LL.

B.-
II[
2017Pat
ter
n]

LC0803LAW OFEVI
DENCE

Dr
.Pandhar
eBal
asahebDashr
ath
LL.M,
Ph.
D

2020

STUDYMATERI
AL

NewLawCol
lege,
Ahmednagar
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

STUDYMATERI
AL

LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]

LC0803LawofEv
idence

Dr
.Pandhar
eBal
asahebDashr
ath
Asst
ist
antPr
off
esor
,
NewLawCol
l
ege,
Ahmednagar
LL.M,
Ph.
D

Thi
sst
udymat
eri
ali
spr
epar
edf
ort
hest
udent
sofLL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]
aspersy
ll
abuspr
escr
ibedbyt
heSav
itr
ibaiPhul
ePuneUni
ver
sit
yforPaper
no.LC0803LawofEv
idence,
Itcov
ersModul
e01t
oModul
e08andseeks
t
oequi
pst
hest
udent
swi
thknowl
edgeof
:(a)t
hef
undament
alpr
inci
plesof
ev
idencel
aw,(
b)t
hest
ri
ctappl
i
cat
ionofi
tinj
udi
ci
alpr
oceedi
ngs,(
c)t
he
r
oleofev
idencel
awi
nci
vi
landcr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ngs,
(d)t
heconnect
ionof
t
he cour
se wi
th subst
ant
ive and ot
herpr
ocedur
all
aws,and (
e)t
he
r
elev
anceoft
hecour
sei
nnon-
li
ti
gat
ionpr
act
ice.Thest
udentwi
l
lal
sobe
exposedt
otheconcer
nedpr
ovi
sionsoft
heI
nfor
mat
ionTechnol
ogyAct
,
2000.Fur
theri
twi
l
lenabl
ethe st
udentt
o pr
epar
efort
he Uni
ver
sit
y
Exami
nat
ion.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage1
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

MODULE01
I
NTRODUCTI
ONOFTHEACT(
SECTI
ONS1-
5)
1.I
MPORTANCEOFLAW OFEVI
DENCE
2.ROLEI
NCI
VILANDCRI
MINALPROCEEDI
NGS
3.APPLI
CATI
ONOFTHEACT
4.I
NTERPRETATI
ONCLAUSEUNDERTHEACT
5.PRESUMPTI
ONS:
MAYPRESUME,
SHALLPRESUMEANDCONCLUSI
VEPROOF
6.RELEVANTDEFI
NITI
ONSUNDERTHEI
NFORMATI
ONTECHNOLOGYACT,
2000
7.EVI
DENCEOFFACTSI
NISSUEANDRELEVANTFACTSONLY
8.RELEVANCYANDADMI
SSI
BILI
TY
MODULE02
RELEVANCYOFFACTSI
1.WHATFACTSARERELEVANT(
SECTI
ONS6-
16)
2.RELEVANCYOFADMI
SSI
ONS(
SECTI
ONS17-
23AND31)
3.RELEVANCYOFCONFESSI
ONS(
SECTI
ONS24-
30)
MODULE03
RELEVANCYOFFACTSI
I
1.STATEMENTBYPERSONSWHOCAN-
NOTBEFOUND(
SECTI
ONS32-
33)
2.STATEMENTSMADEUNDERSPECI
ALCI
RCUMSTANCES(
SECTI
ONS34-
39)
3.JUDGMENTS(
SECTI
ONS40-
44)
MODULE04
RELEVANCYOFFACTSI
II
1.RELEVANCYOFOPI
NIONS(
SECTI
ONS45-
51)
2.RELEVANCYOFCHARACTER(
SECTI
ONS52-
55)
3.FACTSWHI
CHNEEDNOTBEPROVED(
SECTI
ONS56-
58)
MODULE05
ORALANDDOCUMENTARYEVI
DENCEI
1.ORALEVI
DENCE(
SECTI
ONS59-
60)
2.DOCUMENTARYEVI
DENCE(
SECTI
ONS61-
78)

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage2
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

MODULE06
ORALANDDOCUMENTARYEVI
DENCEI
I
1.PRESUMPTI
ONSASTODOCUMENTSANDELECTRONI
CRECORDS(
SECTI
ONS79-
90A)
2.EXCLUSI
ONOFORALBYDOCUMENTARYEVI
DENCE(
SECTI
ONS91-
100)
MODULE07
BURDENOFPROOF
1.BURDENOFPROOF(
SECTI
ONS101-
111)
2.PRESUMPTI
ONS(
SECTI
ONS111A-
114A)
3.DOCTRI
NEOFESTOPPEL(
SECTI
ONS115-
117)
MODULE08
WI
TNESSESANDEXAMI
NATI
ONSOFWI
TNESSES
1.WI
TNESSES(
SECTI
ONS118-
134)
2.EXAMI
NATI
ONSOFWI
TNESSES(
SECTI
ONS135-
166)
3.I
MPROPERADMI
SSI
ONORREJECTI
ONOFEVI
DENCE(
SECTI
ONS167)

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage3
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

LC0803LAW OFEVI
DENCE
MODULE01
I
NTRODUCTI
ONOFTHEACT(
SECTI
ONS1-
5)
1.I
MPORTANCEOFLAW OFEVI
DENCE
2.ROLEI
NCI
VILANDCRI
MINALPROCEEDI
NGS
3.APPLI
CATI
ONOFTHEACT
4.I
NTERPRETATI
ONCLAUSEUNDERTHEACT
5.PRESUMPTI
ONS:
MAYPRESUME,
SHALLPRESUMEANDCONCLUSI
VEPROOF
6.RELEVANTDEFI
NITI
ONSUNDERTHEI
NFORMATI
ONTECHNOLOGYACT,
2000
7.EVI
DENCEOFFACTSI
NISSUEANDRELEVANTFACTSONLY
8.RELEVANCYANDADMI
SSI
BILI
TY

1.I
MPORTANCEOFLAW OFEVI
DENCE
TheLaw ofEv
idencei
sasi
gni
fi
cantpar
tofanybr
anchoft
hej
udi
cialsy
stem
i
rr
espect
iveofanynat
ion,
whi
chmeanst
her
oleofev
idencei
sver
yimpor
tantst
atut
ein
ev
erycount
ry.Butt
alki
ngspeci
fi
cal
l
yaboutI
ndi
atheenact
mentofI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
haschangedourj
udi
cialsy
stem compl
etel
yast
her
ewer
enocodi
fi
edl
awsr
elat
ingt
o
ev
idencewhi
chenr
ichedourj
udi
cialsy
stem bypr
ovi
dingr
ulesandr
egul
ati
onsf
or
ascer
tai
ningt
heshr
edsofev
idence.Al
thought
heI
ndi
aEv
idenceActi
sbasedon
Engl
i
shl
awst
il
liti
snotf
ull
ycompr
ehensi
veandal
soi
tisa‘
LexFor
i’l
awwhi
chmeans
l
awoft
hel
andwher
ecour
tpr
oceedi
ngsar
etaken.Thet
erm‘
evi
dence’i
sder
ivedf
rom
Lat
inwor
di.
e.,‘
Evi
dent
’or‘
Evi
der
e’whi
chmeans‘
toshowcl
ear
ly,ort
odi
scov
er,ort
o
ascer
tai
nort
opr
ove.
’

TheEv
idenceactcamei
ntof
orcef
rom 1stSept
ember1872appl
i
est
oal
lov
er
I
ndi
aexceptt
hest
ateofJammuandKashmi
r.Thel
i
mit
ati
onoft
hisactdoesnotend
her
e,asi
tisnotappl
i
cabl
etoar
my&nav
all
aw,
disci
pli
nar
yact
sandal
ltheaf
fi
dav
its.I
t
i
swel
lknownt
hatt
heLaw ofev
idencei
sPr
ocedur
alLaw andi
tonl
yappl
i
est
ocour
t
pr
oceedi
ngsbuti
tal
sohasaf
eat
urei
nit
ssomepar
twhi
chmakesi
tasSubst
ant
ial
Law
l
i
keDoct
ri
neofEst
oppel
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage4
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Thepr
imar
yobj
ect
iveofanyJudi
cialSy
stem i
rr
espect
iveofanyst
atei
sto
admi
nist
erj
ust
iceandpr
otectt
her
ight
soft
heci
ti
zens.Foradmi
nist
eri
ngj
ust
ice,
ever
y
j
udi
cialsy
stem hast
oconsi
dert
hef
act
soft
hecasesandhast
oext
ractt
hecor
rect
f
act
sforcompl
etej
ust
ice;andt
her
ethei
mpor
tanceofpr
ocedur
all
aw comesi
nto
exi
stencewhi
chl
awsdi
ff
erentr
ulesi
nchecki
ngt
hev
alueoft
hef
act
spr
oducedbyt
he
l
awof
fenderandbyt
hev
ict
im.Thecompl
ete‘
cor
pusj
uri
s’i
.e,
abodyofl
aws,
isdi
vi
ded
i
ntot
wocat
egor
ies:

 Subst
ant
ivel
aws-Whi
chmeanasetofr
ulesandr
egul
ati
onst
hatgov
ernt
he
soci
ety
.

 Adj
ect
ivel
aws-Thesear
ethesetofr
ulesandr
egul
ati
onswhi
chdeal
swi
tht
he
l
awgov
erni
ngpr
ocedur
alaspect
ssuchasev
idenci
ng,
pleadi
nget
c.

Butt
he l
aw ofev
idence nei
thercomes undersubst
ant
ivel
aw norunder
pr
ocedur
all
aw,
rat
heri
t’
sasubj
ectmat
terof‘
adj
ect
ivel
aw’
,whi
chdef
inest
hepl
eadi
ng,
ev
idenci
ngandpr
ocedur
ewi
thr
espectt
osubst
ant
ivel
aws.Thegener
almeani
ngof
‘
Evi
dence’
is‘
abodyoff
act
sandi
nfor
mat
ioni
ndi
cat
ingoradj
udi
cat
ingt
hev
aluesofany
f
act
sorev
idence’
.

Ev
idencei
stheonl
ypossi
blewaybywhi
cht
hecour
tcanmakei
nfer
encest
o
r
enderadeci
si
on.Thedef
ini
ti
onofev
idenceexpl
ainst
hatev
idencei
sthepr
oofofany
f
acti
nissuessowi
thoutev
idencet
her
ewi
l
lbenopossi
bil
i
tiest
opr
oveanyf
acti
n
i
ssuesorev
ent
oest
abl
i
shanyf
act
sint
hecases.I
tisv
eryobv
ioust
hati
tisnotmuch
di
ff
icul
ttaskt
oobt
aint
rustt
hroughv
iol
ati
ngt
hebasi
cst
ruct
ureofl
awbuti
nthecour
se
ofpr
otect
ingt
hoser
ight
sEv
idence,Lawcomesi
ntot
hepi
ctur
e.Ev
idenceLawt
ell
sthe
basi
cpr
inci
plesandr
ulesr
egar
dingcol
l
ect
ion.Sot
hepr
ocessofev
idenci
nganyf
act
s
orpr
oofshoul
dbegov
ernedbyawel
l
-est
abl
i
shedl
aw i
nor
dert
oachi
evespeedyand
f
airj
ust
ice.Thel
aw ofev
idencei
snotj
ustaf
undament
alpr
inci
plegov
erni
ngt
he
pr
ocessofpr
oofr
atheri
tal
sohasamul
ti
dimensi
onalpur
poseofgov
erni
ngt
her
ules
r
elat
ingt
othepr
ocessofpr
oofi
ncour
tpr
oceedi
ngs.Whi
l
eit
’smor
aldi
mensi
oni
sa
speci
alasseti
n cr
imi
nalt
ri
als as i
tendeav
orsi
n pr
otect
ing t
he i
nnocentand
hi
ghl
i
ght
ingt
hegui
l
typer
sont
oadmi
nist
ercompl
eteandf
airj
ust
ice.Ont
heot
herhand,

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage5
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
heev
idencer
ulesal
sohav
ethecapabi
l
ityt
ohi
deandpr
eventt
het
rut
htobedi
scl
osed
i
nthepubl
i
cdomai
ntopr
otectt
hemasspubl
i
cint
erest
.

2.ROLEI
NCI
VILANDCRI
MINALPROCEEDI
NGS
Ther
ulesofev
idencear
eingener
alt
hesamei
nci
vi
landcr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ngs,
and bi
nd al
i
keSt
ateand ci
ti
zen,pr
osecut
orand accused,pl
aint
if
fand def
endant
,
counselandcl
i
ent
.Ther
ear
e,howev
er,someexcept
ions,e.
g.t
hedoct
ri
neofest
oppel
appl
i
est
oci
vi
lpr
oceedi
ngsonl
y;t
hepr
ovi
sionsr
elat
ingt
oconf
essi
ons(
ss.24-
30)
,
char
act
erofper
sonsappear
ingbef
oreCour
ts(
ss.53,
54)
,andi
ncompet
enceofpar
ti
es
aswi
tnesses(
s.120)ar
epecul
i
art
ocr
imi
nal
proceedi
ngs.
I
naci
vi
lcase,aJudgeoff
actmustf
indf
ort
hepar
tyi
nwhosef
avourt
her
eisa
pr
eponder
anceofpr
oof
,thr
ought
heev
idencei
snotent
ir
elyf
reef
rom doubt
.Ina
cr
imi
nalcasenowei
ghtofpr
eponder
antev
idencei
ssuf
fi
cient
,shor
toft
hatwhi
ch
excl
udesal
lreasonabl
edoubt
.Unbi
asedmor
alconv
ict
ioni
snosuf
fi
cientf
oundat
ionf
or
av
erdi
ctofgui
l
tyunl
essi
tisbasedonsubst
ant
ialf
act
sleadi
ngt
onoot
herr
easonabl
e
concl
usi
on t
han t
hatofgui
l
t.Ci
rcumst
ant
ialev
idence notf
urni
shi
ng concl
usi
ve
ev
idenceagai
nstanaccused,
thoughf
ormi
ngagr
oundf
orgr
avesuspi
cionagai
nsthi
m,
cannotsust
ainaconv
ict
ion.Theonusofpr
oofi
ncr
imi
nalcasesnev
ershi
ft
stot
he
accused,andt
heyar
eundernoobl
i
gat
iont
opr
ovet
hei
rinnocenceoradduceev
idence
i
nthei
rdef
enceormakeanyst
atement
.Inaci
vi
lcase,i
tist
hedut
yoft
hepar
ti
est
o
pl
acet
hei
rcasebef
oret
heCour
tast
heyt
hinkbest
,wher
easi
nacr
imi
nalcasei
tist
he
dut
yoft
heCour
ttobr
ingal
lrel
evantev
idenceont
her
ecor
dandt
oseet
hatj
ust
icei
s
done.

3.APPLI
CATI
ONOFTHEACT
I
nBr
it
ishI
ndi
a,t
headmi
nist
rat
ioncour
tsbyi
deal
soft
heRoy
alChar
terbui
l
dupi
n
Bombay
,Madr
as and Cal
cut
ta wer
e adher
ing t
o Engl
i
sh st
andar
ds oft
he l
aw of
ev
idence.I
nMof
ussi
lcour
ts,out
sidet
headmi
nist
rat
iont
owns,t
her
ewer
enocl
ear
st
andar
dsi
dent
if
ying wi
tht
heLaw ofEv
idence.TheCour
tsdel
i
ght
ed i
nli
ber
ated
f
reedom i
nthemat
terofaf
fi
rmat
ionofpr
oof
.Thewhol
eor
gani
zat
ionofequi
tyi
nthe

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage6
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Mof
ussi
lcour
ts,wi
thoutanyposi
ti
vepr
inci
plesi
nregar
dst
otheLawofEv
idence,was
i
nal
l
-outmay
hem.Ther
ewasadesper
ateneedf
ort
hecodi
fi
cat
ionoft
hepr
inci
plesof
l
aw.I
n1835,t
hemai
nendeav
ourwasmadet
oar
ranget
hepr
inci
plesofev
idenceby
passi
ngt
heAct
,1835.Somewher
eint
her
angeof1835and1853ar
oundel
even
enact
ment
swer
epassedmanagi
ngt
heLaw ofEv
idence.I
nanycase,ev
eryoneof
t
heseenact
ment
swasdi
scov
eredi
nsuf
fi
cient
.

I
nthey
ear1868,aCommi
ssi
onwassetupundert
hechai
rmanshi
pofSi
rHenr
y
May
ne.Hepr
esent
edt
hedr
aft
,whi
chwasl
aterdi
scov
eredi
nadmi
ssi
blet
oIndi
an
condi
ti
ons.Lat
eri
nthey
ear1870,t
hist
askofcodi
fi
cat
ionoft
hest
andar
dsoft
heLaw
ofEv
idencewasdependentonSi
rJamesFi
tzj
amesSt
ephen.St
ephenpr
esent
edhi
s
dr
aftandi
twasal
l
udedt
othesel
ectcounci
landf
urt
her
mor
etoHi
ghCour
tsand
i
ndi
vi
dual
sfr
om Bart
oev
oket
heconcl
usi
on,
and,
int
hewakeofsoci
aloccasi
onf
eel
i
ng,
t
hedr
aftwasputbef
oret
hegov
erni
ngbodyandi
twasi
nst
it
uted.Fi
nal
l
y,“
TheEv
idence
Act”camei
ntof
orceonf
ir
stSept
ember1872.

Bef
oreI
ndependence,t
her
ewer
eupwar
dsof600pr
incel
yst
atesi
nIndi
a,whi
ch
wer
enoti
nsi
det
hel
ocal
eoft
heBr
it
ishar
rangementofequi
ty.Ev
eryoneoft
hesest
ates
hadi
tsownpr
inci
plesoft
heLawofEv
idence.Bet
hatasi
tmay
,al
lthi
ngsconsi
der
ed,
f
oll
owedt
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872.Af
teri
ndependence,t
her
ewasamer
gerof
pr
incel
yst
atesi
ntot
heI
ndi
anUni
on.Bot
hthesubst
ant
iveaswel
laspr
ocedur
all
aws
hav
ebeenmadeconsi
stent
lyr
elev
antt
oal
lSt
ates,r
egar
dlessofwhet
hert
heBr
it
ish
r
egi
on ornat
ive St
ates.The Law ofEv
idence i
s pr
esent
lymat
eri
alt
o al
lSt
ates
est
abl
i
shi
ngt
heUni
onofI
ndi
a.

Ter
ri
tor
ial
Ext
entasperTheI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872

Par
t1,Chapt
er1andSect
ion1oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872st
ateaboutt
he
ext
entoft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.Itpl
ainl
yexpr
essest
hewayt
hatt
heI
ndi
anEv
idence
Act
,1872r
eachesoutt
othewhol
eofI
ndi
aasi
def
rom t
het
err
it
oryofJammuand
Kashmi
r.I
taddi
ti
onal
l
yappl
i
est
oal
lthel
egal
procedur
esi
norundert
hewat
chf
uley
eof
t
heanyCour
tincl
udi
ngt
heCour
t-
mar
ti
al,ot
hert
hant
heCour
t-
mar
ti
alconv
enedunder
t
heAr
myAct
,Nav
alDi
sci
pli
neActort
heI
ndi
anNav
y(Di
sci
pli
ne)Act1934,ort
heAi
r

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage7
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

For
ceActy
etnott
oaf
fi
dav
itspr
oducedt
oanyCour
tnort
opr
ocedur
esbef
oreaj
udge.

Appl
i
cabi
l
ityofTheI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct

Asal
readyst
atedi
nSect
ion3oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872t
hati
tal
sodeal
s
wi
thi
ts appl
i
cabi
l
ity
.Ev
idence i
sthe l
aw oft
hose mat
ter
s whi
ch ar
e compl
etel
y
gov
ernedbyt
hel
awoft
hecount
ryi
nwhi
cht
hepr
oceedi
ngt
akespl
acei
rr
espect
iveof
t
hef
actwhet
herawi
tnessi
scompet
entornot
,whet
hercer
tai
nev
idencepr
ovescer
tai
n
f
actofnot
.Ther
efor
e,t
hel
exf
oridet
ermi
nesal
lthequest
ionswhi
char
erel
atedt
othe
admi
ssi
onorr
eject
ionofev
idence.

Rel
evantCasesbasedont
heAppl
i
cat
ion

Sect
ion3oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct1972,al
sodef
ineswhataCour
tis.Ast
he
abov
e-ment
ionedSect
ion,
theCour
tincor
por
atesal
ltheappoi
ntedaut
hor
it
iesorj
udges
andMagi
str
ates,andev
eryot
heri
ndi
vi
dual
,wi
tht
heexcept
ionofar
bit
rat
orswhoar
e
l
awf
ull
yaut
hor
izedt
otakeev
idence.Li
kewi
se,anenqui
ryi
sjudi
ciali
ftheobj
ectof
whi
chi
stober
esol
vedhasaj
uralconnect
ionorr
elat
ionbet
weenonei
ndi
vi
dualand
anot
heroragr
oupofpeopl
e;orbet
weenhi
m ort
hecommuni
tygener
all
y.I
thadbeen
hel
donaccountofQueenv
.Tul
j
a(1887)12Bom.36,
42t
hatanenqui
rywher
eev
idence
i
slawf
ull
ytakencanber
emember
edf
ort
het
erm oft
hej
udi
cial
proceedi
ng.

I
nanycase,anenqui
ryabouti
ssuesofr
eal
i
tywher
einnodi
scr
eti
oni
spr
act
iced
ornoj
udgmenti
stobef
ramed,
howev
er,
somear
ebei
ngdoneasaspeci
fi
cmet
hodf
or
anobl
i
gat
ionordut
y,t
henatt
hatpoi
nt,i
tfor
msadmi
nist
rat
iveenqui
ryr
athert
hana
j
udi
cialenqui
ry.Si
mil
arl
y,i
nthecaseof
,Queen-
Empr
essv
.Bhar
ma(
1886)11Bom.702
FB,
ithadbeenhel
dthatpr
ocedur
ebef
oreaMagi
str
atewhoi
sn’
taut
hor
izedt
odi
rectan
enqui
ryi
snotaj
udi
ci
alpr
oceedi
ngi
nanycase.I
thadbeenhel
dint
hecaseofMunna
Lalv
.St
ateofU.
PAI
R1991,Al
l189,1991CrLJ1893,t
hataFami
l
yCour
tal
sof
all
s
i
nsi
det
heambi
toft
hesi
gni
fi
canceandar
ti
cul
ati
onofCour
t.

Thest
atut
orypr
ovi
sionsaddi
ti
onal
l
ydon’
thav
eanysi
gni
fi
cantbear
ingbef
orean
ar
bit
rat
or.Consequent
ly,anar
bit
rat
orwi
l
lundoubt
edl
ycompl
ywi
tht
hest
andar
dsof
nat
uralj
ust
ice.Theyar
enotl
i
mit
edt
othespeci
ali
zedt
echni
queoft
her
uleofev
idence.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage8
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

TheI
ndi
anEv
idenceActaddi
ti
onal
l
ydoesn’
tal
soappl
ytot
heaf
fi
dav
it.

Di
ff
erentVi
ewsAndDeci
sionsAsToTheAppl
i
cabi
l
ity
:Impor
tantFi
ndi
ngs

Pr
iort
oIndependence,t
heActwasappl
i
edt
owhatwasknownast
he“
Bri
ti
sh
I
ndi
a”and“
Bri
ti
shBur
ma”
.Howev
er,
thedef
ini
ti
onof“
Bri
ti
shI
ndi
a”wasamendedunder
Sect
ion3(
5)oft
heGener
alCl
ausesAct
,10of1897.I
nthi
sway
,26Januar
y1950,
Indi
a
pr
onouncedi
tsel
fasaSov
erei
gn,Democr
ati
c,Republ
i
candi
mmedi
atel
yBur
mawas
l
i
kewi
seannouncedast
heI
ndependentRepubl
i
cfr
om 23r
dMar
ch1956.

Judi
cial
proceedi
ng

Thet
erm Judi
ci
alPr
oceedi
ngi
sdef
inedundert
hisAct
.Howev
er,
ithadbeenhel
d
byJust
iceSpanki
eint
hecaseofRv
.Ghol
am (
1875)I
LR1Al
lthatj
udi
cialpr
oceedi
ng
canbeexpr
essedasanypr
ocedur
eov
ert
hecour
seofwhi
chev
idencei
sormi
ghtbe
t
aken,
ori
nwhi
chanyj
udgment
,sent
enceorf
inal
orderi
spassedonr
ecor
dedev
idence.
TheCour
thast
oper
for
m admi
nist
rat
iveorexecut
iveandl
egalobl
i
gat
ionsal
ltoget
her
sot
hati
naj
udi
ci
alpr
oceedi
ng,t
headj
udi
cat
orort
hemagi
str
atemustacti
naj
udi
cial
capaci
ty.

Ev
idenceActi
fappl
i
cabl
etot
hear
bit
rat
ionpr
ocedur
e

TheActi
ncl
eart
ermsdoesn’
thav
eanysi
gni
fi
cantbear
ingt
othear
bit
ral
met
hod.
Asar
esul
tofwhi
char
bit
rat
ori
sn’
tli
mit
edbyt
hespeci
ali
zedst
andar
dsofev
idence
except
,ift
hef
undament
alpr
inci
plesoff
air
nessandwel
l
-est
abl
i
shedpr
inci
plesof
ev
idencear
enotdi
sregar
ded.

Thus,i
thadbeenhel
dint
hecaseofHar
alalv
.St
ateI
ndust
ri
alCour
tA1967B
174,t
hatt
her
ulesofActdon’
tappl
ytot
hepr
ocedur
esbef
oreanar
bit
rat
or.Thev
ery
obj
ectofsubmi
ssi
ont
oanar
bit
rat
ori
stohav
eanexpedi
ti
ousdi
sput
esol
vi
ngwi
thout
get
ti
ngi
ntot
het
edi
ousandel
abor
atepr
ocedur
eofar
egul
art
ri
alort
echni
cal
i
ties.

Ev
eni
ftheI
ndi
anEv
idenceActdoesn’
tappl
ytot
hear
bit
rat
ionpr
ocedur
est
il
lit
hadbeenhel
dint
hecaseofJat
anBui
l
der
sv.Ar
myWel
far
eHousi
ngOr
gani
zat
ion,
2009
AI
HC2475(2485)(
Del
.)t
hatar
bit
rat
orcanev
olv
eapr
ocedur
e,whi
chcompl
i
eswi
tht
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage9
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

pr
inci
ple ofnat
uralj
ust
ice f
orconductoft
he pr
oceedi
ng.Howev
er,ev
en i
fthe
pr
ovi
si
onsoft
heEv
idenceActar
enott
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
on,st
il
lthepar
ti
esandt
he
ar
bit
rat
orscannotov
err
ideori
gnor
ethecont
ract
ual
ter
msandactcont
rar
ytoi
t.

I
tisnotav
ali
dobj
ect
iont
otheawar
dthatt
hear
bit
rat
orshadnotact
edi
nst
ri
ct
conf
ormi
tywi
tht
her
uleofev
idence.Thi
shadbeenhel
dint
hecaseofGangav
.Lekhr
aj
(
1887)I
LR9Al
l253,
thatar
bit
rat
orsar
eboundt
oconf
ormt
other
ulesofnat
ural
just
ice.
Ev
en i
nthe case of Hoogl
y Ri
verBr
idge Commi
ssi
oner
sv.Bhagi
rat
hiBr
idge
Const
ruct
ionCo.
(1995)1CalLJ489;AI
R1995Cal274,i
thadbeenhel
dthatt
heCour
t
i
sabsol
utel
ynotwor
ri
edaboutt
hemer
itoft
hecase.Howev
er,t
hepr
inci
pleofnat
ural
j
ust
iceandr
easonabl
eorf
airpl
ayi
nreall
i
fer
equi
ressomebasi
cev
idenceei
theror
alor
document
arybef
oret
hear
bit
rat
orswhi
chwoul
dempowert
hem t
oar
ri
veataj
ustand
r
easonabl
econcl
usi
on.

Af
fi
dav
its

Thedef
ini
ti
onofev
idencei
sexcl
udedf
rom t
hemeani
ngofev
idenceunder
Sect
ion3oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActandi
sal
soexpl
i
cit
lyav
oidedunderSect
ion1oft
he
sai
dAct
.Int
hismanner
,af
fi
dav
iti
saper
sonaloat
horaf
fi
rmat
ionwhi
chi
sbasedona
per
son’
sownknowl
edge.Af
fi
dav
itspersedon’
tbecomeev
idencei
nsui
ts,howev
er,i
t
canbecomeev
idencej
ustbyt
heassentoft
hepar
ti
esorwher
eiti
sexcept
ional
l
y
appr
ovedbyanypr
ovi
sionsofl
aw.Howev
er,i
nthecaseofShamsunderv
.Bhar
atOi
l
Mi
l
lsAI
R1964Bom 38,i
thadbeenhel
dthataf
fi
dav
itscanbeusedasev
idencei
f,f
or
suf
fi
cientr
easons,t
heCour
tpassesanor
derunderOr
der19,r
ule1,
2oft
heCodeOf
Ci
vi
lPr
ocedur
e1908.I
t,t
her
efor
e,st
atedt
hatanaf
fi
dav
itcannotbet
reat
edasev
idence
unl
essanor
derhasbeenpassedunderOr
der19oft
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e.

I
nthecaseofRadhakr
ishnanv
.Nav
orat
onMalJai
nA1990Raj127,130,i
thad
beenhel
dthatwhent
her
ewasnoor
deroft
hecour
tunderOr
der19r
ule1,af
fi
dav
its
f
il
ed by t
he par
ti
es wi
thoutgi
vi
ng t
hem t
he oppor
tuni
ty ofcr
oss-
exami
ning t
he
deponent
s,cannotbet
reat
edasev
idence.

Af
fi
dav
itsf
il
edsuomot
o

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage10
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Anaf
fi
dav
itt
hati
srecor
dedsuomot
obyapar
tywi
thouthav
inganydi
rect
ion
f
rom t
heCour
tcan’
tbenamedasf
alseev
idence.Buti
thadbeenhel
dint
hecaseof
Del
hiLot
ter
iesv
.Raj
eshAgar
walAI
R1998Del332,t
hatnoact
ionundert
heI
ndi
an
Penal
Codecanbet
akenagai
nstt
hedeponent
.

Af
fi
dav
itsi
nInt
erl
ocut
oryappl
i
cat
ion

Wher
etheCour
tisexpl
i
cit
lyal
l
owed t
o chooset
hei
nter
locut
oryi
ssueson
af
fi
dav
it,i
tdr
awst
hepr
ovi
sionofOr
der19Rul
e1and2oft
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e
whi
chcan’
tbesqueezedi
ntoser
vice.I
t,hence,br
ingst
het
ermsandi
mpedi
ment
s
endor
sedbyr
equest19r
ules1and2wi
l
lbeconnect
edj
usti
ftheCour
tpr
act
icest
he
gener
alaut
hor
it
yorpowerwhi
chi
svest
edi
nit
.Thescr
uti
nyofwor
dingsofr
ule1of
Or
der39unmi
stakabl
yshowst
hati
nter
locut
oryappl
i
cat
ionf
ori
nter
imi
njunct
ions,t
he
Cour
thadbeenexpl
i
cit
lyal
l
owedbyt
hel
egi
slat
urei
tsel
ftochoosesuchappl
i
cat
ionson
af
fi
dav
it.

OnaccountofB.
N.Muni
basappav
.G.
D.Swami
galAI
R 1959My
s.139,t
he
My
sor
eHi
ghCour
thel
dthatwhi
l
eitwoul
dnotber
ightt
ost
atet
hatev
idencecan’
tbe
v
iewedasev
idencedespi
tet
hef
actt
hati
tspr
oper
tydel
i
ver
edunderr
ule1,and2of
Or
der19oft
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e,t
her
efor
epl
ainl
yanaf
fi
dav
itcannev
err
epl
ace
anev
idencer
ecor
dedi
nacommonmannerexcept
,ift
hecasei
sonet
owhi
cht
he
ar
rangementoft
hepr
ovi
sionsappl
yort
heev
idencei
dent
if
ieswi
thani
ssuel
i
kean
appl
i
cat
ionf
oraconnect
ionoranor
derast
owhi
cht
hecodei
tsel
fhadmadeex
press
opi
nion.

I
nthecaseofKai
l
ashNat
hAgar
walv
.AmarNat
hAgar
walAI
R1969Al
l82,
ithad
beenhel
dthatbyi
mpor
ti
ngl
egalf
ict
ion,
theaf
fi
dav
itsonr
ecor
doft
hepr
oceedi
ngmay
al
sobepl
acedbyt
heCi
vi
lCour
tasaf
fi
dav
itunderOr
der19oft
heCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
eCode
andmayal
sobef
il
edorr
eadi
nev
idenceandcr
oss-
exami
nat
ionmayal
sobeper
mit
ted.

Domest
icenqui
ry

I
nthecaseofSt
ateofHar
yanav
.Rat
tanSi
nghAI
R1977SC1512,i
thadbeen
hel
dthatt
her
uleofev
idenceundert
heEv
idenceActmaynotappl
ytot
hedomest
ic

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage11
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

enqui
ry.Si
mil
arl
yint
hecaseofK.
L.Shi
ndav
.St
ateofMy
sor
eAI
R1976SC1080,t
he
r
uleofev
idencedoesn’
tappl
ytodepar
tment
alpr
oceedi
ngaswel
l
.Howev
er,
agai
nther
e
i
sacont
radi
ctor
yvi
ewi
nthecaseofBal
kri
shnaMesr
av.Pr
esi
dingOf
fi
cer
,Or
issa(
1977)
35FacLR11(
SC)
,thatt
her
eisnobaront
hepar
toft
hecompet
entaut
hor
it
ytor
elyon
ev
idencei
ndi
sci
pli
nar
ypr
oceedi
ngs.

Appl
i
cabi
l
ityoft
heActt
oTr
ibunal

I
tisanest
abl
i
shedf
actt
hatdomest
ict
ri
bunal
sar
enotboundbyt
hespeci
ali
zed
pr
inci
ples ofmet
hodol
ogyas ar
e cont
ained i
nthe Ev
idence Act
.On accountof
B.
Bhi
mraj
eev
.Uni
onAI
R1971Cal336,
ithadbeenhel
dthatt
her
uleofev
idencehasno
appl
i
cat
ioni
nthedepar
tment
alpr
oceedi
ngandt
heexami
nat
ionwi
tnessesneednotbe
i
nthe r
equestsetsomewher
e ar
ound t
he sai
d Act
.Speci
ali
zed st
andar
dsoft
he
Ev
idenceActdon’
tmakeadi
ff
erencet
other
esi
dent
ialenqui
ryy
etsubst
ant
iver
ules
whi
ch st
ruct
uret
he par
toft
he pr
inci
ple ofnat
uralj
ust
ice,such t
hati
tcan’
tbe
di
sregar
dedi
nDomest
icTr
ibunal
s.Thi
shadbeenhel
donaccountofCent
ralBankv
.
P.
C.Jai
nAI
R1969SC983.

TheActhasnoappl
i
cat
iont
oenqui
ri
esdi
rect
edbyt
heCour
tsdespi
tet
hef
act
t
hatt
heymi
ghtbel
egali
nchar
act
er.I
thadbeenhel
dint
hecaseofUni
onofI
ndi
av.T.
R.Ver
maAI
R1957SC882,
thati
tist
her
equi
rementofl
awt
hatsuchTr
ibunal
soughtt
o
wat
chr
ulesofnat
ural
just
icei
ntheconductofenqui
ry.

Appl
i
cat
ionoft
heActt
otheCommi
ssi
oner

TheEv
idenceActdoesn’
tst
ri
ctl
yappl
yto enqui
ri
esconduct
edbydomest
ic
Tr
ibunal
s.Thi
shadbeenhel
dint
hecaseofAhmedv
.Chi
efCommi
ssi
onerAI
R1966
Mani18.Howev
er,aCommi
ssi
onappoi
ntedbyCodeOfCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
eandCodeof
Cr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
ehast
hepowert
osummont
hewi
tnessandev
idence,andt
her
ules
ofev
idenceappl
ytot
hepr
oceedi
ngsbef
orehi
m.

Appl
i
cabi
l
ityoft
heActt
oLabourCour
ts

Al
lthet
echni
cal
i
tiesoft
heEv
idenceActar
enotst
ri
ctl
yappl
i
cabl
etoLabour
Cour
tsandTr
ibunal
s,excepti
nsof
arasSect
ion11oft
heI
ndust
ri
alDi
sput
esAct1947

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage12
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

andt
her
ulest
her
einar
eper
mit
ted.Thi
shadbeenhel
dint
hecaseofBar
eil
l
yEl
ect
ri
cit
y
v
.Wor
kmenAI
R1972SC330.Howev
er,i
thadal
sobeenhel
dint
hecaseofLeonar
d
Bi
ermansv
.SecondI
ndust
ri
alTr
ibunalAI
R1962Cal375t
hatapr
oceedi
ngbef
orean
I
ndust
ri
alTr
ibunali
s mer
ely a quasi
-j
udi
cialpr
oceedi
ng and t
he ev
idence i
s not
appl
i
cabl
etosuchpr
oceedi
ngs.

