3/3/2021

Approaches to Disaster Risk

Reduction: Disaster
Management

Dr. Harish Gupta

UGC-Assistant Professor
(Earth Sciences)
Dept. of Civil Engineering
UCE, Osmania University

Disaster Management
Disaster Management can be defined
as the organization and management
of resources and responsibilities for
dealing with all humanitarian aspects
of emergencies, in particular
preparedness, response and recovery
in order to reduce the impact of
disasters.

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Disaster Management
 The disaster management involves ‘the body
of policy and administrative decisions and
operational activities, which pertain to the
various stages of a disaster at all levels’.
 Disaster management as a process of
forming common objectives and common
values in order to encourage participants to
make plan and deal with potential and
actual disasters.

Disaster Management
 It is also a process that assists
communities to respond, both pre and
post-disaster, in such a way as to save
lives, preserve property, maintain
ecological, economic, and political
stability of the impacted region.
 Disaster management is the ‘continuous
process of planning and its implementation
to reduce the impact of disaster’.

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Disaster Management
 Developmental considerations contribute to all
aspects of the disaster management cycle.
 One of the main goals of disaster management, and
one of its strongest links with development, is the
promotion of sustainable livelihoods and their
protection and recovery during disasters and
emergencies.
 When this goal is achieved, people have a greater
capacity to deal with disasters and their recovery is
more rapid and long lasting.

Disaster Management

The disaster management process

can be divided into two stages:
(a) Crisis Management
(b) Risk Management.

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Disaster Management Cycle

Crisis Management
Crisis is an abnormal situation in which, decisions
has to be taken at short period of time.
 Crisis can be divided into two types:
(a) Community Crisis which is generated by natural
and technical agents, disaster and conflicts (civil
war, riots and civil disturbance, EPIDEMICS and
PANDEMICS) and
(b) Non-community crisis, such as transport
accident which does not impact the entire
community.

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Crisis Management
 Crisis management involves an accurate and
timely diagnosis of the criticality of the
problem and dynamics of events.
 This requires knowledge, skills, courageous
leadership, high level of risk taking ability,
and vigilance.
 Successful crisis management requires
motivation, sense of urgency of the matter,
commitment, and creative thinking with
long-term strategic vision.

Risk Management
 In disaster management, risk is defined as
the interaction between likelihoods of
hazards and consequences of hazards.
 Risk Management involves ‘systematic
management of administrative decisions,
organization, operational skills and
responsibilities to apply policies,
strategies, and practices for disaster risk
reduction’

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Risk Management
Risk Management as a ‘framework
for systematic application of
management policies, procedures,
and practices to the tasks of
identifying, analyzing, evaluating,
treating, monitoring risk’.

Disaster Management
 Whether it is ‘risk management’ or ‘crisis
management’, disaster management mainly
concentrates on reducing vulnerability and
hazards, for reducing disaster impacts.
 However, we often does not have direct
control over reducing ‘natural hazards.
 Therefore, we mainly should focus on
reducing the vulnerability for reducing
disaster impacts.

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Phases of a Disaster Management

 Mitigation - Minimizing the effects of disaster.
Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability
analyses; public education.
 Preparedness - Planning how to respond.
Examples: preparedness plans; emergency
exercises/training; warning systems.
 Response - Efforts to minimize the losses during a
disaster.
Examples: search and rescue; emergency relief .
 Recovery - Returning the community to normal.
Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care.

Components of Disaster Management

Prevention and mitigation
 Hazard Analysis
 Vulnerability Analysis
Preparedness
Prediction and warning
Response
Recovery

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Hazard Analysis
 Hazard analysis is the process of
recognizing hazards that may arise from a
system or its environment, documenting
their unwanted consequences and
analyzing their potential causes.

A hazard is an agent which has

the potential to cause harm to a
vulnerable target.

Hazard Analysis
Disaster history
Disaster analysis
environmental
epidemiological
meteorological
agricultural
political

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Vulnerability Analysis

Historical experience
Community experience In general,
Technical evaluation vulnerability
means the
Land use potential to
be harmed.
Building standards
Disaster specific vulnerabilities

Hazard Vulnerability Analysis

A hazard vulnerability assessment (HVA) is a
systematic approach to identify all possible hazards
that may affect a specific population, assess the risk
associated with each hazard (e.g., the probability of
hazard occurrence and the consequences for the
population), and study the findings to develop a
prioritized comparison of hazard vulnerabilities.
The consequence, or vulnerability, is related to both
the impact on the population and the likely service
demands created by the impact

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Components of Disaster Management

Hazard Analysis
Vulnerability Analysis
Prevention and mitigation
Preparedness
Prediction and warning
Response
Recovery

Prevention
 Natural hazards occur across different
time and area scales and each is in some
way unique.
 There is no way to prevent natural
hazards, but there are steps individuals
and businesses can take to lessen
damage and losses caused by them.

