College of Engineering: Camarines Norte State College

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

College of Engineering
Daet, Camarines Norte
Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region
Mission: The Camarines Norte State College shall provide higher and advanced studies in the fields of education, arts and sciences,
economics, health, engineering, management, finance, accounting, business and public administration, agriculture, natural
resources development and management and ladderized courses. It shall also respond to research, extension and production
services adherent to progressive leadership towards sustainable development.”
DIESEL POWER PLANT
Belleza, Pauline A.
Odon, Maica J.
Pan, Kylie Kate S.
BSME 4B
INTRODUCTION
Diesel engine is an excellent prime mover for electric power

generation in capacities of 101 hp to 5070 hp. These are widely
used in hotels, utility companies, municipalities and private
industries. The design of diesel electric power plants includes
the following elements: the stationary diesel engine, fuel
system, lubricating system, cooling system, intake and exhaust
system, starting system, and the governing system.
There are certain applications where their attributes make them

superior to other prime movers. Some spark-ignition engines
burning gasoline are used primarily for emergency service and
usually in sizes not exceeding a few hundred horsepower. Spark-
fired has engines are available in large sizes, but the supply of
natural gas for industrial purposed is seasonal. Therefore, the

spark-ignition engines will not be given further consideration.
Installation of a diesel engine plant can be accomplished much
more quickly than a steam plant installation. Buildings and
foundations are relatively simple, all the piping is for low-
pressure service, and auxiliaries are not extensive. Since diesel
engines are available in certain pre-established sizes for which
the designs have been prepared, delivery time for the engines and
generators is only a few months. A diesel engine can be started
in a matter of minutes, and if the plant has been properly
designed, it can start without any outside power or
interconnections with other plants.
Commercial diesel engines for electric power generation may be

classified in several ways: strokes per cycle, arrangement of
cylinders, arrangement of pistons, type of fuel, and
supercharging.
Reciprocating engines may operate on a two-stroke or a four-

stroke cycle:
Two-stroke Cycle. There is a combination expansion and exhaust
stroke and a combination intake compression stroke to complete
one revolution per crankshaft. Many diesel engines operate on the
two-stroke principle, as do many spark-ignition gas engines. By
having an expansion stroke in each revolution, the power output
of a given cylinder is increased over the output on a four-stroke
cycle.
Four-stroke Cycle. For each revolution of its crankshaft, the
piston moves through four strokes comprising intake, compression,
expansion, and exhaust process.
Cylinder Arrangement. Considerable importance to plant designers

because it has a bearing on the unit foundations, the building
space, and maintenance problems. Perhaps the most common
arrangement is vertical, in-line cylinders. Many diesel
manufacturers have one series of engines in this category.
Diesel engines operate on compression ratios of 12:1 to about

18:1. Compression ratio is the ratio of the maximum cylinder
volume divided by the minimum cylinder volume. As the compression
is increased for any internal-combustion engine (spark-ignition
or compression ignition), the efficiency of the cycle increases
and the temperature of the gaseous mixture in the cylinder
increases. Of course, for any given compression ratio, the
mixture temperature at the end of compression is affected by the
temperature of the cylinder walls and by the temperature of the
mixture at the beginning of compression. At the lower compression
ratios, the temperature of the cylinder contents at the end of
compression may not be sufficiently high to ignite the oil when
the engine is cold. Generally, “hot starting” engines have
compression ratios of 12:1 to 14:1 and require some accessory to
assist the starting process. Engine above 14:1 compression ratio
are “cold-starting” engines and will not need auxiliary means to
fire the first few charges when the engine starts at normal room
temperatures.
If an engine is in a cold location and must start automatically,
it is well to provide means of ensuring immediate firing of fuel.
Several means are used successfully, such as an electric heater
in the jacket water system (immersion heater), an electric heater
in the air intake manifold, or a gas or gasoline heater in the
intake manifold.
Conventional arrangement of diesel engines is with parallel
centerlines. Space should be provided for plant growth, either by
allowing space for additional units or by installing temporary
wall at one end of the engine room. Metal and transite are common
materials for temporary walls. Sufficient areas should be
provided for working space or “lay down” space around the engine
during maintenance periods. Heat exchangers within the building
must be provided with space to pull the tubes.
Note the location of the intake and exhaust equipment. Some
engineers prefer to locate the silencers and filters externally
to the building to reduce vibration of the main structure.
Plants using natural gas ma require to separate building for a
gas surge tanks and metering equipment. If gas pressure is
inadequate, gas compressors may be necessary.
Main entrances to the building should be located so as to require
visitors to pass the office before going into the engine room.
Ventilation within the plant should be adequate to remove odors
emanating from the engine and auxiliaries. One complete air
change every 2 min is not excessive.
OBJECTIVES
1. To be familiarized with the function of Diesel Power Plant
2. To differentiate function according to strokes per cycle,
arrangement of cylinders, arrangement pistons, type of fuel,
and supercharging.
3. To identify its advantages and disadvantages.
4. To get to know each working component.
5. At the end of the day, to be able to design a Diesel Power
Plant, conventionally.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Fixed Parts
Bedplate/base: a foundation mounted on vibration absorbers
providing support for the main bearings and engine crankcase.
It is called a bedplate if an oil pan is bolted on it and a
base if the oil pan is an integral part of the assembly.
Main bearing caps: cover the crankshaft from the top as an