Ev
eni
nsomecases,t
her
ehasbeencont
radi
ctor
yvi
ews.I
nthecaseofRaghuv
.
Bur
rakurCoalCo.Lt
dAI
R1966Cal504,
ithadbeenhel
dthati
tisaCour
tunderSect
ion
3oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,andt
her
efor
eitmustobser
vet
her
ulesofev
idenceand
nat
ural
just
ice.

Appl
i
cabi
l
ityt
oIncomet
axaut
hor
it
ies

I
ncomet
axaut
hor
it
iesar
est
ri
ctl
ynotboundbyt
her
ulesofev
idence.Thi
svi
ewhadal
so
beenl
aiddowni
nthecaseofCommi
ssi
onerofI
ncome-
taxv
.EastCoastAI
R1967SC
768.

Pr
oceedi
ngsundert
heCont
emptofCour
tsAct

Thepr
ovi
si
onsoft
heEv
idenceActal
sodonotappl
ytot
her
ecept
ionofmat
eri
als
agai
nstt
hecont
emnori
nacont
emptpr
oceedi
ng.Thi
shadbeenest
abl
i
shedi
nthecase
ofBasant
aChandr
aGhosh,
int
hemat
terofAI
R1960Pat430.

TheI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872i
ssov
astandi
tsi
mpl
i
cat
ionsandi
nter
pret
ati
ons
ar
ewi
de.Theappl
i
cat
ionoft
heabov
eActt
houghmost
lydependsupont
hest
atut
ory
pr
ovi
si
onsbutdependi
ngupont
heci
rcumst
ances,nat
ureoft
hecaseal
ongwi
tht
he
under
lyi
ngpr
inci
plesofnat
uralj
ust
icet
heappl
i
cat
ional
sov
ari
eshugel
y.Howev
er,t
he
v
eryobj
ect
iveoft
heEv
idenceActi
smet
edoutt
hati
stheCour
thast
ofi
ndoutt
het
rut
h
ont
hebasi
soft
hef
act
sbr
oughtbef
oret
heCour
tbyt
hepar
ti
est
omeett
heendsof
j
ust
iceasexpedi
ti
ousl
yaspossi
ble.Thus,t
heRul
eofEv
idencei
snott
oputl
i
mit
ati
ons
andr
est
ri
cti
onsont
hepar
ti
esr
atheri
tact
sasagui
dingf
act
orf
ort
heCour
tst
otake
ev
idence.

4.I
NTERPRETATI
ONCLAUSEUNDERTHEACT

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage13
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Sec.
3

Cour
t  “
Cour
t”i
ncl
udesal
lJudgesand Magi
str
atesand al
lper
sons,
exceptar
bit
rat
ors,
legal
l
yaut
hor
izedt
otakeev
idence.

Fact  “
Fact
”meansandi
ncl 1)any
udes–– ( thi
ng,st
ateoft
hings,or
r
elat
ionoft
hings,
capabl
eofbei
ngper
cei
vedbyt
hesenses;

2)Anyment
 ( alcondi
ti
onofwhi
chanyper
soni
sconsci
ous.

 Thatamansai
dcer
tai
nwor
disaf
act[
Il
lust
rat
ion(
c)]
.Si
mil
arl
y
t
hewor
dswr
it
tenbyaper
sonal
soconst
it
uteaf
act
.Thewor
ds
sowr
it
tenorspokenar
ecapabl
eofbei
ngper
cei
ved.Andassuch
t
hesewor
dsbei
ngast
atementconst
it
uteaf
act
.

Rel
evant  One f
acti
s sai
dto be r
elev
antt
o anot
herwhen t
he one i
s
connect
edwi
tht
heot
heri
nanyoft
heway
sref
err
edt
oint
he
pr
ovi
sionsoft
hisActr
elat
ingt
other
elev
ancyoff
act
s.

 Rel
evancycanbel
ogi
cal
aswel
lasl
egal
.

 Rel
evancyundert
heActi
snotaquest
ionofpur
elogi
cbutofl
aw,
asnof
act
,howev
erl
ogi
cal
l
yrel
evant
,isr
ecei
vabl
einev
idence
unl
essi
tisdecl
aredbyt
heActt
ober
elev
ant
.

 What
everi
slegal
l
yrel
evanti
slogi
cal
l
yrel
evantbutnotv
ice-
v
ersa.

 Pul
ukur
iKot
ayy
a.v
.Emoer
or.A.
I.
R.1947P.
C.47

 t
hest
atementoft
heaccused:"
Ihav
ekepti
nthef
iel
dthekni
fe
wi
thwhi
chIki
l
ledA'i
slogi
cal
l
yrel
evantt
opr
ovet
hegui
l
toft
he
accused,

 butsect
ion27oft
heActpr
ovi
dest
hatonl
ysomuchpar
toft
he
i
nfor
mat
ionasr
elat
esdi
sti
nct
lyt
othef
actt
her
ebydi
scov
ered

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage14
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

maybepr
oved,

 i
.e.
,isr
elev
antand hence t
he l
att
erpor
ti
on of accused'
s
st
atement
,vi
z.,"
wit
hwhi
chIki
l
ledA"t
houghl
ogi
cal
l
yrel
evanti
s
notl
egal
l
yrel
evant

DI
STI
NGUI
SHBETWEENRELEVANCY,
ADMI
SSI
BILI
TYANDEVI
DENTI
ARYVALUE

 Af
actmaybel
egal
l
yrel
evant
,yeti
tsr
ecept
ionmaybepr
ohi
bit
ed
on t
hegr
oundsofpubl
i
cpol
i
cy,e.
g.,communi
cat
ionsdur
ing
mar
ri
age.

 Ev
eryr
elev
antf
acti
sther
efor
e notnecessar
il
y admi
ssi
ble.
Si
mil
arl
y,ev
eryadmi
ssi
blef
acti
snotnecessar
il
yrel
evantwi
thi
n
sect
ions6t
o55oft
heAct
.

 Ev
eni
faconf
essi
oni
srel
evantandadmi
tt
edbyt
hecour
t,i
tisi
n
t
hewi
sdom oft
hej
udgeast
owhatwei
ghtshal
lbeat
tachedt
oit
.

 Sodet
ermi
nat
ionofev
ident
iar
yval
uei
saquest
iont
obedeci
ded
byt
hej
udgeaccor
dingt
ofact
sandci
rcumst
ancesofeachcase.

 Sahoov
.St
ateofU.
P.[
A.I
.R.1966S.
C.40]

 TheSupr
emeCour
thasobser
vedt
hatt
her
eisacl
eardi
sti
nct
ion
bet
weenr
elev
ancy
,admi
ssi
bil
i
tyandwei
ghtt
obeat
tachedt
oa
pi
eceofev
idence

Fact
s i
n  Theexpr
essi
on“
fact
sini
ssue”meansandi
ncl
udes––anyf
act
i
ssue f
rom whi
ch,ei
therbyi
tsel
fori
nconnect
ionwi
thot
herf
act
s,t
he
exi
stence,non-
exi
stence,nat
ureorext
entofanyr
ight
,li
abi
l
ity
,or
di
sabi
l
ity
, asser
ted or deni
ed i
n any sui
t or pr
oceedi
ng,
necessar
il
yfol
l
ows.

 Expl
anat
ion.––Whenev
er,undert
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hel
awf
ort
he
t
imebei
ngi
nfor
cer
elat
ingt
oCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e,anyCour
trecor
ds

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage15
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

ani
ssueoff
act
,thef
actt
obeasser
tedordeni
edi
ntheanswert
o
suchi
ssuei
saf
acti
nissue.
[Or
derXI
VCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e,
1908]

 Fact
sini
ssuear
efact
soutofwhi
cht
hedi
sput
edl
egalr
ight
,
l
i
abi
l
ityordi
sabi
l
ityar
eder
ivedf
ordet
ermi
nat
ion.

 Toputi
tinot
her
wiset
hef
act
sasser
tedbyonepar
tyanddeni
ed
byt
heot
her
,essent
ial
l
yconst
it
utet
hef
act
sini
ssue.

 I
not
herwor
dst
heal
l
egat
ionsper
tai
ntoanof
fence,whi
chi
s
def
inedi
nagi
venst
atut
e

 An of
fence i
s const
it
uted of cer
tai
ningr
edi
ent
s.And t
he
pr
osecut
ionhast
opr
ovet
hesei
ngr
edi
ent
sbyev
idence

Document  meansanymat
terexpr
essedordescr
ibeduponanysubst
anceby
meansofl
ett
ers,f
igur
esormar
ks,orbymor
ethanoneoft
hose
means,i
ntended t
o beused,orwhi
ch maybeused,f
ort
he
pur
poseofr
ecor
dingt
hatmat
ter[
Indi
anPenal
Code,
s.29andt
he
Gener
alCl
ausesAct
,1897s.3(
18)
]

P.Gopal
kri
shnan @ Di
l
eep V.St
ate ofKer
ala and Anr
.CRI
MINAL
APPEALNO.
1794OF2019SUPREMECOURTOFI
NDI
ANov
ember29,
2019

 The cont
ent
soft
he memor
ycar
d/pen dr
ive bei
ng el
ect
roni
c
r
ecor
dmustber
egar
dedasadocument
.

 I
fthepr
osecut
ioni
srel
yi
ngont
hesame,or
dinar
il
y,t
heaccused
mustbegi
venacl
onedcopyt
her
eoft
oenabl
ehi
m/hert
opr
esent
anef
fect
ivedef
ensedur
ingt
het
ri
al.

 Howev
er,i
ncasesi
nvol
vi
ngi
ssuessuchasofpr
ivacyoft
he
compl
ainant
/wi
tness or hi
s/her i
dent
it
y,t
he Cour
t may be

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage16
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

j
ust
if
iedi
npr
ovi
dingonl
yinspect
iont
her
eoft
otheaccusedand
hi
s/herl
awy
erorexper
tforpr
esent
ingef
fect
ivedef
encedur
ing
t
het
ri
al.

 Thecour
tmayi
ssuesui
tabl
edi
rect
ionst
obal
ancet
hei
nter
est
s
ofbot
hsi
des.

Ev
idence  “
Evi
dence”meansandi
ncl
udes––

1)al
( lst
atement
swhi
cht
heCour
tper
mit
sorr
equi
rest
obemadebef
ore
i
tbywi
tnesses,
inr
elat
iont
omat
ter
soff
actunderi
nqui
ry;

suchst
atement
sar
ecal
l
edor
alev
idence;

2)4[
( alldocument
sincl
udi
ng el
ect
roni
crecor
ds pr
oduced f
ort
he
i
nspect
ion oft
he Cour
t;
]such document
s ar
e cal
l
ed document
ary
ev
idence.
[Subs.byAct21of2000w.
e.f
.17-
10-
2000]

Pr
oved  Af
acti
ssai
dtobepr
ovedwhen,af
terconsi
der
ingt
hemat
ter
s
bef
orei
t,t
heCour
t;ei
therbel
i
evesi
ttoexi
st,orconsi
der
sit
s
exi
stence so pr
obabl
ethata pr
udentman ought
,undert
he
ci
rcumst
ancesoft
hepar
ti
cul
arcase,
toactupont
hesupposi
ti
on
t
hati
texi
sts.

Di
spr
oved  Af
acti
ssai
dtobedi
spr
ovedwhen,
aft
erconsi
der
ingt
hemat
ter
s
bef
orei
t,t
he Cour
tei
therbel
i
evest
hati
tdoesnotexi
st,or
consi
der
sit
s non-
exi
stence so pr
obabl
ethata pr
udentman
ought
,undert
heci
rcumst
ancesoft
hepar
ti
cul
arcase,
toactupon
t
hesupposi
ti
ont
hati
tdoesnotexi
st.

Notpr
oved  Af
acti
ssai
dnott
obepr
ovedwheni
tisnei
therpr
ovednor
di
spr
oved.

I
ndi
a  “
Indi
a”meanst
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
aexcl
udi
ngt
heSt
ateofJammu
andKashmi
r.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage17
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

5.PRESUMPTI
ONS:
MAYPRESUME,
SHALLPRESUMEANDCONCLUSI
VEPROOF
Pr
esumpt
ion-Pr
esumpt
iongener
all
ymeansapr
ocessofascer
tai
ningf
ewf
act
sont
he
basi
sofpossi
bil
i
tyori
tist
heconsequenceofsomeact
singener
alwhi
chst
rengt
hen
t
hepossi
bil
i
tyandwhensuchpossi
bil
i
tyhasgr
eatsubst
ant
iat
eval
uet
hengener
all
y
f
act
scanbeascer
tai
ned.Apr
esumpt
ioni
nlawmeansi
nfer
enceswhi
char
econcl
uded
byt
hecour
twi
thr
espectt
otheexi
stenceofcer
tai
nfact
s.Thei
nfer
encescanei
therbe
af
fi
rmat
iveornegat
ivedr
awnf
rom ci
rcumst
ancebyusi
ngapr
ocessofbestpr
obabl
e
r
easoni
ngofsuchci
rcumst
ances.

Thebasi
crul
eofpr
esumpt
ioni
swhenonef
actoft
hecaseorci
rcumst
ancesar
e
consi
der
edaspr
imar
yfact
sandi
ftheyar
epr
ovi
ngt
heot
herf
act
srel
atedt
oit
,thent
he
f
act
scanbepr
esumedasi
ftheyar
epr
ovedunt
ildi
spr
oved.Sect
ion114ofI
ndi
an
Ev
idenceActspeci
fi
cal
l
ydeal
swi
tht
heconceptt
hat‘
thecour
tmaypr
esumet
he
exi
stenceofanyf
actwhi
chi
tthi
nksl
i
kel
ytohav
ehappened,r
egar
dbei
nghadt
othe
commoncour
seof(
a)nat
uralev
ent
s,(
b)humanconduct
,and(
c)publ
i
candpr
ivat
e
busi
ness,
int
hei
rrel
ati
ont
othef
act
soft
hepar
ti
cul
arcase’
.

Maypr
esume-I
tisacondi
ti
onwhent
hecour
tenj
oysi
tsdi
scr
eti
onpowert
opr
esume
any
/cer
tai
n/f
ew f
act
sandr
ecogni
zei
tei
therpr
ovedormayaskf
orcor
robor
ati
ve
ev
idencet
oconf
ir
m orr
econf
ir
mthepr
esumpt
ionsetbyt
hecour
tini
tsdi
scr
eti
on.
Sect
ion4oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActpr
ovi
dest
hataf
actoragr
oupoff
act
smaybe
r
egar
dedaspr
oved,
unt
ilandunl
esst
heyar
edi
sappr
oved.Theconcepti
sdef
inedunder
Sect
ion4oft
hisActt
hat‘
MayPr
esume’
deal
swi
thr
ebut
tabl
epr
esumpt
ionandi
snota
br
anchofj
uri
spr
udence.

Shal
lpr
esume-I
tdenot
esast
rongasser
ti
onori
ntent
iont
odet
ermi
neanyf
act
.Sect
ion
4ofI
ndi
anev
idenceActexpl
ainst
hepr
inci
pleof‘
Shal
lPr
esume’
thatt
hecour
tdoesnot
hav
eanydi
scr
eti
onar
ypoweri
nthecour
seofpr
esumpt
ionof‘
Shal
lPr
esume’
,r
athert
he
cour
thaspr
esumedf
act
sorgr
oupsoff
act
sandr
egar
dthem asi
ftheyar
epr
ovedunt
il
t
heyar
edi
spr
ovedbyt
heot
herpar
ty.Sect
ion4oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActexpl
ainst
hat
t
heconceptof‘
Shal
lPr
esume’mayal
sobecal
l
ed‘
Presumpt
ionofLaw’or‘
Art
if
ici
al
Pr
esumpt
ion’or‘
Obl
i
gat
oryPr
esumpt
ion’or‘
Rebut
tabl
ePr
esumpt
ionofLaw’andt
ell
s

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage18
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
hati
tisabr
anchofj
uri
spr
udence.

Concl
usi
ve Pr
esumpt
ions/Pr
oof
s-I
tcan be consi
der
ed as one oft
he st
rongest
pr
esumpt
ionsacour
tmayassumebutatt
hesamet
imet
hepr
esumpt
ionsar
enot
compl
etel
ybasedonl
ogi
crat
hercour
tbel
i
evest
hatsuchpr
esumpt
ionsar
efort
he
wel
far
eorupbr
ingi
ngoft
hesoci
ety
.Wi
thr
egar
dst
oConcl
usi
vepr
oof
s,t
hel
aw has
absol
utepowerandshal
lnotal
l
ow anypr
oof
scont
rar
ytot
hepr
esumpt
ionwhi
ch
meansi
fthef
act
spr
esumedunderconcl
usi
vepr
oof
scannotbechal
l
engedev
eni
fthe
pr
esumpt
ioni
schal
l
engedont
hebasi
sofpr
obat
iveev
idence.Thi
sist
hest
rongestki
nd
ofal
ltheexi
sti
ngpr
esumpt
ionswher
easSect
ion41,112and113oft
heEv
idenceAct
andS.82oft
heI
ndi
anPenalCodear
eoneoft
hemosti
mpor
tantpr
ovi
sionsr
elat
edt
o
t
hei
rr
ebut
tabl
efor
m ofpr
esumpt
ionsorConcl
usi
vePr
esumpt
ion.

Thegener
aldef
ini
ti
on ofConcl
usi
vePr
oofi
sacondi
ti
on when onef
acti
s
est
abl
i
shed,t
hent
heot
herf
act
sorcondi
ti
onsbecomeconcl
usi
vepr
oofofanot
heras
decl
aredbyt
hisAct
.TheCour
tini
tsconsi
der
ati
onshal
lregar
dal
lot
herf
act
stobe
pr
oved,onl
yifonef
actoft
hecasei
spr
ovenwi
thoutanyr
easonabl
edoubt
.Andi
fthe
ot
herf
act
sar
epr
ovedont
hebasi
sofpr
ovi
ngofonef
actt
hatt
hecour
tshal
lnotal
l
ow
anyev
idencecont
rar
ytoot
herf
act
swhi
char
epr
esumedasconcl
usi
vepr
oof
s

I
ll
ust
rat
ion-AandBmar
ri
edonJune1andt
hehusbandl
efthomet
ohi
swor
kfor6
mont
hsl
aterhe di
scov
ered t
hatherwi
fei
spr
egnanthedi
vor
ced t
hewi
feand
chal
l
enges t
hathe i
s notl
i
abl
eforpay
ing damages ei
thert
o hi
s wi
fe ort
o hi
s
i
l
legi
ti
mat
eson.Andal
soexpl
ainst
hathenev
erconsumedhi
smar
ri
ageasj
ustaf
ter
onedayofmar
ri
agehel
efthi
shomef
orhi
swor
k.Buti
nthi
scase,t
hecour
twi
l
l
concl
usi
vel
ypr
esumedt
hatt
hesonbor
noutofhi
swi
fei
slegi
ti
mat
ebecausehewas
wi
thhi
swi
fef
oratl
east1dayandshal
lnotal
l
owanypr
oofcont
rar
ytot
heconcl
usi
ve
pr
oofev
eni
fhepr
ovi
despr
obat
iveev
idence.

6.RELEVANTDEFI
NITI
ONSUNDERTHEI
NFORMATI
ONTECHNOLOGYACT,
2000
1.Cer
ti
fyi
ngAut
hor
it
y

g)―Cer
Sec.2( ti
fyi
ngAut
hor
it
ymeansaper
sonwhohasbeengr
ant
edal
i
cence
t
oissueael
ect
roni
csi
gnat
ureCer
ti
fi
cat
eundersect
ion24;

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage19
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

2.El
ect
roni
csi
gnat
ure

t
Sec.2(a)―el
ect
roni
csi
gnat
ure‖meansaut
hent
icat
ionofanyel
ect
roni
crecor
d
byasubscr
iberbymeansoft
heel
ect
roni
ctechni
quespeci
fi
edi
ntheSecond
Schedul
eandi
ncl
udesdi
git
alsi
gnat
ure;

3.El
ect
roni
cSi
gnat
ureCer
ti
fi
cat
e

t
Sec.2(b)―El
ect
roni
cSi
gnat
ureCer
ti
fi
cat
e‖meansanEl
ect
roni
cSi
gnat
ure
Cer
ti
fi
cat
eissuedundersect
ion35andi
ncl
udesDi
git
alSi
gnat
ureCer
ti
fi
cat
e;]

4.El
ect
roni
cfor
m

r
Sec.2()―el
ect
roni
cfor
m‖wi
thr
efer
encet
oinf
ormat
ion,
meansanyi
nfor
mat
ion
gener
ated,sent
,recei
ved orst
ored i
n medi
a,magnet
ic,opt
ical
,comput
er
memor
y,mi
crof
il
m,comput
ergener
atedmi
crof
icheorsi
mil
ardev
ice;

5.El
ect
roni
crecor
ds

t
Sec.2()―el
ect
roni
crecor
d‖meansdat
a,r
ecor
dordat
agener
ated,i
mageor
soundst
ored,r
ecei
vedorsenti
nanel
ect
roni
cfor
m ormi
crof
il
m orcomput
er
gener
atedmi
crof
iche;

6.I
nfor
mat
ion

v
Sec.2()―i
nfor
mat
ion‖i
ncl
udes2[
dat
a,message,t
ext
,]i
mages,sound,v
oice,
codes,comput
erpr
ogr
ammes,sof
twar
e and dat
a bases ormi
crof
il
m or
comput
ergener
atedmi
crof
iche;

7.Secur
eel
ect
roni
crecor
d

Sec.
14―Wher
eanysecur
it
ypr
ocedur
ehasbeenappl
i
edt
oanel
ect
roni
crecor
d
ataspeci
fi
cpoi
ntoft
ime,t
hensuchr
ecor
dshal
lhedeemedt
obeasecur
e
el
ect
roni
crecor
dfr
om suchpoi
ntoft
imet
othet
imeofv
eri
fi
cat
ion

8.Secur
eel
ect
roni
csi
gnat
ure

Sec.
14―Anel
ect
roni
csi
gnat
ureshal
lbedeemedt
obeasecur
eel
ect
roni
c

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage20
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

si
gnat
urei
f—
i
()t
hesi
gnat
urecr
eat
iondat
a,att
het
imeofaf
fi
xi
ngsi
gnat
ure,wasundert
he
excl
usi
vecont
rol
ofsi
gnat
oryandnoot
herper
son;
and
i
(i
)thesi
gnat
urecr
eat
iondat
awasst
oredandaf
fi
xedi
nsuchexcl
usi
vemanner
asmaybepr
escr
ibed.
Expl
anat
ion.
–Incaseofdi
git
alsi
gnat
ure,t
he―si
gnat
urecr
eat
iondat
a‖means
t
hepr
ivat
ekeyoft
hesubscr
iber
.

9.Subscr
iber

zg)―subscr
Sec.2 ( iber
‖means a per
son i
n whose name t
he 1[
elect
roni
c
si
gnat
ure]Cer
ti
fi
cat
eisi
ssued

7.EVI
DENCEOFFACTSI
NISSUEANDRELEVANTFACTSONLY[
SECTI
ON5]

Ev
idencemaybegi
venoff
act
sini
ssueandr
elev
antf
act
s.––Ev
idencemaybegi
veni
n
anysui
torpr
oceedi
ngoft
heexi
stenceornon-
exi
stenceofev
eryf
acti
nissueandof
suchot
herf
act
sasar
eher
einaf
terdecl
aredt
ober
elev
ant
,andofnoot
her
s.
Expl
anat
ion.––Thi
ssect
ionshal
lnotenabl
eanyper
sont
ogi
veev
idenceofaf
act
whi
chhei
sdi
sent
it
ledt
opr
ovebyanypr
ovi
sionoft
hel
awf
ort
het
imebei
ngi
nfor
ce
r
elat
ingt
oCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e
I
ll
ust
rat
ions
a)Ai
( str
iedf
ort
hemur
derofBbybeat
inghi
m wi
thacl
ubwi
tht
hei
ntent
ionofcausi
ng
hi
sdeat
h.
AtA’
str
ial
thef
oll
owi
ngf
act
sar
eini
ssue:
––
A’
sbeat
ingBwi
tht
hecl
ub;
A’
scausi
ngB’
sdeat
hbysuchbeat
ing;
A’
sint
ent
iont
ocauseB’
sdeat
h.
b)Asui
( tordoesnotbr
ingwi
thhi
m,andhav
einr
eadi
nessf
orpr
oduct
ionatt
hef
ir
st
hear
ingoft
hecase,abondonwhi
chher
eli
es.Thi
ssect
iondoesnotenabl
ehi
mto
pr
oducet
hebondorpr
ovei
tscont
ent
satasubsequentst
ageoft
hepr
oceedi
ngs,
ot
her
wiset
hani
naccor
dancewi
tht
hecondi
ti
onspr
escr
ibed byt
heCodeofCi
vi
l
Pr
ocedur
e.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage21
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

TheExpl
anat
ioni
sobv
iousl
yref
erabl
etoOr
der7,
Rul
es14,
18andOr
der13,
Rul
e
1,
Order41,
Rul
e27oft
heCodeofCi
vi
lPr
ocedur
e,1908.
Sect
ion5ofI
ndi
anev
idenceactpr
ovi
dest
hatev
idencemaybegi
veni
nanysui
t
orpr
oceedi
ngsoft
heex
ist
enceornon-
exi
stenceofev
eryf
acti
nissueandr
elev
antf
act
.
Facti
nissuemeansanyf
actf
rom whi
ch,ei
therbyi
tsel
fori
nconnect
ionwi
thot
her
f
act
s,t
heex
ist
ence,non-
exi
stence,nat
ureorext
entofanyr
ight
,li
abi
l
ityordi
sabi
l
ity
,
asser
tedordeni
edi
nanysui
torpr
oceedi
ng,necessar
il
yfol
l
ows.Rel
evantf
actmeans
onef
acti
ssai
dtober
elev
antt
oanot
herwhent
heonei
sconnect
edwi
tht
heot
heri
n
anyoft
heway
sref
err
edt
oint
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
hisActr
elat
ingt
other
elev
ancyoff
act
s.

8.RELEVANCYANDADMI
SSI
BILI
TY
Sect
ions6t
o55oft
heActdealwi
tht
her
elev
ancyoff
act
s.Thewor
d'r
elev
ant
'is
def
inedi
nsect
ion3oft
heActas"
onef
acti
ssai
dtober
elev
antt
oanot
herwhent
he
onei
sconnect
edwi
tht
heot
heri
nanyoft
heway
sref
err
edt
oint
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
he
Actr
elat
ingt
orel
evancyoff
act
s."Rel
evancycanbel
ogi
calaswel
lasl
egal
.Af
acti
s
sai
dtobel
ogi
cal
l
yrel
evantt
oanot
her-
wheni
tbear
ssuchcasualr
elat
ionwi
tht
heot
her
ast
orenderpr
obabl
etheexi
stenceornon-
exi
stenceoft
hel
att
er.Al
lfact
slogi
cal
l
y
r
elev
antar
enot
,howev
er,
legal
l
yrel
evant
.
TheActexhaust
ivel
yenumer
atest
heki
ndsofcasualconnect
ionswhi
chmakea
f
actl
egal
l
yrel
evantt
oanot
her
.Hencer
elev
ancyundert
heActi
snotaquest
ionofpur
e
l
ogi
cbutofl
aw,
asnof
act
,howev
erl
ogi
cal
l
yrel
evant
,isr
ecei
vabl
einev
idenceunl
essi
t
i
sdecl
aredbyt
heActt
ober
elev
ant
.What
everi
slegal
l
yrel
evanti
slogi
cal
l
yrel
evantbut
1
notv
icev
ersa,
e.g.thest
atementoft
heaccused:"
Ihav
ekepti
nthef
iel
dthekni
fewi
th
whi
chIki
l
ledA'
isl
ogi
cal
l
yrel
evantt
opr
ovet
hegui
l
toft
heaccused,butsect
ion27of
t
heActpr
ovi
dest
hatonl
ysomuchpar
toft
hei
nfor
mat
ionasr
elat
esdi
sti
nct
lyt
othe
f
actt
her
ebydi
scov
eredmaybepr
oved,i
.e.
,isr
elev
antandhencet
hel
att
erpor
ti
onof
accused'
sst
atement
,vi
z.,"
wit
hwhi
chIki
l
ledA"t
houghl
ogi
cal
l
yrel
evanti
snotl
egal
l
y
2
r
elev
ant
.
Bef
oregoi
ngi
ntor
elev
ancy
,ofconf
essi
on,
letusdi
sti
ngui
shbet
weenr
elev
ancy
,

1
Moni
r,M .,
Pri
nci
olesandDi
crestofLawofEv
idence.35(
1975)
.
2
Pul
ukur
iKot
ayy
a.v
.Emoer
or.A.
I.
R.1947P.
C.47.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage22
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

admi
ssi
bil
i
tyandev
ident
iar
yval
ue.Rel
evancyandadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyar
enoti
nter
changeabl
e
t
erms.Af
actmaybel
egal
l
yrel
evant
,yeti
tsr
ecept
ionmaybepr
ohi
bit
edont
hegr
ounds
ofpubl
i
cpol
i
cy,
e.g.
,communi
cat
ionsdur
ingmar
ri
age.
Ev
eryr
elev
antf
acti
sther
efor
e notnecessar
il
yadmi
ssi
ble.Si
mil
arl
y,ev
ery
admi
ssi
blef
acti
snotnecessar
il
yrel
evantwi
thi
nsect
ions6t
o55oft
heAct
.Ev
eni
fa
conf
essi
oni
srel
evantandadmi
tt
edbyt
hecour
t,i
tisi
nthewi
sdom oft
hej
udgeast
o
whatwei
ghtshal
lbeat
tachedt
oit
.Sodet
ermi
nat
ionofev
ident
iar
yval
uei
saquest
ion
t
obedeci
dedbyt
hej
udgeaccor
dingt
ofact
sandci
rcumst
ancesofeachcase.
3
TheSupr
emeCour
thasal
soobser
vedi
nSahoov
.St
ateofU.
P. t
hatt
her
eisa
cl
eardi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenr
elev
ancy
,admi
ssi
bil
i
tyandwei
ghtt
obeat
tachedt
oapi
ece
ofev
idence.

MODULE02
RELEVANCYOFFACTSI
1.WHATFACTSARERELEVANT(
SECTI
ONS6-
16)
2.RELEVANCYOFADMI
SSI
ONS(
SECTI
ONS17-
23AND31)
3
A.
I.
R.1966S.
C.40

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage23
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

3.RELEVANCYOFCONFESSI
ONS(
SECTI
ONS24-
30)

1.WHATFACTSARERELEVANT(
SECTI
ONS6-
16)
Doct
ri
neofRes-gest
ae:Thedoct
ri
neofResgest
aei
sexpr
essedundersect
ion6oft
he
I
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872i
nthef
oll
owi
ngwor
ds-“
Fact
swhi
cht
houghnoti
nissuear
e
soconnect
edwi
tht
hef
act
sini
ssuesoast
ofor
m apar
toft
hesamet
ransact
ion,ar
e
r
elev
ant
,whet
hert
heyoccur
redatt
hesamet
imeandpl
aceoratdi
ff
erentt
imesand
pl
aces”

Resgest
aewasor
igi
nal
l
yusedbyt
heRomanswhi
chmeanst
o‘act
sdoneor
act
us’
.Themosti
mpor
tantpr
inci
pleoft
hisdoct
ri
nei
sthatal
lthef
act
smustbe
descr
ibedi
nthesamet
ransact
ion.Wher
east
ransact
ionmeansagr
oupoff
act
swhi
ch
ar
eso connect
ed t
o eachot
hert
hatt
heycanbeconsi
der
ed asasi
ngl
efact
.In
Lay
man’
slanguage,at
ransact
ionmaybeconsi
der
edasaser
iesofcer
tai
nact
sand
whenal
ltheact
ionsar
ecar
ri
edi
nthesamesi
tuat
ionsatt
hesamepoi
ntoft
imet
hen
suchsi
tuat
ionorcondi
ti
onbecal
l
edast
heactoft
hesamet
ransact
ion.Ci
rcumst
ant
ial
ori
ndi
rectf
act
sar
eal
soconsi
der
edundert
hedoct
ri
neofr
esgest
aeast
heyar
eal
so
f
ormi
ngapar
toft
hesamet
ransact
ion.

Essent
ial
sofDoct
ri
neofResGest
ae-

 Thest
atementmadeshoul
dnotbeanopi
nionandmustbeast
atement
.

 Thest
atement
sshoul
dbemadebyt
hepar
ti
cipant
soft
het
ransact
ion.

 Thest
atement
sshoul
dhav
eenoughi
nfor
mat
iont
oexpl
ainorbr
iefaboutt
he
i
nci
dent
.

 Thest
atement
smadebyt
heper
sonoractoft
heper
sonshoul
dbespont
aneous
andsi
mul
taneoust
othemai
ntr
ansact
ion.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions-

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage24
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

 I
faper
soni
sdy
ingofpoi
sonandbef
oredy
ing,
het
ell
sthenameoft
heaccused.

 I
faper
soni
saboutt
odi
east
heaccusedi
sinf
rontofhi
m hol
dingagunandhe
asksf
orhel
p.

 I
fani
njur
edper
soni
scr
yingf
orhel
p.

I
n,Rat
tenV.Queen4 t
hev
ict
im(
wif
e)cal
l
edt
hepol
i
cef
orhel
pasherhusbandwas
hol
dingt
hegunandwasaboutt
oki
l
lherbutbef
oret
heoper
atorcoul
dgetconnect
edt
o
t
hecal
landr
epor
tthest
atement
soft
hev
ict
im,t
hecal
ldi
sconnect
ed.Lat
ert
hepol
i
ce
f
oundherdeadbodyi
nherhousef
rom wher
eshecal
l
edt
hepol
i
cef
orhel
p.Lat
ert
he
pol
i
cef
oundt
hatt
het
imeoft
hecal
landt
imeofdeat
hwasal
mostt
hesamesot
hecal
l
byt
hev
ict
im comesundert
hepr
inci
pleofr
esgest
ae.Hencet
hecour
tfoundt
he
husbandgui
l
tyofmur
derandquashedhi
sreasoni
ngt
hatheshotacci
dent
all
ywi
thout
anyi
ntent
ion.

I
n,SukharV.St
ateofUP5 t
hev
ict
imt
ri
edt
oal
armt
hatt
heaccusedwi
l
lshoot
hi
minaf
ew mi
nut
es.Onhear
ingt
heal
armt
hewi
tnessal
mostr
eachedt
hepl
aceof
i
nci
dent
.Howev
er,t
hev
ict
im sur
viv
edandt
heaccusedwaschar
gedundersect
ion307
ofI
PC(
Puni
shmentf
orAt
temptt
oMur
der
).Despi
tet
heci
rcumst
ances,i
nthi
scase,
bei
nghear
sayev
idence,butst
il
l,t
hecour
trecogni
sedt
heacti
nthesamepar
toft
he
t
ransact
ionandexpl
ainedi
ttobeacaseofsect
ion6oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.
Ther
efor
ethest
atement
soft
hewi
tnesseswer
eadmi
ssi
bleasi
tfor
medapar
toft
he
samet
ransact
ion.

I
nUt
tam Si
nghv
s.St
ateofMadhy adesh6 t
aPr hechi
l
dandt
hev
ict
im wer
e
sl
eepi
ngt
oget
heratt
het
imeoft
hei
nci
dentandhesuddenl
yawakenedduet
othev
oice
ofaxeandscr
eamedf
orhel
pbyt
aki
ngt
henameoft
heaccused.Justaf
tert
hecal
lfor
hel
phi
smot
her
,si
sterandot
herwi
tnesscomet
her
e.Thecour
tfoundt
hisev
idencet
o

4
[
1972]A.
C.378,
5
(
1999)9SCC507

6
2002I
NDLAW MP79

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage25
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

beadmi
ssi
bleast
heactoft
hechi
l
dandt
heaccusedwasoft
hesamepar
toft
hesi
ngl
e
t
ransact
ion.

Mot
ivePr
epar
ati
onandConduct

Sect
ion8oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActt
alksaboutt
hei
mpor
tanceandofmot
ive,
pr
epar
ati
on,conduct(
prev
ious&subsequent
)inv
ari
ouscases.Andi
tisawel
l
-known
f
actt
hatMot
ive&Pr
epar
ati
onar
eamongt
hef
ir
stactbef
oreanyconduct
.Ther
efor
e
Sect
ion8expl
ainst
hei
mpor
tanceofmot
ive,pr
epar
ati
onandconductwher
ether
ear
e
nodi
rectev
idenceandt
hef
act
sar
epr
ovenont
hebasi
sofci
rcumst
ant
ial
.

Mot
ive

Thegener
almeani
ngof‘
Mot
ive’
apur
pose,
orobj
ect
ivet
oobt
ainsomet
hing.The
Supr
emeCour
tofI
ndi
adef
inedmot
ivei
ssomet
hingwhi
chi
nducesoract
ivat
esa
per
son t
o make an i
ntent
ion and knowl
edge,wi
thr
espect t
o awar
eness of
consequencesoft
heact
.