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Mitigation
 Mitigation activities actually eliminate or
reduce the probability of disaster
occurrence, or reduce the effects of
unavoidable disasters.
Mitigation measures include
 vulnerability analyses updates
 zoning and land use management
 building use regulations and safety codes
 building codes
 preventive health care
 public education.

Mitigation
 Mitigation will depend on the incorporation of
appropriate measures in national and regional
development planning.
 Its effectiveness will also depend on the availability
of information on hazards, emergency risks, and
the counter-measures to be taken.
 The mitigation phase, and indeed the whole
disaster management cycle, includes the shaping of
public policies and plans that either modify the
causes of disasters or mitigate their effects on
people, property, and infrastructure.

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Mitigation
Reduction of vulnerability is really development.
How it can be achieved?
– identification of vulnerable locations/populations
–development of a vulnerability reduction strategy
–development of diversified economies
– diversified agriculture
–strengthen coping mechanisms
–develop local links to NGOs
– reduction in dependence
–formal economy
–citizen register

Mitigation
• Each hazard is unique in its impact on humans
and the natural and built environments.
• Likewise each hazard type has a unique set of
mitigation options from which disaster
managers may choose that have been
developed or conceived but remain to be
developed.
• Each option carries an associated cost, a level of
feasibility based on various several factors, and
an expected success rate for actually reducing
the risk as designed.

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Mitigation
What methods, if any, the disaster
manager selects will be wholly dependent
upon these and a range of other factors,
including the amount of funds available,
the anticipated physical and social
consequences of such action, and the
receptiveness of the geographic
environment into which the measure will
be applied.

Mitigation

• After they are identified and analyzed, risks

can be evaluated to determine methods and
actions, which can be used to handle them.
• As part of this process, mitigation
techniques are identified/or developed and
considered according to their ability to
reduce or eliminate hazard likelihood or
consequence.

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Mitigation
• While it is true that most risks can be
reduced through proper mitigation, such
efforts generally become increasingly
expensive as the actual level of risk
reduction increases.
• Therefore, depending on the nature of risk,
several different mitigation alternatives may
need to be considered and applied to ensure
a comprehensive examination of costs to
benefits.

Mitigation Goals
When considering the mitigation options
suitable for treating a hazard risk, several
general goals classify the outcome that
disaster managers may seek:
• risk likelihood reduction
• risk consequences reduction
• risk avoidance
• risk acceptance, and
• risk transfer, sharing, or spreading.

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Structural and non-structural measures

• The mitigation measures that are employed to
achieve the first two goals of mitigation process,
a reduction in the likelihood or acceptance of
hazard, are grouped into two primary categories:
structural and non-structural.
• Though these terms are almost universally used
to differentiate between the various options
available to disaster managers, much
disagreement exists concerning the actual
delineation of what makes structural or non-
structural.

Structural and non-structural measures

• Structural mitigation is defined as a risk reduction
method performed through the construction or altering
of physical environment by using engineered solutions.
• Non-structural mitigation is defined as a measure that
reduces risk through the modification of human behavior
or natural processes without requiring the application of
engineered solutions.
• It must be noted that, while there are several mitigation
measures that will clearly fit into one category or the
other regardless of the definition of the terms, there are
also many that could go either way, and may appear as
one form in this text and another form elsewhere.

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Structural and non-structural measures

Structural measures: Any physical construction to

reduce or avoid possible impacts of hazards, or
application of engineering techniques to achieve
hazard-resistance and resilience in structures or
systems.
Non-Structural measures: Any measure not
involving physical construction that uses
knowledge, practice or agreement to reduce risks
and impacts, in particular through policies and laws,
public awareness raising, training and education.

Structural and non-structural measures

The general structural mitigation groups to be described are:
• Resistance construction
• Building codes and regulatory measures
• Relocation
• Structural modification
• Construction of community shelters
• Construction of barrier, deflection, or retention
systems
• Detection systems
• Physical modification
• Treatment systems
• Redundancy in life safety infrastructure

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Structural and non-structural measures

The general structural mitigation groups to be described are:
• Resistance construction
• Building codes and regulatory measures
• Relocation
• Structural modification
• Construction of community shelters
• Construction of barrier, deflection, or retention
systems
• Detection systems
• Physical modification
• Treatment systems
• Redundancy in life safety infrastructure

The structural elements of a building carry the

weight of the structure it self, the people and
the things inside, and the forces of nature.

