.
219. Difference in electrical charge is called ___ because it is a type of stored energy.
220. What is polarized membrane?
221. The membrane’s selective permeability characteristics help maintain a slight
____ of positive ions on the outer surface of the membrane.
222. Membrane potential maintained by a ___-_____ neuron’s ____ _____.
223. Typically -___ mV
224. The permeability characteristics of each cell’s plasma membrane are determined
in part by the presence of ____ ____ ____ ____.
225. Many of these channels are ____ channels allowing specific molecules to diffuse
across the membrane only when the ___ of each channel is open.
226. What is the sodium potassium pump?
227. It moves ___ sodium ions out of a neuron for every ___ potassium ions into the
neuron.
228. As this pump operates, the inside of the membrane becomes slightly ___
positive with respect to its outer surface.
229. Maintains an ____ in the distribution of positive ions, as a result the inside
surface becomes slightly ______ with respect to its outer surface.
230. What is a local potential?
231. What is excitation?
232. What is inhibition?
233. Local potentials can be ___ or ___ they are not __-__-__ events.
234. Local potentials show ____ ____ which means that they magnitude decreases as
they travel along a membrane.
235. Local potentials are called ___ nerve signals because they are more or less
isolated to a particular region of the plasma membrane, that is local potentials do not
spread all the way to the end of the neuron’s axon.
236. Mechanism that produces the action potential:
237. As more __ rushes into cell, the membrane moves rapidly toward and continues
in a ___ direction to the peak of the action potential.
238. Volted gated __ channels stay open for only about _ millisecond before they
automatically close, the action potential is an __ or __ response
239. After the action potential peaks, the membrane begins to move back toward the
resting membrane potential when __ channels are open, allowing outward diffusion of
__ this process is known as ______.
240. A brief period of ______ occurs, and then the resting membrane potential is
restored by the _____ -____ pumps.
241. What is the absolute refractory period?
242. What is the relative refractory period?
243. At the peak of the action potential, the plasma membrane’s ___ is the reverse of
the RMP.
244. The reversal in polarity causes electrical current to flow between the site of the
___ ___ and the ____ regions of the membrane, this triggers voltage gated __ channels
in the next segment to open.
245. This cycle continues producing a _____ _____.
246. The action potential never moves _____ because of the refractory period.
247. In myelinated fibers, action potentials in the membrane occur only at the nodes
of ____.
248. This type of impulse conduction is called _____ conduction.
249. The speed of nerve conduction depends on the ___ and on the ___ or ___ of a
myelin sheath.
250. What are the two types of synapses?
251. What are electrical synapses? Occur where cells joined by __ junctions allow an
____ ____ to simply continue along the post synaptic ____ ______.
252. What are chemical synapses?
253. Occur where ______ cells release ______ _____ across a tiny gap to the _____
cell possible inducing an ____ ____ there. What are the three parts of a chemical
synapse?
254. What is the synaptic knob of a chemical synapse?
255. What is the synaptic cleft of the chemical synapse?
256. What are the two arrangements of synapse?
257. What is axodendritic? Axon signals post synaptic _____
258. What is axosomatic? Axon signals post synaptic _____
259. An action potential reaches a synaptic knob causing ___ ___ to diffuse into the
knob rapidly.
260. The increased ____ concentrations trigger the release of neurotransmitters by
means of _____.
261. Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the ___ ___ And bind to _____ ___
_causing ion channels to ____.
262. Opening of ion channels produces a ____ ___ either an ______ or an ______.
263. What are neurotransmitters?
264. More than __ compounds are known to be ____ and dozens of others are
suspected.
265. What are the four classifications of neurotransmitters?
266. What are the two major functional classifications?
267. Neurotransmitters can also be classified according to whether the receptor
directly opens channel or instead uses a second messenger mechanism involving __ ___
___ and ____ ___.
268. Because the functions of specific neurotransmitters vary by location, they are
usually classified according to ____ ____.
269. Function is determined by the ____ ____.
270. Chemical structure, the mechanism by which ____ ____ cause a change.
271. What is the two parts of the acetylcholine structure? Sometimes in a ___ role
and other times in a ____ one.
272. Where are amines synthesized from? What are the two categories?
273. In the PNS, amino acids are stored in ____ ____ And used as neurotransmitters.
274. What are other small molecule transmitters? Where is it derived from? NO from
a ____ synaptic cell signals the ____ neuron, providing feedback in a ___ pathway.
275. Neurotransmitter action is quickly terminated because the NT molecules are (3).
276. When there is an imbalance in neurotransmitters, either an excess or deficiency
can cause ____ and ____ in a patient.
277. An example of neurotransmitter imbalance is ____ ____.
278. What is Parkinsons disease?
279. What are neuropeptides?
280. Peptides first were discovered to have what?
281. Also act as what?
282. They may be secreted by themselves or in conjunction with a second or third
_______.
283. Neuropeptides act as a neuromodulator which regulate what?
284. What are neurotrophins?
285. Convergence occurs when what? It allows what?
286. What is divergence? It allows what?
PART 2

287. The central nervous system consists of the ___ And the ___ ____.
288. What are the seven protections of the central nervous system?
289. what are the three membranous layers of the meninges?