Ther
elev
anceofMot
iveundert
heAct
:Asi
ntheabov
edi
scussi
onwehav
e
al
readyseent
hatMot
ivei
sthemai
ninduci
ngf
orcewhi
chi
nducesaper
sont
odosome
act
.Iti
sexpr
essedt
hati
ftheof
fencehasbeencommencedv
olunt
ari
l
ythencoul
dbeno
possi
bil
i
tyoft
heabsenceofmot
ive.Al
thoughi
tisv
erydi
ff
icul
ttoobt
aint
heev
idence
ofmot
ivest
il
lev
idenceofmot
ivebecomesv
eryi
mpor
tanti
nthecaseofci
rcumst
ant
ial
ev
idence.TheSupr
emeCour
tint
her
efer
enceofmot
ivesai
dthat‘
i
fthewi
tnessesof
anycasear
etr
ust
wor
thyandhav
eenoughcr
edi
bil
i
tyt
hent
hemot
iveofanyactdoneby
t
heof
fenderhasnosuchi
mpor
tance’
.

Al
thoughmot
iveandi
ntent
ionar
ethesamet
her
eisat
hinl
i
neofdi
ff
erence
bet
ween t
hem t
hati
ntent
ion i
sthe pr
e-cal
cul
ati
on orknowl
edge ofascer
tai
ned
consequences i
nthe mi
nd oft
he of
fender
.In some cases,i
tis obser
ved t
hat
somet
imesmot
ivebehi
ndt
heexecut
ionofacr
imemaybegoodbutt
hei
ntent
ioni
s
al
way
sbadorgui
l
t-or
ient
ed.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage26
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

I
n,Kundul
aBal
aVsSt
at P7Theson-
eofA. in-
lawbef
orehi
smar
ri
agedemandeda
pi
eceofl
andf
rom t
hedeceased.Butaf
tert
hemar
ri
age,t
hedeceasedr
efusedt
o
t
ransf
ert
heowner
shi
poft
hepr
oper
tyandexpr
essedt
hathewoul
dgi
vet
hispr
oper
tyt
o
hi
sdaught
er.Suchi
nfer
encesoft
hef
atheri
nlawi
nducedt
heaccusedi
ncommi
tt
inga
cr
imeandaf
tersomet
imet
hecr
imecommenced.Thecour
tobser
vedt
hatt
her
eisa
st
rongmot
ivewi
tht
heaccusedofcommi
tt
ingt
hecr
imeast
hef
atheri
nlawr
efusedt
o
t
ransf
ert
hepr
oper
tyi
ntheaccusedname.

I
n,Gur
mejSi
nghVsSt
at ab8Thedeceasedhaswont
eofPunj heel
ect
ionagai
nst
t
heaccused.I
tisal
soseent
hatt
heydon’
thav
egoodr
elat
ionsbet
weenandt
heyhav
e
al
way
shadaquar
relwi
theachot
her
.Ther
easonbehi
ndf
requentquar
rel
swast
hatt
he
accuseddi
ver
teddi
rt
ywat
erst
ream t
owar
dst
hehouseoft
hedeceased.Thecour
t
obser
ved t
hatt
her
ewer
ependi
ng l
i
tigat
ionbet
ween t
hem and di
rt
ywat
erst
ream
i
nducedt
hef
rust
rat
ionbet
weent
hem.Af
tert
hedeat
hoft
hedeceased,t
heCour
t
concl
udedt
hatdi
sput
erel
atedt
othepassageofdi
rt
ywat
ercoul
dbet
hemot
iveoft
he
mur
der
.

I
n,Raj
endr
aKumarVsSt
at ab9TheCour
eofPunj thel
dthatt
heaccusedcanonl
y
be conv
ict
ed i
fthe pr
osecut
ion compl
etel
y pr
oves t
he mot
ive and pr
ovi
de t
he
suppor
ti
ngev
idencet
oest
abl
i
sht
hecommi
ssi
onoft
heof
fencebyt
heaccused.

Pr
epar
ati
on

TheSupr
emeCour
tofI
ndi
aint
erpr
eted‘
prepar
ati
on’
asawor
dwhi
chdenot
est
he
act
ionorpr
epar
ati
onofanyactand al
so t
hosecomponent
swhi
char
epr
epar
ed.
Pr
epar
ati
on i
ncl
udes ar
rangi
ng t
he essent
ial
s obj
ect
sfort
he commi
ssi
on ofa
cr
ime/
off
ence.

Ev
idencet
endi
ngt
oshowt
hatt
heaccusedhadpr
epar
edf
ort
hecr
imei
sal
way
s

7
1993CrLJ1635SC
8
AI
R1992SC214
9
AI
R1966SC1322

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage27
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

admi
ssi
ble.Pr
epar
ati
on does notexpr
ess t
he whol
e scenar
io oft
he case r
ather
pr
epar
ati
oni
sonl
ysubj
ect
edt
othear
rangement
smadei
nrespectofcommi
tt
ingany
act
.Fur
ther
,ther
eisnomandat
ethatpr
epar
ati
oni
sal
way
scar
ri
edoutbuti
tismor
eor
l
essl
i
kel
ytobecar
ri
edout
.Iti
sver
ydi
ff
icul
ttopr
ovepr
epar
ati
onast
her
eisno
mandat
ethatpr
epar
ati
oni
sal
way
scar
ri
edoutf
ort
hepur
poseofcommi
tt
inganycr
ime.
I
tismost
lyobser
vedt
hatt
heCour
tdr
awi
nfer
encewi
thcer
tai
nfact
sinest
abl
i
shi
ngor
ascer
tai
ningt
hepr
epar
ati
onofcr
imecommi
tt
ed.

10
I
n,MohanLalVsEmper
or Theaccusedwaschar
gedf
orcheat
ingashewas
i
mpor
ti
nggoodsi
nKar
achipor
tfr
om Okhapor
twi
thoutpay
ingt
hepr
opercust
om dut
y
as he made some ar
rangement
s wi
tht
he cust
oms depar
tment
.The pr
osecut
ion
showedenoughev
idencet
opr
ovet
hepr
epar
ati
onbyt
heaccusedi
nav
oidi
ngt
hei
mpor
t
dut
ies.TheCour
thel
dthatt
heactbyt
heaccusedwascompl
etel
ywr
ongf
ulandar
e
pr
ohi
bit
edbyt
hel
awhencet
heaccusedi
sli
abl
eforpr
epar
ati
on.

I
n,AppuVsSt
ate11 Thef
ouraccusedar
rangedameet
ingt
omakeessent
ial
s
ar
rangement
sforcommenci
ngcr
ime.Cer
tai
nfact
srel
atedt
otheobj
ect
iveoft
he
schedul
ed meet
ing wer
e admi
tt
ed whi
ch showed pr
epar
ati
on on t
hei
rpar
t.The
pr
epar
ati
onwasadmi
nist
eredcl
ear
lyt
hati
tisani
ntent
iont
ocommi
tbur
glar
yandt
he
accusedwer
ewai
ti
ngf
ort
her
ightt
imet
ogett
hebestoppor
tuni
tyt
oexecut
ethei
r
pr
epar
ati
on.

Conduct

Sect
ion8ofTheI
ndi
anEv
idenceActal
sodef
ines‘
conduct
’,conducther
emeans
anext
ernalbehav
iourofaper
son.Tochecki
ftheconductofaper
soni
srel
evantt
othe
i
nci
dentt
hent
hecour
tmustest
abl
i
shal
i
nkbet
weent
heconductofaper
sonwho
commi
tt
edt
hecr
imeandt
heconductofi
nci
dent
.Themosti
mpor
tantr
oleoft
hispar
tis
t
hatt
her
elev
antconductmustbr
ingt
hecour
ttoaconcl
usi
onoft
hedi
sput
e.I
fthe
Cour
tcamet
oaconcl
usi
ont
hent
heconductwaspr
evi
ousorsubsequent
,itshal
lbe
checkedpr
oper
lybyt
heCour
t.I
tisv
erycl
eart
hatconducti
soneoft
hev
eryi
mpor
tant

10
AI
R1937Si
nd293
11
AI
R1971Mad194

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage28
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

ev
idenceexpl
ainedunderSect
ion8andsuchi
mpor
tancei
sonl
yconsi
der
edwhent
his
conducti
sindi
rectf
orm,ot
her
wise,i
ftheconducti
srecogni
sedi
ndi
rect
lyt
heni
twi
l
l
l
osei
tsi
mpor
tance.

I
n,Bhamar
aVsSt
at P12 aper
eofM. sonXwasf
armi
ngonhi
sland,onseei
ng
anot
herper
sonst
andi
ngneart
ohi
spl
acehecal
l
edt
heper
sonf
orsomeconv
ersat
ion.
Af
teraf
ewmoment
s,t
heconv
ersat
iont
urnedi
ntoar
gument
sandendedupi
ntoaf
ight
.
Onseei
ngsuchact
ivi
tyot
herpeopl
ecamet
othepl
aceofi
nci
dentt
ost
opt
hef
ightbut
subsequent
ly,t
heof
fendert
ri
edescapi
ng.Butt
heof
fenderwascaughtbysomeot
her
per
son.TheCour
tfoundt
hatt
heconductofescapi
ngoft
heof
fenderwasr
elev
ant
subsequentconduct
.

13
I
n,NageshaV.St
ateofBi
har ,i
twashel
dbyt
heCour
tift
hef
ir
sti
nfor
mat
ioni
s
gi
venbyt
heaccusedhi
msel
f,t
hef
actofhi
sgi
vi
ngi
nfor
mat
ioni
sadmi
ssi
bleagai
nst
hi
m asev
idenceofhi
sconduct
.

Conspi
racy
-Conspi
racymeansf
ew peopl
ecomet
oget
hert
odoanactwi
thcommon
i
ntent
ion.Soi
nthesamecont
ext
,acr
imi
nalconspi
racyi
stheactofatl
eastt
woor
mor
eper
sonst
odoanactwhi
chi
snotaut
hor
isedbyt
hel
awi
.e.
,ani
l
legalact
,ort
odo
al
egalactbyi
l
legalmeans.Cr
imi
nalConspi
racyi
saki
ndofpar
tner
shi
pincr
ime,and
ev
erymemberofsuchpar
tner
shi
pmustj
oint
hepar
tner
shi
pbymut
ualagr
eementf
or
execut
ingacommonpl
an.

Ther
ear
etwor
elev
antpr
ovi
sionswhi
chdealwi
tht
hecr
imi
nalconspi
racyi
.e.
,
Sect
ion120(
A)oft
heI
ndi
anPenalCodeandSect
ion10oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActt
alks
aboutt
het
hingssai
dordonebyaconspi
rat
or.

Essent
ial
sofCr
imi
nal
Conspi
racyu/
s10oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceLaws:

 Ther
eshoul
dber
easonabl
egr
oundst
oest
abl
i
shaconspi
racy
.

12
AI
R1953Bhopal
1
13
AI
R,1996SC119

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage29
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

 Ther
eshoul
dbeatl
eastt
woormor
eper
sonst
ofor
m aconspi
racy
.

 Ther
eshoul
dbeacommoni
ntent
ionofal
ltheconspi
rat
ors.

 Act
sorSt
atementoft
heconspi
rat
ors.

 Theact
sorst
atement
soft
heconspi
rat
orsmustbei
nref
erencet
ocommon
i
ntent
ion.

14
I
n,St
ateofTami
lNaduv
.Nal
i
ni t
hecour
thel
dthatonceanyoft
hepar
ti
cipant
sof
conspi
racyexecut
etheconspi
racyt
henhi
sst
atement
smadebyhi
m cannotbeused
agai
nstot
herconspi
rat
orsaccor
dingt
oSect
ion10oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.

15
I
nSubr
amani
am Swamyv
.ARaj
a, thecour
tini
tsj
udgment
sshowedt
hatany
thi
ng
whi
chi
sdoubt
fulcannotbeconsi
der
edasl
egalpr
oofandsuchpr
oof
sar
einsuf
fi
cient
t
opr
oveanycr
imi
nal
conspi
racy
.

Al
i
bi

Thewor
d‘Al
i
bi’
isder
ivedf
rom t
heLat
inwor
d,whi
chmeans‘
el
sewher
e’.Sect
ion
11oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
sexpl
ainst
heconceptof‘
Fact
snotot
her
wiser
elev
ant
becomer
elev
ant
’andmakest
hepr
ovi
sionasadef
endi
nggr
oundf
ort
heaccused.The
si
mpl
estmeani
ngoft
hissect
ioni
sacondi
ti
onwhent
hei
nci
dentt
ookpl
aceandt
he
accusedi
schar
gedf
ort
hei
nci
dentt
henhemaymakedef
endhi
m onexpl
aini
ngt
hatat
t
het
imeoft
hei
nci
denthewasnotpr
esentatt
hel
ocat
ion.Al
thoughpr
evi
ousl
yitwas
notr
elev
antf
ort
hecour
ttoknowt
hatwher
ehewasast
hei
nvest
igat
ionshowedt
hat
hecommi
tt
edt
hecr
imebuthi
sexpl
anat
iont
hathewasnotatt
hepl
aceofi
nci
dent
maket
hei
rr
elev
antf
act
sar
elev
antf
act
.Thei
mpor
tantpar
tofSect
ion11oft
he
Ev
idenceActi
sthatt
hisr
ulei
sonl
yaccept
edi
nthecour
seofadmi
ssi
onoft
he
ev
idenceandnoot
herst
atut
epr
ovi
dessuchr
ule.

Thepl
eaofal
i
bihast
obet
akenont
hev
eryf
ir
stst
ageoft
het
ri
alandmustbe
pr
ovedwi
thoutanyr
easonabl
edoubtast
hebur
denofpr
oofi
sont
heper
sonwhoi
s

14
AI
R1999SC2640
15
(
2012)9SCC257

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage30
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
aki
ngadv
ant
ageofSect
ion10i
.e.
,Pl
eaofAl
i
bi.

Essent
ial
sofPl
eaofAl
i
bi

 Ther
emustbeanof
fencepuni
shabl
ebyt
hel
aw.

 Theper
sont
aki
ngt
hedef
enceofSect
ion10shoul
dbeaccusedoft
hatpar
ti
cul
ar
of
fencepuni
shabl
ebyt
hel
aw.

 Thedef
encemustbesat
isf
act
oryandbey
ondanyr
easonabl
edoubt
.

 Thedef
encemustbebackedbyev
idence.

16
I
n,LakhanSi
ngh@ Pappuv
sTheSt
ateofNCTofDel
hi Apl
eaofal
i
bicannotbe
compar
edwi
thapl
eaofsel
f-
def
enceal
thoughbot
hthepl
eai
stobet
akenont
hev
ery
f
ir
sti
nst
anceoft
hecour
tpr
oceedi
ngs.

I
n,Sahabuddi
n&Anrv
stheSt
ateofAssam17Oncet
hecour
tisi
ndoubtwi
thr
espect
t
opl
eaofal
i
biandt
heaccuseddoesnotgi
veanysubst
ant
iveexpl
anat
iont
osuppor
thi
s
st
atementunderSect
ion313Cr
PC,t
hent
heCour
tisaut
hor
isedt
oconcl
udeanegat
ive
ornotaposi
ti
vei
nfer
enceagai
nstt
heaccused.

I
n,Ji
tenderKumarvSt
ateofHar
yana18t
heCour
tnotbel
i
evi
ngt
hepl
eaofal
i
biast
he
accuseddi
dnotpr
ovi
det
hesuf
fi
cientsuppor
ti
veev
idencef
orest
abl
i
shi
ngt
hedef
ence.
Andt
heCour
tsuppor
tedt
hecasef
rom t
hepr
osecut
ionsi
de.

2.RELEVANCYOFADMI
SSI
ONS(
SECTI
ONS17-
23AND31)
I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Admi
ssi
onsandconf
essi
onsar
eexcept
ionst
othehear
sayr
ule.Theev
idence
Actpl
acest
hem i
nthecat
egor
yofr
elev
antev
idencei
nPar
tI'
'
Rel
evancyofFact
s''
,
pr
esumabl
yont
hegr
oundt
hatast
heyar
edecl
arat
ionsagai
nstt
hei
nter
estoft
he
per
sonmaki
ngt
hem,t
heyar
epr
obabl
ytr
ue.Sect
ions17t
o 23and31dealwi
th

16
Del
hiHCCr
lAppeal
No.166/
1999
17
Cr
imi
nal
Appeal
No.629of2010
18
(
2012)6SSC2014

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage31
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

admi
ssi
onsandSect
ions24t
o30oft
heEv
idenceActwi
thconf
essi
ons.
MEANI
NGOFADMI
SSI
ON
Anadmi
ssi
oni
sast
atement
,[or
alordocument
aryorcont
ainedi
nel
ect
roni
c
f
orm]
,bypar
tyt
othepr
oceedi
ngorhi
sagentorper
soncl
aimi
ngunderpar
tywhi
ch
suggest
sanyi
nfer
enceast
oanyf
acti
nissueorr
elev
antf
act
.Sect
ions18t
o23l
ay
downt
heci
rcumst
anceswhi
chr
enderadmi
ssi
onsv
ali
d.
Anadmi
ssi
onhasf
oll
owi
ngchar
act
eri
sti
cs:
(
1)Anadmi
ssi
oni
sa'
stat
ement
'whi
chsuggest
sany'
i
nfer
ence'
ast
oanyf
acti
nissue
orr
elev
antf
act
;
(
2)I
tmustbemadebyanyoft
he'
per
sons'
prescr
ibedbyt
heAct
'
(
3)I
tmustal
sobemadeundert
he'
ci
rcumst
ances'
prescr
ibedbyt
heAct
;
(
4)Anadmi
ssi
onmaybeor
alordocument
ary
.

PERSONSWHOCANMAKEADMI
SSI
ONS

Sect
ion18post
ulat
est
hatst
atement
smadebyapar
tyt
othepr
oceedi
ngs,
orby
anagentt
oanysuchpar
ty,whom t
heCour
tregar
ds,undert
heci
rcumst
ancesoft
he
case,asex
pressl
yori
mpl
i
edl
yaut
hor
izedbyhi
m t
o maket
hem,ar
eadmi
ssi
ons.
Si
mil
arl
y,st
atementmadebyaper
sonwhohasanypr
opr
iet
aryorpecuni
aryi
nter
esti
n
t
hesubj
ectmat
teroft
hepr
oceedi
ngsorper
sonshav
ing der
ivat
ivei
nter
estmake
st
atement
sdur
ingt
hecont
inuanceoft
hei
nter
estar
eal
soadmi
ssi
ons.
AsperSect
ion19per
sonswhoseposi
ti
onorl
i
abi
l
ityi
snecessar
ytopr
oveas
agai
nstanypar
tyt
othesui
t,i
fst
atement
sar
emadedur
ingt
hecont
inuanceofsuch
posi
ti
onorl
i
abi
l
ity
,andsuchaswoul
dber
elev
antasagai
nstsuchper
sonsi
nrel
ati
onor
l
i
abi
l
ityi
nasui
tbr
oughtbyagai
nstt
hem.AsperSect
ion20,
per
sont
owhom apar
tyt
o
t
hesui
thasexpr
essl
yref
err
edf
ori
nfor
mat
ioni
nref
erencet
oamat
teri
ndi
sput
e.
Sect
ion21doesnotsayt
hatadmi
ssi
onsmaynotbeusedagai
nstper
sonsot
hert
han
t
hemaker
,andi
sev
ident
lynoti
ntendedt
obeexhaust
ive.
St
atement
swhi
char
eadmi
ssi
onswi
thi
nSect
ions19and20ar
erel
evantand
maycl
ear
lybepr
ovedagai
nstper
sonsot
hert
hant
hemaker
soft
hem,andsi
mil
arl
yit

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage32
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

appear
sthatadmi
ssi
onsbyper
sonswho hav
ea pr
opr
iet
aryi
nter
esti
n a cer
tai
n
pr
oper
tymaybeusedagai
nstot
herper
sonsi
nter
est
edi
nthesamepr
oper
tyal
though
t
hel
att
erar
enotr
epr
esent
ati
vesi
nint
erestoft
heper
sonsbywhom t
headmi
ssi
ons
wer
emade.
SEC22&22A:
Thecont
ent
sofadocumentwhi
chi
scapabl
eofbei
ngpr
oducedmustbe
pr
ovedbyt
hei
nst
rumenti
tsel
fandnotbyor
alev
idence.Or
alev
idencehast
ocont
ainof
document
sar
eexcl
udedundert
hissect
ion.Howev
er,t
heyar
eadmi
ssi
blewhent
he
par
tyi
sent
it
ledt
ogi
vesecondar
yev
idenceoft
hecont
ent
soft
hedocumentunder
sect
ion65and66.Thi
ssect
ional
sodi
sal
l
owst
heev
idenceofor
aladmi
ssi
onast
othe
cont
ent
sofanel
ect
roni
crecor
d.
SEC23:
Thi
ssect
ionl
aysdownt
hati
nci
vi
lcasesanadmi
ssi
oni
snotr
elev
antwheni
tis
made1)uponanexpr
esscondi
ti
ont
hatev
idenceofi
tisnott
obegi
ven,or2)under
ci
rcumst
ancesf
rom whi
cht
hecour
tcani
nfert
hatt
hepar
ti
esagr
eedt
oget
hert
hat
ev
idenceofi
tshoul
dnotbegi
ven.
SEC 31:
Admi
ssi
onsar
enotconcl
usi
vepr
oofoft
hemat
ter
sadmi
tt
edbutt
heymay
oper
ateasest
oppal
undert
hepr
ovi
sionsher
einaf
tercont
ained.
Sect
ion58:Pr
ovi
dedcour
tmayi
nvi
teev
idencet
opr
oveev
enadmi
tt
edf
act
.A t
hing
admi
tt
ed need notbe pr
oved.Shr
eedharGov
ind Kamer
karv
.YesahwantGov
ind
Kamer
karandAnr
.2006(
14)SCALE174
Sect
ion70:Admi
ssi
onofexecut
ionbypar
tyt
oat
test
eddocumentshal
lbesuf
fi
cient
pr
oofev
enwi
thoutexami
nat
ionofat
test
ingwi
tnessal
thoughdocumenti
ssuchwhi
ch
r
equi
resat
test
ati
onbyl
aw.(
Bhar
purSi
nghVs.ShamserSi
ngh(
2009)3SCC687)The
exami
nat
ionofanat
test
ingwi
tnesswi
l
lnotbenecessar
yfort
hepur
poseofpr
ovi
ngt
he
execut
ionoft
hedocumentr
equi
redbyl
aw t
obeat
test
edi
ftheexecut
oradmi
tst
he
execut
ion.

ADMI
SSI
ONI
NCI
VILCASES

nacaseofRam Kaj
I arai
a..
vs.
.Sheopr
akashKaj
ari
a,Mh.
L.J.2016(
3)172,i
tis
hel
dbyHon'
bl
eSupr
emeCour
tthat“
Admi
ssi
oni
npl
eadi
ngcannotbewi
thdr
awnbyway
ofAmendment
.”Thought
headmi
ssi
oni
sthebestpi
eceofev
idence,i
tisequal
l
y
wel
l
set
tl
edt
hatt
headmi
ssi
onsar
enotconcl
usi
veascont
empl
atedunderSect
ion31of

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage33
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
heActast
hemakerofi
tisatl
i
ber
tyt
opr
ovet
hatt
headmi
ssi
onswer
emi
stakenor
unt
rue.I
fadmi
ssi
onsmadei
nwr
it
tenst
atementwer
efoundi
ncor
rectorwer
emadedue
t
omi
stakeei
theri
nlaw orf
act
,orasar
esul
tofanyf
raudormani
pul
ati
ons,t
he
def
endantcanbeper
mit
tedt
oamendhi
swr
it
tenst
atementast
headmi
ssi
onsar
enot
concl
usi
vepr
oofofmat
ter
sadmi
tt
edbutt
heymayoper
ateasest
oppalandt
hemaker
ofadmi
ssi
onsi
satl
i
ber
tyt
opr
ovet
hatt
headmi
ssi
onsar
emi
stakenorunt
rue.Wher
e
t
headmi
ssi
onmadebyt
hepl
aint
if
finhi
spl
eadi
ngsaswel
lasi
nhi
sst
atementonoat
h
wast
hatt
hesui
tpr
emi
seswasl
etoutt
othedef
endantf
ort
hecommer
cialpur
poses,
hencehe(
def
endant
)woul
dbeest
oppedt
otakeadi
ff
erentst
andast
headmi
ssi
onmay
oper
ateasanest
oppal
agai
nsthi
m.

EVI
DENTI
ARYVALUEOFADMI
SSI
ON

1)Anadmi
ssi
onconst
it
utesasubst
ant
ivepi
eceofev
idencei
nthecaseandf
ort
hat
r
easoncanber
eli
eduponf
orpr
ovi
ngt
het
rut
hoft
hef
act
sincor
por
atedt
her
ein.
2)Anadmi
ssi
onhast
heef
fectofshi
ft
ingt
heonusofpr
ovi
ngt
othecont
rar
yont
he
par
ty,agai
nstwhom i
tispr
oducedwi
tht
her
esul
tthati
tcast
sani
mper
ati
vedut
yon
suchpar
tyt
oexpl
aini
t.I
ntheabsenceofsat
isf
act
oryexpl
anat
ion,
iti
spr
esumedt
obe
t
rue.
3)Anadmi
ssi
on,i
nor
dert
obecompet
entandt
ohav
ethev
alueandef
fectr
efer
redt
o
abov
eshoul
dbecl
ear
,cer
tai
nanddef
ini
teandnotambi
guous,v
agueorconf
used.I
tis
t
ruet
hatadmi
ssi
onsar
enotconcl
usi
vepr
oofoft
hef
act
sadmi
tt
edandbeexpl
ainedor
shownt
obewr
ong,butt
heydor
aiseanest
oppalandshi
ftt
hebur
denofpr
ooft
othe
per
sonmaki
ngt
hem orhi
srepr
esent
ati
vei
nint
erest
.Unl
essshownorexpl
ainedt
obe
wr
ong,t
heyar
e ef
fi
caci
ouspr
oofoft
he f
act
sadmi
tt
ed.The ev
ident
iar
yval
ue of
admi
ssi
ons,
ther
efor
e,dependsupont
heci
rcumst
ancesunderwhi
cht
heyar
emade.

3.RELEVANCYOFCONFESSI
ONS(
SECTI
ONS24-
30)
“CONFESSI
ON”

Thewor
d“conf
essi
on”appear
sfort
hef
ir
stt
imei
nSect
ion24oft
heI
ndi
an

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage34
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Ev
idenceAct
.Thi
ssect
ioncomesundert
heheadi
ngofAdmi
ssi
onsoi
tiscl
eart
hatt
he
conf
essi
onsar
emer
elyonespeci
esofadmi
ssi
on.Conf
essi
oni
snotdef
inedi
ntheAct
.
Mr
.Just
ice St
ephen i
n hi
s Di
gestoft
he l
aw ofEv
idence def
ines conf
essi
on as
“
conf
essi
oni
sanadmi
ssi
onmadeatanyt
imebyaper
sonchar
gedwi
thacr
imest
ati
ng
orsuggest
ing t
he i
nfer
ence t
hathe commi
tt
ed t
hatcr
ime.
”The aci
dtestwhi
ch
di
sti
ngui
shesaconf
essi
onf
rom anadmi
ssi
oni
sthatwhenconv
ict
ioncanbebasedon
ast
atemental
one,i
tisa“
Conf
essi
onandwher
esomesuppl
ement
aryev
idencei
s
r
equi
redt
oaut
hor
izeaconv
ict
ion,t
heni
tisadmi
ssi
on”
.(Ram Si
nghv
.St
ate,Al
l
.L.
J.
6601958.Al
l
.C.
R.462.
)
I
nPakal
aNar
ayanSwamivEmper
orAI
R1939P.
C.47Lor
dAt
kinobser
ved“A
conf
essi
onmustei
theradmi
tint
ermst
heof
fenceoratanyr
atesubst
ant
ial
l
yal
lthe
f
act
swhi
chconst
it
utet
heof
fence.Anadmi
ssi
onofagr
avel
yincr
imi
nat
ingf
act
,ev
ena
concl
usi
vel
yincr
imi
nat
ingf
acti
snoti
nit
sel
faconf
essi
on”
.
I
nthecaseofPal
vi
nderKaurvSt
ateofPunj
abAI
R1952SC354t
heSupr
eme
Cour
tappr
ovedt
hePr
ivyCounci
ldeci
sioni
nPakal
aNar
ayanSwamicaseov
ert
wo
scor
es.Fi
rst
ly,t
hatt
hedef
ini
ti
oni
fconf
essi
oni
sthati
tmustei
theradmi
tthegui
l
tin
t
ermsoradmi
tsubst
ant
ial
l
yal
lthef
act
swhi
chconst
it
utet
heof
fence.Secondl
y,t
hata
mi
xedupst
atementwhi
chev
ent
houghcont
ainssomeconf
essi
onalst
atementwi
l
lst
il
l
l
eadt
oacqui
tt
al,i
snoconf
essi
on.Thus,ast
atementt
hatcont
ainssel
f-
excul
pat
ory
mat
terwhi
chi
ftr
uewoul
dnegat
ethemat
terorof
fence,
cannotamountt
oconf
essi
on.
Howev
er,
int
hecaseNi
shi
KantJhavSt
ateofBi
har1959SCR1033t
heSupr
eme
Cour
tpoi
ntedoutt
hatt
her
ewasnot
hingwr
ongorr
ely
ingonapar
toft
heconf
essi
onal
st
atementandr
eject
ingt
her
est
,andf
ort
hispur
pose,t
heCour
tdr
ew suppor
tfr
om
Engl
i
shaut
hor
it
ies.Whent
her
eisenoughev
idencet
orej
ectt
heexcul
pat
orypar
toft
he
accusedper
son’
sst
atement
s,t
heCour
tmayr
elyont
hei
ncul
pat
orypar
t.“
Conf
essi
on”
i
sspeci
esof“
Admi
ssi
on”
,iti
sdeal
twi
thi
nsect
ions24t
o30.Thesesect
ionssuggest
t
heci
rcumst
anceswhenaconf
essi
onmadebyaper
soncanbeusedagai
nsthi
m or
agai
nstsomeot
herper
sonorj
ustcannotbeusedatal
l
.
ON:
TYPESOFCONFESSI –
Conf
essi
onsar
eoft
wot
ypes.Judi
cial
andExt
raJudi
cial
.Judi
cial
conf
essi
oni
sa
conf
essi
onmadei
nthei
mmedi
atepr
esenceofamagi
str
ate.Al
lot
herconf
essi
onsar
e

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage35
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

ext
raj
udi
cialconf
essi
ons.AnExt
raj
udi
cialconf
essi
onmaybeaconf
essi
onmadet
oa
pol
i
ceof
fi
cer
/i
nvest
igat
ionof
fi
cerort
oanyot
herper
son.Anext
raj
udi
cialconf
essi
on
madet
oany
bodyexcepti
nvest
igat
ionof
fi
cerorapol
i
ceof
fi
cerneedscor
robor
ati
on.
Suchaconf
essi
on
i
slookedwi
thdoubtast
heonemadet
opol
i
ceof
fi
cer
.
DI
FFERENCE BETWEEN JUDI
CIAL AND EXTRAJUDI
CIAL CONFESSI
ON – JUDI
CIAL
CONFESSI
ON
Judi
cial
Conf
essi
on Ext
raj
udi
cial

1.Judi
cialconf
essi
onsar
ethosewhi
ch 1.Ext
raj
udi
cialconf
essi
onar
ethosewhi
ch
ar
emadet
o aj
udi
ci
almagi
str
ateunder ar
emadet
oanyper
sonot
hert
hant
hose
sect
ion164ofCr
.PC orbef
oret
hecour
t aut
hor
izedbyl
aw t
otakeconf
essi
on.I
t
dur
ing commi
tt
alpr
oceedi
ng or dur
ing maybemadet
oanyper
sonort
opol
i
ce
t
ri
al. dur
ingi
nvest
igat
ionofanof
fence.

2.Topr
ovej
udi
ci
alconf
essi
ont
heper
son 2.Ext
raj
udi
cialconf
essi
onar
epr
ovedby
t
owhom j
udi
ci
alconf
essi
oni
smadeneed cal
l
ingt
heper
sonaswi
tnessbef
orewhom
notbe t
heext
raj
udi
ci
alconf
essi
oni
smade.

cal
l
edaswi
tness.

3.Judi
cialconf
essi
on can be r
eli
ed as 3.Ext
raj
udi
cialconf
essi
onal
onecannotbe
Pr
oofofgui
l
tagai
nstt
heaccusedper
son r
eli
edi
tneedssuppor
tofot
hersuppor
ti
ng
i
fitappear
stot
hecour
ttobev
olunt
ary ev
idence.
andt
rue.

4.Aconv
ict
ionmaybebasedonj
udi
cial 4.I
tisunsaf
etobaseconv
ict
ion
conf
essi
on.
onext
raj
udi
cial
conf
essi
on.