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Structural Modification
Scientific progress and ongoing research continually provide
new information about hazards. This new information can
reveal that structures in identified risk zones are not
designed to resist the forces of the likely hazard. There are
three treatment options for these structures.
• First is to do nothing.
• Second the structure may be demolished and rebuilt to
accommodate the new hazard information.
• Third, often the most appropriate action is to modify the
structure such that it resists the anticipated external
forces.
This action is often referred to as retrofitting.

Structural Modification
How the retrofit effects the structure depends on the hazard risk
that is being dealt with. Some Examples of hazards and their
retrofits are:
• Cyclonic Storms: Wind resistant shingles; shutters;
waterproofing; stronger firm connections and joints; structural
elevation.
• Earthquakes: Sheer Walls; removal of cripple walls; foundation
anchor bolts; frame anchor connections; floor framing; chimney
reinforcement; base isolation system etc.
• Wildfire: Replacement of external materials including decks,
gutters, downspouts, paneling doors, window frames and roof
shingles, with those that are fire resistant.
• Hail: Increase roof slope; strengthen roof materials; strengthen
load carrying capacity of flat and shallow angle roof

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Non-structural measures
Structural measures can never completely eliminate the risk of
natural hazard.
Nevertheless, because of their physical presence, they have the
potential to create a false sense of security, leading to
inappropriate land use in the protected areas.
Non-structural measures play an important role in reducing not
only the catastrophic consequences of residual risks, but also
adverse impacts on the environment.
Non-structural risk management measures such as land use
regulations; forecasting and warning; and disaster prevention,
preparedness and response mechanisms; have limited
environmental consequences and should be actively considered
as viable options, both as independent or complementary
measures.

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Non-structural measures
The various categories into which nonstructural
mitigation measures may be grouped
• Regulatory measures
• Community awareness and education
programs
• Nonstructural physical modification
• Environmental control
• Behavioral modification

COVID-19: Non-structural measures

• Thermal Screening at Airports, Railway Stations
• Quarantine for 14 days at home or Govt shelters, social distancing
• Suspension of International and Domestic flights
• Suspension of Inter-state and intra-state transport (Rail and Buses)
• Sealing off the state and district borders
• Containments zones in the infected areas/ positive cases
• Closure of school and colleges
• Janta Curfew and Lockdown, Curfew, Section 144
• Distribution of mask and sanitizers/ compulsions to wear masks
• Seizure of vehicles, penalties and imprisonments
• Distribution of food, using PDS for BPL families, migrant workers
• Make sure the supplies of essential items and suspension of all non-
essential services, direct purchase of food grains by Govt
• DBT from Central and State Government
• Stress on online teaching learning, video conferencing
• Role of NGOs, Communities and individuals
• Half payment of salaries, no increments, deduction in salaries austerity
drives, PM CARES Fund, COVID Funds
• Insurances to Corona warriors, PPE, Quarantine

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Components of Disaster Management

Prevention and mitigation
 Hazard Analysis
Vulnerability Analysis
Preparedness
Prediction and warning
Response
Recovery

Preparedness
Disaster preparedness refers to
measures taken to prepare for and
reduce the effects of disasters.
That is, to predict and, where possible,
prevent disasters, mitigate their
impact on vulnerable populations, and
respond to and effectively cope with
their consequences.

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Preparedness
 Disaster preparedness provides a platform to design
effective, realistic and coordinated planning, reduces
duplication of efforts and increase the overall
effectiveness of National Societies, household and
community members disaster preparedness and
response efforts.
 Disaster preparedness activities embedded with risk
reduction measures can prevent disaster situations
and also result in saving maximum lives and
livelihoods during any disaster situation, enabling
the affected population to get back to normalcy
within a short time period.

Preparedness
 The goal of disaster preparedness programs is to
achieve a satisfactory level of readiness to respond to
any emergency situation through programs that
strengthen the technical and managerial capacity of
governments, organizations, and communities.
 Disaster preparedness is a continuous and integrated
process resulting from a wide range of risk reduction
activities and resources rather than from a distinct
sectoral activity by itself.
 It requires the contributions of many different areas—
ranging from training and logistics, to health care,
recovery, livelihood to institutional development.

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Preparedness
 Preparedness efforts range from individual-level
activities (such as first aid training), to household
actions (e.g. stockpiling of equipment and supplies),
community efforts (like training and field exercises),
and governmental strategies (including early warning
systems, contingency plans, evacuation routes, and
public information dissemination).
 Perceived risk, disaster preparedness knowledge,
prior disaster experiences, and certain socio-
demographic characteristics such as gender, age,
education, and family income have potential to affect
an individual’s emergency preparedness and related
behaviors

Preparedness

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Preparedness
 These measures can be described as logistical
readiness to deal with disasters and can be
enhanced by having response mechanisms and
procedures, rehearsals, developing long-term and
short-term strategies, public education and building
early warning systems.
 Preparedness can also take the form of ensuring
that strategic reserves of food, equipment, water,
medicines and other essentials are maintained in
cases of national or local catastrophes.