290. What is the dura mater?
291. What are the three important extensions?
292. What is the falx cerebri?
293. What is the falx cerebelli?
294. What is the tentorium cerebelli?
295. What is the arachnoid mater?
296. What is the pia mater? Beyond the spinal cord, the pia mater forms a slender
filament called the _____ _____.
297. What are the three spaces between and around the meninges?
298. What is the epidural space? What does it contain?
299. What is the subdural space? What does it contain?
300. What is the subarachnoid space? What does it contain?
301. What is the function of the cerebral spinal fluid?
302. What are fluid spaces?
303. What are the ventricles?
304. What is the first and second ventricles?
305. What is the third ventricle?
306. What is the fourth ventricle?
307. The CFS is formed as fluid is separated from ___ in the ____ _____.
308. Fluid from the lateral ventricles seeps through the ____ ____ ( of ____ ) into the
___ ventricle.
309. From the third ventricle, fluid goes through the ____ ___ into the ___ ventricle.
310. Fluid circulates in the ______ space and then is absorbed into ___ blood through
the _____ _____.
311. The spinal cord lies within the ____ ___ and extends from the ____ ____ to the
lower border of the first ____ vertebra.
312. It has two bulges, one if the ____ region and one in the ____ region.
313. What are the two fibers of the nerve Roots?
314. What are the fibers of dorsal nerve root?
315. What are the fibers of ventral nerve roots?
316. What is gray matter?
317. What is CNS referred to as?
318. What is PNS referred to as?
319. What is white matter?
320. PNS: _____
321. CNS: _____
322. Names of spinal tracts indicate the ____ of the tract, the structure in which
axons _____ and the structure in which they _____.
323. Spinal cord provides conduction routes to and from the brain via _____.
324. What are tracts?
325. Unlike nerves tracts do not have ____ ____ ____?
326. What are ascending tracts?
327. What are descending tracts?
328. Tracts are both ____ and ____ organizations of fiber. Bundles of axons ____ all
tracts.
329. Most new neurons are produces before and shortly after _____.
330. The brain is one of the ____ organs in the body. It has 100 billion ____ and ____.
331. Synapses are ____ and ____ throughout life.
332. Processes of prenatal development of the brain include the brain develops from
the _____ which is the outermost of the three primary germal layers of the growing
embryo.
333. The neural tube eventually forms a series of ______ ____ of fluid that develop
into the brain and spinal cord.
334. What are the six division of the brain?
335. What is the medulla oblangata?
336. What is the pons?
337. What is the midbrain?
338. What are the three functions of the brainstem?
339. What are spinothalamic tracts?
340. What do the nuclei in the medulla contain?
341. What do pons contain?
342. What does the midbrain contain?
343. The cerebellum is the ____ largest part of the brain.
344. It contains more ___ than the rest of the nervous system.
345. What is the arbor vitae?
346. What are the five functions of the cerebellum?
347. What is the diencephalon?
348. What is the thalamus?
349. What are the six functions of the thalamus?
350. What are the four structures of the hypothalamus?
351. The hypothalamus forms the flow of the third ____ and the lower part of the ___
walls.
352. What is the supraoptic nuclei?
353. What is the paraventricular nuclei?
354. What is the mammillary bodies?
355. What is the infundibulum?
356. What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
357. Where is the pineal gland located?
358. Involves with what?
359. Produces ___ as a time keeping hormone.
360. The cerebal cortex is the outer surface of the ___ it is made of __ layers of gray
matter.
361. It is the ___ and ____ division of the brain consists of ___ and ____ cerebral
hemispheres.
362. It has ___ and _____.
363. Cerebral fissures are deeper grooves than ____ that what?
364. What are the five certain areas of the cerebral cortex that engage predominantly
in one particular function?
365. What is the postcentral gyrus?
366. What is the precentral gyrus?
367. What is the transverse gyrus?
368. What is the occipital love?
369. What are the two motor functions of the cortex?
370. What are the two current concepts of the RAS reticular activating system?
371. What is language?
372. The ____ cerebral hemisphere contain speech centers in approx.. __% of the
population, in the remaining __% speech centers are contained in either the ____
hemisphere or ____ hemispheres.
373. What are speech centers?
374. What is aphasias?
375. What are emotions?
376. What is memory?
377. ___ is capable of storing and retrieving both short and long term memory
378. Structural changes in the ____ pathways of the cerebral cortex store ___-term
memories.
379. _______,_____ and ____ lobes are among the areas responsible for short and
long term memory.
380. The primary sensory neurons conduct impulses from the ____ to the ____ ____
____.
381. The secondary sensory neurons conduct impulses from the ___ or ____ to the
thalamus.
382. The tertiary sensory neurons conduct impulses from the ___ to the _____ ____
of the parietal lobe.
383. What are the two pathways?
384. Knowing that something is touching the skin is a ___ ___ ____, knowing its
precise location, size, shape, or texture involves the ____ ____ ____ of the medial
lemniscal system.