WHENCONFESSI
ONNOTRELEVANTANDI
NADMI
SSI
BLEI
NLAW
Sect
ion24enact
sthegener
alr
uleofi
nadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofi
nvol
unt
aryconf
essi
ons,
r
ecogni
zedal
lov
ert
hewor
ldandguar
ant
eedunderAr
ti
cle20(
3)oft
heConst
it
uti
onof
I
ndi
a.Aconf
essi
onmadeunderci
rcumst
anceswhi
chwoul
dmakei
tappeart
otheCour
t

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage36
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
hatsuchconf
essi
onwascausedbyanyi
nducement
,thr
eatorpr
omi
sef
rom aper
son
i
naut
hor
it
yisi
rr
elev
anti
nacr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ng.Of
fer
ingsuchi
nducement
,thr
eator
pr
omi
sebypol
i
ceof
fi
cer
sispr
ohi
bit
edundert
heS.163CodeofCr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
e.
Sect
ion25and26gof
arbey
ondt
heconst
it
uti
onalpr
otect
ionanddebarconf
essi
on
madebyanaccusedper
sont
oapol
i
ceof
fi
cerorwhi
l
sti
npol
i
cecust
odyt
oany
one
excepti
nthei
mmedi
atepr
esenceofaMagi
str
atef
rom bei
nggi
veni
nev
idence.
Sect
ion24Conf
essi
oncausedbyi
nducement
,thr
eat
,orpr
omi
sef
rom aper
son
i
naut
hor
it
yToat
tractt
hepr
ovi
sionsofSec24,
thef
oll
owi
ngf
act
smustbe
est
abl
i
shed:
(
a)Theconf
essi
onmusthav
ebeenmadebyanaccusedper
soni
naut
hor
it
y.
(
b)I
tmustappeart
othecour
tthatt
heconf
essi
onhasbeencausedbyanyr
easonof
i
nducement
,thr
eatorpr
omi
sepr
oceedi
ngf
rom aper
soni
naut
hor
it
y
(
c)Thei
nducement
,thr
eatorpr
omi
semusthav
eref
erencet
othechar
geagai
nstt
he
accusedper
son
(
d)Thei
nducement
,et
c.mustbesucht
hati
twoul
dappeart
otheCour
tthatt
he
accused,i
nmaki
ngt
heconf
essi
on,bel
i
evedt
hathewoul
dbymaki
ngi
t,gai
nany
adv
ant
ageorav
oidanyev
ilofat
empor
alnat
urei
nref
erencet
othepr
oceedi
ngsagai
nst
hi
m.I
tisnecessar
ythatal
lthecondi
ti
onsmustexi
stcumul
ati
vel
y.
Fur
ther
,thi
ssect
ionmer
elyr
equi
rest
hati
fit"
appear
stot
hecour
t"t
hatt
he
conf
essi
onwasi
mpr
oper
lyobt
ained,i
tbecomesi
nadmi
ssi
blei
.e.i
ftheci
rcumst
ances
cr
eat
eapr
obabi
l
ityi
nthemi
ndoft
hecour
tthatt
heconf
essi
oni
simpr
oper
lyobt
ained,
i
tmayhol
diti
nadmi
ssi
ble.
CUSTODI
ALCONFESSI
ON
Ther
uleoft
otalexcl
usi
onofcust
odi
alconf
essi
onf
rom ev
idence,asenact
edunder
Sect
ion25and26oft
heEv
idenceActont
hef
aceofi
t,showsaser
iousconcer
nof
l
egi
slat
uref
orpr
otect
ionagai
nstpol
i
cebr
utal
i
ty,oft
her
ightofanaccusedper
sonnot
t
obecompel
l
edi
ncr
imi
nat
ehi
msel
f.Ther
ulecar
ri
est
hepr
ivi
l
egeagai
nstcompel
l
ed
sel
f-
incr
imi
nat
ionqui
tef
oraddi
ngt
oitt
heconceptofdeemedi
nvol
unt
ari
nessduet
o
t
hecust
odyoft
hepol
i
ce.
I
nthepr
ocess,
howev
er,
ani
mpor
tantagencyoft
hest
ateent
rust
edi
nter
ali
awi
th
t
hej
obofmai
ntai
ningl
awandor
derandofpr
event
ionanddet
ect
ionofcr
imest
hej
obs

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage37
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

essent
ial
l
yrequi
ri
ngpubl
i
cconf
idenceandf
ait
h,get
sst
igmat
izedas‘
unt
rust
wor
thy
’.A
conf
essi
onmadebyanaccusedt
oanyt
hir
dper
sonbef
orehei
sappr
ehendedbypol
i
ce
i
sadmi
ssi
blei
nev
idenceandcanbeusedt
oconv
ictt
heaccusedev
eni
fiti
sshar
eli
nk
bet
weenhi
m andt
heci
rcumst
ant
ialev
idence,
butnoti
fiti
smadet
oapol
i
ceof
fi
ceror
t
oany
body
,whi
l
sthei
sincust
odyoft
hepol
i
ceexceptt
otheext
entpr
ovi
dedf
ori
n
sect
ion27t
hepr
ohi
bit
ioni
sabsol
ute.
Anyconf
essi
onalst
atementgi
venbyaccusedbef
orepol
i
cei
sinadmi
ssi
blei
n
ev
idenceandcannotbebr
oughtonr
ecor
dbyt
hepr
osecut
ionandi
sinsuf
fi
cientt
o
conv
ictt
heaccused;
Ram Si
nghv
.St
ateofMahar
asht
ra,
1999CrLJ3763(
Bom)
.
I
fthef
ir
sti
nfor
mat
ionr
epor
tisgi
venbyt
heaccusedt
oapol
i
ceof
fi
cerand
amount
stoaconf
essi
onalst
atement
,pr
oofoft
heconf
essi
oni
spr
ohi
bit
edbysect
ion
25;
AghnuNagesi
av.St
ateofBi
har
,AI
R1966SC119.
Reasonsf
orexcl
usi
onofconf
essi
ont
opol
i
ceanot
herv
ari
etyofconf
essi
onst
hat
ar
eundert
heev
idenceactr
egar
dedasi
nvol
unt
aryar
ethosemadet
oaper
sonnel
.
Sect
ion25expr
essl
ydecl
arest
hatsuchconf
essi
onsshal
lnotbepr
oved.I
fconf
essi
ons
t
opol
i
cewer
eal
l
owedt
obepr
ovedi
nev
idence,t
hepol
i
cewoul
dtor
tur
etheaccused
andt
husf
orcehi
mtoconf
esst
oacr
imewhi
chhemi
ghtnothav
eacommi
tt
ed.A
conf
essi
onsoobt
ainedwoul
dnat
ural
l
ybeunr
eli
abl
e.I
twoul
dnotbev
olunt
ary
.Sucha
conf
essi
onwi
l
lbei
rr
elev
antwhat
evermaybei
tsf
orm,di
rect
,expr
ess,i
mpl
i
edor
i
nfer
redf
rom conduct
.Ther
easonsf
orwhi
cht
hispol
i
cywasadopt
edwhent
heactwas
passedi
n1872ar
epr
obabl
yst
il
lval
i
d.
I
nDagduv
.St
ateofMahar
asht
ra,A.
I.
R.1977S.
C.1579,Hon'
bl
eSupr
emeCour
t
not
ed:Thear
chai
cat
temptt
osecur
econf
essi
onsbyhookorbycr
ookseemst
obet
he
be al
land endal
loft
he pol
i
ce i
nvest
igat
ion.The pol
i
ce shoul
dremembert
hat
conf
essi
onmaynotal
way
sbeashor
tcutt
osol
uti
on.I
nst
eadoft
ryi
ngt
o“st
art
”fr
om a
conf
essi
ont
heyshoul
dst
ri
vet
o“ar
ri
ve”ati
t.El
se,whent
heyar
ebusyont
hei
rshor
t
r
out
etosuccess,
goodev
idencemaydi
sappearduet
oinat
tent
iont
orealcl
ues.Oncea
conf
essi
oni
sobt
ained,
ther
eisof
tenf
laggi
ngofzeal
foraf
ull
andt
hroughi
nvest
igat
ion
wi
thav
iew t
oest
abl
i
sht
hecasedehor
stheconf
essi
on,l
ater
,bei
ngi
nadmi
ssi
blef
or
oner
easonorot
her
,thecasef
undl
esi
nthecour
t.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage38
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

EFFECTOFPOLI
CEPRESENCE
Themer
epr
esenceoft
hepol
i
cemanshoul
dnothav
ethi
sef
fect
.Wher
ethe
conf
essi
oni
sbei
nggi
vent
osomeoneel
seandt
hepol
i
cemani
sonl
ycasual
l
ypr
esent
andov
erhear
sitt
hatwi
l
lnotdest
royt
hev
olunt
arynat
ureoft
heconf
essi
on.Butwher
e
t
hatper
soni
sasecr
etagentoft
hepol
i
cedeput
edf
ort
hev
erypur
poseofr
ecei
vi
nga
conf
essi
on,i
twi
l
lsuf
ferf
rom bl
emi
shofbei
ngaconf
essi
ont
opol
i
ce.I
nar
ather
unusualcase,t
heaccusedl
eftal
ett
err
ecor
dinghi
sconf
essi
onneart
hedeadbodyof
hi
svi
cti
m wi
tht
heav
owed obj
ectt
hati
tshoul
d bedi
scov
ered byt
hepol
i
ce,t
he
supr
emecour
thel
dtheconf
essi
ont
ober
elev
ant
.Ther
ewasnotev
ent
heshadowofa
pol
i
cemanwhent
hel
ett
erwasbei
ngwr
it
ten,
andpl
ant
ed.
Theobj
ectofsect
ion26oft
heEv
idenceActi
stopr
eventt
heabuseoft
hei
r
power
sbyt
hepol
i
ce,and henceconf
essi
onsmadebyaccused per
sonswhi
l
ein
cust
odyofpol
i
cecannotbepr
oved agai
nstt
hem unl
essmadei
n pr
esenceofa
magi
str
ate.Thecust
odyofapol
i
ceof
fi
cerpr
ovi
deseasyoppor
tuni
tyofcoer
cionf
or
ext
ort
ingconf
essi
onobt
ainedf
rom accusedper
sonst
hroughanyunduei
nfl
uencebei
ng
r
ecei
vedi
nev
idenceagai
nsthi
m.
CONFESSI
ONSWHENRELEVANT-
The f
oll
owi
ng t
hree t
ypes ofconf
essi
on ar
erel
evantand admi
ssi
ble Fol
l
owi
ng
condi
ti
onsar
enecessar
yfort
heappl
i
cat
ionofsect
ion27:
1.Thef
actmusthav
ebeendi
scov
eredi
ntheconsequenceoft
hei
nfor
mat
ionr
ecei
ved
f
rom t
heaccused.
2.Theper
songi
vi
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
ionmustbeaccusedofanof
fence.
3.Hemustbei
ncust
odyofapol
i
ceof
fi
cer
.
4.Thatpor
ti
ononl
yoft
hei
nfor
mat
ionwhi
chr
elat
esdi
sti
nct
lyt
othef
actdi
scov
eredcan
bepr
oved.Ther
esti
sinadmi
ssi
ble.
5.Bef
oret
hest
atementi
spr
oved,
somebodymustdeposet
hatar
ti
cleswer
edi
scov
ered
i
nconsequenceoft
hei
nfor
mat
ionr
ecei
vedf
rom t
heaccused.
Bef
oret
hest
atementoft
heaccusedcoul
dbepr
oved,
somebody
,suchasubi
nspect
or,
mustdeposet
hati
nconsequenceoft
hegi
veni
nfor
mat
iongi
venbyt
heaccused,
some
f
act
swer
edi
scov
ered.6.Thef
actdi
scov
eredmustbear
elev
antf
act
,thati
s,t
osayi
t

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage39
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

mustr
elat
etot
hecommi
ssi
onoft
hecr
imei
nquest
ion.
I
nPanduRangKal
l
uPat
ilv
.St
ateofMahar
asht
ra,S.
C.i
twashel
dbySupr
eme
Cour
tthatsect
ion27ofev
idenceactwasenact
edaspr
ovi
sot
o.Thepr
ovi
sionsof
sect
ionsofSect
ion25and26,whi
chi
mposedacompl
etebanonadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofany
conf
essi
onmadebyaccusedei
thert
opol
i
ceoratanyonewhi
l
einpol
i
cecust
ody
.
Nonet
hel
ess,
thebanwoul
dbel
i
ftedi
fthest
atementi
sdi
sti
nct
lyr
elat
edt
odi
scov
eryof
f
act
s.Theobj
ectofmaki
ngpr
ovi
sioni
nsect
ion27wast
oper
mitacer
tai
npor
ti
onof
st
atementmadebyanaccusedt
oPol
i
ceOf
fi
ceradmi
ssi
blei
nev
idencewhet
herornot
suchst
atementi
sconf
essi
onal
ornonconf
essi
onal
.
Sect
ion28pr
ovi
dest
hati
fther
eisi
nducement
,thr
eatorpr
omi
segi
vent
othe
accusedi
nor
dert
oobt
ainconf
essi
onofgui
l
tfr
om hi
m butt
heconf
essi
oni
smade
af
tert
hei
mpr
essi
oncausedbyanysuchi
nducement
,thr
eatorpr
omi
sehas,i
nthe
opi
nionoft
hecour
tbeenf
ull
yremov
ed,t
heconf
essi
onwi
l
lber
elev
antbecomesf
ree
andv
olunt
ary
.
Sect
ion29l
aysdownt
hati
faconf
essi
oni
srel
evant
,thati
s,i
fiti
snotexcl
uded
f
rom bei
ngpr
ovedbyanyot
herpr
ovi
siononI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,itcannotber
elev
anti
f
i
twast
akenf
rom t
heaccusedby
:
1.
Giv
inghi
m pr
omi
seofsecr
ecy
,or
2.Bydecei
vi
nghi
m,or
3.Whenhewasdr
unk,
or
4.Becausei
twasmadecl
eari
nanswert
oquest
ionwhi
chheneednothav
eanswer
ed,
orbecausenowar
ningwasgi
vent
hathewasnotboundt
osayany
thi
ngandt
hat
what
everhewi
l
lst
atewi
l
lbeusedagai
nsthi
m.
Sect
ion30consi
der
ati
onofpr
ovedconf
essi
onaf
fect
ingper
sonmaki
ngi
tandot
her
s
j
oint
lyundert
ri
alf
ort
heSameof
fence
Sect
ion30oft
heActi
sanunusualpr
ovi
sionbywhi
chsomet
hingwhi
chi
snoti
n
t
henat
ureofev
idencemaybeusedagai
nstt
heaccusedper
sonatt
het
ri
al.Thescope
ofi
tsappl
i
cat
ioni
sver
yli
mit
ed.Theconf
essi
onbyacoaccusedi
snott
obet
reat
edas
ev
idenceagai
nstanot
heraccusedi
nthesenset
hatconv
ict
ionoft
hecoaccusedmay
notbesuppor
ted.I
fcanonl
ybet
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
onandusedascor
robor
ati
oni
f
ot
hermat
eri
alsbr
oughti
nsuppor
toft
hechar
geexi
st.I
thast
obeseenwhet
her

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage40
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

conf
essi
onoft
hecoaccusedi
sofsuchnat
uret
hatt
heper
sonmaki
ngsuchconf
essi
on
woul
dbeconv
ict
edont
heconf
essi
onf
ort
heof
fencewi
thwhi
chheandhi
scoaccused
ar
echar
ged.Wher
eev
idenceagai
nstacoaccused
i
ssuf
fi
cientt
obaseaconv
ict
ion,
conf
essi
onal
stat
ementoft
heaccusedmaybet
reat
ed
asa
cor
robor
ati
onf
orbel
i
evi
ngt
hatev
idence.
I
nKashmi
raSi
nghv
.St
ateofMP,
accusedKashmi
rawhowasanAssi
stantFood
Pr
ocur
ementI
nspect
or,hi
s ser
vices al
ong wi
tht
he anot
herf
ood i
nspect
orwer
e
t
ermi
nat
edonar
epor
toft
hef
oodof
fi
cerwhent
heywer
eget
ti
ngt
her
icepol
i
shedi
na
r
icemi
l
l.Kashmi
rawashear
dtwi
cesay
ingt
hathewoul
dteachal
essont
othef
ood
of
fi
cer
.Af
teraf
ewmont
hst
hesonoft
hef
oodof
fi
cerwasf
oundmi
ssi
ngandhi
sbody
was f
ound i
n a wel
l
.Kashmi
ra,Gur
uday
albr
otherofKashmi
ra,Pr
it
hipalson of
Gur
uday
alandoneGur
ubachan,ar
ickshawpul
l
eri
nthi
scasewer
etr
iedofconspi
racy
andki
l
li
ngt
hechi
l
d.Thepr
osecut
ionst
orywast
hatPr
ir
thi
pall
edt
hechi
l
d,whenhewas
pl
ayi
ngneart
heGur
udwar
a,f
orsomedi
stanceandt
hent
hechi
l
dwast
akenont
he
cy
clebyKashmi
rat
oahousewher
ehewasmur
der
ed.
Accor
dingt
othej
udgmentoft
heSCGur
uibachanwasnotar
ickshawpul
l
erby
pr
ofessi
onandt
her
ickshawwashi
redonl
yfort
hatni
ghtf
ort
hedi
sposaloft
hebodyof
t
he deceased.Hence,bef
oret
he conf
essi
on ofone accused maybe t
aken i
nto
consi
der
ati
onagai
nstot
her
s,i
thast
obeshownt
hat
:
1)Theper
sonconf
essi
ngandt
heot
her
sar
ebei
ngt
ri
edj
oint
ly.
2)Theyar
ebei
ngt
ri
edf
ort
hesameof
fence.
3)Theconf
essi
oni
saf
fect
ingt
heconcessi
onerandt
heot
her
s.
PROOFOFJUDI
CIALCONFESSI
ON
Undersect
ion80ofEv
idenceActaconf
essi
onr
ecor
dedbyt
hemagi
str
ate
accor
dingt
olawshal
lbepr
esumedt
obegenui
ne.I
tisenoughi
fther
ecor
dedj
udi
cial
conf
essi
oni
sfi
l
edbef
oret
hecour
t.I
tisnotnecessar
ytoexami
net
hemagi
str
atewho
r
ecor
dedi
ttopr
ovet
heconf
essi
on.Butt
hei
dent
it
yoft
heaccusedhast
obepr
oved.
PROOFOFEXTRAJUDI
CIALCONFESSI
ON
Ext
raj
udi
ci
alconf
essi
on maybei
n wr
it
ing oror
al.I
nthecaseofawr
it
ten
conf
essi
ont
hewr
it
ingi
tsel
fwi
l
lbet
hebestev
idencebuti
fiti
snotav
ail
abl
eori
slost

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage41
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
heper
sonbef
orewhom t
heconf
essi
onwasmadebepr
oducedt
odeposet
hatt
he
accusedmadet
hest
atementbef
orehi
m.Whent
heconf
essi
onhasnotbeenr
ecor
ded,
per
sonorper
sonsbef
orewhom t
heaccusedmadet
hest
atementshoul
dbepr
oduced
bef
oret
hecour
tandt
heyshoul
dpr
ovet
hest
atementmadebyt
heaccused.
EVI
DENTI
ARYVALUEOFCONFESSI
ON
Aconf
essi
oni
ssubst
ant
iveev
idenceagai
nsti
tsmaker
,sot
hati
thasbeendul
y
r
ecor
dedandsuf
fer
sfr
om nol
egal
inf
ir
mit
y,i
twoul
dsuf
fi
cet
oconv
ictt
heaccusedwho
made t
he conf
essi
on,t
hough as a mat
terofpr
udence,t
he Cour
texpect
s some
cor
robor
ati
onbef
oreact
inguponi
t.Ev
ent
hensl
i
ghtcor
robor
ati
onwoul
dsuf
fi
ce.But
bef
oreact
inguponaconf
essi
on,
theCour
tmustbesat
isf
iedt
hati
tisv
olunt
aryandt
rue.
nAghnooNagesi
I aVs.St
ateofBi
har,
AIR1966SC119,
ithasbeenhel
dthat
,“A
st
atementcont
ainedi
ntheFI
Rfur
nishedbyoneoft
heaccusedi
nthecasecannot
,in
anymanner
,beusedagai
nstanot
heraccused.
Ev
enasagai
nstt
heaccusedwhomadei
t,t
hest
atementcannotbeusedi
fiti
s
i
ncul
pat
oryi
nnat
urenorcani
tbeusedf
ort
hepur
poseofcor
robor
ati
onorcont
radi
cti
on
unl
essi
tsmakerof
fer
shi
msel
fasawi
tnessi
nthet
ri
al.Thev
eryl
i
mit
eduseofi
tisas
anadmi
ssi
onunderSec.
21oft
heEv
idenceActagai
nsti
tsmakeral
oneunl
esst
he
admi
ssi
ondoesnotamountt
oconf
essi
on.
”
I
nthecaseofJagt
aVs.St
ate,
AIR1974SC1545,
ithasbeenhel
dthatev
idence
ofExt
raj
udi
cialconf
essi
oni
nthev
erynat
ureoft
hingsi
saweakpi
eceofev
idence.
Howev
er,i
tisnotopent
oanycour
ttost
artwi
thapr
esumpt
iont
hatext
raj
udi
cial
conf
essi
oni
sweakt
ypeofev
idence.Admi
ssi
bil
i
tyoft
heconf
essi
oni
saquest
ionf
or
t
he Judge.Upon a consi
der
ati
on oft
he ev
idence and ci
rcumst
ances,t
he Judge
pr
eli
minar
ydeci
desont
hev
olunt
ari
nessorot
her
wiseoft
heconf
essi
on.I
fhi
sansweri
s
i
nnegat
ive,t
heconf
essi
oni
sexcl
udedasamat
terofl
aw.I
fhi
sansweri
saf
fi
rmat
ive,
t
heconf
essi
oni
sadmi
ssi
ble.TheJudget
odet
ermi
neadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyoft
heconf
essi
on
whet
herconf
essi
oni
str
ueandofhowmuchwei
ghtandv
alue.I
fhei
ssat
isf
iedf
rom t
he
ev
idencet
hati
tist
ruet
hent
oactuponi
t.
Conf
essi
on made bef
oret
he pol
i
ce l
eadi
ng t
o di
scov
ery oft
he f
act
sis
admi
ssi
ble,
asperSec.
27oft
heEv
idenceAct
.Whenaccusedr
etr
actf
rom conf
essi
oni
t
i
scal
l
edr
etr
act
edconf
essi
on.Suchconf
essi
oncanbel
egalbaseoft
heconv
ict
ion,i
f

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage42
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
he cour
tis sat
isf
ied t
hati
twas t
rue and so v
olunt
ari
l
y made.Butor
dinar
il
y
cor
robor
ati
oni
srequi
red.
The l
aw i
nregar
dto ext
raj
udi
cialconf
essi
ons may be st
ated t
hus:An
ext
raj
udi
cialconf
essi
on,i
fvol
unt
ary
,canber
eli
eduponbyt
heCour
tal
ongwi
thot
her
ev
idence i
n conv
ict
ing t
he accused.I
n exami
ning t
he v
alue ofan ext
raj
udi
cial
conf
essi
on onef
act
ori
swhet
hert
heaccused wasa f
reeman whi
l
emaki
ng hi
s
conf
essi
on.Thesecondf
act
ori
sthatt
hev
alueoft
heconf
essi
onasanev
idenceon
v
eraci
tyoft
hewi
tnesst
owhom i
twasmade.A conv
ict
ioncanbef
oundedona
ext
raj
udi
cialconf
essi
on.I
tshoul
dbecl
ear
,speci
fi
candunambi
guous.Buti
tshoul
dnot
beexpect
edt
hatt
hewi
tness,i
nor
dert
oest
abl
i
shhi
scr
edi
bil
i
ty,shoul
dbeabl
eto
r
epr
oducet
hest
atementi
nit
swor
dforwor
dor
igi
nalv
ersi
on.Asamat
terofl
aw
cor
robor
ati
oni
snotnecessar
yatal
lasagener
alr
ulear
etr
act
edconf
essi
onr
equi
res
cor
robor
ati
onofsomeki
nd;butt
heamountofcor
robor
ati
onwhi
cht
heCour
twi
l
llook
f
ordependsont
heci
rcumst
ancesofeachcase.I
thasbeenhel
daboutaj
udi
cial
conf
essi
ont
hatt
houghi
tisr
etr
act
edbyt
hemaker
,itwasnotagr
oundt
opr
esumet
hat
i
twast
aint
ed.
Ther
ulesr
egar
dingaconf
essi
on,
whi
chi
ssubsequent
lyr
etr
act
ed,
are;
(
1)t
hataconf
essi
oni
snott
ober
egar
dedasi
nvol
unt
arymer
elybecausei
tisr
etr
act
ed,
(
2)asagai
nstt
hemakeroft
heconf
essi
on,
ther
etr
act
edconf
essi
onmayf
ormt
hebasi
s
ofaconv
ict
ioni
fiti
sbel
i
evedt
obet
rueandv
olunt
ari
l
ymade,
(
3)asagai
nstt
hecoaccused,bot
hpr
udenceandcaut
ionr
equi
ret
heCour
tnott
orel
y
onar
etr
act
edconf
essi
onwi
thouti
ndependentcor
robor
ati
veev
idenceand
(
4)r
etr
act
ionshoul
dnotbeambi
guous,
vagueori
magi
nar
y.

DI
FFERENCEBETWEENADMI
SSI
ONANDCONFESSI
ON

Thedi
sti
nct
ionbet
weenaconf
essi
on,andanadmi
ssi
on,asappl
i
edi
ncr
imi
nal
l
aw,i
snota t
echni
calr
efi
nementbutbased upon subst
ant
ivedi
ff
erencesoft
he
char
act
er of t
he ev
idence deduced f
rom each. A conf
essi
on i
s a di
rect
acknowl
edgementofgui
l
t,ont
hepar
toft
heaccused
andbyt
hev
eryf
orceoft
hedef
ini
ti
onexcl
udesanadmi
ssi
onwhi
chofi
tsel
fasappl
i
ed

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage43
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

i
ncr
imi
nall
aw,
isast
atementbyt
heaccuseddi
rectori
mpl
i
edoff
act
sper
ti
nentt
othe
i
ssueandt
endi
ngi
nconnect
ionwi
thpr
oofofot
herf
act
sorpr
ovehi
sgui
l
tbutofi
tsel
f
i
sinsuf
fi
cientt
oaut
hor
izeaconv
ict
ion.
Theaci
dtestwhi
chdi
sti
ngui
shesaconf
essi
onf
rom anadmi
ssi
oni
sthatwher
e
conv
ict
ioncanbebasedont
hest
atemental
one,i
tisaconf
essi
onandwher
esome
suppl
ement
aryev
idencei
sneededt
oaut
hor
izeaconv
ict
ion,t
heni
tisanadmi
ssi
on.
Anot
hert
esti
sthati
fthepr
osecut
ionr
eli
esont
hest
atementasbei
ngt
ruei
tis
conf
essi
onandi
fthest
atementi
srel
i
edonbecauseofi
tsf
alsi
tyi
tisadmi
ssi
on.

Conf
essi
on Admi
ssi
on

1.Conf
essi
oni
sast
atementmadebyan 1. Admi
ssi
on usual
l
y r
elat
es t
o ci
vi
l
accused per
son whi
ch i
s soughtt
o be t
ransact
ionandcompr
isesal
lst
atement
s
pr
ovedagai
nsthi
mincr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ng amount
ing t
o admi
ssi
on def
ined under
t
oest
abl
i
sht
hecommi
ssi
onofanof
fence sect
ion17andmadebyper
sonment
ioned
byhi
m. undersect
ion

18,
19and20.

2.Conf
essi
oni
fdel
i
ber
atel
yandv
olunt
ari
l
y 2.Admi
ssi
onsar
enotconcl
usi
veast
othe
madeandmaybeaccept
edasconcl
usi
ve mat
ter
sadmi
tt
edandi
tmayoper
ateasan
oft
hemat
ter
sconf
essed. est
oppel
.

3.Conf
essi
ons al
way
s go agai
nstt
he 3.Admi
ssi
onsmaybeusedonbehal
fof
per
sonmaki
ngi
t. t
heper
sonmaki
ngi
tundert
heexcept
ion
ofsect
ion21ofEv
idenceAct
.

4.Conf
essi
onsmade byone ort
wo or 4. Admi
ssi
on by one of t
he sev
eral
mor
eaccusedj
oint
lyt
ri
edf
ort
hesame def
endant
sinasui
tisnoev
idenceagai
nst
of
fencecanbet
akeni
nto consi
der
ati
on ot
herdef
endant
s.
agai
nstt
hecoaccused(
sect
ion30)

5.Conf
essi
oni
sst
atementwr
it
tenoror
al 5.Admi
ssi
oni
sast
atementor
alorwr
it
ten

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage44
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

whi
chi
sdi
rectadmi
ssi
onofgui
l
t. whi
chgi
vesi
nfer
enceaboutt
hel
i
abi
l
ityof
per
sonmaki
ngadmi
ssi
on.

CONCLUSI
ON
Tosum upAconf
essi
oni
sast
atementmadebyanaccusedper
sonwhi
chi
s
soughtt
obepr
ovedagai
nsthi
mincr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ngest
abl
i
sht
hecommi
ssi
onof
of
fence by hi
m.Wher
eas,an admi
ssi
on usual
l
yrel
ates t
o ci
vi
ltr
ansact
ion and
compr
isesal
lst
atement
samount
ingt
oadmi
ssi
ondef
inedunderSect
ion17andmade
byper
sonment
ionedunderSect
ions18,
19and20.Conf
essi
ons,i
fdel
i
ber
atel
yand
v
olunt
ari
l
ymade,maybeaccept
edasconcl
usi
veoft
hemat
ter
sconf
essedwher
eas;
admi
ssi
onsar
enev
erconcl
usi
vet
othemat
ter
sadmi
tt
ed,t
houghi
tmayactasan
est
oppel
.Conf
essi
onsal
way
sgoagai
nstt
heper
sonmaki
ngi
twher
eas,admi
ssi
ons
maybeusedonbehal
foft
heper
sonmaki
ngi
tundert
heexcept
ionspr
ovi
dedi
nSect
ion
21ofEv
idenceAct
.Conf
essi
onsmadebyoneort
woormor
eaccusedj
oint
lyt
ri
edf
or
t
hesameof
fencecanbet
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
onagai
nstt
hecoaccusedal
soas
ment
ionedi
nSect
ion30.Ont
heot
herhand,
admi
ssi
onbyoneofsev
eraldef
endant
sin
asui
tisnoev
idenceagai
nstot
her
s.Conf
essi
oni
sst
atementwr
it
tenoror
alwhi
chi
sa
di
rectadmi
ssi
onofsui
tandAdmi
ssi
oni
sast
atement
,or
alorwr
it
ten,whi
chgi
ves
i
nfer
enceaboutt
hel
i
abi
l
ityofper
sonmaki
ngadmi
ssi
on.
MODULE03
RELEVANCYOFFACTSI
I
1.STATEMENTBYPERSONSWHOCAN-
NOTBEFOUND(
SECTI
ONS32-
33)
2.STATEMENTSMADEUNDERSPECI
ALCI
RCUMSTANCES(
SECTI
ONS34-
39)
3.JUDGMENTS(
SECTI
ONS40-
44)

1.STATEMENTBYPERSONSWHOCAN-
NOTBEFOUND(
SECTI
ONS32-
33)
I
ntr
oduct
ion

Per
sonswhocannotbecal
l
edasawi
tness

Sect
ion32oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872i
sanexcept
iont
othegener
alr
ule

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage45
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

andundert
hissect
iont
hehear
sayev
idencei
sadmi
ssi
ble.Undert
hissect
ion,i
ndi
rect
ev
idencei
srel
evantashel
dint
hecaseofMst
.Bi
rov
.At
maRam.Accor
dingt
osect
ion
32,
anywr
it
tenorv
erbalst
atementcont
aini
ngr
elev
antf
act
swhi
chi
smadebyaper
son
whoi
sei
therdeadorcannotbef
oundorhasbeengi
venbya per
sonwhohasbecome
i
ncapabl
eofgi
vi
ngev
idenceort
heat
tendanceofsuchper
soncanr
equi
redel
ayor
expensewhi
chseemsunr
easonabl
etot
hecour
t,ar
erel
evanti
nthef
oll
owi
ngcases:

Whent
hest
atementi
srel
atedt
ocausi
ngofdeat
h

Accor
dingt
osect
ion32(
1),whent
hequest
ioncomest
othedeat
hofaper
son
andt
hatper
songi
vesast
atementr
egar
dingt
hecauseofhi
sdeat
horaboutanyoft
he
ci
rcumst
ances whi
ch l
ed t
o hi
s deat
hthen i
tis consi
der
ed t
o be r
elev
ant
.The
st
atement
smadear
econsi
der
edr
elev
antev
eni
fthatper
sonmaki
ngast
atementwas
t
her
eornotatt
het
imewhent
hest
atementwasmadedur
ingt
heexpect
ati
onofdeat
h.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion:

Whent
hequest
ionar
isest
hatwhet
herBmur
der
edAornot
.

Adeadduet
othei
njur
ycausedbyBandsui
tagai
nstBi
scar
ri
edonbyl
egal
hei
rofA.

Thest
atementofAr
egar
dinghi
sdeat
href
err
ingt
othemur
derandot
heract
ionabl
e
wr
ongsar
erel
evantf
act
s.

Ast
atementmadei
ntheor
dinar
ycour
seofbusi
ness

Ast
atementwhi
chhasbeenmadebysuchper
sondur
ingt
heor
dinar
ycour
seof
busi
nessandsuchst
atementconsi
stsofanyst
atementorent
ryofmemor
andum or
anybookmai
ntai
nedbyhi
mint
heor
dinar
ycour
seofbusi
ness.I
tmaybeconsi
der
edof
anyacknowl
edgementwhi
chhasbeenwr
it
tenandsi
gnedf
orhi
m ofanydocument
whi
chi
susedf
orcommer
cewhi
chhasbeenwr
it
tenandsi
gnedbyhi
m accor
dingt
o
sub-
clause(
2)ofsect
ion32.

I
LLUSTRATI
ON:Whent
hequest
ioni
ndi
sput
eisr
egar
dingt
hequest
iont
hatwhet
her
t
heshi
psai
l
edf
rom Kol
kat
ahar
bouronapar
ti
cul
ardat
ethen,al
ett
erwr
it
tenbya
memberofmer
chant
’sf
ir
m t
othecor
respondentst
ati
ngt
hatt
hecar
gohasbeen

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage46
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

shi
ppedont
hepar
ti
cul
ardat
eisar
elev
antf
act
.

Thest
atementmadeagai
nstt
hei
nter
estoft
hemaker

Whenast
atementmadebyaper
soni
sagai
nsthi
specuni
aryorpr
opr
iet
ary
i
nter
estandi
twi
l
lexposehi
mifi
tist
ruet
ocr
imi
nalpr
osecut
ionort
othesui
tof
damagest
heni
tconsi
der
edbei
ngr
elev
antundersect
ion32(
3).

I
ll
ust
rat
ion:

Ahasmadeanyst
atementwhi
chi
sagai
nsthi
sint
erestandsuchst
atementcanexpose
hi
m,t
hensuchst
atementi
srel
evant
.

Thest
atementwhi
chgi
vesanopi
nionast
opubl
i
cri
ghtorcust
om

Whenast
atementi
smadewhi
chgi
vesanopi
nionr
egar
dingt
heexi
stenceofany
publ
i
cri
ght
s,cust
oms,
oramat
terr
elat
edt
othegener
alpubl
i
cint
erestwhi
chi
texi
sted,
hewoul
dhav
ebeenawar
eofandwhensuchst
atementhasbeenmadet
her
ewasno
cont
rov
ersyofsuchr
ight
s,cust
omsormat
terundersect
ion32(
4).

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

I
faquest
ionar
iseswhet
hert
her
oadi
sapubl
i
cway
.Thest
atementbyXwhoi
sa
deceasedheadmanoft
hatv
il
lagei
srel
evant
.

Thest
atementast
otheexi
stenceofar
elat
ionshi
p

Undersect
ion32(
5),whenast
atementi
sgi
venwhi
chi
srel
atedt
otheexi
stence
ofar
elat
ionshi
pbybl
ood,mar
ri
ageoradopt
ionbyt
hepar
tymaki
ngt
hest
atementhas
aspeci
almeansofknowl
edgeaboutt
heexi
stenceofsuchr
elat
ionshi
paboutmar
ri
age,
bl
oodr
elat
ionoradopt
ionandsuchst
atementi
srequi
redt
obemadebef
oret
hedi
sput
e
wasr
aised.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion:

I
fthequest
ionoft
hedi
sput
ear
isest
hatwhet
herornotAandBar
elegal
l
ymar
ri
ed,
then

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage47
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
hest
atementofadeceasedcl
ergy
mant
hatt
heywer
emar
ri
edbyhi
m undercer
tai
n
ci
rcumst
anceswi
l
lber
elev
ant
.

Ast
atementmadei
nawi
l
lordeedi
nfami
l
yaf
fai
rs

Whent
hest
atementmadei
srel
atedt
otheexi
stenceofar
elat
ionshi
pbybl
ood,
adopt
ionormar
ri
agebet
weent
hedeceasedper
sonsi
nanydeedorwi
l
landsuchwi
l
lor
deedi
srel
atedt
othef
ami
l
yaf
fai
rsofsuchdeceasedper
sont
heni
tisconsi
der
edt
obe
r
elev
antundersect
ion32(
6).Suchast
atementi
srequi
redt
obemadebef
oret
he
quest
ioni
ndi
sput
ewasr
aised.

I
LLUSTRATI
ON:I
fthequest
ionar
isest
hatAwhoi
sadeceasedper
son,whet
hert
he
f
atherofB.Thest
atementofAi
nhi
swi
l
lconsi
der
ingBashi
ssoni
srel
evant
.

St
atementi
nadocumentr
elat
ingt
otr
ansact
ioncr
eat
ingaRi
ghtorcust
om

Accor
dingt
osect
ion32(
7),whenast
atementi
sst
atedi
nanywi
l
l,deedorany
ot
herdocumentwhi
chi
srel
atedt
othequest
ionoft
heexi
stenceofar
ightorcust
om
undersect
ion13(
a)oft
heEv
idenceAct
,1872.Suchast
atementshoul
dber
egar
dingt
he
exi
stenceofacer
tai
nri
ghtorcust
om bywhi
chsuchr
ightorcust
om whi
chi
sin
quest
ionwascr
eat
ed,
coi
ned,
recogni
sedordeni
ed.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion:

Whenani
ssuear
isesaboutacust
om orr
ighti
napar
ti
cul
arar
ea,t
hest
atementofX
whowaspr
esentwhensuchr
ightorcust
om wascr
eat
edi
srel
evant
.

A st
atementmadebysev
eralper
sonsexpr
essi
ngf
eel
i
ngsr
elev
antt
othemat
teri
n
quest
ion

Whent
hest
atementhasbeenmadebysev
eralnumber
sofper
sonswhohav
e
expr
essedt
hei
rfeel
i
ngsont
hei
rpar
t,t
hensuchst
atementi
srel
evantundersect
ion
32(
8).

EXAMPLE:
Publ
i
copi
nionaboutamat
teri
ndi
sput
e.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage48
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Whocanmaket
heabov
est
atement
s

Theper
sonwhoi
sdead

Thest
atementmadeundersect
ion32mustbemadebyaper
sonwhoi
sdead
bef
oreadmi
tt
ingt
hest
atementbef
oret
hissect
ion.Thest
atementofadeadper
sonhas
beengi
veni
mpor
tanceundert
hissect
ionast
her
ecanbenobet
terev
idencecanbel
aid
t
hant
hest
atementmadebyt
hedy
ingper
sonhi
msel
fabouthi
sdeat
h.

I
ftheper
sonwhohasmadet
hedy
ingdecl
arat
ionsur
viv
est
hensuchst
atement
i
snotadmi
tt
edundersect
ion32butundert
hepr
ovi
sionofconf
essi
on.

Theper
sonwhocannotbef
ound

Whenaper
sondi
sappear
sandnev
erhear
dofandhi
spr
esenceasawi
tness
cannotbecompel
l
edandsuchaper
sonmakesast
atementandt
hepar
tyt
othe
pr
oceedi
ngi
sabl
etopr
ovet
hatsuchper
sonhasdi
sappear
edbuthi
sst
atementcanbe
pr
ovedt
hensuchst
atementcanbeadmi
tt
ed.

Bef
oresuchast
atementi
sadmi
tt
edi
tisr
equi
redt
obepr
ovedt
hatt
heper
son
whoi
sseeki
ngf
oradmi
ssi
onofsuchast
atementhasmadeanexami
nat
ionoft
hat
per
sonwi
thanhonestef
for
t.

Byt
heper
sonwhoi
sincapabl
eofgi
vi
ngev
idence

Whenaper
sonmaki
ngacer
tai
nst
atementl
aterbecomephy
sical
l
yunf
itand
i
ncapabl
etodepose,i
nsuchasi
tuat
ion,i
fthest
atement
smadear
erel
atedt
othesub-
cl
ausesofsect
ion32oft
heAct
,theni
tisadmi
tt
edandmaybepr
oveddur
ingt
he
pr
oceedi
ngs.Thi
ssect
ioni
ncl
udesanyper
sonwhobecomesphy
sical
l
yincapabl
eof
gi
vi
ngast
atementonal
aterst
age.