Disaster Management Cycle

Prepare Respond

Rebuild
Recover

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Preparedness
During the preparedness phase, governments, organizations,
and individuals develop plans to save lives, minimize disaster
damage, and enhance disaster response operations.
Preparedness measures include
 preparedness plans
 emergency exercises/training
 warning systems
 emergency communications systems
 evacuations plans and training
 resource inventories
 emergency personnel/contact lists
 mutual aid agreements
 public information/education

Preparedness
 As with mitigations efforts, preparedness
actions depend on the incorporation of
appropriate measures in national and regional
development plans.
 In addition, their effectiveness depends on the
availability of information on hazards,
emergency risks and the countermeasures to be
taken, and on the degree to which government
agencies, non-governmental organizations and
the general public are able to make use of this
information.

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Prevention and Preparedness

 Organizational response planning
 Government structure and disaster legislation
 Planning mechanisms
 stockpiling
 awareness
 resources
 communications
 education

Components of Disaster Management

Hazard Analysis
Vulnerability Analysis
Prevention and mitigation
Preparedness
Prediction and warning
Response
Recovery

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Disaster Management Cycle

Disaster
Prepare Respond

Rebuild
Recover

Phases of a Disaster
Preparation

Rehabilitation Warning Phase

Recovery Impact

Emergency Response

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Prediction and warning

In the current UN-ISDR terminology, early warning is defined
as 'the provision of timely and effective information,
through identified institutions, that allows individuals
exposed to a hazard to take action to avoid or reduce their
risk and prepare for effective response'
 Tracking
 Warning mechanisms
 Organizational response
 Public education
 Communication
 Evacuation planning

Forecasting and early warning

 For many types of natural disasters—flash floods,
storms, forest fires, volcanoes, tsunamis—forecasting
and early warning information and communication
systems need to be in place.
 Assessments for these systems collect and disseminate
information on the potential development of the
disaster, and determine the extent to which affected
populations are taking measures to protect lives and
facilities from expected hazard impact.
 Capable organizations will also want to prepare for the
implementation of post-disaster response and
assessments

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Prediction and warning

Phases of a Disaster
Preparation

Rehabilitation Warning Phase

Disaster
Recovery Impact

Emergency Response

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Disaster early notification

 In the first few hours of a disaster, decisive action
is necessary. In sudden onset disasters, local
officials should issue a preliminary “disaster early
notification” as soon as possible after the disaster
occurrence—preferably within the first 10 hours
after a disaster.
 This early notification alerts headquarters that a
disaster has occurred and approximates the
magnitude and location of the disaster and
immediate priorities, such as search and rescue, and
on-site first aid.

Factors Contributing to Disaster

Impact and Severity

Human vulnerability
Phenomenon (hazard)
characteristics
Impact (sudden vs gradual)
Manageability
Risk

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Vulnerability vs. Manageability

 Vulnerability: Factors that increase risk
 Number of people exposed by the hazard
 Area covered by the hazard
 Dose or intensity of power of the hazard
 Time duration
 Frequency
 Manageability: Factors that reduce risk
 Affluence of population, coping mechanisms
 Knowledge and practices of population
 Technology available to the population

Phases of a Disaster
Preparation

Rehabilitation Warning Phase

Recovery Impact

Emergency Response

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Response

The aim of emergency response is to

provide immediate assistance to
maintain life, improve health and
support the morale of the affected
population.

Disaster Response Phases

Four Major Phases (many sub-categories)
 Activation
 Implementation
 Mitigation
 Recovery

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Emergency Response Phase

 Population exposed and exposure area
(Who and Where)
Immediate response and requirement
(How & What)

 Preliminary needs assessment

Humanitarian Action
 During a disaster, humanitarian agencies are often
called upon to deal with immediate response and
recovery.
 To be able to respond effectively, these agencies
must have experienced leaders, trained personnel,
adequate transport and logistic support,
appropriate communications, and guidelines for
working in emergencies.
 If the necessary preparations have not been made,
the humanitarian agencies will not be able to meet
the immediate needs of the people.

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Response
 Notification
 Evacuation/extrication
 Search and rescue
 Coordination
 Emergency medical services
 Immediate health service mobilization
 Preliminary needs assessment
 Shelter/protection
 Implementing existing disaster plans

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Response
 It also may involve initial repairs to damaged
infrastructure.
 The focus in the response phase is on
meeting the basic needs of the people until
more permanent and sustainable solutions
can be found.
 Humanitarian organizations are often
strongly present in this phase of the disaster
management cycle.