upper part of the engine. They form the cylinder lid and must
withstand the peak pressure of the piston in the combustion
chamber below the piston.
Cylinder: requires die casting because of its cylindrical

format. It is manufactured from melted iron, and the base is
made of manganese or nickel– chrome–molybdenum to provide
hardness and corrosion resistance.
Crankcase: serves as a housing for the crankshaft and is

located between the bedplate and the cylinder block. It
usually incorporates the main bearing saddles and a reservoir
for the lubricating oil. In some engines the crankcase
consists of one piece of cast iron, in others it is
constructed of welded steel.
Moving Parts
Piston: receives the direct impact of the combustion for
transmission to the connecting rod. To protect the piston
against seizure, the diameter must be reduced with an optimal
gap. There are troughs in the head of the piston with camped
segment rings. The top rings act as a pressure seal, the
middle rings remove oil film, and the bottom rings ensure
even deposition of oil on the cylinder walls.
Connecting rod: loaded alternately in compression and tension,

owing to the cylinder firing pressure transmitting power from
the pistons to the crankshaft.
Crankshaft: changes the movement of the pistons and the

connecting rod. There are eccentric offset rod bearings that
convert reciprocating motion into rotating motion. The
crankshaft must be very strong and machined from forged
alloy, carbon steel, or cast iron alloy.
Flywheel: connected on one end of the crankshaft and through

its inertia reduces vibration, allows the engine to be bolted
to an external load and sometimes has teeth that engage
starting motors for startup. Increasing the number of
cylinders increases the frequency of the firing strokes,
making it possible to use smaller flywheels.
Valves: control the flow of the air–fuel mixture or the air

inside and outside the cylinder.
Auxiliary System
Air intake system: responsible for providing cool filtered air
at the right fuel mixture to be fed to the cylinders. It
consists of a fuel tank, channels, an injector pump, filters,
and injecting nozzles.
Cooling system: water cooling to transfer waste heat out of a

diesel engine block. It is very rare to have air-refrigerated
diesel engines.
Lubrication system: contains oil that serves two purposes: to

lubricate bearing surfaces and to absorb friction-generated
heat. A pressure relief valve maintains oil pressure in the

galleries, returning the oil through a filter to the oil pan.
Lower point: the lowest point the piston reaches in its

descending course.
Upper point: the highest point the piston reaches in its
ascending course.
Cylinder capacity: the volume capacity of a cylinder,
corresponding to the maximum acceptable volume of air in the
cylinder. It is calculated as
V ¼ pSr2
where S is the piston course and r is the internal radius of the

cylinder.
Compression rate: the relationship between the total volume of
a cylinder ðvaÞ and the volume of the compression chamber
ðveÞ, given by
rc ¼ va þ ve
ve
To increase the output power it is possible to increase the
compression rate, reducing ve or increasing va.
MAIN COMPONENTS:
Components of Diesel Power Plant
1. Diesel Engine
Engine is the major component of a diesel power plant.
Engines are classify as two stroke engine with four stroke
engines. Engines are commonly fixed to generator for rising
power. In diesel engines, air admit into cylinder is dense.
At the end of compression stroke, fuel is injected. Fuel is

burn with the burning gases enlarge with do work on piston.
Shaft of engine is straight attached to generator. After
combustion, the burned gases are exhausted to environment.
2. Lubrication System
Lubrication system is including oil tanks, control oil
pumps, and pipes. It is use to decrease the friction of
affecting parts with decrease wear and tear of engine parts
for example cylinder walls and piston. Lubrication oil which
gets heated due to friction of moving parts is cooled
previous to recirculation. Lubrication system the oil is
pump as of lubrication oil tank throughout the oil cooler
where oil is chilled through the cold water ingoing the
engine. Hot oil after cooling the moving parts go back to
the lubricating oil tank.
3. Cooling System
Temperature of burning fuel in engine cylinder is in order
of 15000C to 20000C. In classify to lower this temperature;
water is spread about the engine. Water envelopes (water
jacket) engine, the heat as of combustion chamber, cylinder,
piston etc is passed by circulating water. Hot water leaving
the jacket is passed through heat exchanger. Heat as of the
heat exchanger is passed way through raw water circulated
heat exchanger with is cooled in cooling tower.
4. Air filter and supercharger