Unr
easonabl
edel
ayorexpenses

When t
her
e can be unr
easonabl
e del
ay orexpenses i
nthe pr
ocedur
e of
appear
anceofawi
tness,
theni
fhi
spr
evi
ousst
atementi
srel
evant
,iti
sadmi
ssi
ble.

But
,themer
efactt
hataper
soni
sli
vi
ngf
arawayf
rom t
hepl
aceoft
ri
al,i
snota

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage49
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

v
ali
dgr
oundoft
headmi
ssi
onofast
atementundersect
ion32.Fort
headmi
ssi
onofa
st
atementundersect
ion32,i
tmustbepr
ovedt
hati
ntheat
tendanceoft
heper
son,
unr
easonabl
edel
ayandexpensewi
l
ltakepl
ace.

DYI
NGDECLARATI
ON

Thet
erm“
dyi
ngdecl
arat
ion”i
snotdef
inedundert
heEv
idenceActbuti
tcanbe
i
nter
pret
edaccor
dingt
osub-
sect
ion(
1)ofsect
ion32.

Ashel
dint
hecaseofRam Bi
har
iYadavv
.theSt
ateofBi
har
,“Ady
ingdecl
arat
ion
canbedef
inedasast
atementmadebyaper
sonwhoi
sdeadr
egar
dingt
her
easonf
or
t
hecauseofhi
sdeat
handr
egar
dinganyt
ransact
ionwhi
chr
esul
tedi
nhi
sdeat
h.Al
so
whent
hequest
ionofdeat
hcomesi
ntoquest
iont
hensuchst
atement
sar
erel
evant
undersect
ion32oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.Theper
sonmaki
ngsuchast
atementwas
undert
heexpect
ati
onofdeat
hornotatt
het
imewhensuchst
atementwasmade
comesi
ntoquest
ion”
.

Ev
ident
iar
yVal
ueofDy
ingDecl
arat
ion

Whenady
ingdecl
arat
ioni
smadeor
all
yandt
heper
songi
vest
henameof
assai
l
ant
sandi
tiswr
it
tenbyanyoft
hem,
theni
tisav
ali
ddy
ingdecl
arat
ion.Thepeopl
e
pr
esentcandi
sposeofor
all
ythatt
henamesofassai
l
ant
swer
egi
venbyt
hedeceased
ashel
dint
hecaseofNanhuRam v
.theSt
ateofM.
P.

Theor
aldy
ingdecl
arat
ioni
sconsi
der
edadmi
ssi
bleandt
heyar
eanexcept
iont
othe
gener
alr
uleofev
idencet
hatconsi
der
shear
sayev
idenceasi
nval
i
dev
idencei
ntheey
es
ofl
aw.

I
nthecaseofBabl
ev.St
ateofChat
ti
sgar
h,i
twashel
dthatt
heor
aldy
ingdecl
arat
ioni
s
anexcept
ionoft
heHear
sayev
idence.

Ev
enwhenady
ingdecl
arat
ionhasbeenmadebyt
hedeceasedbef
orehi
swi
fe,
f
ather
-i
n-l
aw oranyr
elat
ivei
naconsci
ousst
ateandt
hedoct
orconduct
inghi
spost
mor
tem exami
nat
ionhasnotmadeacr
oss-
exami
nat
ionaboutt
hement
alst
ateoft
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage50
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

deceased,t
henal
sot
hedy
ingdecl
arat
ion consi
der
edabsol
utel
yval
i
dandconv
ict
ion
canbemadeont
hebasi
sofsuchdecl
arat
ionashel
dint
hiscaseofPr
abi
nAl
iv.St
ate
ofAssam.

I
nthecaseofVi
j
ayPalv
.St
ate(
Gov
ernmentofNCT)Del
hi,i
twashel
dbyt
he
cour
tthati
tiscl
earbyt
hel
aw t
hatwhenady
ingdecl
arat
ioni
scr
edi
bleandt
her
eis
not
hingi
nther
ecor
dthatt
hecondi
ti
onofdeceasedwasnotsot
hathecoul
dhav
e
madet
hest
atementt
oawi
tness.Li
kei
nthi
scasewhent
hewi
tnessr
ushedt
othe
houseoft
hedeceased,
shet
oldhi
mthatherhusbandhaspour
edker
oseneonher
.

I
nthecasewher
ethedeat
hoft
hedeceasedbybur
ningbyt
hehusband,i
nsuch
cases,t
hedy
ingdecl
arat
ionmadebyt
hedeceasedi
sconsi
der
edt
obet
otal
l
ytr
ueand
noev
idencei
spr
esentt
hatcanpr
ovet
hecont
rar
y.Ev
ent
heabsenceofker
oseneoi
lin
t
hedeceasedhai
rscannotr
endert
hedy
ingdecl
arat
ionasdoubt
fulashel
dint
hecase
ofTanuaRabi
dasv
.St
ateofAssam.

Thedy
ingdecl
arat
ioncannotbeusedf
orconv
ict
ionofaccusedi
fiti
sthesol
e
ev
idence.Theconv
ict
ioncannotbemadesol
elyont
hebasi
sofdy
ingdecl
arat
ion
unl
essi
tiscor
robor
atedandeachcasei
sdeci
dedonani
ndi
vi
dualbasi
soft
hecase.
Theci
rcumst
ancesoft
hecaseaf
fectt
hev
alueoft
hedy
ingdecl
arat
ion.sol
eev
idence

Reasonf
oradmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofdy
ingdecl
arat
ioni
nev
idence

A dy
ingdecl
arat
ioni
sadmi
ssi
blei
ntheev
idencebasedont
hepr
inci
pleof
:
‘
Nemomor
it
urnspr
oesumi
turment
ir
i’

Thi
spr
inci
plemeanst
hatamandoesnotl
i
eatt
het
imeofhi
sdeat
handhewi
l
l
notmeetGodwi
thal
i
einhi
smout
h”.Ady
ingdecl
arat
ioni
sconsi
der
edt
obecor
rectas
l
ongasconf
idencei
sinspi
redbyi
tint
hemi
ndoft
heCour
t.Ady
ingdecl
arat
ioni
s
r
equi
redt
obej
udgedaccor
dingt
oit
sci
rcumst
ancesashel
dint
hecaseofUmakantv
.
St
ateofChat
ti
sgar
h.

Ashel
dbyt
heSupr
emeCour
tint
hecaseofUkaRam v
.St
ateofRaj
ast
han,t
he
senseofdeat
hleadst
othesamef
eel
i
ngwhi
chav
irt
uousmangetunderoat
handt
he
pr
inci
ple ofadmi
ssi
bil
i
ty ofdy
ing decl
arat
ion i
s based upon t
his pr
inci
ple.The

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage51
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

admi
ssi
onofdy
ingdecl
arat
ioni
smadeont
heconsi
der
ati
ont
hatt
hedecl
arat
ionhas
beenmadebyt
hedeceasedunderext
remi
ty.Whenaper
soni
sneardeat
handhi
shope
i
sgonef
ort
hiswor
ldt
heni
tispower
fulconsi
der
ati
ont
hathewi
l
lbespeaki
ngt
het
rut
h.
I
ndi
anl
awi
sbasedont
hepr
inci
plet
hat“
ady
ingmansel
dom l
i
es.Ther
ear
etwot
ypes
ofst
atement
swhi
char
emadeadmi
ssi
blebysect
ion32(
1):

 Ast
atementst
ati
ngt
hecauseofdeat
h

 St
atementr
elat
edt
oanyci
rcumst
anceswhi
chr
esul
tedi
ndeat
h.

Condi
ti
onsf
ordy
ingdecl
arat
ion

Thest
atementi
sconsi
der
edasady
ingdecl
arat
ionwhent
hest
atementi
smade
undert
hef
oll
owi
ngci
rcumst
ancesandcondi
ti
ons:

Causeofdeat
h

Whenaper
sonmakesast
atementr
egar
dinghi
scauseofdeat
horaboutany
ci
rcumst
ancesort
ransact
iont
hatr
esul
tedi
nhi
sdeat
hthensuchst
atementwi
l
lbe
consi
der
edasady
ingdecl
arat
ionandi
tisconsi
der
edr
elev
ant
.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion:

Adi
esduet
oassaul
t.Bef
orehi
sdeat
h,Amakesast
atementt
hanBst
abbedhi
m wi
tha
kni
fe.Suchast
atementi
sadmi
ssi
blebef
oret
hecour
tasady
ingdecl
arat
ionandt
he
f
actt
hedeceasedsur
viv
edf
orf
ewday
sev
enaf
teraf
atali
njur
ydoesnotdepr
ivesuch
st
atementofbei
ngofachar
act
erofdy
ingdecl
arat
ion.

 Thest
atementr
elat
edt
othecauseofdeat
hoft
hedeponenti
sadmi
ssi
bleand
t
het
imegapbet
weent
hest
atementofdeceasedandt
hedeat
hisconsi
der
ed
i
mmat
eri
al.

 Thest
atementoft
hedeceasedmadebutt
hecauseofdeat
hissomet
hingel
se
orsomedi
sease,
thensuchst
atementi
snotconsi
der
edasady
ingdecl
arat
ion.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage52
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Whendecl
arantdi
esofi
njur
ythati
syett
obepr
oved

Fort
hest
atementt
obeconsi
der
edasady
ingdecl
arat
ioni
tisr
equi
redt
obe
pr
ovedt
hatt
hecauseofhi
sdeat
hisduet
othei
njur
yher
ecei
vedi
nthei
nci
dentf
or
whi
cht
heaccusedi
stobepr
osecut
ed.Asi
nthecaseofChandr
aBhanSi
nghv
.St
ate
wher
ethedeceasednar
rat
edt
hei
nci
dentofmur
derbef
oret
hepol
i
ceaboutt
heat
tack
onhi
mformur
derbutl
ateri
twasf
oundt
hatt
hedeat
hofdeceasedwasbecausehe
dev
elopedcancer
.So,t
hest
atementoft
hedeceasedcoul
dnotbeconsi
der
edasa
dy
ingdecl
arat
ion.

Ci
rcumst
anceswhi
chr
esul
tedi
nhi
sdeat
h

Theexpr
essi
on“
anyci
rcumst
ancesoft
ransact
iont
hatr
esul
tedi
ndeat
h”hasa
wi
derscopet
hant
heex
pressi
oncauseofdeat
h.Ev
eni
fast
atementi
snotconsi
der
ed
asacauseofdeat
hbuti
tmi
ghtbeadmi
ssi
bleundert
heci
rcumst
anceswhi
chr
esul
ted
i
ndeat
h.

I
nthecaseofPat
elHi
ral
alJoi
taRam v
.theSt
ateofGuj
rat
,itwashel
dbyt
he
cour
tthatst
atementofci
rcumst
ancest
hatr
esul
tedi
ndeat
hisi
tsel
fenought
oexpand
t
hescopeofadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyoft
hedecl
arat
ion.Anyst
atementr
elat
edt
odeat
hdi
rect
lyor
i
ndi
rect
ly,
proxi
mat
elyorr
emot
elyar
econsi
der
edundert
hisandi
texpandst
heambi
tof
dy
ingdecl
arat
ion.

I
ntent
iont
ousesuchast
atementasdy
ingdecl
arat
ioni
snotcompul
sor
y

I
nthecaseBhagi
rat
hv.t
heSt
ateofHar
yanai
twashel
dbyt
heSupr
emeCour
t
t
hati
tisnotcompul
sor
ythatwhi
l
erecor
dingt
hedy
ingdecl
arat
iont
hatst
atementi
sto
beusedatdy
ingdecl
arat
ion.Thei
ntent
iont
ouset
hest
atementatady
ingdecl
arat
ioni
s
notmandat
ory
.

I
nthi
s case,al
so t
he deceased who has suf
fer
ed t
he gunshotmade hi
s
st
atementbutl
aterhedi
ed.Thest
atementr
ecor
dedwasconsi
der
edast
hedy
ing
decl
arat
ion.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage53
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Theper
sonmaki
ngast
atementwhennotdead

Whent
heper
sonwhohasmadet
hest
atementasdy
ingdecl
arat
ionsur
viv
esand
doesnotdi
e,t
hensuchst
atementi
snotconsi
der
edasady
ingdecl
arat
ion.I
twi
l
lbe
consi
der
edasconf
essi
onst
atementbutnotasady
ingdecl
arat
ion.

Expect
ati
onofdeat
h

A st
atementr
ecor
ded asdy
ing decl
arat
ioni
sconsi
der
ed r
elev
antwhent
he
per
sonmaki
ngt
hest
atementwasorwasnothav
inganexpect
ati
onofdeat
h.

Theexpect
ati
onofdeat
hdoesnotaf
fectt
hev
ali
dit
yofdy
ingdecl
arat
ionbuti
t
af
fect
sthewei
ghtat
tachedt
oit
.Whenaper
sonwhoi
smaki
ngt
hest
atementhas
knowl
edget
hathei
sgoi
ngt
odi
eandhedoesnothav
eanyhopeofr
ecov
eryl
eft
,then
t
hechancesofst
atement
stobet
ruei
ncr
easesashel
dint
hecaseSt
atev
.Kanchan
[
AIR1954Al
l153]
.

TheSupr
emeCour
tisal
sooft
hev
iewt
hatt
her
eisnodoubtt
hatwhenaper
son
i
sexpect
ingdeat
hsoont
hent
hechancesoff
alsehooddecr
easesbutt
hev
alueoft
he
st
atementi
snotl
osti
ftheper
soni
sal
i
vef
oral
ongert
imet
hanexpect
ed.

Pr
oxi
mat
ecause

Thest
atementmadeasdy
ingdecl
arat
ionmusthav
eapr
oxi
mat
erel
ati
onshi
p
wi
tht
heact
ualoccur
renceandnotr
emot
easobser
vedbyt
hepr
ivycounci
lint
hecase
ofNar
ainSwamiv
.Emper
or.Thest
atementofaper
sonshoul
dber
egar
dingt
hecause
ofdeat
horci
rcumst
ancesl
eadi
ngt
othedeat
hoft
heper
sonandi
tshoul
dbemadeby
t
hedeceasedper
son.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenI
ndi
anLawandEngl
i
shLawr
egar
dingt
hedy
ingdecl
arat
ion

Ther
ulesr
egar
dingt
hedy
ingdecl
arat
ionar
edi
ff
erentunderEngl
i
shl
awt
hant
heI
ndi
an
Lawasf
oll
ows:

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage54
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

 Thedy
ingdecl
arat
ioni
snotadmi
ssi
blei
ntheci
vi
lcasesundert
heEngl
i
shLaw
butunderI
ndi
anl
aw,t
hedy
ingdecl
arat
ioncanbeadmi
ssi
bleev
eni
nci
vi
lcases
i
ntoquest
ion.

 I
nthecr
imi
nalcasesundert
heEngl
i
shLaw,t
hedy
ingdecl
arat
ioni
sconsi
der
ed
onl
yinsi
ngl
einst
ancesofhomi
cidesuchasmur
derormansl
aught
erwher
ethe
ci
rcumst
ancesoft
hedeat
har
esubj
ectt
ody
ingdecl
arat
ionwhi
l
eundert
he
I
ndi
anLegalSy
stem,t
hest
atementmadeasdy
ingdecl
arat
ionactasev
idence
what
evert
henat
ureofchar
gesmaybe.

 Aspert
heEngl
i
shl
aw,f
ordy
ingdecl
arat
ioncer
tai
ncondi
ti
onsar
erequi
redt
o
exi
stdur
ingt
het
imeofdecl
arat
ionsuchas:

o I
tisi
mpor
tantt
hatt
hedecl
arantshoul
dbei
nact
ualdangerofdeat
hand
t
hest
atementshoul
dbemader
ecei
vi
ngt
hei
njur
y.

o Thedecl
arantshoul
dbeawar
eofhi
sdangerandheshoul
dhav
elef
tev
ery
hopeofr
ecov
ery
.

o Thedeat
hshoul
dbecaused.

 Undert
heI
ndi
anLegalsy
stem,t
het
hir
dcondi
ti
onofdeat
hisnecessar
yast
he
dy
ingdecl
arat
ioni
sconsi
der
edadmi
ssi
bleonl
ywhent
hedecl
arantdi
esbutt
he
f
ir
stt
wocondi
ti
onsar
enotmandat
oryunderI
ndi
anLawf
oradecl
arat
iont
obe
admi
ssi
bleasdy
ingdecl
arat
ion.

 Undersect
ion 32 oft
he Ev
idence Act
,the st
atementoft
he deponenti
s
consi
der
edasady
ingdecl
arat
ionev
enwhenhewasnoti
nact
ualdangerorhe
hasnoact
ual
knowl
edgeoft
hedanger

 UnderEngl
i
shl
aw,
admi
ssi
bil
i
tyoft
hedy
ingdecl
arat
iondependsont
hepr
inci
ple
t
hatsenseofdeat
hispr
oducedi
naman’
smi
ndsomef
eel
i
ngoft
hati
ssameas
av
irt
uousper
songi
vi
ngast
atementunderoat
h.Whenaper
soni
satt
hev
ergeof
deat
handhehasnohopel
eftf
orl
i
fe,t
hent
hef
eel
i
ngsoff
alsehooddi
sappear
s
andaper
son’
smi
ndonl
yspeakst
het
rut
h.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage55
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

 UnderI
ndi
anLaw,f
orconsi
der
ati
onofst
atement
sasdy
ingdecl
arat
ionand
t
est
ingi
tscr
edi
bil
i
ty,
awei
ghti
sgi
vent
othef
act
sandci
rcumst
ancesoft
hecase.

Dy
ingdecl
arat
ionr
ecor
dedbyt
hepol
i
ce

Ady
ingdecl
arat
ionr
ecor
dedbyapol
i
cedur
inghi
scour
seofi
nvest
igat
ioni
s
consi
der
edadmi
ssi
bleundersect
ion32oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActbuti
tisbet
tert
o
l
eav
esuchdecl
arat
ionoutofconsi
der
ati
onunl
esst
hepr
osecut
ioni
sabl
etosat
isf
ythe
cour
tthatwhyi
twasnotdecl
arat
ionr
ecor
dedbyamagi
str
ateoradoct
orashel
dbyt
he
Supr
emeCour
tint
hecaseDi
l
eepSi
nghv
.theSt
ateofPunj
ab[
1979Cr
LJ700]
.

Concl
usi
on

Ther
ear
ecer
tai
ncl
assesofpeopl
ewho cannotbecal
l
ed asawi
tnessbutt
hei
r
st
atementwhenr
ecor
dedundercer
tai
nci
rcumst
ances,i
tisconsi
der
edasr
elev
ant
.
Suchaswhent
hest
atementi
smadebyaper
sonwhoi
sdeadoraper
sonwhocannot
bef
oundort
heat
tendanceofwhom r
equi
resunr
easonabl
edel
ayorexpensest
hent
he
st
atementmadebyt
hem r
egar
dinghi
sdeat
h,oror
dinar
ycour
seofbusi
nessand
cer
tai
not
hercondi
ti
onsasment
ionedundersect
ion32ar
econsi
der
edr
elev
ant
.One
t
hemaj
orst
atementi
sthedy
ing decl
arat
ion.Thedy
ing decl
arat
ioni
sconsi
der
ed
admi
ssi
bleundert
heI
ndi
anLegalsy
stem andhol
dsi
mpor
tantev
ident
iar
yval
ueunder
l
aw.Thedy
ingdecl
arat
ionsol
elydoesnotl
eadconv
ict
ionbutunderf
ewci
rcumst
ances
oft
hecase,
event
hesol
edy
ingdecl
arat
ioncanl
eadt
otheconv
ict
ionofaccused.

Theconsi
der
ati
onoft
hedy
ingdecl
arat
ional
sodependsupont
hef
act
sand
ci
rcumst
ancesoft
hecase.Ther
eisamaj
ordi
ff
erencebet
weent
heconceptofdy
ing
decl
arat
ionbet
weent
heEngl
i
shLaw andundert
heI
ndi
anLegalSy
stem.Thedy
ing
decl
arat
ion and t
hewei
ghtat
tached t
o al
so dependsupon t
heknowl
edgeoft
he
deceasedaboutt
heexpect
ati
onofdeat
hast
her
eist
heconcepti
nthel
egalsy
stem
t
hatwhenaper
sonknowshei
sgoi
ngt
odi
e,t
hent
hest
atementgi
venbyhi
m ar
enot
f
alseandi
tal
soi
mpr
ovest
hecr
edi
bil
i
tyofdy
ingdecl
arat
ion.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage56
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

2.STATEMENTSMADEUNDERSPECI
ALCI
RCUMSTANCES(
SECTI
ONS34-
39)
Ent
ri
esi
naccountbooksr
egul
arl
ykepti
nthecour
seofbusi
nessar
eadmi
ssi
blet
hough
t
heybyt
hemsel
vescannotcr
eat
eanyl
i
abi
l
ity
.

I
shwarDasv
.SohanLaw,
2000

Unboundsheet
sofpaperar
enotbooksofaccountandcannotber
eli
edupon.

Dhar
am ChandJoshi
v.Sat
yaNar
ayanBazaz,
1993

Booksofaccountbei
ng onl
ycor
robor
ati
ve ev
idence mustbe suppor
ted byot
her
ev
idence.

Dhar
am ChandJoshi
v.Sat
yaNar
ayanBazaz,
1993

35.Rel
evancyofent
ryi
npubl
i
c[r
ecor
doranel
ect
roni
crecor
d]madei
nper
for
manceof
dut
y.

Anent
ryi
nanypubl
i
corot
herof
fi
cialbook,r
egi
sterorr
ecor
doranel
ect
roni
c
r
ecor
d,st
ati
ngaf
acti
nissueorr
elev
antf
act
,andmadebyapubl
i
cser
vanti
nthe
di
schar
geofhi
sof
fi
ci
aldut
y,orbyanyot
herper
soni
nper
for
manceofadut
yspeci
all
y
enj
oined byt
hel
aw oft
hecount
ryi
n whi
ch such book,r
egi
ster
,orr
ecor
d oran
el
ect
roni
crecor
diskept
,isi
tsel
far
elev
antf
act
.

Document
smadeant
eli
tem mot
am-

Document
smadeant
eli
tem mot
am canber
eli
eduponsaf
ely
,whensuchdocument
s
ar
eadmi
ssi
bleundersect
ion35.

Mur
ugam v
ersusSt
ateofTami
lNadu,
2011

Rel
evancyofBapt
ism cer
ti
fi
cat
e-

I
thas been hel
dregar
ding pr
oofaboutl
egi
ti
macyofchi
l
dthatt
he Br
it
ish
cer
ti
fi
cat
epr
oceedi
ngont
hebasi
sofbapt
ism cer
ti
fi
cat
e,cont
aini
ngf
actt
hatbapt
ism
r
ecor
dwasr
eadandcheckedbef
oret
hegodpar
ent
sandsi
gnedbyper
sonal
ongwi
th
godpar
ent
s,suchcer
ti
fi
cat
eisv
ali
d.ThusBr
it
ishcer
ti
fi
cat
epr
oceedi
ngonbasi
sof

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage57
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

bapt
ism cer
ti
fi
cat
elegal
l
yrecogni
sedl
egi
ti
macy
.

Lui
sCaet
anoVi
eganv
.Est
erl
i
neMar
ianaR.
M.A.Da’
Cost
a,2003

36.Rel
evancyofst
atement
sinmaps,
char
tsandpl
ans.

St
atement
soff
act
sini
ssueorr
elev
antf
act
s,madei
npubl
i
shedmapsorchar
ts
gener
all
yof
fer
edf
orpubl
i
csal
e,ori
nmapsorpl
ansmadeundert
heaut
hor
it
yoft
he
Cent
ralGov
ernmentoranySt
ateGov
ernment
,ast
omat
ter
susual
l
yrepr
esent
edor
st
atedi
nsuchmaps,
char
ts,
orpl
ansar
ethemsel
vesf
act
s.

37.Rel
evancyofst
atementast
ofactofpubl
i
cnat
ure,cont
ainedi
ncer
tai
nAct
sor
not
if
icat
ions.

Whent
heCour
thast
ofor
m anopi
nionast
otheexi
stenceofanyf
actofapubl
i
c
nat
ure,anyst
atementofi
t,madei
nar
eci
talcont
ainedi
nanyActofPar
li
amentoft
he
Uni
tedKi
ngdom,
ori
nanyCent
ralAct
,Pr
ovi
nci
alAct
,oraSt
ateAct
,ori
naGov
ernment
not
if
icat
ionornot
if
icat
ionbyt
heCr
ownRepr
esent
ati
veappear
ingi
ntheOf
fi
cialGazet
te
ori
nanypr
int
edpaperpur
por
ti
ngt
obet
heLondonGazet
teort
heGov
ernmentGazet
te
ofanyDomi
nion,
col
onyorpossessi
onofHi
sMaj
est
yisar
elev
antf
act
.

38.Rel
evancyofst
atement
sast
oanyl
awcont
ainedi
nlawbooks.

Whent
heCour
thast
ofor
m anopi
nionast
oal
awofanycount
ry,
anyst
atement
ofsuchl
aw cont
ained i
nabookpur
por
ti
ng t
o bepr
int
ed orpubl
i
shed undert
he
aut
hor
it
yoft
heGov
ernmentofsuchcount
ryandt
ocont
ainanysuchl
aw,
anyr
epor
tof
ar
uli
ngoft
heCour
tsofsuchcount
rycont
ainedi
nabookpur
por
ti
ngt
obear
epor
tof
suchr
uli
ngs,
isr
elev
ant
.

39.Whatev
idencet
obegi
venwhenst
atementf
ormspar
tofaconv
ersat
ion,
document
,
el
ect
roni
crecor
d,bookorser
iesofl
ett
ersorpaper
s.

Whenanyst
atementofwhi
chev
idencei
sgi
venf
ormspar
tofal
ongerst
atement
,
orofaconv
ersat
ionorpar
tofani
sol
ateddocument
,ori
scont
ainedi
nadocument
whi
chf
ormspar
tofabook,
ori
scont
ainedi
npar
tofel
ect
roni
crecor
dorofaconnect
ed
ser
iesofl
ett
ersorpaper
s,ev
idenceshal
lbegi
venofsomuchandnomor
eoft
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage58
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

st
atement
,conv
ersat
ion,document
,el
ect
roni
crecor
d,bookorser
iesofl
ett
ersor
paper
sast
heCour
tconsi
der
snecessar
yint
hatpar
ti
cul
arcaset
othef
ull
under
standi
ng
oft
henat
ureandef
fectoft
hest
atement
,andoft
heci
rcumst
ancesunderwhi
chi
twas
made.

3.JUDGMENTS(
SECTI
ONS40-
44)

Letusf
ir
stunder
standt
heact
ualmeani
ngofj
udgementundert
hecodeofci
vi
l
pr
ocedur
e,1908.Thesect
ion2(
9)ofCPCdef
inesi
tasadeci
sionwhi
chi
sgi
venbyt
he
j
udgesi
nacour
tregar
dingt
her
ight
s,dut
iesandl
i
abi
l
iti
esofani
ndi
vi
dual
.Thebasi
c
t
heor
yofl
awi
swhet
hert
hepr
evi
ousj
udgement
sort
hef
oll
owi
ngj
udgement
sar
enot
r
elev
ant
,asev
erycasei
sdeci
dedbyi
tsownf
act
s.Thej
udgementdependsupont
he
f
act
soft
hecaseofpar
ti
cul
arpar
ti
esandnotbyt
her
efer
encest
othej
udgementof
ot
hercases.

Judgmenti
soft
wot
ypes

 Judgementi
nrem

 Judgementi
nper
sonam

Judgementi
nrem:–Whenaj
udgmenti
sgi
venonapar
ti
cul
arsubj
ectmat
ter
,itwi
l
lnot
onl
yremai
nbet
weent
het
wopar
ti
esbutal
sobeappl
i
cabl
etot
heent
ir
ewor
ld.

Judgementi
nper
sonam:–Whenaj
udgmenti
sgi
venonasubj
ectmat
ter
,itwi
l
lremai
n
bet
weent
hepar
ti
es.I
tmeanst
hej
udgmentwi
l
lbeagai
nstani
ndi
vi
dual
.

‘
’
Rel
evancyofj
udgement
,”i
tmeanst
hatev
eryj
udgementi
sbasedupont
hef
act
s
ofeachpar
ti
cul
arcase.I
fweunder
standi
tinasi
mpl
eway
,itsay
sthateachandev
ery
casehasi
tsowni
mpor
tance.Thej
udgementofeachcasei
sbasedupont
hesubj
ect
mat
terandi
tisnotnecessar
ythatt
hej
udgmentofonecasei
sint
err
elat
edwi
thanot
her
case.

Aci
vi
lj
udgementi
snotr
elev
antt
oacr
imi
nalt
ri
alt
houghar
isi
ngoutoft
hesame
f
act
.Aj
udgementi
naci
vi
lcasef
ordef
amat
ioni
snotr
elev
antt
ocr
imi
nalpr
osecut
ion.
Thepr
evi
ousj
udgmenti
snotr
elev
antt
othesubsequentcase.Mor
eimpor
tancei
s

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage59
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

gi
vent
othef
act
soft
hecasesandont
hebasi
sofwhi
chj
udgementi
sgi
ven.

TheI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872

Thel
aw maybedi
vi
dedi
nto2par
tsi
.e.subst
ant
ivel
aw andpr
ocedur
all
aws.
Subst
ant
ivel
aws ar
ethose l
aws whi
ch def
ine t
he r
ight
,dut
ies,puni
shment
s and
of
fencesf
ort
hesame,f
ore.
g.I
.P.
C.,andpr
ocedur
all
awsar
ethosebywhi
cht
he
pr
ocedur
eofsubst
ant
ivel
aw i
sregul
ated,f
ore.
g.C.
R.P.
C.So t
hepr
ocedur
all
aw
i
ncl
udes t
he Ev
idence Act
.The exi
stence ofpr
ooforev
idence i
s necessar
yin
pr
ocedur
all
aw.The I
ndi
an Ev
idence Actwas or
igi
nal
l
y passed by t
he I
mper
ial
Legi
sl
ati
veCounci
li
n1872i
nIndi
a,dur
ingt
heBr
it
ishRul
e.I
tcont
ainsasetofr
ulesand
pr
ovi
des,
int
eral
i
a,howaf
acti
stobepr
oved.

I
tincl
udessect
ionsr
egar
dingt
hej
udgmentofcour
tofj
ust
icewhenr
elev
ant
f
rom Sect
ion40t
oSect
ion44whi
cht
alksf
ort
hesame.

 Sect
ion40–Theexi
sti
ngj
udgmentwi
l
lber
elev
antev
eni
nasecondsui
ttr
ial
.

 Sect
ion 41– The cer
tai
njudgment
sin pr
obat
e,mat
ri
moni
al,admi
l
ari
ty,and
i
nsol
vencyj
uri
sdi
cti
onar
erel
evant
.

 Sect
ion42– Theef
fectofj
udgement
,or
der
,ordecr
eei
srel
evant
,ot
hert
han
t
hosewhi
char
egi
veni
nsect
ion41.

 Sect
ion 43– Judgment
,or
derordecr
ee ar
eir
rel
evant
,ot
hert
han t
hose
ment
ionedi
nsect
ion40-
42.

 Sect
ion 44– I
fthe pr
evi
ous j
udgment may pr
oved f
raud,col
l
usi
on or
i
ncompet
encyofacour
tthensuchj
udgmentdoesnothav
etheef
fectofr
es
j
udi
cat
a.

Sect
ion40-Pr
evi
ousj
udgment
srel
evantt
obarasecondsui
tort
rai
l

Undert
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872,
Sect
ion40def
inest
hat
,theexi
stenceofany
j
udgment
,wi
l
lber
elev
antev
eni
nasecondt
ri
al.Her
ether
uleof‘
resj
udi
cat
a’appl
i
es.I
t
si
mpl
ymeanst
hati
fanyj
udgementwhi
chpr
event
sthecour
tfr
om gi
vi
ngat
tent
iont
o

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage60
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

suchasui
torpet
it
iont
heni
twi
l
lbear
elev
antf
act
.

Whati
s“r
esj
udi
cat
a”

Manyofy
oumayhav
ehear
daboutt
hiswor
d.“
Res”means“
subj
ectmat
ter
”and
“
judi
cat
e”means“
alr
eadydeci
ded”
.So,i
tsay
sthatt
hemat
teri
sal
readydeci
ded.I
tis
def
inedunderSect
ion11ofCr
.P.
C.

ForExampl
e:– ‘
A’and‘
B’ar
etwopar
ti
es,‘
A’sues‘
B’f
ormat
ter
srel
atedt
o
pr
oper
ty.Butt
hecour
tdi
smi
ssedt
hesui
tandt
henagai
n‘A’
fil
edasui
tagai
nst‘
B’.Soi
t
wassai
dthatoncet
hej
udgementwasgi
venbyacour
tov
erapar
ti
cul
arsubj
ectmat
ter
t
hent
hatcour
tdoesnothav
ethej
uri
sdi
cti
onandt
hef
ormul
aeofr
esj
udi
cat
aappl
i
es.

Si
mil
arl
y,t
heCr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
eCodebar
sasecondt
ri
alofaper
sononcet
ri
ed
orconv
ict
ed.Thus,t
hej
udgmentbywhi
chhewasconv
ict
edwi
l
lber
elev
antt
oev
ery
caseorpr
oceedi
ngi
nwhi
chhei
schar
gedwi
tht
hesameof
fence.

Shr
ini
vasKr
ishnar
aoKangov
.Nar
ayanDev
jiKangoAndOt
her
s(1954)

Thi
scasebel
ongst
oamemberofaj
ointundi
vi
dedf
ami
l
y.Bot
hSi
ddopantand
Kr
ishnar
aower
emember
soft
heKul
kar
nif
ami
l
y.Kr
ishnar
aodi
edi
n1897andl
eft
behi
ndawi
dow (
Rukmi
nibai
)whowast
hesi
xthdef
endant
.Si
ddopantdi
edi
n1899
l
eav
inghi
ssonGundo.Gundodi
edi
n1901l
eav
ingbehi
ndhi
swi
dow(
Lakshmi
bai
)who
wast
hef
if
thdef
endant
.Lakshmi
baiadopt
edasonDev
ji
,whodi
edi
n1935l
eav
inghi
s
t
hreesons.Thet
hreesonsandawi
dow (
Akkubai
)whowast
hef
our
thdef
endant
.In
1944,Rukmani
baiadopt
edt
hepl
aint
if
fandnowt
hatadopt
edsonwast
hePet
it
ioneri
n
t
hiscaseandt
heRespondentwasDev
ji
.So,
thePl
aint
if
fwascl
aimi
ngf
ort
hehal
fshar
e
f
rom t
hef
ami
l
ypr
oper
ty.Butt
heDef
endantdeni
edt
het
rut
handv
ali
dit
yoft
hepl
aint
if
f’
s
adopt
ion.Theyf
urt
hersai
dthatt
heonl
yancest
ralpr
oper
tybel
ongst
othef
ami
l
yof
Wat
an’
sLand.I
nthi
scase,t
hecour
thel
dthatt
headopt
ionoft
hepl
aint
if
fwasv
ali
dor
t
rueandal
sosai
dthatt
hisquest
ionwasnol
ongeri
ndi
sput
e.Thet
ri
alcour
thel
dthat
t
hepl
aint
if
fwasent
it
ledt
otheshar
e.

Sect
ion41-Rel
evancyofcer
tai
njudgmenti
npr
obat
e,et
c,j
uri
sdi
cti
on

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage61
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

TheI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872say
sthataf
inalj
udgment
,or
der
,decr
eeorr
uli
ng
ofacour
texer
cisi
ngpr
obat
e(r
elat
ingt
owi
l
l),
mat
ri
moni
al(
mar
ri
age,
div
orce)
,admi
ral
ty
(
warcl
aims)ori
nsol
vencyj
uri
sdi
cti
oni
srel
evant
.

Thi
ssect
ionconsi
stoft
wopar
ts:

 I
tdeal
swi
thj
udgementi
nrem i
.e.aki
ndofdecl
arat
ionaboutt
hest
atusofa
per
sonandi
sef
fect
ivet
otheent
ir
ewor
ldwhet
herhewasapar
tyornot
.

 Aj
udgementi
nper
sonam i
swhenaj
udgmenti
sgi
vent
othepar
ti
es(
e.g.at
ortor
a cont
ractact
ion)whi
ch bi
nds onl
ythe par
ti
es and i
s notr
elev
anti
n any
subsequentcase.

Suchj
udgmenti
sconcl
usi
vepr
oof
.Itr
efer
stoapr
esumpt
ionofapar
ti
cul
arsetoff
act
s
whi
chcannotbeov
err
uledorchangedbyaddi
ti
onal
evi
denceorar
gument
.