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Phases of a Disaster
Preparation

Rehabilitation Warning Phase

Recovery Impact

Emergency Response

Recovery
 As the emergency is brought under control,
the affected population is capable of
undertaking a growing number of activities
aimed at restoring their lives and the
infrastructure that supports them.
 There is no distinct point at which
immediate relief changes into recovery and
then into long-term sustainable
development.

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Recovery
 There will be many opportunities
during the recovery period to enhance
prevention and increase preparedness,
thus reducing vulnerability.
 Ideally, there should be a smooth
transition from recovery to on-going
development.
 Recovery activities continue until all
systems return to normal or better.

Recovery
Recovery measures, both short and long term, include
 returning vital life-support systems to minimum operating
standards
 temporary housing
 public information
 health and safety education
 reconstruction
 counseling programs
 economic impact studies.
Information resources and services include data collection
related to rebuilding, and documentation of lessons learned.

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Recovery
Logistics
Distribution of resources
Warehousing
Tracking
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction
Housing
Water/sanitation
Infrastructure

Recovery

Material cleanup
Environmental and structural safety
measures (temporary)
Recovery of belongings

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Phases of a Disaster
Preparation

Rehabilitation Warning Phase

Recovery Impact

Emergency Response

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Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Health service assessment

and reconstruction
Structural reconstruction
Resume development efforts
Transition from relief to
development

Other response support

 Needs assessment
• Methodology
• Implementation
 Expert support
• Advice to managers and responders
• Technical support
 Continuity
• Ensuring baselines are used
• Ensuring response information is carried forward
 Role model
• Encouraging data sharing by sharing data
• Encouraging quality in the management of information

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Disaster needs assessment

 Needs assessment
• Disaster emergency response should address the
immediate and priority needs resulting from a
disaster. The disaster assessment will need to
determine the existence of these needs as well as
their scope.
• At the outset of any emergency, initial assessments
should be timely and inform emergency responders
about critical and immediate life-saving needs.

Disaster needs assessment

 Needs assessment
• In disasters—especially rapid onset disasters or sudden
population influxes—there will be great uncertainty about
the actual problems.
• Therefore, decision makers should use a systematic
assessment approach to develop a picture of where people
are, what condition they are in, what they are doing, what
their needs and resources are, and what services are still
available to them.
• After an initial assessment, more in-depth emergency needs
assessments need to be conducted to collect information
related to critical sectors and technical areas of concern.

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Disaster needs assessment

 Needs assessment
Common priority emergency needs following a disaster include
the following list.
1. Provide basic life support needs: drinking water and
sanitation, adequate food, appropriate medical assistance,
shelter (through housing and clothing) and fuel (for cooking
and heating)
2. Protect disaster victims from physical violence and
aggression, particularly in disasters involving refugees and
internally displaced persons
3. Address the psychological and social stress caused by the
disaster, providing the victims with psychological and social
support

Disaster needs assessment

 Once the basic life support needs are met, attention
can be directed to other less urgent but important
needs

 In addition to these sectors, assessment teams may

want to collect information on personal and
household needs; agricultural, economic and
infrastructure damage; and the political and security
situation.

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Disaster needs assessment

 Early notification is followed by a more
complete disaster needs assessment usually
within the first 12-36 hours after the disaster
occurs.
 This assessment will provide additional
general information about the disaster: the
damage, urgent needs and priorities, and
actual response measures being taken.
 Disaster needs assessments will need to be
updated as more information becomes
available and as the situation changes.

Disaster needs assessment

 Usually within 36-72 hours after a disaster occurs, a
team of sectoral specialists should conduct a rapid,
yet detailed assessment of specific damages,
resources, response mechanisms and precise needs
within the different sectors: water and sanitation,
emergency health, food and nutrition, shelter and
household needs, infrastructure and communications,
etc.
 Their job will be to forecast sectoral needs for the
next 3-7 days, 7-28 days and 28-90 days.
 If it appears that the emergency will extend from
weeks into months, then these specialists should help
define specific interventions for the ensuing months
assessment

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Disaster needs assessment

Needs assessment

Role of NGOs and

Communities

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What Can NGOs Do

 NGOs are organizations that are nonprofit making, voluntary
and independent of government, engaged in activities
concerning various societal and developmental issues.
 The role of the NGO's during a disaster is to have quick
response and to try and save as many lives as it can with the
given funds. NGO's have a faster response to situations
because it does not need to clear paperwork.
 The purpose of NGOs is not to supplant the governmental
relief agencies but to act as a coordinating mechanism
between the government apparatus and the affected
populace.
 The role of NGOs assumes significance in view of their wider
engagement in civic and development initiatives.