Air filter is use to eliminate the dust as of air which is
taken by the engine. Air filters might be of dry type,
which is made up of felt, wool or cloth. In oil bath kind of
filters, air is sweep above a bath of oil so that dust
particles get covered. The purpose of supercharger is to
amplify the pressure of air supplied to engine and thus the
power of engine is enlarged.
5. Fuel System
Fuel system is including fuel transfer pump, storage tank,
fuel pump, heaters and strainers. Pump draws diesel as of
storage tank with supplies it to small day tank during
filter. Day tank supply daily fuel require for engine. The
day tank is generally placed high so to diesel flows to
engine under gravity. Diesel is over clean before being
injected into engine with the fuel injection pump. The fuel
injection system performs the following purpose.
 Dispense the atomized fuel correctly in combustion;
chamber.
 Meter the accurate amount of the fuel to be inject.
 Secure excellent atomization of the fuel oil.
 Time the injection method.
 Filter the fuel.
Fuel is supplied to engine according to the load on
plant.
6. Exhaust System
Exhaust gases coming out of engine is extremely noisy. In
order to decrease the noise a silencer (muffler) is use.
7. Engine Starting System

The diesel engine use in diesel power plants is not self
starting. Engine starting system include air compressor with
starting air tank. This is use to start engine in cold
condition by supply the air.
8. Governing System
Governing system is use to control speed of engine. This is
done by unreliable the fuel provide according to engine
load.
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

Advantages:
1. The design and layout of the plan are quite simple.
2. It occupies less space as the number and size of the
auxiliaries is small.
3. It can be located at any place.
4. It can be started quickly and can pick up load in a short
time.
5. There are no standby losses.
6. It requires less quantity of water for cooling.
7. The overall cost is much less than that of steam power
station of the same capacity.
8. The thermal efficiency of the plant is higher than that of
a steam power station.
9. It requires less operating staff.
Disadvantages:
1. The plant has high running charges as the fuel (i.e.,
diesel) used is costly.
2. The plant does not work satisfactorily under overload
conditions for a longer period.
3. The plant can only generate small power.
4. The cost of lubrication is generally high.
5. The maintenance charges are generally high.
PERSONNEL
1. Superintendent Room- it manages Office section and Technical

Section
2. Office section
 Administration personnel- responsible for commercial,
personal matter, labor management, education, health
administration, public welfare, document management.
 Accounting personnel- data evaluation and statistics
 Sales and Commercial personnel- assigned in consumer
area
3. Technical section
 Production personnel- includes operation and
maintenance which are responsible for assigned
equipment.
 Supply personnel
4. Technology
 Technical section- responsible for making a technical
management plan of the Power plant.
 Chemical section- responsible for chemical affairs
(control of water quality in power plant, etc)
5. Logistics
 Operation- manages necessary materials for the
operation of the power plant, procurement of fuel and
planning of education and training of operators etc.
Administration
Personnel
Office Section
Accounting Personnel
Technical Personnel
Technology Section
Chemical Personnel
Superintendent's Room
Operator
Operation Section
Logistics Personnel
Electrical Maintenance
Personnel
Maintenance Section
Mechanical
Maintenance Personnel
Organizational Chart
LAYOUT
DIAGRAM

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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

CAMARINES NORTE STATE COLLEGE

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

DIESEL POWER PLANT

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

Diesel engine is an excellent prime mover for electric power

There are certain applications where their attributes make them

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

natural gas for industrial purposed is seasonal. Therefore, the

Commercial diesel engines for electric power generation may be

Reciprocating engines may operate on a two-stroke or a four-

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

Cylinder Arrangement. Considerable importance to plant designers

Diesel engines operate on compression ratios of 12:1 to about

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

Main bearing caps: cover the crankshaft from the top as an

Cylinder: requires die casting because of its cylindrical

Crankcase: serves as a housing for the crankshaft and is

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

Connecting rod: loaded alternately in compression and tension,

Crankshaft: changes the movement of the pistons and the

Flywheel: connected on one end of the crankshaft and through

Valves: control the flow of the air–fuel mixture or the air

Cooling system: water cooling to transfer waste heat out of a

Lubrication system: contains oil that serves two purposes: to

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

heat. A pressure relief valve maintains oil pressure in the

Lower point: the lowest point the piston reaches in its

where S is the piston course and r is the internal radius of the

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

At the end of compression stroke, fuel is injected. Fuel is

4. Air filter and supercharger

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

7. Engine Starting System

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

1. Superintendent Room- it manages Office section and Technical

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

Vision: CNSC as a premier higher education institution in the Bicol region

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