Sy
edAskar
iHadi
Ali
August
inev
.St
ate(
Del
hiAdmi
nist
rat
ion)&Anr(
2009)

I
nthi
scase,Shami
m AmnaI
mam wasaTest
atr
ix(
aper
sonwhomadeawi
l
lor
gav
eal
egacy
).Shewast
heowneroft
hepr
oper
ti
esi
nquest
ion.Sheexecut
edawi
l
lin
f
avouroft
heappel
l
anti
.eSy
edAskar
iHadiAl
ion3.
5.1998andaf
tert
hat
,shedi
edon
23.
5.1998.Sy
edAskar
iHadiAl
ifi
l
edanappl
i
cat
ionr
egar
dingt
hewi
l
l.Heal
soappl
i
es
f
oragr
antofmut
ati
oni
nrespectoft
hepr
oper
tybutt
her
equestf
ormut
ati
oncoul
dnot
beaccept
edduet
ocer
tai
nreasons:
-

 Theappel
l
antcoul
dnotpr
oducet
heor
igi
nal
copyoft
hewi
l
l.

 Thepr
oper
tywhi
chwasi
nquest
ionwasunderpossessi
on.

 Andt
heTi
tl
eSui
twhi
chwasf
il
edbyt
heTest
atr
ixagai
nstt
heappel
l
antwas
pendi
ngi
ntheci
vi
lcour
t.

So,af
tert
hismanyappeal
swer
emadeandduet
olackofpr
oofwhi
chwas
essent
iali
nthi
scase;f
inal
l
ythecour
tsai
dthati
tisnotaf
itcasewher
eweshoul
d
exer
cise ourdi
scr
eti
onar
y powerorj
uri
sdi
cti
on underAr
ti
cle 136 oft
he I
ndi
an
Const
it
uti
onhav
eregar
dtot
hef
act
soft
hecaseandt
heci
rcumst
ancesr
egar
dingt
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage62
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

same.

Ki
ndsofj
uri
sdi
cti
on

Pr
obat
ejur
isdi
cti
on

I
texer
cisest
hepowerofpr
obat
e,sur
rogat
e,oror
phan’
scour
t.I
tincl
udest
he
est
abl
i
shmentofwi
l
ls;
set
tl
ementofadecedent
’sest
ate;
super
visi
onofguar
dianshi
pof
i
nfant
s.

Gout
am Shant
il
alShahv
sSt
ateofWestBengal
on9May
,1996

I
nthi
scase,aquest
ionar
ose,whet
herdi
str
ictdel
egat
esundersect
ion276of
I
ndi
ansuccessi
onact1925canent
ert
ainanappl
i
cat
ionf
orgr
antofpr
obat
eofawi
l
lin
r
espectofi
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.Buti
ntheend,
itwashel
dthati
fanyappl
i
cat
ioni
smade
f
orgr
antofpr
obat
eoft
hewi
l
l,suchappl
i
cat
ionshal
lbedeci
dedi
naccor
dancewi
tht
he
l
aw.

Mat
ri
moni
alj
uri
sdi
cti
on

I
texer
cisest
hepowerofmar
ri
age,
div
orce,
ett
hor
o,t
henul
l
itysui
t.

Sant
hini
vsVi
j
ayaVenket
eshon9Oct
ober
,2017

Thi
scasedeal
swi
thsect
ion13ofHi
ndumar
ri
ageact
,int
hiscase,i
twashel
d
t
hatv
ideoconf
erenci
ngi
snotal
l
owedi
nmat
ri
moni
almat
ter
s.I
ntheci
rcumst
ances,
i
ssuenot
iceont
her
evi
ewpet
it
ion.

Admi
ral
tyj
uri
sdi
cti
on

I
texer
cisest
hepowerofl
awov
ercasesconcer
ningshi
psort
heseaandot
her
nav
igabl
ewat
ers.

Gobi
ndRam v
sGi
anChandon27Sept
ember
,2000

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage63
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Thi
scasedeal
swi
tht
hemat
teri
nadmi
ral
tycour
t.Ther
espondentwhowas
al
l
eged t
o hav
e commi
tt
ed br
each ofcont
racti
n London,t
he admi
ral
ty cour
t’
s
j
uri
sdi
cti
onwasi
nvokedi
nEngl
and.

I
nsol
vencyj
uri
sdi
cti
on

I
texer
cisest
hepoweroft
heMemberSt
atewi
thi
nthet
err
it
oryofwhi
cht
he
cent
re oft
he debt
or’
s mai
nint
erest
sis si
tuat
ed shal
lhav
ejur
isdi
cti
on t
o open
i
nsol
vencypr
oceedi
ngs.

Kr
ishnaswami
Iyerand…v
sT.
V.Swami
nat
haI
yeron26August
,1924

Thi
scasedeal
swhet
herv
aki
l
shav
ear
ightofaudi
encei
nthei
nsol
vencyoft
he
cour
tatt
hePr
esi
dencyTownofMadr
as.G.Kr
ishnaswamiI
yerwast
heappel
l
antand
T.
V.Swami
nat
haI
yerwast
her
espondent
.Af
teral
lthedi
scussi
oni
twasdeci
dedt
hat
v
aki
l
shadnor
ightofaudi
encei
nthei
nsol
vencycour
t.

Sect
ion 42-Rel
evancyand ef
fectofj
udgment
s,or
der
s,decr
ees,ot
hert
han t
hose
ment
ionedi
nSect
ion41oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct

The ef
fectofj
udgmentoror
derwi
l
lbe r
elev
ant
,exceptt
hose whi
ch ar
e
ment
ionedi
nsect
ion42.Judgement
sar
erel
evanti
ftheyar
erel
atedt
omat
ter
sof
publ
i
cnat
ure.Butsuchj
udgment
,or
derorpr
ocl
amat
ioni
snotconcl
usi
vepr
oofof
whi
cht
heyst
ate.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion:–X suesYf
ort
hemur
derofhi
sbr
otheri
.e.Z.Yal
l
egest
heexi
stenceofa
publ
i
cri
ghtofal
i
censedgunwhi
chheusedf
orhi
spr
otect
ionagai
nstZ.Theexi
stence
ofanor
deri
nfav
ouroft
hedef
endant
.Si
mil
arl
yinasui
tbyBagai
nstAf
ort
hemur
derof
Ci
nwhi
chAal
l
egedt
heexi
stenceoft
hesamer
ightofway
,isr
elev
antbuti
tisnot
concl
usi
vepr
ooft
hatt
her
ightwayofexi
stence.

Vi
shnuDut
tShar
mav
.Day
aSapr
aon5May
,2009

I
nthi
scase,
theRespondentwhowasDay
aSapr
ahadbor
rowedasum ofr
upees
1.
5lakhsf
rom t
heAppel
l
antVi
shnuDut
tShar
maon10-
August
,1999.Af
terr
emi
nderby
appel
l
antt
orespondent
,ther
espondenti
ssuedachequeon20-
Oct
ober
,1999,butt
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage64
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

chequer
ecei
vedbyt
heappel
l
antwi
thr
emar
kofi
nsuf
fi
cientf
unds.Thenhef
il
eda
pet
it
ionagai
nstt
her
espondent
.Ear
li
eri
twassai
dthati
twast
hemat
terof‘
Res
Judi
cat
a’butt
hef
inalj
udgementwasgi
vent
hati
twasnott
hemat
terof‘
ResJudi
cat
a’.
Sot
heappeali
sal
l
owedhowev
ert
hef
act
s,i
ssuesandci
rcumst
ancesoft
hiscase,
t
her
eshal
lbenoor
derast
ocost
s.

Sect
ion43-Judgment
,or
deret
c,ot
hert
hant
hosement
ionedi
nSect
ion40t
o42,when
r
elev
ant

Judgment
,or
derordecr
eear
eir
rel
evantot
hert
hant
hosement
ionedi
nsect
ion
40,41and42.I
nthi
s,t
hepr
evi
ousj
udgment
sar
enotr
elev
antwi
thconcer
nwi
tht
he
subsequentpr
oceedi
ng.

Letusunder
standwi
thani
l
lust
rat
ion.‘
X’pr
osecut
es‘
Y’f
orst
eal
i
nghi
shor
sef
rom hi
m.
‘
Y’i
sconv
ict
ed.Af
ter
war
ds‘
X’suest
o‘Z’f
ort
hehor
sewhi
ch‘
Y’hadsol
dto‘
Z’bef
ore
hi
sconv
ict
ion.Asbet
ween‘
X’and‘
Z’
,t
hej
udgmentwhi
chwasagai
nst‘
Y’i
sir
rel
evant
.

I
nthecaseofTheDuchessofKi
ngst
on’
sCase,i
twashel
dthatt
heDowager
DuchessofKi
ngst
on,Count
essofBr
ist
ol,wast
ri
edandf
oundgui
l
tyoft
hechar
geof
bi
gamybyherpeer
s,t
hemember
soft
heHouseofLor
ds.

Admi
ssi
bil
i
tyofj
udgment
sinci
vi
landcr
imi
nal
mat
ter
s

Admi
ssi
bil
i
tyofj
udgment
smeanst
hatt
hequal
i
tyofbei
ngaccept
abl
eorv
ali
d,
especi
all
yasev
idencei
nacour
tofl
aw.Soher
eissomeadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofj
udgmenti
n
ci
vi
landcr
imi
nal
mat
ter
s:–

Thepr
inci
pleof‘
ResJudi
cat
a’mayappl
ybet
weent
hepar
ti
esi
nci
vi
lsui
ts.

I
fthepr
oceedi
ngsofci
vi
landcr
imi
nalcasesar
efort
hesamecauseorr
eason,
thent
he
j
udgmentoft
heci
vi
lcour
twoul
dber
elev
anti
fthecondi
ti
onsofanysect
ionsr
egar
ding
40t
o43ar
esat
isf
ied,
buti
tcannotbesai
dthatt
hesamewoul
dbeconcl
usi
veexceptas
pr
ovi
dedi
nsect
ion41.I
nacr
imi
nalcase,sect
ion300ofC.
r.
P.C,i
tissai
dthatoncea
per
son i
sconv
ict
ed,hemaynotbeexami
ned agai
nfort
hesameof
fencei
fthe
condi
ti
onswhi
char
ement
ionedt
her
ear
esat
isf
ied.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage65
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Emper
orv
sBhagwandasTul
sidason20August
,1945

I
nthi
scase,
itwashel
dthatt
heaccusedmur
der
edDhar
amseyandMr
.Haj
i
,and
hesay
sthatt
hemat
terwi
l
lcomeunderSect
ion42oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActunder
mat
ter
srel
atedt
opubl
i
cpol
i
cy.Buti
twashel
dthatt
hemat
terr
elat
edt
osuchan
unnat
uraldeat
hwi
l
lnotcomeunderpubl
i
cconcer
n.Hence,t
heexami
nat
ionofcer
tai
n
f
act
sisnotr
elev
antunderanypr
ovi
sionr
elat
edt
otheI
ndi
anEv
idenceActandt
her
efor
e
unaccept
abl
einev
idence.

Sect
ion44-Fr
audorcol
l
usi
oni
nobt
aini
ngj
udgment
,ori
ncompet
encyofcour
t,maybe
pr
oved

Sect
ion44ofI
ndi
anEv
idenceActsay
sthati
fthepr
evi
ousj
udgmenti
spr
oved
f
raud,col
l
usi
on(
secr
etori
l
legalcooper
ati
on)ori
ncompet
encyofcour
tthensuch
j
udgementdoesnothav
etheef
fectofr
esj
udi
cat
a.

 Ther
ear
eatl
east2par
ti
est
oasui
torpr
oceedi
ng.

 I
fanypar
tymayshow aj
udgment
,or
der
,ordecr
eewhi
chi
srel
evantunder
sect
ion40,
41,
or42.

Theactonl
ypr
ovi
dest
hatt
hev
alueofaj
udgmentmaybei
nef
fect
ivei
ftheset
hree
t
hingsar
epr
esenti
nthatcaset
hatar
e:–

 I
ncompet
encyoft
hecour
t

 I
fther
eisf
raud

 I
fther
eiscol
l
usi
on

Ashar
fiLal
vsSmt
.Koi
l
i(Dead)ByL.
Rs.(
1995)

Thi
scasei
srel
atedt
othel
andr
efor
m di
sput
eandZami
ndar
iabol
i
tionasi
nthi
s
case,Raj
aRam wast
hebr
otherofSmt
.Koi
l
iandhusbandofSmt
.Nanki
.Andher
ethe
Ashar
fiLalwhowasanappel
l
antandhesai
dthathewast
heonl
yhei
rofRaj
aRam and
sai
dfort
hepossessi
onofagr
icul
tur
all
andofRaj
aRam butt
heSmt
.Koi
l
ideni
edt
hat

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage66
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
heAshar
fil
alwast
hesonofRaj
aRam.Ear
li
ert
hej
udgmentwasi
nthef
avourofSmt
.
l
albutaf
ter
war
dst
heev
idenceofr
ecor
dwhi
chwer
epr
oducedi
ntheconsol
i
dat
ion
pr
oceedi
ngst
heDeput
yDi
rect
orhasf
oundt
hatAshr
afil
alwast
hesonofRaj
aRam and
t
heonl
yhei
r.

Concl
usi
on

Accor
dingt
ome,j
udgmentshoul
dtot
all
ybeont
hebasi
soft
hef
act
sandt
he
i
ssuesr
aisedi
nthecour
t.Thecour
tisal
sor
equi
redt
odet
ermi
newhatpr
inci
plesofl
aw
shoul
dcont
rol
thecase.Butt
her
eisal
soacr
it
ici
sm r
egar
dingt
hist
hatt
her
eisal
way
sa
scopef
ori
mpr
ovement
.Thej
udgessai
dthatt
hesy
stem whi
chi
sdev
elopedand
appl
i
cabl
einonej
uri
sdi
cti
oni
snotnecessar
ytobeappl
i
cabl
eint
hej
uri
sdi
cti
onofot
her
count
ri
es.Af
teral
l
,nosy
stem i
sfool
-pr
oof
.Oncei
tissai
dbyJust
iceSi
kri
,thatweal
l
l
ear
nfr
om ourexper
iencesandmi
stakes.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage67
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

MODULE04
RELEVANCYOFFACTSI
II
1.RELEVANCYOFOPI
NIONS(
SECTI
ONS45-
51)
2.RELEVANCYOFCHARACTER(
SECTI
ONS52-
55)
3.FACTSWHI
CHNEEDNOTBEPROVED(
SECTI
ONS56-
58)

1.RELEVANCYOFOPI
NIONS(
SECTI
ONS45-
51)
I
ntr
oduct
ion

Gener
all
y,whenaper
soni
ssummonedt
ocour
tforgi
vi
ngt
est
imonyasawi
tness,
hei
sexpect
edt
ost
ateonl
yfact
sandnott
ogi
veanyopi
nion.I
tist
hej
oboft
hecour
tto
f
orm anopi
nioni
nthecase.Mor
eov
er,
ifaper
soni
saskedt
ogi
vehi
stest
imonyt
heni
t
i
sexpect
edt
hatt
heper
sonmustbef
act
ual
l
yrel
atedt
othecasenotmer
elyat
hir
dpar
ty.
Butt
her
eisanexcept
iont
othi
srul
e.Theexper
tsar
econsi
der
edaswi
tnessesal
though
t
heyar
enotact
ual
l
yrel
atedt
othecase.Thecour
trequi
rest
heseexper
tst
ogi
vean
opi
nionr
egar
dingt
hecaset
ohel
pthecour
tinhav
ingawi
derper
spect
ivet
ogi
vej
ust
ice.
Ther
ati
onal
ebehi
ndt
hesamei
sthati
tisnotpr
act
icalt
oexpectt
heJudgest
ohav
e
adequat
eknowl
edgeofmedi
cali
ssues.Thest
atut
esr
egar
dingt
heexper
ts’opi
nionar
e
di
scussedi
nTheI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872.

Whoi
sanexper
t

Thecour
tcannotf
orm acor
rectj
udgementwi
thoutt
hehel
pofaper
sonwi
th
speci
alski
l
lsorexper
iencei
napar
ti
cul
arsubj
ect
.Whent
hecour
tneedsanopi
nioni
na
subj
ectwhi
chr
equi
resspeci
alassi
stance,t
hecour
tcal
l
sanexper
t,aspeci
all
yski
l
led
per
son.Theopi
niongi
venbyat
hir
dper
soni
sconsi
der
edasr
elev
antf
act
sift
heper
son

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage68
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
est
if
yingi
sanexper
t.

Forexampl
e,t
hecour
twasconf
usedt
hatal
ett
erhasbeenwr
it
tenbyper
son‘
X’
ornot
.Thecour
tcal
l
sahandwr
it
ingexper
ttof
indoutt
hesame.Thi
sper
sonwi
l
lbe
knownasanexper
tandt
heopi
nionwhi
chhegi
vesi
nthecasei
srel
evant
.

Exper
tisdef
inedundersect
ion45ofTheI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872.Thecour
tneedsan
exper
ttof
orm anopi
nionupon:

 For
eignl
aw

 Sci
ence&Ar
t

 I
dent
it
yofHandwr
it
ing

 I
dent
it
yoff
ingeri
mpr
essi
on

 El
ect
roni
cev
idence

Onl
yint
heexper
ti
sei
ntheabov
e-sai
dfi
elds,aper
son’
sopi
nioni
sconsi
der
edt
o
beanexper
topi
nion.I
faf
iel
dnotment
ionedabov
erequi
resanopi
nion,i
tisnot
consi
der
edasanexper
topi
nion.Ther
ehav
ebeencasessuchas:

 Thedi
sposi
ti
onort
emperofani
mal
s

 Col
our
,wei
ghtorscal
eofsi
mil
arf
act
s

 Ageofaper
son

 I
famanorwomenwer
eint
imat
e

 I
faper
sonwasi
ntoxi
cat
edornot

I
fanexper
tisgi
vi
nganopi
nion,i
tisconsi
der
edasar
elev
antf
actf
ort
hecase.An
exper
thasdev
otedhi
sti
mei
nlear
ningaspeci
albr
anchofexper
ti
seandt
husi
s
speci
all
yski
l
ledi
nthesubj
ect
.Itcani
ncl
ude:

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage69
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

 Super
iorknowl
edge,
and

 Pr
act
ical
exper
ience

Thecour
tofl
aw,
bef
oreadmi
tt
inganyoft
heopi
nionmadebyanexper
t,needst
o
ensur
ethatt
heper
soni
sanexper
tundert
hel
aw.I
fiti
sfoundt
hatt
heper
soni
snotan
exper
t,hi
sopi
nioni
sdi
scar
dedbyt
hecour
t.Forchecki
ngt
hatt
hewi
tnessi
sanexper
t,
hemustbeexami
nedandcr
oss-
exami
ned.Aper
sonbecomesanexper
tby
:

 Pr
act
ice,

 Obser
vat
ion,
or

 Exper
ience

I
nthecaseofRameshChandr
aAgr
awalv
sRegencyHospi
talLt
d.&Or
sthecour
t
st
atedt
hatt
hef
ir
standf
oremostr
equi
rementf
orexper
tev
idencet
obeadmi
ssi
blei
s
t
hati
tisnecessar
ytoheart
heexper
tev
idence.Thet
esti
sthatt
hemat
teri
sout
sidet
he
knowl
edgeandexper
ienceoft
hel
ayman.Peopl
ewhocanbet
ermedasanexper
tar
e
expl
ainedi
ndet
ail
bel
ow.

Handwr
it
ingexper
t’
sopi
nion(
Sect
ion47)

Whent
hecour
thasanopi
niont
hatwhohaswr
it
tenorsi
gnedadocumentt
he
cour
twi
l
lconsi
dert
heopi
nionofaper
sonwhoi
sacquai
ntedwi
tht
hehandwr
it
ing.That
per
sonwi
l
lgi
veanopi
niont
hatpar
ti
cul
arhandwr
it
ingi
swr
it
tenornotwr
it
tenbyt
hat
par
ti
cul
arper
sonornot
.

Thehandwr
it
ingofaper
sonmaybepr
ovedi
nthef
oll
owi
ngway
s:

1.Aper
sonwhoi
sanexper
tint
hisf
iel
d

2.Aper
sonwhohasact
ual
l
yseensomeonewr
it
ing,
or

3.Aper
sonwhohasr
ecei
vedanydocumentwhi
chi
swr
it
tenbyt
heper
sonwhose
handwr
it
ingi
sinquest
ionorundert
heaut
hor
it
yofsuchper
sonandi
saddr
essed
t
othatper
son

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage70
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

4.A per
sonwhor
egul
arl
yrecei
vesl
ett
ersorpaper
swhi
char
ewr
it
tenbyt
hat
per
son

5.Aper
sonwhoi
sacquai
ntedwi
tht
hesi
gnat
uresorwr
it
ingoft
hatper
son

6.A cer
ti
fyi
ngaut
hor
it
ywhohasi
ssuedadi
git
alsi
gnat
urecer
ti
fi
cat
ewhent
he
cour
thasf
ormedanopi
nionast
othedi
git
alsi
gnat
ureofaper
son.Thi
sis
ment
ionedundersect
ion47-
Aoft
heact
.

7.Theev
idenceoft
hewr
it
erhi
msel
f.Thi
sisment
ionedi
nsect
ion60oft
heact
.

8.I
fanot
herper
son admi
tst
hatt
hedocument
swer
ewr
it
ten byhi
m.Thi
sis
ment
ionedi
nsect
ion21oft
heact
.

9.Aper
sonwhohasseent
heper
sonwr
it
ingorsi
gni
ng.Thi
sisment
ionedunder
sect
ion6ooft
heact
.

10.
Whent
hecour
thi
msel
fcompar
est
hedocumenti
nquest
ionwi
thanyot
her
documentwhi
chi
spr
ovedgenui
nei
nthecour
t.Thi
sisment
ionedi
nsect
ion73.

11.
Thecour
tmayaskt
heper
sont
owr
it
esomet
hingf
ort
hecour
ttocompar
eitwi
th
t
hedocumenti
nquest
ion.

Forexampl
e,Ms.Pi
nkycl
aimsi
nthecour
tthatshehasnotsi
gnedanydocumentf
or
sal
eofherpr
oper
ty.Tomat
chhersi
gnat
ureswi
tht
heoneonpaper
s,t
hecour
tcal
l
sMr
.
Raj
uwhoi
stheper
sonalassi
stantofMs.Pi
nky
.Mr
.Raj
u’
sjobi
stogetal
ltheof
fi
cial
document
soft
hecompanyt
obesi
gnedbyMs.Pi
nky
.Mr
.Raj
ugi
vesat
est
imonyt
hat
t
hepaper
swer
esi
gnedbyMs.Pi
nkyonl
y.Her
e,Mr
.Raj
uwi
l
lbet
ermedasanexper
t
undert
hemeani
ngofs.47ashehasseenMs.Pi
nkysi
gni
ngt
hedocument
sand
r
egul
arl
yrecei
vessuchpaper
s.

Howev
er,t
her
e hav
e been sev
erali
nst
ances wher
ethe cour
ts hav
e been
di
scour
agedt
odeci
decasesofmat
chi
ngofsi
gnat
ureswi
thoutev
idenceandmer
elyon
i
nspect
ion.Thecour
tneedst
owor
kwi
tht
heut
mostcar
eandcaut
ioni
ndet
ermi
ningt
he
aut
hent
ici
tyoft
hedocument
s.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage71
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Opi
nionf
orEl
ect
roni
cev
idence(
Sect
ion45A)
:

Whenapi
eceofi
nfor
mat
ioni
str
ansmi
tt
edorst
oredi
nacomput
ersy
stem and
t
hecour
tneedsassi
stanceoropi
nionf
ort
hesamei
nanycase;t
heyr
eferanexami
ner
ofel
ect
roni
cev
idence.Thi
sexami
nerofel
ect
roni
cev
idencei
sknownast
heexper
tin
suchcases.Fort
hissect
ion,el
ect
roni
cev
idencei
ncl
udesanyi
nfor
mat
iont
ransmi
tt
ed
orst
oredi
nanycomput
err
esour
ceoranyot
herel
ect
roni
cordi
git
alf
ormf
orwhi
cht
he
opi
nion ofel
ect
roni
c ev
idence exami
neri
srequi
red as persect
ion 79A oft
he
I
nfor
mat
ionTechnol
ogyAct
,2000.

Opi
nionf
orf
orei
gnl
aw(
Sect
ion38r
/wSect
ion45)

Whent
her
eisal
aw ofpr
evai
l
ingi
nanyf
orei
gncount
rywhi
chneedst
obe
consi
der
edf
orgi
vi
ngj
udgementi
nanycase,t
hecour
tneedsanexper
twhoi
swel
l
v
ersedwi
tht
hatl
aw.

Ot
her
wise,t
hecour
tcant
akeopi
nionf
rom al
aw-
bookwhi
chcont
ainst
heanswer
r
egar
dinganyf
orei
gnl
aw.Thesebooksmustbepr
int
edorpubl
i
shedundert
heaut
hor
it
y
oft
hegov
ernmentoft
hatcount
ry.Ot
herr
epor
tsoft
her
uli
ngoft
hecour
tscanal
sobe
t
akenasr
elev
antwhi
char
egi
veni
nsuchbooksoff
orei
gnl
aw.For
eignl
awi
nIndi
ais
al
way
sconsi
der
edasaquest
ionoff
act
.Ther
ehav
ebeencaseswher
ethecour
thas
i
nter
pret
edper
sonall
awsasI
ndi
anl
awsandt
husar
ethel
awsoft
hel
and.Ther
efor
e,
t
hecour
tdoesnotr
equi
reaper
sont
oint
erpr
ett
hel
awast
hecour
tscandot
hatt
askon
t
hei
rown.

Opi
nionf
orf
inger
pri
nt

Gener
all
y,f
ingeri
mpr
essi
onexper
t’
sopi
nioni
sgi
venmor
eval
uebecause

 Thef
inger
pri
ntsofanyper
sonr
emai
nthesamef
rom t
hei
rbi
rt
hti
l
ldeat
h,and

 Not
woi
ndi
vi
dual
s’ar
eev
erf
oundt
ohav
ethesamef
ingeri
mpr
essi
ons

Foot
pri
ntst
udi
es ar
e gai
ning i
mpor
tance nowaday
s butt
he cour
ts hav
e been

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage72
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

r
eluct
antt
oacceptt
hatasapi
eceofev
idence.Aper
son,whoi
saf
inger
pri
ntexper
t,i
s
cal
l
edt
omat
cht
woormor
efi
nger
pri
nts,t
hant
heopi
nionofsuchanexper
tisr
elev
ant
andadmi
ssi
blei
nthecour
t.

Opi
nionf
orSci
enceorAr
t

Thewor
ds‘
Sci
enceandAr
t’ar
etobebr
oadl
yconst
ruct
ed.Thet
erm‘
sci
ence’i
s
notl
i
mit
edt
ohi
ghersci
encesandt
het
erm‘
art
’isnotl
i
mit
edt
ofi
near
ts,
buthav
ingi
ts
or
igi
nalsensesofhandi
craf
t,t
rade,
prof
essi
onandski
l
linwor
k.Toconst
ruet
hati
fany
exper
ti
secomesundert
heheadof‘
art
’or‘
sci
ence’
;t
hef
oll
owi
ngt
est
scanbeappl
i
ed

 I
sthesubj
ectmat
teroft
hei
njur
ysucht
hati
nexper
iencedpeopl
ear
enotcapabl
e
off
ormi
ngacor
rectj
udgementwi
thoutt
heassi
stanceofexper
ts?

 I
sthechar
act
erofasci
enceorar
tassucht
hati
trequi
resacour
seorast
udyt
o
obt
ainacompet
entknowl
edgeorski
l
l.

Sci
enceandAr
tsi
gni
fyt
heact
ivi
ti
eswhi
chi
ncl
udet
hef
iel
dswhi
chr
equi
respeci
al
knowl
edgeorexper
ti
sef
orm anopi
nion.Bef
oredesi
gnat
ingt
hataper
soni
sanexper
t,i
t
needst
obecheckedt
hatt
hef
iel
dort
hemat
teronwhi
chwear
eseeki
ngt
heopi
nion
shoul
dnotbesomet
hingwhi
chcanbeeasi
l
yunder
stoodbyl
aymanorcour
twi
thout
anyspeci
alknowl
edgeorski
l
l.Thesci
ent
if
icquest
ioni
nvol
vedi
sassumedt
obenot
wi
thi
nthe cour
t’
s knowl
edge.Thus cases,wher
ethe sci
ence i
nvol
ved,i
s hi
ghl
y
speci
ali
zedandper
hapsev
enesot
eri
c,t
hecent
ral
rol
eofanexper
tcannotbedi
sput
ed.

Ev
erysci
encehasi
tsownt
echni
calt
erms,whi
char
esomuchGr
eekorHebr
ew
t
otheav
eragej
ury
man.Whatwoul
dtheOr
dinar
ymanmakeoft
hisanswert
oa
quest
ionwhet
heracer
tai
ndoseofapr
escr
ipt
ioncont
aini
ngchl
oralwoul
dhav
ebeen
danger
ous.Ther
ecanbev
ari
ouscat
egor
ieswhi
chcanbet
reat
edunderar
tandsci
ence.
Someoft
hem ar
edi
scussedbel
owf
orbet
terunder
standi
ng.

Opi
nionofMedi
cal
Exper
t

I
nmanycases,t
heopi
nionofmedi
calex
per
tsi
srequi
red.Especi
all
yincr
imi
nal

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage73
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

cases,
themedi
calexami
nat
ionofaccusedandv
ict
imi
snecessar
y.Wheni
nacase,
the
cour
trequi
ressomeopi
nionwhi
chi
nvol
vesmedi
calt
echni
cal
i
ties,t
heyaskmedi
cal
of
fi
cer
s.

Opi
nionsofamedi
cal
off
icercanbeusedt
opr
ove

 ThePhy
sical
condi
ti
onoft
heper
son,

 Ageofaper
son

 Causeofdeat
hofaper
son

 Nat
ureandef
fectoft
hedi
seaseori
njur
iesonbodyormi
nd

 Mannerori
nst
rumentbywhi
chsuchi
njur
ieswer
ecaused

 Ti
meatwhi
cht
hei
njur
yorwoundshav
ebeencaused.

 Whet
hert
hei
njur
yorwoundsar
efat
ali
nnat
ure

 Cause,sy
mpt
omsandpecul
i
ari
ti
esoft
hedi
seaseandwhet
heri
tisl
i
kel
yto
causedeat
h

 Pr
obabl
efut
ureconsequencesofani
njur
yet
c.

Sayi
nar
apecase,t
hemedi
calr
epor
toft
hev
ict
im andaccusedar
eofgr
eat
i
mpor
tance.I
fthemedi
calof
fi
cersay
sthathet
hinkst
hatactwasnotconsensual
r
efer
ri
ngt
othei
njur
iesont
hebodyoft
hev
ict
im andt
henai
lscr
atchesont
hebodyof
t
heaccused,
thi
sopi
nioncar
ri
esal
otofi
mpor
tance.Butt
hepr
obl
em wi
tht
heseexper
ts
i
sthatt
heyar
eal
way
scal
l
edbyonepar
tyonl
ywhohasev
idencedi
nthei
rfav
our
.Thi
s
i
sther
easont
hatt
hecour
tisr
eluct
antt
orel
ycompl
etel
yupont
hev
iewsandopi
nions
oft
heexper
tthought
heyconsi
dert
hesamewhi
l
eimpar
ti
ngt
hei
rjudgement
.Inot
her
cases,i
fthecour
tfi
ndst
hatt
heexper
t’
sopi
nioni
sincont
radi
cti
onwi
tht
heopi
nionof
an ey
e-wi
tness t
hen f
orobv
ious r
easons,t
he nor
malwi
tness’
s opi
nion i
s gi
ven
pr
efer
enceov
ert
heexper
t’
sopi
nion.Thi
sisbecauset
heexper
t’
sst
atementi
sjust
opi
nionat
ivewher
east
heot
herwi
tness’
sst
atementi
sbasedupont
hef
act
soft
hecase.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage74
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Opi
nionofBal
l
ist
icExper
t

Bal
l
ist
icexper
ts,
alsoknownasf
ir
ear
msexper
tar
epeopl
ewhoar
eexper
tsi
nthe
st
udyofpr
oject
il
esandf
ir
ear
ms.Thei
rhel
pist
akeni
scasessaywher
egunsar
e
i
nvol
ved.Abal
l
ist
icsexper
tmayt
raceabul
l
etorcar
tri
dget
oapar
ti
cul
arweaponf
rom
whi
chi
twasdi
schar
ged.For
ensi
cbal
l
ist
icsmayal
sof
urni
shopi
nionaboutt
hedi
stance
f
rom whi
chashotwasf
ir
edandt
het
imewhent
heweaponwasl
astused.I
tmustbe
not
edt
hatt
heopi
nionoft
hebal
l
ist
icsexper
tcanbet
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
ononl
ywhen
hehi
msel
fhasgi
vent
her
epor
t.I
nthecasewher
etheexper
tgi
vesopi
niononl
yby
l
ooki
ngatt
hepi
ctur
eoft
hewound,
thecour
tdeni
edr
ely
inguponsuchopi
nion.

Ev
idenceofTr
acki
ngDog

Tr
aineddogsar
eusedf
ort
hedet
ect
ionofcr
ime.Thet
rai
neroft
racki
ngdogs
cangi
veev
idenceaboutt
hebehav
iouroft
hedog.Theev
idenceoft
het
rackerdogi
s
al
sor
elev
antu/
s45.

Mor
eov
er,
Sec.
293Cr
.P.
C.pr
ovi
desal
i
stofsomeGov
t.Sci
ent
if
icExper
tsasf
oll
owi
ng:
-

 AnyChemi
cal
Exami
ner/Asst
t.Chemi
cal
exami
nert
otheGov
t.

 TheChi
efCont
rol
l
erofexpl
osi
ves

 TheDi
rect
oroft
heFi
nger
pri
ntBur
eau

 TheDi
rect
orofHaf
fkei
nInst
it
ute,
Bombay

 TheDi
rect
or,Dy
.Di
rect
ororAsst
t.Di
rect
oroft
heCent
ralandSt
ateFor
ensi
c
Sci
enceLabor
ator
y.

 TheSer
ologi
stt
otheGov
t.

 Anyot
herGov
t.Sci
ent
if
icExper
tsspeci
fi
edbynot
if
icat
ionoft
heCent
ral
Gov
t.

Whati
stheEv
ident
iar
yVal
ueofanExper
tOpi
nion

Thedat
agi
venbyt
heexper
tar
erel
evantandadmi
ssi
ble.I
fanyor
alev
idence

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage75
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

cont
radi
ctst
hedat
a/r
epor
t;i
twi
l
lnotmaket
hedat
aev
idenceobsol
ete.But
,asper
sect
ion46,i
ncaseanyf
acti
sincont
radi
cti
ont
otheopi
nionoft
heexper
t,t
hatf
act
becomes r
elev
ant
.Ift
he opi
nion oft
he exper
tisr
elev
ant
,the cont
radi
ctor
yfact
becomesr
elev
antev
ent
houghi
twasnotr
elev
antassuch.Thev
alueofexper
topi
nion
dependsupont
hef
act
sonwhi
chhei
sbasedandt
hecompet
encyofsuchexper
tin
f
ormi
ngar
eli
abl
eopi
nion.

Howev
er,t
heper
sonalappear
anceoft
heexper
tint
hecour
tcanbeex
cused
unl
esst
hecour
texpr
essl
yaskshi
mtoappeari
nper
son.I
nsuchacase,wher
ethe
exper
tisexcused,
hecansendanyr
esponsi
bleof
fi
cerwhoi
swel
lver
sedwi
tht
hef
act
s
oft
hecaseandt
her
epor
tandcanaddr
esst
hecour
twi
tht
hesame.I
faj
udger
eli
es
upont
heopi
nionoft
heexper
tonl
yandnotont
hef
act
sandt
het
est
imonyofor
dinar
y
wi
tnessest
ogi
vej
udgementt
heni
stheweaknessoft
hecase.Thi
sisbecauseev
eni
fa
per
soni
sanexper
tinhi
sfi
eld,
hecannotbet
ermedasadi
rectwi
tnessandcannotgi
ve
ast
atementont
hef
act
soft
hecase.Hei
sjustgi
vi
nganopi
nionaspert
heev
idences
gi
vent
ohi
m andcannotdr
awaconcl
usi
onr
egar
dingt
hegui
l
toft
heaccusedi
nal
lthe
cases.

Theev
idencegi
venbyt
heexper
tisj
ustanopi
nionandi
snotaf
act
-based
t
est
imonyandt
husar
egi
vensl
i
ghtv
alue.Thi
sist
her
easont
hatey
e-wi
tnessesorot
her
f
act
ualwi
tnessesar
egi
venapr
ior
it
yov
ert
heex
per
t’
sopi
nion.Thi
sisbecauseopi
nion
ev
idencecannotsuper
sedesubst
ant
iveev
idence.Noexper
tcancl
aimt
hathecoul
dbe
absol
utel
ysur
ethathi
sopi
nionwascor
rect
,exper
tdependst
oagr
eatext
entupont
he
mat
eri
alsputbef
orehi
m andt
henat
ureoft
hequest
ionputt
ohi
m.