What Can NGOs Do

Objective and importance of NGOs with regard to disaster
 NGOs can be different size, with different area of operation and
different fields of expertise.
 Though organized in nature and unorganized in character, the NGO
sector covers a whole range of activities, through its various types of
organization.
Some major types of NGOs are given as under:
NGOs with dedicated field operations and resource backup
 These are large organization, such as the international national Red
Cross society have specific areas in which they carry out field
operations.
 They have access to large resource bases and have the capability to
extend material, financial, as well as technical support and resource
from all over the world and come to the rescue of the affected
persons almost immediately.

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What Can NGOs Do

Development technology related NGOs
 These are involved in developing and propagating development
technologies, such as Sulabh international, which has renowned
activities in the field of low cost sanitation.
 These NGOs are active in times of peace, carrying out their
development projects, and can be called upon at times of
emergency du to natural disaster for providing the affected
community with immediate physical infrastructure that they may
require.
 When in non-disaster times their services are useful for
retrofitting in areas of building technology, so as to minimize
death and destruction in future disaster.

What Can NGOs Do

 The main focus of NGO involvement in the field of
disasters is largely with respect to relief and
development.
 However they can help in many other aspects also.
Issues such as disillusionment with centralized
structures; emphasis on pluralism, expanded civic
engagement; and collaboration amongst multiple
actors are such areas.
 NGOs can work toward reducing vulnerability through
training, education and helping to establish a clear
coordination of disaster response responsibilities.

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What Can NGOs Do

 NGOs play an important role in disaster response,
mitigation, disaster reduction and recuse,
coordination indifferent regions.
 NGO response focused on emergency food relief,
temporary shelter, emergency medical aid, debris
removal and habitat restoration, trauma counseling,
and raising families.
 Provides support like health, education, water
supply and sanitation, shelter and infrastructure,
NGOs are active in responding to various disasters in
different phases.

What Can NGOs Do

 The specific role of NGOs in respect to disaster
management is:
 Pre-disaster
 Training and capacity building of NGO staffs and task forces;
 Set up of information channel to the village and district;
 Advocacy and planning;
 Regular contact with block control room.
 In the pre – disaster phase should include awareness generation,
education, training, and formation of village level Task Force.
 Disaster Management Committees and Teams, development of
Disaster Management Plans, conduct of mock drills, vulnerability
assessment and coordination with Government and non-
government agencies

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What Can NGOs Do

 The specific role of NGOs in respect to disaster
management is:
 During disaster
 Activate of channel of warning dissemination to reach the target
groups;
 Help block administration for wide dissemination of warning;
 Immediate rescue and first-aid, including psychological aid, supply of
food, water, medicines, and other immediate need materials;
 Ensuring sanitation and hygiene; Damage assessment.
 Play a key role in the immediate aftermath of disasters by extending
assistance in rescue and first aid, sanitation and hygiene, damage
assessment and assistance to external agencies bringing relief
materials.

What Can NGOs Do

 The specific role of NGOs in respect to disaster
management is:
 Post- disaster
 Technical and material aid in reconstruction;
 Assistance in seeking financial aid;
 Monitoring
 During the post disaster phase, the NGOs can take a lead by providing
technical and material support for safe construction, revival of educational
institutions and restoration of means of livelihood and assist the government
in monitoring the pace of implementation for various reconstruction and
recovery program me.
 Restoration of livelihood, food security and nutrition, environment, etc.,
 NGOs have also started to collaborate with corporate entities in Public-
Private Partnership (PPP) projects and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
initiatives in the field of DM at State, District and Sub-district levels.

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What Can NGOs Do

What Can NGOs Do

 Be engaged
• Be part of national disaster management system
• Be part of contingency planning and preparedness
 Be prepared
• Geographic data standards
• Community baseline data
• Needs assessment
 Be involved
• Second staff to disaster management office
• Provide technical support for responders
 Be open
• Promote standards
• Share data

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Community's Role in Disaster Mitigation

 Community members play a vital role in
reducing the impact of a disaster.
 People at this level are often the most
vulnerable to disaster and experience the
greatest impacts for various reasons.
 Local people know their own needs and only
they can define the priorities for mitigation
within a given context.

Community's Role in Disaster Mitigation

 Faced with a multi-faceted daily disaster, local
people and their organizations develop their own
strategies for improving living conditions,
obtaining greater access to resources and
changing the character of social relations with
other groups, particularly with the state.
 With knowledge of the local geology, the hazard
context, and the livelihoods options available,
local communities must be involved in disaster
management programs from the start, and
supported by projects to develop the capacities
and linkages that help overcome.

