A PROJECT REPORT ON

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PLANAR INVERTED F ANTENNA

FOR HIGH GAIN AND BANDWIDTH

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Technology

In

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by

GROUP 36

NAME UNIVERSITY ROLL NO.

ARIJIT KUNDU 61

MADHURIMA DAS 35

DIBYAJIT SEN 64

ARHANA DAS 44

SAYAN BANERJEE 77

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 Under the Guidance of

PROF. SOUMI SAHA

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

University Area, Plot No. III – B/5, New Town, Action Area – III, Kolkata – 700160.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to take this opportunity to thank and acknowledge with due courtesy everyone
whose cooperation and encouragement throughout the ongoing course of this project remains
invaluable to us.

We are sincerely grateful to our guide Prof. SOUMI SAHA of the Department of Electronics &
Communication Engineering, UEM, Kolkata, for her wisdom, guidance and inspiration that
helped us to go through with this project and take it to where it stands now.

We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to Prof. Soumen Banerjee, HOD, Electronics
& Communication Engineering, UEM, Kolkata and all other departmental faculties for their
ever-present assistance and encouragement.

Last but not the least, we would like to extend our warm regards to our families and peers who
have kept supporting us and always had faith in our work.

ARIJIT KUNDU

MADHURIMA DAS

DIBYAJIT SEN

ARHANA DAS

SAYAN BANERJEE

Table of Contents
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ABSTRACT....................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION...........................................................................5

WHAT IS PIFA?....................................................................................5

OBJECTIVES.................................................................................6

SIGNIFICANCE.............................................................................7

LITERATURE SURVEY................................................................8

PROPOSED SOLUTION................................................................9

Design Description of the first Antenna:.............................................10

PENDING WORK........................................................................12

Design description of the PIFA Antennas:..........................................12

PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS................................................13

REFERENCE LIST......................................................................14

ABSTRACT

Planar inverted-F antenna formerly known as PIFA is a very low-profile antenna,

promising to be a very good candidate, less easily broken off, reduced power

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absorption by the head and less sensitive to the geometry of the structure. This type
of antenna is mostly used in mobile phones today. By using CST Microwave
Studio, PIFA is designed to analyse its performance and Specific Absorption Rate
(SAR) with the COST244 spherical head model at different distances. The PIFA is
operating at the frequency of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz which fulfill the recent
applications of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). The SAR simulation is specified at
1 g and 10 g

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 INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS PIFA?

PIFA is acronymic to Planar Inverted F Antenna. Initially IFA was introduced.

The concept of PIFA has evolved from monopole antennas which find application
in wireless communication. In this type of antenna, the top section of the monopole
antenna is folded down in order to make it run parallel to the ground plane. This
addition of this parallel section introduces capacitance to the input impedance of
the antenna which is compensated by implementing a short-circuit stub with an
equivalent susceptance. When a coaxial feed or a feeding pin is applied to the
inverted L structure, the antenna resembles an Inverted F structure. A planar
element replaces the thin top wire of the Inverted F to get the Planar Inverted F
Antenna (PIFA). A few advantages of PIFA would be-

1. One advantage of PIFA is that it can be hiding into the housing of the
mobile when comparable to whip/rod/helix antennas.
2. Second advantage of PIFA is having reduced backward radiation toward the
user’s head, minimizing the electromagnetic wave power absorption (SAR)
and enhancing antenna performance.
3. Third advantage is that PIFA exhibits moderate to high gain in both vertical
and horizontal states of polarization. This feature is very useful in certain
wireless communications where the antenna orientation is not fixed and the
reflections are present from the different corners of the environment. In
those cases, the important parameter to be considered is the total field that is
the vector sum of horizontal and vertical states of polarization.

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 OBJECTIVES

1. In wireless communication a low-profile antenna that supports multiband

wideband operations is required. In order to meet these requirements PIFA is
being used.

2. These antennas are compact and support multiband and wideband operations
therefore such antennas are suitable for the devices where space is a major
issue.

3. PIFA has a low backward radiation and hence it minimizes electromagnetic

wave absorption or SAR.

4. Thus, PIFA is an antenna with many wide applications in today’s electronics

world.

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 SIGNIFICANCE

For wireless communication applications we should use antennas exhibiting

characteristics such as small size, light weight, omnidirectional radiation pattern,
reasonable gain and acceptable bandwidth.

The most suitable candidate is the PIFA satisfying the requirements in terms of
efficiency and physical space accommodation.

The primary structure of PIFA is narrowband in nature. Additional patch

resonators are used to exploit wide band characteristics covering GSM, Wi-Fi,
LTE and Bluetooth bands. For wireless communication applications we should use
antennas exhibiting characteristics such as small size, light weight, omnidirectional
radiation pattern, reasonable gain and acceptable bandwidth.

The most suitable candidate is the PIFA satisfying the requirements in terms of
efficiency and physical space accommodation.

The primary structure of PIFA is narrowband in nature. Additional patch

resonators are used to exploit wide band characteristics covering GSM, Wi-Fi,
LTE and Bluetooth bands.