Howev
er,
theev
ident
iar
yval
ueofanexper
t’
sopi
niondependsupont
hef
act
sand
ci
rcumst
ances.Forexampl
e,i
fther
eisadi
sput
east
owhoi
sthebi
ologi
calpar
entofa
chi
l
d,t
heDNAr
epor
toft
heMedi
cal
exper
tisofgr
eati
mpor
tance.I
ftheexper
tsay
sthat
t
heDNAoft
hechi
l
dorpar
ent
smat
ches,t
hani
tisar
elev
antf
acti
ndeci
dingt
hecase.
Buti
ncasei
fahandwr
it
ingexper
tsay
sthatt
hesi
gnat
uresmat
chesornotmat
ches
wi
tht
heper
son;t
hisf
actdoesnothol
dmuchv
aluebecauset
her
ecanbeapossi
bil
i
ty
t
hatt
heper
sonhaspr
act
icedal
ott
ocopyt
hesi
gnat
ure.Butont
heot
herhand,DNA
cannotbecopi
edorchanged.Pr
ivycounci
lonceobser
vedt
hat‘
ther
ecannotbeany

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage76
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

mor
eunsat
isf
act
oryev
idencet
hant
hatofanex
per
t.
”Int
hecaseofEmper
orv
.Kudr
at,
t
hecour
thel
dthatwhent
heexper
tisgi
vi
nganopi
nionupont
heagebyobser
vingonl
y
t
hehei
ght
,wei
ghtandt
oot
h;i
tcannotber
eli
edupon.

Thecour
tmustbesat
isf
iedt
hatt
heaccusedi
sgui
l
ty.Thecour
tcannothol
dhi
m
gui
l
tymer
ebecauseanexper
thassai
dthati
nhi
sopi
nion,
theper
soni
sgui
l
ty.Thecour
t
needst
olooki
ntot
heev
idenceal
ongwi
tht
heopi
nionoft
heexper
tbef
oregi
vi
ngany
j
udgementoror
der
.

Di
ff
erencebet
weent
het
est
imonyofanexper
tandanor
dinar
ywi
tness

Basi
sofDi
sti
nct
ion Exper
tWi
tness Or
dinar
yWi
tness

Reasoni
ng of The st
atementoft
he exper
t Thest
atementofanor
dinar
y
St
atement wi
tnessi
snotconf
inedt
owhat wi
tnessi
sbaseduponf
act
s.
has t
aken pl
ace. He can Hei
snotal
l
owedt
ogi
veany
addi
ti
onal
l
y gi
ve hi
s per
sonal opi
nion, i
nfer
ences or
opi
nion wi
thr
espect t
othe concl
usi
ons r
egar
ding t
he
case.Forexampl
e,a doct
or casebecausei
tist
hej
obof
may not hav
e at
tended t
he t
hecour
t.
v
ict
im buthecanst
il
lgi
vehi
s
opi
nion as t
othe cause of
deat
h oft
he v
ict
im and t
he
af
ter
-ef
fect
sofcer
tai
npoi
son.

Ref
erence t
o past Anexper
tcanr
efert
oandr
ely An or
dinar
ywi
tness has no
exper
iences upon t
he exper
iment
s suchr
ightwher
ehecanr
efer
conduct
edbyhi
minabsenceof t
o any past exper
ience t
o
t
heot
herpar
ty suppor
thi
sst
atement

Ref
reshi
ng t
he An exper
tcan r
efert
o wel
l
- An or
dinar
y wi
tness cannot
memor
y known books, can quot
e hasar
eli
anceuponanysuch
passagesf
rom t
hesameasa booksbecausehi
sst
atement
r
efer
ence f
or r
efr
eshi
ng hi
s i
sbaseduponf
act
sandnot

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage77
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

memor
y t
echni
cal
knowl
edge

St
ati
ng f
act
s ot
her Theexper
tscanst
atef
act
sof The l
ayman i
s gi
vi
ng
t
hant
hecase ot
hercaseswhi
char
esi
mil
ar st
atementbased upon f
act
s
t
othepr
esentcasei
nor
dert
o and t
hus cannotr
ely upon
suppor
tthei
ropi
nion ot
herj
udgement
sast
hecour
t
deal
s wi
th di
ff
erent cases
di
ff
erent
ly dependi
ng upon
t
hef
act
sandci
rcumst
ances
oft
hecase

Qual
i
ficat
iont
obea A per
son i
s known t
o be a Anor
dinar
ywi
tnessdoesnot
wi
tness wi
tness by i
ts knowl
edge, r
equi
reanyspeci
ali
zedski
l
lor
exper
ience,ski
l
l,t
rai
ning and knowl
edge t
o gi
ve t
he
educat
ion. st
atement
.

The f
oll
owi
ng poi
nts can be A per
soncanbet
est
if
iedas
not
edt
ofi
ndanexper
t: an or
dinar
y wi
tness i
nthe
f
oll
owi
ngcases:
(
a) t
he exper
t’
s sci
ent
if
ic,
t
echni
cal
,orot
herspeci
ali
zed (
a)r
ati
onal
l
y based on t
he
knowl
edgewi
l
lhel
pthet
ri
erof wi
tness’
sper
cept
ion;
f
actt
ounder
standt
heev
idence
(
b) hel
pful t
o cl
ear
ly
ort
odet
ermi
neaf
acti
nissue;
under
standi
ng t
he wi
tness’
s
(
b)t
het
est
imonyi
sbasedon t
est
imonyort
odet
ermi
ninga
suf
fi
cientf
act
sordat
a; f
acti
nissue;
and

(
c)t
het
est
imonyi
sthepr
oduct (
c)notbased on sci
ent
if
ic,
of r
eli
abl
e pr
inci
ples and t
echni
cal
,orot
herspeci
ali
zed
met
hods;
and knowl
edge

(
d) t
he exper
t has r
eli
abl
y
appl
i
ed t
he pr
inci
ples and
met
hods t
othe f
act
s oft
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage78
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

case.

Per
sonal
Knowl
edge Exper
ts may use t
hei
r Laywi
tnessescanonl
ybase
knowl
edge or ski
l
lto dr
aw t
hei
ropi
nionsoni
nfor
mat
ion
concl
usi
ons t
heyper
sonal
l
yobser
ved.

Whencanawi
tness Exper
t wi
tnesses can gi
ve Lay wi
tnesses ar
e
t
est
if
y t
est
imonyev
enwhent
her
eis const
rai
ned by r
ely
ing on
no suf
fi
cient ev
idence t
o i
nfor
mat
iont
heyhav
egai
ned
suppor
taf
indi
ng.TheI
mmor
al t
hrough per
sonalknowl
edge
Tr
aff
ic(
Suppr
essi
on)Actwas and r
ati
onal
l
y based
passedi
n1956 per
cept
ion.I
tist
husr
equi
red
t
hat a wi
tness may onl
y
t
est
if
y i
fthe ev
idence i
s
suf
fi
cientt
osuppor
taf
indi
ng
t
hatt
hewi
tnesshasper
sonal
knowl
edgeoft
hemat
ter
.

Per
sonal Exper
t wi
tnesses ar
e not Laywi
tnessesmayt
est
if
yto
Obser
vat
ions r
equi
red t
o be att
he cr
ime t
hei
r per
cept
ion of t
he
scene orwi
tness t
he cr
ime. i
nci
denti
fobt
ained t
hrough
Theyar
enotev
enexpect
edt
o ear
li
erper
sonalobser
vat
ions.
hav
e knowl
edge about t
he Lay wi
tnesses can of
fer
f
act
soft
hecase opi
nions r
elat
ing t
o degr
ees
ofl
i
ght
,sound,wei
ghtand
di
stanceaswel
lasaper
son’
s
appear
ance, i
dent
it
y, or
mannerofconduct
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage79
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Hy
pot
het
ical Exper
twi
tnessesar
eexpect
ed Or
dinar
y wi
tnesses ar
e not
Si
tuat
ions t
o answer hy
pot
het
ical expect
edt
ogi
veanswer
sto
si
tuat
ionsandcanal
sor
efert
o hy
pot
het
icalsi
tuat
ions.They
past cases or medi
cal ar
ejustsupposedt
ogi
vet
he
si
tuat
ions t
o answer t
he f
act
stheyal
readyknow.
quest
ions.

Di
scl
osur
eRul
es Exper
twi
tnessesmustdi
scl
ose Ther
eis no such obl
i
gat
ion
t
otheopposi
ngpar
tyar
epor
t upont
heor
dinar
ywi
tnesses.
pr
evi
ewi
ng t
he exper
t’
s
pr
oposedt
est
imony
.Ther
epor
t
mustbe suf
fi
ci
ent
ly det
ail
ed
and cont
ain“
allopi
nions t
he
wi
tness wi
l
lexpr
ess and t
he
basi
sandr
easonsf
ort
hem”

Judi
cial
Scr
uti
ny Exper
t’
sopi
niongoest
hrough Thest
atementofanor
dinar
y
hi
gh-
endj
udi
cialscr
uti
nyandi
s wi
tness i
s consi
der
ed mor
e
l
ess r
eli
abl
e si
nce t
hey ar
e r
eli
abl
eascompar
edt
othat
based upon opi
nion and not ofanexper
t.Thi
sisbecause
f
act
s. They ar
e j
ust t
he t
het
est
imonyofal
aymani
s
per
spect
iveoft
heexper
tand based upon f
act
s.I
fin any
he needs t
o est
abl
i
sh t
he case, hi
s st
atement
r
eli
abi
l
ityofhi
stest
imony
. cont
radi
cts wi
tht
he opi
nion
oft
heexper
t;hi
sst
atement
wi
l
lbegi
venanupperhand
t
hant
heexper
t.

Concl
usi
on

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage80
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Unl
i
keanor
dinar
ywi
tness,exper
twi
tnesseshav
easepar
atest
andi
ngasa
wi
tnessi
nacour
t.I
tisi
nter
est
ingt
onot
ethatanexper
t’
srepor
tcannotbequest
ioned
i
nthecour
t.Ther
epor
tisquest
ionedwhent
heabi
l
ityandknowl
edgeoft
heexper
tto
maket
hatr
epor
tisi
nquest
ion.Theexper
tsar
ejudgedwi
thadi
ff
erentey
ebyt
hecour
t
si
ncet
heyar
ejustgi
vi
nganopi
nionandar
enotawar
eoft
hef
act
soft
hecase.Butst
il
l,
anexper
t’
sopi
nionmat
ter
sast
hecour
thasnoknowl
edgeoft
hatpar
ti
cul
arf
iel
dof
exper
ti
seandt
heywi
l
lnotbeabl
etoi
mpar
tjust
icewi
thoutseei
ngt
heot
hersi
deoft
he
coi
n.

2.RELEVANCYOFCHARACTER(
SECTI
ONS52-
55)

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage81
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Weof
tent
ermt
hehabi
tofj
udgi
ngpeopl
ebasedont
hei
rchar
act
erasnor
mal
humannat
ure.Judgesar
eal
sohumanbei
ngsandt
hequest
iont
hatar
isesi
s,doesn’
tto
know aboutt
hechar
act
erofani
ndi
vi
duali
nfl
uencet
hei
rdeci
sion?Thenextsetof
quest
ionst
hatar
isear
e,doest
hechar
act
erhav
erel
evance,especi
all
yundert
heI
ndi
an
Ev
idenceAct
?Whati
sthescopeofr
elev
anceofchar
act
er?Answer
stoal
lthese
quest
ionsar
ethet
akeawayf
rom t
hisar
ti
cle.

Thewor
d‘Char
act
er’

Thet
erm ‘
char
act
er’hasnotbeen descr
ibed i
nIndi
an l
aw.TheCambr
idge
di
cti
onar
ydef
inesconductasapar
ti
cul
arcombi
nat
ionofqual
i
tiest
hatmakeaper
son
di
ff
erentf
rom ot
her
s.Honest
y,good-
nat
ured,modest
,vi
olentt
emper
,et
c.ar
eal
ltr
ait
s
ofchar
act
er.

Sect
ion55oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActpr
ovi
dest
hatt
het
erm‘
conduct
’incl
udes
bot
hreput
ati
onanddi
sposi
ti
on.I
tisnor
mal
l
yest
abl
i
shedt
hatr
eput
ati
oni
sthegener
al
opi
nionaboutani
ndi
vi
duali
ntheey
esoft
heot
her
swher
easdi
sposi
ti
oni
show t
hat
per
soni
sinr
eal
andwhatar
ehi
sinher
entqual
i
ties.

Ev
idenceofchar
act
eri
sir
rel
evanti
nci
vi
lcases

Sect
ion52

Sect
ion 52 oft
he I
ndi
an Ev
idence Actpr
ovi
des t
hati
n ci
vi
lcases,a f
act
per
tai
ningt
othechar
act
erofani
ndi
vi
duali
snotr
elev
ant
.Itl
ayst
hepr
inci
plet
hatt
he
char
act
erofapar
tyasapi
eceofev
idencecan’
tbeusedt
omani
festt
hatconduct
at
tr
ibut
edt
ohi
mispr
obabl
eori
mpr
obabl
e.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion-

‘
A’,
abusi
nessmani
schar
gedwi
thf
raud.

I
nthi
scase,
noev
idenceoft
hef
actcanbet
reat
edasr
elev
antwhi
chst
atest
hathei
san
honestmani
.e.t
hechar
act
eri
ssucht
hathecannev
ercommi
tfr
aud.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage82
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Nei
thercant
heopposi
tepar
typr
esentev
idenceoft
hef
actt
hatA’
schar
act
erhadbeen
sot
ri
cker
ythathemusthav
ecommi
tt
edt
hef
raud.

Ther
easonsbehi
ndt
hei
rr
elev
ancear
ethatacasehast
obedeci
dedbasedont
hef
act
s
oft
hecaseandnott
hechar
act
eroft
hepar
ti
es.Ev
idenceofconductdoesn’
tjustdel
ay
t
hepr
oceedi
ngsbutal
sohamper
sandi
mpai
rst
hemi
ndoft
hej
udge.I
nci
vi
lcases,
pr
evi
ousconv
ict
ionsoft
heaccusedper
sonar
eir
rel
evant
.

Ther
ear
eaf
ewexcept
ionst
oSect
ion52-

Sect
ion55oft
heEv
idenceActpr
ovi
dest
hati
nci
vi
lcases,ev
idenceoft
hegood
orbadchar
act
eroft
heper
sont
hati
stor
ecei
vet
heamountofdamagesi
srel
evant
.The
char
act
eroft
heor
igi
nal
plai
nti
ffi
srel
evant
.

Forexampl
e-I
nacaseoft
heact
ionofdamagesf
orr
apeorseduct
ion,
thechar
act
erof
t
hepl
aint
if
fisr
elev
antasi
tisl
i
kel
ytoaf
fectt
hedamagest
hatt
hepl
aint
if
foughtt
o
r
ecei
ve.

Whent
hechar
act
eroft
hepar
tyi
sit
sel
faf
acti
nissuet
hent
heev
idenceper
tai
ningt
o
t
hechar
act
eroft
hatpar
tyi
srel
evant
.

Forexampl
e-i
fdi
vor
cei
ssoughtont
hegr
oundofcr
uel
tyofhusband,i
nsuchcase
ev
idenceper
tai
ning t
othechar
act
eroft
hehusband wi
l
lber
elev
antast
hecr
uel
char
act
eri
sit
sel
faf
acti
nissue.

I
nthecaseofScot
tv.Sampson,
thecour
thel
dthatt
het
erm‘
char
act
er’
shoul
dmeana
man’
sreput
ati
onandnot
hingmor
ethan“
gener
alev
idenceofr
eput
ati
on”
.

Ev
idenceofpr
evi
ousgoodchar
act
eri
srel
evanti
ncr
imi
nal
cases

Sect
ion53

Unl
i
keci
vi
lcaseswher
ethechar
act
eri
sir
rel
evant
,incr
imi
nalcasesi
tisr
elev
ant
.
Sect
ion 53 ofTheI
ndi
an Ev
idenceActpr
ovi
dest
hati
n cr
imi
nalcases,t
hegood
char
act
eroft
heaccusedper
soni
srel
evant
.Ther
easonbehi
ndt
hisi
sthebasi
chuman
psy
chol
ogyt
hataper
sonofgoodchar
act
erwi
l
lnotgener
all
yresor
ttoacr
imi
nalact
.If

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage83
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

goodnessi
spr
ovedi
thel
psi
napr
esumpt
ionofnon-
commi
ssi
onoft
heof
fencebyt
hat
i
ndi
vi
dual
.

Ev
idenceofgoodchar
act
eri
sal
way
sadmi
ssi
ble.I
nadoubt
fulcase,i
tmaybe
usedt
oti
l
tthebal
ancei
nfav
ouroft
heaccusedbuti
nacasewher
ether
eisposi
ti
ve
ev
idenceofgui
l
toft
heaccusedt
hent
hegoodchar
act
ercannotout
wei
ght
heposi
ti
ve
ev
idence.I
tdependsont
hedi
scr
eti
onoft
hecour
tthathowmuchwei
ghtt
heev
idence
oft
hegoodchar
act
erhast
obegi
venwhi
l
edeci
dingt
hecase.

I
nthecaseofHabeebMohammadv
.St
ateofHy
der
abad,t
heSupr
emeCour
t
hel
dthati
ncr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ngs,t
hechar
act
eroft
heaccusedcanhel
pindet
ermi
ning
t
hei
nnocenceorgui
l
toft
heaccused.I
tcanhel
pinei
thermaki
nghi
m suspi
ciousorf
ree
f
rom al
lthesuspi
ci
ons.Accusedi
sal
l
owedt
opr
ovegener
algoodchar
act
eri
nthe
quest
ionofpuni
shment
.

Ev
idenceofchar
act
erorpr
evi
oussexual
exper
iencenotr
elev
anti
ncer
tai
ncases

Sect
ion53A

Sect
ion53Aoft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActwasi
nser
tedbyAct13of2013.Thi
s
sect
ionpr
ovi
dest
hati
ncaseswher
etheof
fencei
scommi
tt
edundert
hef
oll
owi
ng
sect
ionsofI
ndi
anPenal
Code-

 Sect
ion354(
Assaul
torcr
imi
nalf
orcet
owomanwi
thi
ntentt
oout
rageher
modest
y),

 Sect
ion354A(
Sexual
har
assmentandpuni
shmentf
orsexual
har
assment
),

 Sect
ion354B(
Assaul
toruseofcr
imi
nal
for
cet
owomanwi
thi
ntentt
odi
srobe)
,

 Sect
ion354C(
Voy
eur
ism)
,

 Sect
ion354D(
Stal
ki
ng)
,

 Sect
ion376(
Rape)
,

 Sect
ion376A(
Int
ercour
sebyamanwi
thhi
swi
fedur
ingsepar
ati
on)
,

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage84
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

 Sect
ion376B(
Int
ercour
sebypubl
i
cser
vantwi
thwomani
nhi
scust
ody
),

 Sect
ion376C(
Int
ercour
sebysuper
int
endentofj
ail
,remandhome,
etc.
),

 Sect
ion376D(
GangRape)
,

 Sect
ion376E(
Puni
shmentf
orr
epeatof
fender
s)and,
anat
temptt
ocommi
tsuch
of
fencesand

t
heconsentorqual
i
tyofconsenti
sinquest
ion,
thennei
thert
hechar
act
eroft
he
accusednort
hev
ict
imi
srel
evant
.Ev
idenceper
tai
ningt
opr
evi
oussexualact
soft
he
v
ict
imi
sal
soi
rr
elev
ant
.

Pr
evi
ousbadchar
act
ernotr
elev
ant
,excepti
nRepl
y

Sect
ion54

Accor
dingt
oSect
ion54oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,ev
idenceper
tai
ningt
othe
f
actt
hatt
heaccusedhasabadchar
act
eri
snotr
elev
anti
ncr
imi
nalcases.I
not
her
wor
ds,t
hepr
osecut
ioncannotpr
esentev
idenceoft
heaccused’
sbadchar
act
erasa
par
toft
hemai
ncase.

Ther
ear
ecer
tai
nexcept
ionst
othi
ssect
ion-

Whent
heaccusedhassubmi
tt
edanyev
idenceofhi
sgoodchar
act
er,i
nsucha
caset
orebut
,thepr
osecut
ioncanpr
esentev
idenceper
tai
ningt
othebadchar
act
erof
t
heaccused.

Expl
anat
ion1t
oSect
ion54pr
ovi
dest
hatwhent
hechar
act
eri
sit
sel
faf
acti
nissue
t
henev
idenceofbadchar
act
ercanbesubmi
tt
ed.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion:I
nadef
amat
ioncase,
thechar
act
eroft
hepl
aint
if
fbecomesaf
acti
nissue.
Sect
ion110oft
heCodeofCr
imi
nalPr
ocedur
epr
ovi
dest
hati
faper
soni
sbyhabi
ta
r
obber
,ahousebr
eaker
,et
c.t
henhei
stobebounddown.

I
nthecaseofB.Vasant
hiv
.Bakt
hav
atchal
u,t
hechar
act
ersofbot
hthepl
aint
if
f
and t
hedef
endantwer
efact
sini
ssueand t
hecour
tconsi
der
ed ev
idenceoft
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage85
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

char
act
erofbot
htodeci
dei
nthebesti
nter
est
,thecust
odyoft
hechi
l
dren.

Badchar
act
eri
sn’
tdef
inedi
nIndi
anl
awbuti
tamount
stot
hegener
almeani
ng
asi
nter
pret
ed byt
hesoci
ety
.Expl
anat
ion 2 ofsect
ion 54 pr
ovi
dest
hatev
idence
showi
ng anypr
evi
ousconv
ict
ioni
sal
so r
elev
antasev
idenceofbad char
act
eri
n
cr
imi
nalcases.Accor
dingt
oSect
ion71oft
heI
ndi
anPenalCode,anyper
sonwhoi
s
al
readyapr
evi
ousconv
ictshoul
dbesent
encedal
ongert
erm ofi
mpr
isonmentt
hant
hat
i
sawar
dedor
dinar
il
y.

Char
act
erasaf
fect
ingDamages:
Sect
ion55

Sect
ion55oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActst
atest
hati
ncasesofci
vi
lnat
ure,t
he
char
act
eroft
heper
sonwhoi
soughtt
orecei
vet
heamountofdamagesi
srel
evant
.Thi
s
sect
ioni
sanexcept
iont
oSect
ion52ment
ionedabov
e.Theev
idenceper
tai
ningt
othe
goodorbadchar
act
eroft
heaccusedi
sir
rel
evantwher
easev
idenceoft
hegoodorbad
char
act
eroft
hev
ict
imi
srel
evant
.

Fori
nst
ance,i
ncasesofseduct
ionorr
apeordef
amat
ion,t
heev
idenceoft
he
goodorbadchar
act
eroft
heor
igi
nalpl
aint
if
fisr
elev
antt
odeci
det
heamountof
damagest
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fisoughtt
orecei
ve.Thi
sisgener
all
yusedt
oreducet
he
amountofdamages.

Expl
anat
ionoft
hissect
ionst
atest
hatt
het
erm char
act
erwhi
chi
susedi
nsect
ions52,
53,
54and55i
ncl
udesbot
hreput
ati
onanddi
sposi
ti
on.

Di
sposi
ti
oni
sof
tenr
efer
redt
oaswhataper
soni
sinaper
son’
sreal
i
ty.A
per
son’
sinher
entqual
i
tieswhi
chhehadobt
ainedt
hrougheducat
ion,upbr
ingi
ngorany
mat
eri
alcondi
ti
oni
nli
fei
scal
l
eddi
sposi
ti
on.Abadr
eput
edper
sonmayhav
eagood
di
sposi
ti
on.Reput
ati
oni
sof
tenr
efer
redt
oast
hegener
alest
imat
ionofaper
son.I
tis
whatot
herpeopl
ethi
nkaboutt
hati
ndi
vi
dual
.Iti
stobenot
edt
heev
idenceoft
hosewho
donotknowt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
buthav
ehear
dofhi
sreput
ati
oni
snotadmi
ssi
blei
ncour
t.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion:I
ntheshow ‘
Sui
ts’
,thechar
act
erHar
veySpect
erhadar
eput
ati
onofan
ar
rogantandsel
fi
shi
ndi
vi
dualwher
eashehadadi
sposi
ti
onofahi
ghl
yconf
ident
,sel
f-
mot
ivat
ed,pr
act
icalt
hinkerandf
ocusedi
ndi
vi
dual
.Bot
hoft
heset
hingscombi
nedl
y

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage86
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

def
inedt
hechar
act
erofHar
veySpect
er.

Di
sti
nct
ionBet
weenRel
evancyofchar
act
eri
nCr
imi
nal
andCi
vi
lCases

I
nor
dert
odi
ff
erent
iat
ethef
ir
stt
hingt
onot
eist
hatt
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActt
alks
aboutt
wot
ypesofchar
act
ers-goodandbadchar
act
er.

I
ncasesofci
vi
lnat
ure,t
heev
idenceper
tai
ningt
ochar
act
eri
sir
rel
evantasper
Sect
ion52oft
heEv
idenceAct
.Ther
ear
etwoexcept
ionst
othi
srul
e:f
ir
st,whent
he
char
act
eroft
hepar
tyi
saf
acti
nissuet
henev
idenceofchar
act
eri
srel
evantand
second,t
hechar
act
eroft
heper
sonwhooughtt
orecei
vet
heamountofdamagei
s
r
elev
ant
(Sect
ion55)
.

Wher
easi
ncasesofcr
imi
nalnat
ure,
thepr
evi
ousgoodchar
act
eroft
heaccused
per
soni
srel
evant
(sect
ion53)butt
hepr
evi
ousbadchar
act
eri
snotr
elev
ant
(sect
ion54)
.
Ev
idenceoft
hebadchar
act
eroft
heaccusedi
srel
evanti
ntwocases:f
ir
st,
tor
ebutt
he
ev
idence ofgood char
act
erpr
esent
ed byt
he pr
osecut
ion and second,when t
he
char
act
eroft
hepar
tyi
sit
sel
faf
acti
nissue.

Bhar
purSi
nghv
.Par
shot
am Dasson2Nov
ember2015

I
nthi
scase,t
heCour
tdescr
ibedt
hescopeofsect
ions52and54oft
heI
ndi
an
Ev
idence Act
.Thi
s case was f
il
ed t
oresi
stan act
ion f
orr
ecov
erybr
oughton a
pr
omi
ssor
ynot
e.Whi
l
edeci
dingt
hescopeofSect
ion52,t
heCour
tobser
vedt
hatt
his
sect
ionr
efer
stoasi
tuat
ionwher
eev
idenceofchar
act
eri
srel
evanti
naci
vi
lcase.
Nor
mal
l
yanyev
idenceofchar
act
ercannotr
endert
hepr
obabi
l
ityori
mpr
obabi
l
ityofany
conductandi
sir
rel
evanti
nci
vi
lcases.I
fthechar
act
eri
saf
acti
nissuet
henev
idence
ofchar
act
eri
srel
evant
.

Sect
ion54obser
vedt
hatpr
evi
ousbadchar
act
ercanber
elev
antonl
yincaseof
r
ebut
tal
togoodchar
act
erev
idenceorwhent
hechar
act
eri
saf
acti
nissue.

Sar
darSar
dul
SinghCav
eesharv
.St
ateOfMahar
asht
raon18Mar
ch1963

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage87
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Thi
scasei
sal
sor
efer
redt
oast
heEmpi
reConspi
racyCase.TheCour
tanswer
ed
t
hequest
ionofwhati
stheev
ident
iar
yval
ueoft
hechar
act
erofanaccusedi
nacr
imi
nal
case.I
tobser
vedt
hatSect
ion53ment
ionst
hatt
hegoodchar
act
eroft
heaccusedi
s
r
elev
anti
ncasesofcr
imi
nal
nat
ure.

Sect
ion 55 oft
he Actmakes i
tcl
eart
hatgener
alr
eput
ati
on and gener
al
di
sposi
ti
oni
ncr
imi
nalcasesar
erel
evant
.TheCour
tal
soexpl
ainedt
hedi
ff
erence
bet
weenr
eput
ati
onanddi
sposi
ti
on.I
tst
atedt
hatdi
sposi
ti
oni
s‘i
nher
entqual
i
tiesofa
per
son’wher
easr
eput
ati
oni
s‘gener
alcr
edi
toft
heper
sonamongstt
hepubl
i
c’.Aman
mayhav
eagoodr
eput
ati
onbuti
nreal
i
ty,mayhav
eabaddi
sposi
ti
on.Thev
alueof
ev
idencedependsont
hecl
ever
nessoft
heper
sont
ohi
dehi
srealt
rai
ts,andt
he
wi
tness’
soppor
tuni
tyt
oobser
vet
heaccused.

Thecour
tquot
edWi
gmor
e’spr
oposi
ti
onwhi
chst
atedt
hatev
idencecanbeused
i
nadoubt
fulcaset
oti
l
tinf
avouroft
heaccusedbuti
tcan’
tout
wei
ghapi
eceof
ev
idencewhi
chshowst
hegui
l
toft
heaccused.Ev
idenceofgoodchar
act
eri
saweak
ev
idencebutcanbeusedi
ncr
imi
nal
cases.

Concl
usi
on

I
tisconcl
udedt
hataccor
dingt
otheI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,inci
vi
lcases,t
he
ev
idenceper
tai
ningt
ochar
act
eri
sn’
trel
evantsubj
ectt
ocer
tai
nexcept
ions.I
ncr
imi
nal
cases,t
heev
idenceper
tai
ningt
ogoodchar
act
eri
srel
evantbutev
idencedepi
cti
ngt
he
badchar
act
eri
sn’
trel
evantsubj
ectt
ocer
tai
nexcept
ions.Var
iouscount
ri
esl
i
ket
heUSA,
UKandmanymor
eal
sodeal
wit
hther
elev
anceofchar
act
erasev
idence.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage88
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

3.FACTSWHI
CHNEEDNOTBEPROVED(
SECTI
ONS56-
58)
I
ntr
oduct
ion

Asagener
alr
uleofl
aw,t
hepar
tyt
oasui
tisr
equi
redt
oest
abl
i
shhi
scause
bef
oret
heCour
tbyadduci
ngei
theror
alordocument
aryev
idencewhi
chi
ncl
udes
el
ect
roni
c ev
idence.Howev
er,undercer
tai
n scenar
ios,pr
ovi
ded undert
he I
ndi
an
Ev
idenceAct
,1872,wher
ethepar
ti
est
oasui
tar
enotr
equi
redt
opr
ovi
deev
idencei
n
f
avoroft
hei
rasser
ti
ons.Sect
ion56t
oSect
ion58oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActcont
ains
t
hepr
ovi
sionsr
elat
edt
onon-
imper
ati
venessofadmi
ssi
onofev
idencebyt
hepar
ti
est
o
t
hesui
tbef
oret
heCour
ttoendor
set
hecr
edul
i
tyoft
hei
rst
atement
s.

Fact
swhi
char
ejudi
cial
l
ynot
iceabl
eneednotbepr
oven

Accor
dingt
oSect
ion56oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872,t
hef
act
sofwhi
cht
he
Cour
twi
l
ltakej
udi
ci
alnot
iceneednotbepr
oved.

Si
mpl
yput
,anyj
udi
cial
l
ynot
iceabl
efactdoesnotr
equi
ret
obepr
ovenbef
oret
he
Cour
t.Now f
orcompr
ehendi
ngt
hisst
atement
,fi
rstunder
standi
ngt
hemeani
ngoft
he
cl
ause “
taki
ng j
udi
ci
alnot
ice”i
s necessar
y.Thi
s expr
essi
on means r
ecogni
zi
ng
somet
hing wi
thout pr
oof of bei
ng exi
sti
ng or t
rut
hful
.Judi
cialnot
ice i
sthe
acknowl
edgementby t
he Cour
ton cer
tai
n mat
ter
s whi
ch ar
e so i
nfamous or

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage89
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
ranspar
ent
lyest
abl
i
shedt
hatt
hei
rexi
stent
ial
evi
dencei
sdeemedi
nessent
ial
.Thecl
ear
r
easonbehi
ndt
hisi
sthatsuchf
act
sar
eexpect
edt
obewi
thi
ntheambi
tofknowl
edge
oft
heJudgeandt
her
efor
eanyat
temptofpr
ovi
ngt
hem woul
dindi
rect
lyunder
minet
he
j
udi
cial
compet
ency
.

Accor
dingt
oLor
dSt
ephen,
cer
tai
nfact
sar
esonot
ori
ousbynat
ureorhav
esuch
aut
hent
icasser
ti
onandaccessi
blepubl
i
cat
ionst
hatt
heydonotr
equi
reanypr
oof
.The
Cour
t,i
fiti
sunknownt
osuchf
act
s,cani
nfor
mit
sel
faboutt
hem,i
npr
iort
otaki
ng
ev
idence.Thesef
act
sar
edeemedt
obej
udi
cial
l
ynot
iced.Thi
sSect
ionhast
obe
under
stoodi
nuni
sonwi
thSect
ion57,
reckoni
ngt
hei
nst
anceswhent
heCour
tshal
ltake
j
udi
cial
not
icesucht
hatadduci
nganyev
idencewoul
dbeunnecessar
y.

Fact
sofwhi
cht
heCour
tmustt
akej
udi
cial
not
ice

Accor
ding t
o Sect
ion 57 oft
he I
ndi
an Ev
idence Act
,1872,t
he Cour
tshal
l
j
udi
cial
l
ynot
icet
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
s:

 Al
lexi
sti
ngl
awswi
thi
nthet
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a;

 Al
lpr
evi
ousl
y enact
ed l
egi
slat
ions orf
utur
elegi
slat
ions made by t
he UK
Par
li
ament
,andal
ll
ocal
andper
sonal
legi
slat
ionsmadeunderi
tsdi
rect
ion;

 Ar
ti
clesofwarf
ort
heI
ndi
anAr
my,
orNav
y,orAi
rf
orce;

Thi
sref
erst
otheAr
ti
clescont
ainedi
ntheAr
myAct(
XLVIof1950)
,forsol
dier
s,
of
fi
cer
s,et
c.

 ThePar
li
ament
arypr
oceedi
ngsoft
heUni
tedKi
ngdom,t
heI
ndi
anConst
it
uent
Assembl
y,andanyot
herpr
ovi
nci
alorSt
ateLegi
slat
ure;

Thi
sref
erst
oal
llegi
slat
iveandot
herpr
oceedi
ngsbyt
hePar
li
amentoft
he
Uni
tedKi
ngdom.I
ndi
anConst
it
uentAssembl
yref
err
edt
otheCent
ralLegi
slat
ure
oft
he Br
it
ish I
ndi
a,howev
er,subsequentt
oIndependence i
tref
erst
othe
Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage90
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

l
egi
slat
iveandot
herpr
oceedi
ngshel
dint
heUpperHouseandt
heLowerHouse
oft
hePar
li
ament
.Thepr
ovi
nci
alort
heSt
ateLegi
slat
uresr
efert
otheLegi
slat
ive
Assembl
i
esl
ocat
edi
nal
ltheSt
atesconst
it
uti
ngt
heUni
onofI
ndi
a.ForEg:t
he
St
ateofWestBengal
,Andhr
aPr
adesh,
Mahar
asht
ra,
etc.

 Theaccessi
onandt
hesi
gnmanualoft
heexi
sti
ngSov
erei
gnoft
heUni
ted
Ki
ngdom andI
rel
and;

Accessi
onr
efer
stot
heat
tai
nmentoracqui
sit
ionofaposi
ti
onofr
ankorpower
;
andSi
gnManuali
sthesi
gnat
ureoft
heSov
erei
gn,byaf
fi
xat
ionofwhi
chi
t
expr
essesi
tspl
easur
eei
therbyor
der
,orcommi
ssi
on,orwar
rant
.Her
ethe
Sov
erei
gnr
efer
stot
heKi
ngorQueenoft
heUni
tedKi
ngdom.

 TheSeal
sofal
ltheI
ndi
anCour
ts,t
heseal
sofal
ltheCour
tsout
sideI
ndi
a
est
abl
i
shed under t
he j
uri
sdi
cti
on of t
he Cent
ral Gov
ernment or t
he
Repr
esent
ati
veoft
heCr
own,t
heSeal
soft
heAdmi
ral
tyCour
tsandofPubl
i
c
Not
ari
es,andal
lot
herseal
swhi
chanyper
soni
saut
hor
izedofusi
ngundert
he
Const
it
uti
onoraPar
li
ament
aryActoft
heU.
K.oranActorRegul
ati
onhav
inga
l
egal
oper
ati
oni
nIndi
a;

 Theaccessi
ont
oof
fi
ce,names,t
it
les,f
unct
ions,andsi
gnat
uresoft
heper
sons
occupy
inganypubl
i
cof
fi
ce,
inanyst
ate,
ift
hef
actoft
hei
rappoi
ntmenthasbeen
decl
aredbynot
if
icat
ioni
ntheOf
fi
cial
Gazet
te;

 The r
ecogni
ti
on oft
he exi
stence,t
it
le,and nat
ionalf
lag ofev
erySt
ate or
Sov
erei
gnbyt
heGov
ernmentofI
ndi
a;

 Thet
imedi
vi
si
ons,
thegeogr
aphi
caldi
vi
sionsoft
hewor
ld,
publ
i
cfest
ival
s,f
act
s
andhol
i
day
swhi
char
epr
omul
gat
edbynot
if
icat
ioni
ntheOf
fi
cial
Gazet
te;

 Thet
err
it
ori
eswhi
char
elocat
edundert
hepar
amount
cyoft
heGov
ernmentof
I
ndi
a;

 Any“
not
if
icat
ion”r
elat
edt
ocommencement
,cont
inuance,andt
ermi
nat
ionof
ani
mosi
tybet
weenanyot
herSt
ateorbodyofper
sonsandt
heGov
ernmentof

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage91
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

I
ndi
a;

I
nsi
mpl
erwor
ds,anydecl
arat
ionbyt
heGov
ernmentofI
ndi
ainr
elat
iont
othe
begi
nni
ngofhost
il
it
y,cont
inuat
ionofhost
il
it
y,andendofsuchhost
il
it
y.ForEg:
Decl
arat
ionofWar
,cont
inuat
ionofwar
,andendofwar
.