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Community's Role in Disaster Mitigation

 Most communities do not act for abstract
ideological reasons; specific local problems are
nearly always the reason for their actions.
 For many, mitigation is a permanent activity and an
integral part of their survival strategies.
 Community-based disaster mitigation should not be
confused with unaided self-help, though many
communities without access to resources are forced
to rely on small makeshift mitigation measures at
the local level which often prove to be totally
inadequate against the magnitude of the hazards
faced.

Community's Role in Disaster Mitigation

 While some mitigation measures, such as
house rebuilding or reinforcement, may be
best managed at the community level, large
infrastructure works or major policy changes
require a level of centralized authority which
only the state possesses.
 The cases show that the new approach is
about involving the government in
communities' own mitigation programmes

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Community's Role in Disaster Mitigation

 In this approach to mitigation, it is possible
to avoid many of the diseconomies and
mismatches which characterize conventional
programmes.
 Because of the use of local knowledge and
decision-making, the use of available local
resources is often maximized and thus
programmes achieve a lot more with a lot
less.

Community's Role in Disaster Mitigation

 Traditional techniques and methods may
reflect severe technological and economic
constraints and an acute lack of resources.
 The most important cases show communities
planning mitigation actions and obtaining
participation from the state.

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Community's Role in Disaster Mitigation

 By improving the understanding of indigenous

knowledge and providing concrete base for
using it successfully in DM operations, officials
and community can inspire all practitioners
and policy makers to consider the knowledge
held by local communities and act to integrate
this wealth of knowledge into future disaster-
related work.

Community's Role in Disaster Mitigation

 With growing instances of natural hazards and losses, a new
approach and a different set of skills for disaster mitigation
planning is required.
 Instead of starting off from a global analysis of hazards and
their effects, within which specific mitigation measures are
designed, the new methodology would begin with an
analysis of local conditions of vulnerability, within the
context of different hazards and risks.
 This means that mitigation must become an enabling
activity, and that disaster planning must build incrementally
from a series of small-scale interventions at community level
and incorporating these gradually into a wider synthesis.

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Community's Role in Disaster Mitigation

The key to this approach is to work with and through
communities and their organizations, involving some or all of
the following tasks:
 Research and planning to articulate people's explicit and
implicit demands in terms of viable projects and
programmes. Communities often have clear goals but little
clarity about the technical, legal, and financial alternatives
available to attain them.
 Provide technical and legal advice to communities to help
them to implement their own mitigation projects and
programmes, and to negotiate effectively with
governments and agencies.

Community's Role in Disaster Mitigation

 Create opportunities for reflection and learning
from disasters, building up awareness and making
organization more effective.
 This new approach to disaster mitigation planning
means integrating these tasks into a long-term
programme covering all phases of disaster and
incorporating hazard mitigation into wider
development planning.
 The methodology of working is necessarily slow,
small scale, long term, multidisciplinary, and
multisectoral.

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Community's Role in Disaster Mitigation

 Because of its complexity, the incremental
planning, and dependence on political negotiation,
this approach must seem like a recipe for chaos to
many experts accustomed to working in
conventional programmes.
 However, within it, scientific knowledge of hazards
and their effects and technological alternatives for
mitigation take on a completely new meaning,
transforming themselves into vital instruments at
the service of development.

International Decade for

Natural Disaster Reduction

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International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction

 The United Nations General Assembly designated

the 1990s as the International Decade for Natural
Disaster Reduction (IDNDR).

 Its basic objective was to decrease the loss of life,

property destruction and social and economic
disruption caused by natural disasters, such as
earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, landslides, volcanic
eruptions, droughts, locust infestations, and other
disasters of natural origin.

International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction

 An International Decade for Natural Disaster
Reduction, beginning on 1 January 1990, was launched
by the United Nations, following the adoption of
Resolution 44/236 (22 December 1989).
 The decade was intended to reduce, through
concerted international action, especially in
developing countries, loss of life, property damage
and social and economic disruption caused by natural
disasters.
 To support the activities of the decade, a Secretariat
was established at the United Nations Office in
Geneva, in close association with UNDRO.

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Impact of Development
 The United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP) believes that ‘in many countries, the process
of development itself has a huge impact — both
positive and negative — on disaster risk.
 It shows how countries that face similar patterns of
natural hazards — from floods to droughts — often
experience widely differing impacts when disasters
occur.
 The impact depends in large part on the kind of
development choices they have made previously.’

 UNISDR is part of the United Nations Secretariat.