385. What are the two methods used to classify somatic motor pathways?
386. To enable the cerebral cortex to perform its motor functions, impulses are
conducted from its motor areas to _____ ____ by ____ ___ ____.
387. somatic motor pathways consist of ___ ___ that conduct impulses from the ____
____ _____.
388. What is the principle of the final common path?
389. The peripheral nervous system is made up of ___ pairs of spinal nerves that
emerge from the spinal cord, __ pairs of cranial nerves that energy from the brain, all
the smaller nerves that form the “___” spinal and cranial nerves.
390. __ pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord.
391. The spinal nerves are numbered according to the level of the ____ ____ where
they energy from the ____ ____.
392. ____ cervical nerve pairs (C_ through C_)
393. ___ thoracic nerve pairs (T_ through T_)
394. _____lumbar nerve pairs (L_ through L_)
395. _____ sacral nerve pairs (S_ through S_)
396. __ coccygeal nerve pair(s).
397. All spinal nerves are ____ nerves.
398. Each spinal nerves attaches to the spinal cord by a ___ root and ___ root. The
dorsal root of each spinal nerve is easily recognized by a swelling called the ___ ___
____ to ___ ____.
399. What is the ramus?
400. What are the three rami?
401. What is the dorsal ramus?
402. What is the ventral ramus?
403. What is the sympathetic rami?
404. What is the cervical plexus located where? Made up of the ___ ___ of C_
through C_ and a brane of the ___ ___ of C_.
405. The phrenic nerve exits the ___ ___ and innervates the ____.
406. Individual nerves emerging from the ___ ___ innervate the muscles and skin of
the _____.
407. What is the lumbar plexus?
408. What is the sacral plexus?
409. What is the coccygeal plexus?
410. What is the dermatome?
411. What is the myotome?
412. ___ pairs of cranial nerves connect to the undersurface of the brain, mostly on
the ______.
413. Cranial nerves are identified by _____, _____ and sometimes both ___ and ____.
414. Cranial nerves are made up of three different kinds of bundles of axons which
are (3).
415. What is the mixed cranial nerve?
416. What is the sensory cranial nerve?
417. What is the motor cranial nerve?
418. What is the list of cranial nerves? (12)
419. What are olfactory nerves?
420. What are optic nerves?
421. What are oculomotor nerves?
422. Sensory fibers from proprioceptors in the ____ ____ are also present.
423. Motor fibers of the ___ ___ originate in cells of the ____ and extend to the
superior ____ of the eye.
424. Sensory neurons in all three branches of the ____ ___ carry ___ impulses from
the skin and mucosa of the head and teeth to cell bodies in the ____ ____.
425. Each abducens nerve is a ____ ___ with fibers originating from a nucleus in the
pons on the flow of the fourth ventricle and extending to the lateral ____ muscles of the
eye.
426. The motor fibers of the ___ ___ originate from a nucleus in the lower part of the
___ and extend to the ___ ___ of the face and scalp.
427. The peripheral nervous system includes all the nervous pathways outside the
___ and ____ ____.
428. Thus the PNS includes the fibers present in the ____ ___, ___ ___ And all their
individual branches.
429. Although, many of these nerves are ____ ___, containing both ____ and _____
fibers. It is often convenient to consider the PNS as having two functional divisions
which are?
430. The somatic nervous system includes all ____ ___ ___ outside the CNS.
431. What are somatic effectors?
432. What is a reflex?
433. Reflex consists of either _____ ____ or _____ _____.
434. Knee jerk reflex may be classified in 6 different ways which are?
435. What is the spinal cord reflex?
436. What is the segmental reflex?
437. What is the ipsilateral reflex?
438. What is the stretch or myotatic reflex?
439. What is the extensor reflex?
440. What is the deep reflex?
441. What are the four clinically important somatic reflex?
442. What is the ankle jerk reflex?
443. What is the plantar reflex?
444. What is the corneal reflex?
445. What is the abdominal reflex?
446. What are the 4 major functions of the ANS?
447. The autonomic nervous system has ____ and _____ components.
448. It carries fibers to and from the ____ ____.
449. What are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
450. Many autonomic effectors are dually innervated which allow remarkly precise
control of the ____.
451. ANS regulates visceral effectors in ways that tend to ___ or quickly ____ _____.
452. Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are ____ ____. They can act to
maintain the normal functioning of ____ ____ _____ _____.
453. Sympathetic impulses maintain normal tone of the ____ ____ in blood vessel
walls.
454. Axon terminal of autonomic neurons releases one of two neurotransmitters
which are (2)?
455. What are adrenergic fibers that release norepinephrine?
456. What is norepinephrine?
457. What is epinephrine?
458. What the two enzymes that causes the termination of actions of norepinephrine
and epinephrine?
459. What are the two receptors in which acetylcholine binds to?
460. What are nicotinic receptors?
461. What are muscarinic receptors?
462. What is the PNS?
463. Acetylcholine stimulates ____ ____ ____ it also increases ____ by stimulating the
smooth muscle of the ____ ____.
464. Acetylcholine slows the ____ and acts to promote ____ And ______.