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 LITERATURE SURVEY

The proposed concept of adding u-shaped slots is a distinct advantage of the design
since the bands of operation are independent of each other. A compact and
wideband stacked implantable PIFA antenna for biotelemetry communication has
been proposed and implemented. A large reduction in antenna size and a good
enhancement in operation bandwidth can be achieved by insertion of hook-shaped
slots in the radiating square patches. The compact hexagonal PIFA was designed
for mobile telephone band coverage from 890 to 2100 mhz. The proposed antenna
is composed of long and short radiators and is designed to have triple-resonance
characteristics. The use of slots in the ground plane has the purpose of electrically
increasing the dimensions of the ground plane in such a way that a new low
frequency electromagnetic mode will be excited and the antenna can work properly
at the lower part of the mobile phone frequencies. Two branch lines for meander
lines were utilized in order to improve the characteristics of PIFA which usually
has a narrow band. The shorting strip between the ground plane and meander-type
radiation elements were used in order to minimize the size of the antenna. The
effects of the dielectric constant of perfect substrates and lossy substrates on the
return loss, impedance bandwidth, resonant frequency and the gain are explored in.
A new ultra-wideband planar inverted-f antenna (PIFA) with capacitive ground
plane is proposed in operating from 2.3ghz to 9.0 GHz provides capacitive
compensation for input impedance of the PIFA in high-order modes frequency
bands.

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 PROPOSED SOLUTION

Three designs of PIFA antennas have been proposed and analyzed. The first one
provides a monopole-like radiation pattern and a wide -10 dB impedance
bandwidth (40%) of 2.1 GHz covering the 5.2 GHz frequency band.

In the second and third design, the gain of the PIFA antenna has been enhanced by
modifying the ground plane.

A single band PIFA is realized having a gain of 4.3 dB at 9.1 GHz in design 2.A
dual band PIFA is realized in design 3 which resonates at 3.5 GHz and 8.7 GHz
resulting in a gain of 7 dB.

It is found that the widest bandwidth is achieved when the width of this pin is
equal to the width of the PIFA radiating plate.

The ground plane is modified to get optimum return loss response at the desired
frequency.

The patches, slots, and stubs are used to compensate for the mismatch and improve
the radiation characteristics.

Foam substrate is used for light weight, rigid structure, and easy shielding
purposes.

A reduction in size is achieved by adding a capacitive load in the vertical direction.

Design Description of the first Antenna:

The location of the metallic patch over the ground plane also affects the resonant
frequency of the PIFA. In this design the dimension of the ground plane is 25 by

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35mm. The dimensions of the metallic patch are 19mm by 6.7 mm. Width of the
shorting plate is 1.175mm. The PIFA resonates at 9.1 GHz yielding a peak gain of
4.31 dB in the E Plane. A peak gain of 6.8 dB in the H Plane is obtained at 9.1
GHz. The shorting pin and feed pin are located at the edges to get maximum return
loss. The rectangular metallic patch is suspended in the air and attached to the
ground plane by shorting plates.

Fig 1: Ground Plane for proposed PIFA

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 PENDING WORK

In this project, there is a requirement to design three PIFA Antennas of different

bandwidth and different ground planes to attain different gains. Design of one such
antenna is completed. The design of the two antennas is yet to be done.

Design description of the PIFA Antennas:

In this design, the length of the ground plane has been increased which increases
the gain of the PIFA. A bandwidth of 1.2 GHz is obtained at 3.5 GHz and a
bandwidth of 0.8 GHz is obtained at 8.7 GHz. The width of the shorting post is 2
mm fixed at a height of 3.2 mm from the patch to the ground plane. The copper
patch rests on FR4 substrate suspended in air at a height of 1.62mm from the
ground plane. This design of PIFA exhibits a high gain of 7-8 dB both in the E
plane and the H plane. The location of the metallic patch over the ground plane
also affects the resonant frequency of the PIFA. In this design the dimension of the
ground plane is 25 by 35mm. The dimensions of the metallic patch are 19mm by
6.7 mm. Width of the shorting plate is 1.175mm. The PIFA resonates at 9.1 GHz
yielding a peak gain of 4.31 dB in the E Plane. A peak gain of 6.8 dB in the H
Plane is obtained at 9.1 GHz. The shorting pin and feed pin are located at the edges
to get maximum return loss.

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 PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS

According to the design and simulation of the first antenna we have obtained the
following graphs and patterns:

VSWR PLOT

RETURN LOSS

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 REFERENCE LIST

1. Dalia Mohammed Nashaat, Hala A. Elsadek, and Hani Ghali, “Single

Feed Compact Quad-Band PIFA Antenna for Wireless
Communication Applications,” IEEE Transactions On Antennas And
Propagation, Vol. 53, No. 8, August 2005
2. Wen-Chung Liu,Ssu-Hung Chen, and Chao-Ming Wu, “Bandwidth
enhancement and size reduction of an implantable pifa antenna for
biotelemetry devices”, Microwave And Optical Technology Letters ,
Vol. 51, No. 3, March 2009
3. Do-Gu Kang and Y. Sung, “Compact Hexaband PIFA Antenna for
Mobile Handset Applications”, IEEE Antennas And Wireless
Propagation Letters, Vol. 9, 2010
4. Ricardo Gomez-Villanueva, Roberto Linares-y-Miranda, Jose
A.Tirado-Mendez, and Hildeberto Jardon-Aguilar, “Ultrawideband
Planar inverted-f antenna (pifa) for Mobile Phone Frequencies and
Ultra-wideband applications”, Progress In Electromagnetics
Research ,Vol. 43, 2013.
5. Ankit P Dabhi, Shobhit K Patel, “ Response Of Planar Inverted F
Antenna Over Different Dielectric Substrates”, International Journal
Of Scientific & Technology Research, Volume 3, Issue 5, May 2014
6. Haixia Liu, FeiWang, Yang Yang, Xiaowei Shi, and Long Li, “A
Novel Ultrawideband Planar Inverted-F Antenna with Capacitive
Ground Plane”, International Journal of Antennas and
Propagation,Volume 2013

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