 The UN General Assembly adopted the International
Strategy for Disaster Reduction in December 1999
and established UNISDR, the secretariat to ensure its
implementation.
 Its mandate was expanded in 2001 “to serve as the
focal point in the United Nations system to ensure
coordination and synergies among disaster risk
reduction activities of the United Nations system and
regional organizations and activities in socio-
economic and humanitarian fields” (UN General
Assembly resolution 56/195).

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UNISDR Focus areas (UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction)

1. Enhance the regional institutional capacity and
coordination on to disaster risk reduction and
adaptation to climate change.
2. Strengthen the regional capacity and cooperation
towards data and knowledge sharing on risks.

3. Promote disaster risk transfer through

insurance and reinsurance products.

4. Increase public awareness in disaster risk

reduction

The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015:

 Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters
(HFA) is the first plan to explain, describe and detail the work
that is required from all different sectors and actors to reduce
disaster losses.
 It was developed and agreed on with the many partners
needed to reduce disaster risk - governments, international
agencies, disaster experts and many others - bringing them into
a common system of coordination.
 The HFA outlines five priorities for action, and offers guiding
principles and practical means for achieving disaster resilience.
 Its goal was to substantially reduce disaster losses by 2015 by
building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters.
This means reducing loss of lives and social, economic, and
environmental assets when hazards strike.

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Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015:

Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters

Five priorities for action

1. Governance: ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and
local priority with strong institutional basis for implementation
2. Risk identification: identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and
enhance early warning
3. Knowledge: use knowledge, innovation and education to build a
culture of safety and resilience at all levels
4. Reducing the underlying risk factors in various sectors
(environment, health, construction, etc.)
5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response

Words Into Action: A Guide for Implementing the Hyogo Framework

www.unisdr.org/eng/hfa/docs/Words-into-action/Words-Into-Action.pdf

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

 The Sendai Framework is a 15-year, voluntary, non-binding

agreement which recognizes that the State has the primary
role to reduce disaster risk but that responsibility should
be shared with other stakeholders including local
government, the private sector and other stakeholders.
 The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction charts
the global course over the next 15 years.
 During the consultations and negotiations that led to its
finalization, strong calls were made to develop practical
guidance to support implementation, ensure engagement
and ownership of action by all stakeholders, and strengthen
accountability in disaster risk reduction.

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Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

It aims for the following outcome:

 The substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives,
livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social,
cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses,
communities and countries.
 The Sendai Framework is the successor instrument to the
Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015: Building the
Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters. It is the
outcome of stakeholder consultations initiated in March 2012
and inter-governmental negotiations held from July 2014 to
March 2015, which were supported by the UNISDR upon the
request of the UN General Assembly.
 UNISDR has been tasked to support the implementation,
follow-up and review of the Sendai Framework.

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

The present post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction was

adopted at the Third World Conference on Disaster Risk
Reduction, held from 14 to 18 March 2015 in Sendai, Miyagi, Japan,
which represented a unique opportunity for countries to:
The Seven Global Targets
(a) Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower
average per 100,000 global mortality rate in the decade 2020-2030 compared
to the period 2005-2015.
(b) Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030,
aiming to lower average global figure per 100,000 in the decade 2020 -2030
compared to the period 2005-2015.
(c) Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic
product (GDP) by 2030.

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Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

(d) Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure

and disruption of basic services, among them health and
educational facilities, including through developing their
resilience by 2030.
(e) Substantially increase the number of countries with national
and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020.
(f) Substantially enhance international cooperation to
developing countries through adequate and sustainable support
to complement their national actions for implementation of this
Framework by 2030.
(g) Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-
hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and
assessments to the people by 2030.

Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

The Four Priorities for Action

 Priority 1. Understanding disaster risk
Disaster risk management should be based on an understanding
of disaster risk in all its dimensions of vulnerability, capacity,
exposure of persons and assets, hazard characteristics and the
environment. Such knowledge can be used for risk assessment,
prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response.
 Priority 2. Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage
disaster risk
Disaster risk governance at the national, regional and global levels
is very important for prevention, mitigation, preparedness,
response, recovery, and rehabilitation. It fosters collaboration and
partnership.

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Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030

 Priority 3. Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience

Public and private investment in disaster risk prevention and reduction
through structural and non-structural measures are essential to enhance
the economic, social, health and cultural resilience of persons,
communities, countries and their assets, as well as the environment.
 Priority 4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response
and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and
reconstruction
The growth of disaster risk means there is a need to strengthen disaster
preparedness for response, take action in anticipation of events, and
ensure capacities are in place for effective response and recovery at all
levels. The recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction phase is a critical
opportunity to build back better, including through integrating disaster
risk reduction into development measures.

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Preparedness

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