 The i
dent
it
yoft
he j
udi
cialof
fi
cer
s and member
s,i
ncl
udi
ng t
hei
rdeput
ies,
subor
dinat
e of
fi
cer
s,assi
stant
s,i
ncl
udi
ng al
lthe of
fi
cer
s act
ing t
owar
ds
execut
ing t
hej
udi
cialpr
ocess.Al
so ofal
ltheadv
ocat
es,t
heat
tor
ney
s,t
he
pr
oct
ors,t
hev
aki
l
s,t
hepl
eader
sandot
herper
sonsl
egal
l
yaut
hor
izedt
oappear
oractbef
oret
heCour
t;

 Ther
uleoft
her
oad,
eit
heratl
andoratsea.

I
ncaseofr
oad,t
hehor
sesandal
lot
herf
ormsofv
ehi
cleshoul
dkeept
othel
eft
si
deoft
her
oad.Atsea,i
tist
her
ulet
hatshi
psandst
eamboat
s,oncomi
ng
acr
oss,shol
dpor
tthei
rhel
msf
orpassi
ngont
hepor
torl
eftsi
deofeachot
her
;
st
eam boat
sshoul
dst
ayawayf
rom t
her
out
eofsai
l
ingshi
ps;andev
eryv
essel
,
whi
l
eov
ert
aki
nganot
herv
essel
shoul
dst
ayawayf
rom i
tsway
.

I
n al
lthese cases,i
ncl
udi
ng al
lmat
ter
srel
ated t
o publ
i
chi
stor
y,l
i
ter
atur
e,
sci
enceorar
t,t
heCour
tmayr
efert
oappr
opr
iat
ebooksordocument
s.Onbei
ngcal
l
ed
upont
otakej
udi
ci
alcogni
zancebyanyper
son,t
heCour
tmayr
efuset
odosounl
ess
andunt
ilt
hatper
sonpr
oducesanysuchbookordocumentwhi
chi
tmayconsi
der
necessar
ytoenabl
eitt
odoso.

Fact
sadmi
tt
edneednotbepr
oved

Accor
dingt
oSect
ion58,nof
actr
equi
rest
obepr
ovedi
nanysui
twhi
cht
he
par
ti
est
othesui
t,ort
hei
ragent
sagr
eeofadmi
ssi
onatt
hehear
ing,
orwhi
cht
heyagr
ee
t
oadmi
tinwr
it
ing,
pri
ort
othehear
ingorwhi
cht
heyunderanyexi
sti
ngr
uleofpl
eadi
ng
ar
edeemedt
ohav
ebeenadmi
tt
edt
hrought
hei
rpl
eadi
ngs.Howev
er,t
heCour
tby

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage92
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

exer
cisi
ngi
tsdi
scr
eti
onar
ypot
encymayr
equi
ret
headmi
ssi
onofsuchf
act
sinsome
ot
herwayf
orsubmi
ssi
on.

Thus,
thi
sSect
ioncont
ainst
hreeci
rcumst
ances:

 Fact
swhi
cht
hepar
ti
est
othesui
tort
hei
ragent
sagr
eet
oadmi
tatt
hehear
ing.

 Fact
swhi
cht
hepar
ti
est
othesui
tort
hei
ragent
sagr
eet
oadmi
t,pr
iort
othe
hear
ing,
inwr
it
ing.

 Fact
sdeemedt
obeal
readyadmi
tt
edbyt
hepar
ti
est
othesui
tthr
oughpl
eadi
ngs.

OnkarNat
handOr
sv.t
heDel
hiAdmi
nist
rat
ion

I
nthi
scase,t
heappel
l
ant
swer
eUni
onLeader
soft
heNor
ther
nRai
l
way
men’
s
Uni
on.Theywer
eaccusedofi
nst
igat
ingot
herwor
kment
owar
dsst
ri
ki
ngandwer
e
booked underRul
es118 & 119 oft
he Def
ence OfI
ndi
a Rul
es,1971.Theywer
e
sent
encedwi
th6mont
hsofr
igor
ousi
mpr
isonmentbyt
heMet
ropol
i
tanMagi
str
ateof
Del
hi.Theconv
ict
ionor
derwasuphel
dinaRev
isi
onAppealbyt
heAddi
ti
onalSessi
ons
Judgeoft
heDel
hiHi
ghCour
t.

Howev
er,t
hepr
evi
ousj
udi
cialdeci
sionswer
esetasi
debyt
heSupr
emeCour
t,
whi
chobser
vedt
hatmer
esummar
yinst
eadoft
heexactwor
dscannotbedeemedas
t
hegr
oundf
orconv
ict
ion.Thest
atementoft
heonl
ywi
tnessmayal
thoughbet
rut
hful
cannotber
eli
edupon,i
nabsenceoft
heexactwor
dswhi
chwer
edel
i
ver
edatt
he
meet
ingbyt
heaccused.Thel
i
stoff
act
sofwhi
cht
heCour
tshal
ltakeJudi
cialnot
ice
underSect
ion56t
ober
eadwi
thSect
ion57i
snon-
exhaust
ive,andshal
l
,ther
efor
e,
dependupont
hedi
scr
eti
onoft
heCour
tandv
aryf
rom caset
ocase.

S.Nagar
ajanv
.Vasant
haKumar&Anr
.

Her
e,i
nthi
scase,t
her
espondent
swer
ehusbandandwi
febyr
elat
ionandhad2
shopsl
ocat
edatTr
ivandr
um.Thei
rresi
denceswer
eal
sol
ocat
edi
nthev
ici
nit
yoft
hose
shops.Thepet
it
ioner
s,i
.
e.t
heOf
fi
cer
soft
heCust
omsPr
event
iveandI
ntel
l
igenceUni
t,
onobt
aini
ngi
nfor
mat
iont
hatf
orei
gngoodswer
ebei
ngsol
dint
hoseshopsandal
so
st
oredi
nthehousesoft
her
espondent
s,sear
chedt
heshopsandal
sot
hehouse

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage93
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

pr
emi
sesandsei
zedt
hem.A t
ri
alwashel
dundert
heCust
omsAct
,1962wi
tht
he
pr
osecut
ionasser
ti
ngt
hatt
her
espondent
swer
egui
l
tyofcommi
tt
inganof
fenseunder
Sect
ion135(
1)oft
hesai
dAct
.

Howev
er,t
her
espondent
scont
endedt
hatt
hesei
zedandconf
iscat
edgoods
wer
enotf
orsal
eandal
sot
henot
if
icat
ionsbyt
heCent
ralGov
ernmentar
enotl
awsf
or
consi
der
ati
onunderSect
ion57(
1)oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872,
ther
ebypl
eadi
ngnot
gui
l
ty.The Tr
ialCour
tmai
ntai
ned t
he cont
ent
ion and or
der
ed i
nfav
oroft
he
r
espondent
stowhi
cht
hepet
it
ioner
sappeal
edbef
oret
heHi
ghCour
tofKer
ala.

TheHi
ghCour
tofKer
alaaf
termaki
ngdueobser
vat
ionsandconsi
der
ati
ons,
ov
err
uledt
het
ri
alCour
t’
sdeci
sionandhel
dthatCent
ralGov
ernment
’snot
if
icat
ionsar
e
i
ndeedl
awswi
thi
ntheambi
tofSect
ion57(
1)andt
her
efor
ether
espondent
swer
ehel
d
gui
l
ty.

SubhashMar
uti
Avasar
evsSt
ateOfMahar
asht
ra

I
nthi
scase,t
heappel
l
antal
ongwi
tht
heaccompl
i
cesoff
ourot
her
swer
efound
gui
l
tyofmur
der
ingoneBabdy
aandwer
econv
ict
edunderSect
ion323oft
heI
ndi
an
PenalCodebyt
heTr
ialCour
t.Theappel
l
antwasaf
ri
endoft
hemai
naccusedSubhash
Mar
utiAv
asar
eandwasal
soacquai
ntedwi
tht
hef
ami
l
yoft
hedeceased.Theappel
l
ant
hadgonet
oinqui
reoft
hewher
eabout
soft
hedeceasedathi
shouseandwasi
nfor
med
byhi
smot
heroft
hedeceased’
sabsenceatt
hatt
ime.Thedeceasedaf
terr
etur
ninghad
beeni
nfor
medabouti
tandt
henheal
l
egedl
ydi
scl
osedt
ohermot
hert
hatt
heaccused
no.3(
RakeshTukar
am Pawar
)hadaskedf
orabot
tl
eofbeerf
rom hi
m andonhi
s
r
efusalhadsl
appedhi
m.Hef
urt
herdi
scl
osedt
hatanat
temptofassaul
twi
thakni
fe
wasal
somadeonhi
m buthehadmanagedt
oescape.

On30.
10.
1996atabout6:
30PM,i
.et
hedayoft
hei
nci
dent
,thedeceasedhad
gonet
oacl
i
nicofadoct
orwi
thhi
swi
fef
ormedi
calcheck-
upoft
hei
rai
l
ingson.Af
ter
somet
ime,t
hev
ict
im’
swi
fer
unni
ngl
yret
urnedhomeandi
nfor
medt
hewi
tnessno.
1
(
thedeceased’
smot
her
)thatsomepeopl
ehadpi
ckedupaquar
relwi
thherhusbandi
n
f
rontoft
hehospi
tal
ofDr
.Babar
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage94
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Thepr
imewi
tnesswentt
othespotwi
thherdaught
er-
in-
lawandwi
tnessedher
sonbei
ngmor
tal
l
yst
abbedbyt
heappel
l
ant
s.Byt
hist
imet
hev
ict
im’
sfat
herandhi
s
sonhadal
soar
ri
vedatt
hespot
,andt
heaccused-
appel
l
ant
sescapedi
nthemeant
ime.
Thedeceasedwasf
ir
stt
akent
oal
ocalhospi
talandt
hent
ransf
err
edt
otheSassoon
hospi
tal
,wher
ehedi
edduet
ohi
sinj
uri
es.Apostmor
tem wasconduct
edandt
hecause
ofdeat
hwasdeemedt
oresul
tfr
om 7succumbedext
ernali
njur
iesand5i
nter
nal
i
njur
ies.TheTr
ialCour
taf
terobser
vingt
her
epor
tsandt
est
imoni
esoft
heaccused
per
sonsandwi
tnessesoft
hecasesconv
ict
edt
heaccusedper
sons.Thedeci
sionoft
he
Tr
ialCour
twasmai
ntai
nedbot
hbyt
heHi
ghCour
tofMahar
asht
raandt
heSupr
eme
Cour
t.

Concl
usi
on

I
nthel
i
ghtoft
heabov
epr
ovi
sionsf
rom t
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActandt
hej
udi
cial
deci
si
ons,i
tcanbeconcl
udedt
hatf
act
sjudi
cial
l
ynot
iceabl
ebyt
heCour
ts,suchas
l
awsoper
ati
ngi
nIndi
a;ar
ti
clesofwar
;gov
ernment
alseal
s;f
act
srel
atedt
olegi
slat
ive,
execut
iveandj
udi
ci
alpr
oceedi
ngsi
nIndi
aoranyot
herSov
erei
gnorSt
ater
ecogni
zed
byt
hegov
ernmentofI
ndi
a;t
her
uleoft
her
oad,att
hel
andoratsea,et
c;neednotbe
pr
ovedbyt
hepar
ti
est
oaSui
t.I
tisi
mper
ati
vef
orpr
ovi
dingev
idenceunderSect
ion57
t
hatexactwor
dsandnott
hegi
stoft
heasser
ti
oni
snecessar
yfort
hepur
poseof
conv
ict
ionasmer
egi
sti
sinsuf
fi
cient
.Al
so,ev
erynot
if
icat
ionoror
dermadebyt
he
Cent
ralGov
ernmentundert
he empower
mentofanyl
egi
slat
ion i
s deemed as an
oper
ati
ngl
awunderSect
ion57.Al
so,t
hef
act
sadmi
tt
edbyt
hepar
ti
est
oasui
tei
ther
pr
iort
ooratt
hehear
ingbyt
hemsel
vesort
hei
ragent
sneednotbeendor
sedwi
th
ev
idence.Suchadmi
ssi
oni
ncl
udeswr
it
tenadmi
ssi
on.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage95
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

MODULE05
ORALANDDOCUMENTARYEVI
DENCE
1.ORALEVI
DENCE(
SECTI
ONS59-
60)
2.DOCUMENTARYEVI
DENCE(
SECTI
ONS61-
78)

1.ORALEVI
DENCE(
SECTI
ONS59-
60)
I
ntr
oduct
ion

Al
lofusknow whati
mpor
tanceev
idencehol
dsunderanycour
tpr
oceedi
ngs.
Ev
idencei
sacer
tai
nrel
i
abl
eandr
elev
antsetoff
act
swhi
chpr
ovesorabst
ainsf
rom
pr
ovi
nganymat
ter
;ther
eisapr
escr
ibedmanneronwhi
cht
hecy
cleofev
idencewor
ks
whi
chhasbeendi
vi
dedi
ntot
womai
nheads-Or
alandDocument
aryev
idencebyt
he
Ev
idenceAct1872.I
nthi
sar
ti
clewewi
l
lbedeal
i
ngwi
thor
alev
idence,howi
sitmade
andev
ery
thi
ngwhi
chwi
l
lmakeusunder
standOr
alEv
idence.

Or
alEv
idencei
sdeal
twi
thunderSect
ion59and60oft
heEv
idenceAct
,1872.
Or
alev
idencei
sdef
inedundersect
ion3(
underev
idencehead)whi
chexpl
ainst
hat“
All
st
atement
swhi
cht
hecour
tper
mit
sorr
equi
rest
obemadebef
orei
tbywi
tnesses,i
n
r
elat
iont
omat
ter
soff
actunderi
nqui
ry,suchst
atement
sar
ecal
l
edasor
alev
idence.
”
Thewor
d‘Or
al’i
tsel
fdescr
ibesi
tsmeani
ngassomet
hingspokenorexpr
essedby
mout
h;so any
thi
ng whi
ch i
saccept
ed i
nthe cour
tinr
elat
ion t
othe i
nqui
ryand
expr
essedbyanywi
tnesseswhoar
ecal
l
edi
nthet
ri
ali
ster
medasor
alev
idence.Or
al
Ev
idenceal
soi
ncl
udest
hest
atement
smadebypeopl
einsi
gnsandwr
it
ingf
orms
(
incl
usi
veofpeopl
ewhocannotspeak)
.

I
mpor
tanceofOr
alEv
idence

Ev
eryev
idencepl
aysani
mpor
tantr
olei
nthet
ri
als,or
alev
idencehasbeen
gr
owi
ngi
nregar
dst
ousage;asear
li
eri
twasnotconsi
der
edt
obeaspr
eci
seandbl
unt
asdocument
arybuti
tsneedandi
mpor
tancehasbeenconst
ant
lysubj
ect
edt
orapi
d
gr
owt
h.Or
alev
idencei
sal
soequal
l
yimpor
tantasi
tst
imul
atesaper
sonandext
ract
s

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage96
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

whataper
sonhasseenorwhathewant
stosayi
nregar
dst
othet
ri
al.Or
alev
idencei
s
compar
ati
vel
yeasi
ert
oref
er.Thei
mpor
tancehasbeenexpl
ainedbyt
heBombayHi
gh
Cour
tinoneoft
hecasest
hati
ftheor
alev
idencei
spr
ovedbey
ondr
easonabl
edoubti
t
canal
sobeenoughf
orpassi
ngconv
ict
ion.

Sect
ion59–Pr
oofoff
act
sbyOr
alEv
idence

Al
lthef
act
sandci
rcumst
ancesmaybepr
ovedbyor
alev
idencebyexpr
essi
ngor
speaki
ngex
ceptt
hecont
ent
sofdocument
sandel
ect
roni
crecor
ds.Thecont
ent
sof
document
sandel
ect
roni
crecor
dscannotbepr
ovedbyor
alev
idence.I
tishel
dthati
f
anyper
sonhast
obecal
l
edf
orpr
ovi
ngt
hei
rdocument
sthent
hatdocumentbecomes
or
alanddocument
aryev
idencel
osesi
tssi
gni
fi
cance.

I
twashel
dinBhi
maTi
maDhot
rev
.Thepi
oneerchemi
calco.t
hat“
Document
ary
ev
idencebecomesmeani
ngl
essi
fthewr
it
erhast
obecal
l
edi
nev
erycaset
ogi
veor
al
ev
idenceofi
tscont
ent
s.I
fthatwer
etheposi
ti
on,i
twoul
dmeant
hat
,int
heul
ti
mat
e
anal
ysi
s,al
lev
idencemustbeor
alandt
hator
alev
idencewoul
dvi
rt
ual
l
ybet
heonl
yki
nd
ofev
idencer
ecogni
sedbyl
aw.Thi
spr
ovi
sionwoul
dcl
ear
lyi
ndi
cat
ethatt
opr
ovet
he
cont
ent
sofadocumentbymeansofor
alev
idencewoul
dbeav
iol
ati
onoft
hatsect
ion.
”

Sect
ion60–Or
alEv
idencemustbeDi
rect

Thi
sist
hecar
dinalpr
inci
pleofanyev
idencet
obeadmi
ssi
blei
nthecour
t.I
fany
or
alev
idenceneedst
obeadmi
ssi
ble,al
lthecondi
ti
onsunderSect
ion60oft
heI
ndi
an
Ev
idenceActmustbef
ulf
il
led.I
fany
oneoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
onsi
snotf
ulf
il
led,
then
t
heev
idencewi
l
lfai
ltobepi
ctur
edasanOr
alEv
idence.Or
alev
idenceandsect
ion60i
s
apr
opor
ti
onalequat
ion.Foract
ingoutone,t
heot
herneedst
obef
ulf
il
led.Thebase
pr
inci
pleonwhi
chsect
ion60i
spl
acedi
sthatt
heev
idencewhi
chi
stakeni
ntor
egar
ds
mustbedi
rect
.Thewor
dDi
rectdoesnoti
ncl
udeanycat
egor
yofhear
sayasi
tsmai
n
el
ementi
svest
edi
nthewor
d“must
”.Ev
eryst
atementunderor
alev
idencemustbe
di
rect
.Now l
et’
sfocusonsomecondi
ti
onswhi
chneedt
obef
ulf
il
ledt
omakeor
al
ev
idenceadmi
ssi
ble;

Di
rector
alev
idence

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage97
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Or
alEv
idencemustbedi
recti
n al
lcases.I
ndi
rectway
sorhear
sayi
snot
consi
der
edapar
tofdi
rector
alev
idence.Thewor
d“Di
rect
”inal
lmat
ter
smustmean
t
hati
tisadmi
nist
eredbyanyper
sonont
hei
rowni
.et
hrought
hei
rper
sonalknowl
edge
andi
snotpassedbyanyot
herper
son(
hear
say
)whi
chont
heot
herhandwi
l
lbe
i
nadmi
ssi
ble.Thi
sinv
olv
escer
tai
ncasesi
nwhi
cht
hewor
d“di
rect
”isi
nvol
ved:
-

 I
tref
erst
oaf
actwhi
chcoul
dbeseen,
itmustbet
heev
idenceofawi
tnesswho
say
shesawi
t.I
tref
erst
oev
idencewhi
chhasbeengi
venbyt
heper
sonwhohas
act
ual
l
yseenorobser
vedt
hemat
terbyt
hei
rowney
es.Thi
swi
l
lbeact
uat
edas
di
rectev
idence.Forexampl
e:i
fAsawt
hatBi
shi
tt
ingC.Awi
l
lbeaney
ewi
tness
t
othecr
imesceneandhi
stest
imonywi
l
lbet
hatofdi
rectev
idence.

 I
tref
erst
oaf
actwhi
chcoul
dbehear
d,i
tmustbet
heev
idenceofawi
tnesswho
say
shehear
dit
.Itr
efer
stoev
idencewhi
chhasbeengi
venbyt
heper
sonwho
waspr
esentandhasact
ual
l
yhear
dthemat
terbyt
hemsel
ves,t
hiswi
l
lcome
underdi
rectev
idence.Forexampl
e:i
fAov
erhear
dB’
sconv
ersat
iont
hatst
ated;
t
hathei
sgoi
ngt
oki
l
lCt
omor
rowundert
hebr
idge,A’
stest
imonywi
l
lbet
hatof
di
rectev
idence.

 I
tref
erst
oaf
actwhi
chcoul
dbeper
cei
vedbyanyot
hersensesoranyot
her
manner
,itmustbet
heev
idenceofper
sonwhosay
sheper
cei
vedi
tbyt
hatsense
ormanner–Meani
ngsuchev
idencet
hathasbeengi
venbyt
heper
sonwhohas
per
cei
vedi
tinanyot
hermannerorbyanyot
hersensesbuti
thasbeenper
cei
ved
byt
hatper
soni
tsel
f.Forex
ampl
e:t
hroughsenseofsmel
lort
ast
e.

 I
fitr
efer
stoanopi
nionort
ogr
oundsonwhi
cht
hatopi
nioni
shel
d,i
tmustbet
he
ev
idenceoft
heper
sonwhohol
dst
hatopi
nionont
hosegr
ounds– I
tmeans
whenaper
sonhol
dsanyopi
niononanymat
terori
nci
dent
,onl
yhi
stest
imonyon
t
hegr
oundofwhi
chhi
sopi
nioni
sfor
medwi
l
lbeadmi
ssi
blei
nthecour
t.For
exampl
eAt
hinkst
hatBi
snotagoodguy
,sohi
stest
imonyoft
hatopi
nionwi
l
lbe
t
ermedunderdi
rectev
idence.

Meani
ngofHear
sayEv
idence

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage98
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Al
lofusar
eawar
eofwhathear
sayi
s;hear
sayi
sanyi
nfor
mat
ionwhi
chi
s
r
ecei
vedbyanyper
sonf
rom anyot
hersour
ce.Hear
saymeanswhenaper
sondoesnot
hav
eaper
sonalknowl
edgeaboutapar
ti
cul
armat
terori
nci
dentandhehasbeen
i
nfor
medaboutt
hatpar
ti
cul
armat
terbyanyot
herper
son.Asor
alev
idencei
ncl
udes
f
ir
st-
hand knowl
edge t
hus,Hear
sayev
idence i
sexcl
uded undert
he ambi
tofor
al
ev
idencebecausehear
sayi
snotdi
rect
lyobt
ainedev
idence.

Rat
ional
ebehi
ndt
heexcl
usi
onofHear
sayEv
idence

Fr
om t
heabov
ehead now weknow t
hatHear
sayEv
idencei
ssecond-
hand
knowl
edge.Butwhyi
sitexcl
udedf
rom or
alev
idence?

Foror
alev
idence t
o be admi
ssi
blei
tonl
y accept
sthe r
ule off
ir
st-
hand
knowl
edge.I
tonl
yincl
udeswhati
sdi
rect
lyseen,hear
dandper
cei
vedbyaper
son.
Ther
eisnor
oom f
orsecond-
handknowl
edge.Aconv
ict
ionpassedonhear
saymaybe
t
rul
yunj
ust
if
iedast
her
eisnor
eli
abi
l
ityast
owhet
hert
heper
sonwhohaspassedon
t
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nfor
mat
ioni
scr
edi
bleenoughornot
.Forexampl
e:i
fA hasr
ecei
ved
i
nfor
mat
iont
hroughBt
hathesawChi
tt
ingD.Thi
swi
l
lbehear
saybecauseAhi
msel
f
hasnotadmi
nist
eredt
hei
nci
dent
.Fort
hisr
eason,Hear
sayhasbeenexcl
udedf
rom
Or
alEv
idence.

St
atementt
owi
tnessesbyper
sonsnotcal
l
ed

Ther
emaybesomecasesi
nwhi
chwi
tnessesmaynotbecal
l
edbutt
hei
r
t
est
imonyi
saccept
edandnott
reat
edashear
say
.Incer
tai
ncases,suchst
atement
s
maybeadmi
ssi
ble.Opi
nionsofexper
tswhi
char
eembedded i
nthi
ngswhi
char
e
mai
ntai
nedf
orsal
eli
kebooksofaut
hor
scanbeaccept
edasor
alev
idencewhent
he
aut
horoft
hebooki
sdead,
cannotbef
ound,
cannotcomet
othecour
tforsomer
eason
ort
hecour
tthi
nkst
hatcal
l
ingsuchper
sonmaybeadel
ayofpr
oceedi
ng,soanysuch
st
atement
sshal
lbeadmi
ssi
ble.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage99
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Chi
l
dCompl
ainant
’sEv
idencebyv
ideo-
recor
dingandt
elev
isi
onl
i
nk

Or
alEv
idenceal
soi
ncl
udest
hechi
l
d’scompl
ainantev
idencebyv
ideor
ecor
ding
and t
elev
isi
on l
i
nk,so i
fther
eisanyev
idence whi
ch i
spr
esent
ed t
hrough v
ideo
r
ecor
dingt
heyar
eadmi
ssi
bleunderor
alev
idenceasl
ongast
heyar
enott
amper
edwi
th.

Wi
tnessi
ngof
fenceonv
isual
displ
ayofv
ideo-
recor
ding

I
fther
eisav
ideo whi
ch di
spl
ays an of
fence bei
ng commi
tt
ed i
tmaybe
admi
ssi
blei
fitensur
est
hati
tisnott
amper
edbyanymeans.Thi
smayal
sobei
ncl
uded
underor
alev
idence.

Sect
ion33asanExcept
iont
oSect
ion60

Sect
ion33ofI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872basi
cal
l
ygi
vesusast
ruct
ureofexcept
iont
o
sect
ion60,
ithascer
tai
nexcept
ionsagai
nstr
uleofhear
saywhi
chwewi
l
lseebel
ow:

 Res-
gest
ae (
der
ived f
rom a Lat
in wor
d meani
ng somet
hing del
i
ber
atel
y
under
takenordone)
–Forexampl
e,i
fAseesBpassi
ngbyhi
m onabi
keandaf
ter
t
hatheseest
hatBhasbeeni
njur
edbutAhasnotadmi
nist
eredt
heacci
denton
hi
sown,whenAgoest
oB;Bsay
sthatChashi
thi
m byt
ruck,suchst
atement
t
houghhear
saymaybeadmi
ssi
ble.

 Admi
ssi
onorconf
essi
on-Forexampl
e,Acomi
ngoutoft
hecour
ttel
l
sBhi
sgui
l
t
ofcommi
tt
ingmur
derofC,t
houghhear
saybutst
atementshal
lbeaccept
edas
ev
idence.

 Byanyr
easont
heper
soncannotcomet
othecour
tifhei
sdead,
cannotbef
ound,
i
sincapabl
eofcomi
ngt
ocour
t;ev
erysuchi
nfor
mat
ionwhi
chhasbeenpassed
t
otheot
herper
sonandt
hatper
songi
vi
ngt
het
est
imonyi
nthecour
tshal
lbehel
d
admi
ssi
ble.

Di
ff
erenceBet
weenOr
alandDocument
aryEv
idence

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage100
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

BASI
S ORALEVI
DENCE DOCUMENTARYEVI
DENCE

Meani
ng Or
al ev
idence i
s t
he Document
ary ev
idence,on t
he
ev
idencegi
venbywi
tnesses ot
her hand, i
s t
he ev
idence
whoar
ecal
l
edi
nthecour
t whi
chi
ssubmi
tt
edi
nthecour
t
i
nregar
dst
othet
ri
alor
all
y. i
n wr
it
ten f
orm i
ncl
udi
ng
document
s,paper
set
c

Legal
l
ydef
ined Or
alev
idencei
sment
ioned Document
aryev
idencei
sdeal
t
undersect
ion59and60of f
rom sect
ion 61 t
o 66 oft
he
t
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
. I
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.

Ty
pes Or
al ev
idence shoul
d be Document
ary ev
idence has
gi
vendi
rectf
orm. di
rectdocument
sandsecondar
y
document
s.

For
msofsubmi
ssi
on Or
alev
idencecanbegi
ven Document
aryev
idencemustbe
t
hroughspeaki
ng,si
gnsor gi
veni
nwr
it
ing.
gest
ures

CaseLawsonOr
alEv
idence

St
atev
.Raj
alAnand

I
twashel
dundert
hiscaset
hatsect
ion60oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActonl
y
i
ncl
udest
hewor
d“di
rect
”andexcl
udeshear
say
.Anyev
idencegi
venmustbedi
rectand
t
hehear
sayev
idencedoesnothol
danyar
eaunderor
alev
idenceasi
tisnotdi
rect
.But
t
hedoct
ri
neofRes-
gest
aehasbeenobser
vedasanexcept
iont
other
uleofhear
say
whi
chexpl
ainedt
hatanyper
sonwhohasexper
iencedanyser
iesofr
elev
antf
act
s,hi
s
t
est
imonyaf
tert
hei
nci
dentev
eni
fhehasnotseent
hecr
imebei
ngcommi
tt
edwi
l
lbe
accept
ed.

AmarSi
nghv
.Chhaj
uSi
nghAndAnr
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage101
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Ar
elat
ionshi
pbet
weensect
ion50and60ofI
ndi
anEv
idenceActhasbeen
est
abl
i
shedwhi
chsay
sthatf
orpr
ovi
nganev
idencecompl
etel
y,t
wot
hingsshal
lbe
f
ulf
il
ledf
ir
stl
y,t
her
eshal
lbeapr
esenceofr
elev
antf
act
sandt
hosef
act
shav
ebeen
pr
esent
eddi
rect
lybyt
heper
sonwhohasei
therseent
hem,
hear
dthem oret
c.

Bhi
maTi
maDhot
rev
.ThePi
oneerChemi
cal
Co.

I
nthi
scase,i
twashel
dthatanyf
actcanbepr
ovedbyor
alev
idencei
nst
eadof
t
hecont
entofdocument
sorel
ect
roni
crecor
ds.I
tisseent
hati
ftheper
sonwhohas
pr
esent
edt
hedocument
aryr
ecor
discal
l
edt
opr
ovet
her
ecor
ds,
document
aryev
idence
l
osesal
li
tssi
gni
fi
canceandi
twi
l
lbecomeor
alev
idencewhi
chwi
l
lbemeani
ngl
ess.

Concl
usi
on

Onconcl
udi
ngt
hear
ti
cle,or
alev
idence,wi
thi
tsi
ncr
easi
ngappr
oachcanbe
appr
opr
iat
eforpassi
ngj
udgementi
fpr
ovedbey
ondar
easonabl
edoubt
.Ear
li
eri
twas
seent
obeweakev
idencebuti
tsneedhasbeengr
owi
ngi
nmoder
nti
mes.I
nmyopi
nion
i
nci
dent
sandf
act
scanbebet
terunder
stoodt
hroughor
alway
sast
heper
sonwhohas
admi
nist
ered t
he i
nci
denti
tsel
fcan expl
aini
tin a mor
e cl
earway r
athert
han
document
aryf
orm ofev
idence.

2.DOCUMENTARYEVI
DENCE(
SECTI
ONS61-
78)
Document:
meansanymat
terexpr
essedordescr
ibeduponanysubst
anceby
meansofl
ett
ers,f
igur
esormar
ks,orbymor
ethanoneoft
hosemeansi
ntendedt
obe
used,
orwhi
chmaybeused,
fort
hepur
poseofr
ecor
dingt
hatmat
ter
.
Awr
it
ing,pr
int
ing,l
i
thogr
aph,phot
ogr
aph,map,apl
an,ani
nscr
ipt
iononamet
al
pl
ateorast
one,
apl
aque,
acar
icat
ureet
c.ar
edocument
s.
Chapt
erV ofI
ndi
anEv
idenceActdealwi
thdocument
aryev
idence.I
tfur
ther
cl
assi
fi
es t
he document
ary ev
idence i
n pr
imar
y and secondar
y ev
idence.or
igi
nal
documentmustbepr
oducedt
opr
ovei
taspr
ovi
dedbysec.
64ofI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage102
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Cont
ent
sofdocumentcanbepr
ovedbypr
imar
yorsecondar
yev
idence.

Pr
imar
yEv
idence[
Sec.
62]
:meanst
hedocumenti
tsel
fpr
oducedf
ort
hei
nspect
ionof
t
heCour
t.
Expl
anat
ion1:Wher
eadocumenti
sexecut
edi
nsev
eralpar
ts,eachpar
tispr
imar
y
ev
idence oft
he document
.Wher
e a documenti
s execut
ed i
n count
erpar
t,each
count
erpar
tbei
ngexecut
edbyoneorsomeoft
hepar
ti
esonl
y,eachcount
erpar
tis
pr
imar
yev
idenceasagai
nstt
hepar
ti
esexecut
ingi
t.
Expl
anat
ion2:Wher
eanumberofdocument
sar
eal
lmadebyoneuni
for
m pr
ocess,as
i
nthecaseofpai
nti
ng,l
i
thogr
aphyorphot
ogr
aphy
,eachi
spr
imar
yev
idenceoft
he
cont
ent
soft
her
est
,butwher
etheyar
eal
lcopi
esofacommonor
igi
nal
,theyar
enot
pr
imar
yev
idenceoft
hecont
ent
soft
heor
igi
nal

Secondar
yEv
idence[
Sec.
63]
:meansandi
ncl
udes
[
1]cer
ti
fi
edcopi
es;
[
2]copi
esmadef
rom t
heor
igi
nalbymechani
calpr
ocesses,andcopi
escompar
edwi
th
suchcopi
es;
[
3]copi
esmadef
rom orcompar
edwi
tht
heor
igi
nal
;
[
4]count
erpar
tsofdocument
sasagai
nstt
hepar
ti
eswhodi
dnotexecut
ethem;
[
5]or
alaccount
soft
hecont
ent
sofadocumentbyaper
sonwhohasseeni
t.
Thecor
rect
nessofcer
ti
fi
edcopi
eswi
l
lbepr
esumedunders79;
butt
hatofot
her
copi
eswi
l
lhav
etobepr
oved.Thi
spr
oofmaybeaf
for
dedbycal
l
ingawi
tnesswhocan
sweart
hathehascompar
edt
hecopyt
ender
edi
nev
idencewi
tht
heor
igi
nalorwi
th
whatsomeot
herper
sonr
eadast
hecont
ent
soft
heor
igi
nalandt
hatsuchi
scor
rect
.
Cer
ti
fi
edcopi
esofmoneyl
ender
sli
cencesar
eadmi
ssi
blei
nev
idence.
Ty
pesofSecondar
yEv
idence:
Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentt
ypesofsecondar
yev
idence.
Ther
ear
e17mai
nty
pesofsecondar
yev
idencewhi
char
easf
oll
ow:
1.Cer
ti
fi
edcopi
es.
2.Copi
espr
epar
edbymechani
cal
process.
3.Count
erf
oil
s.
4.Phot
ogr
aphs.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage103
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

5.Xer
oxcopy
.
6.Phot
ost
atcopy
.
7.Car
boncopy
.
8.Ty
pescopy
.9.Taper
ecor
ds.
10.Copi
esmadef
rom orcompar
edwi
thor
igi
nal
copy
.
11.Count
erpar
ts.
12.Or
alaccount
s.
13.Regi
str
ati
oncopy
.
14.Unpr
obat
edwi
l
l.
15.Agecer
ti
fi
cat
e.
16.Vot
ersl
i
st.
17.Newspaperr
epor
t.

Modeofpr
ovi
ngadocument
Cont
ent
s ofpr
ivat
e document
s ar
e pr
oved ei
therbypr
imar
yorsecondar
y
ev
idencei
nvi
ew ofSect
ions61t hegenui
o66,t nenessi
sest
abl
i
shedbyadduci
ng
ev
idence as perSect
ions 67 t he t
o 73;and t rut
h oft
hei
rcont
ent
sis or
dinar
il
y
est
abl
i
shedbymeansofi
ndependent
,di
rectorci
rcumst
ant
ial
,ev
idence.
A dul
ypr
oved documentcan onl
ybe consi
der
ed att
he f
inalhear
ing ofa
pr
oceedi
ng.Onust
opr
oveadocumenti
supont
hepar
tyi
ntendi
ngt
orel
yoni
t.The
genui
nenessort
het
rut
hful
nessoft
hecont
ent
sofadocumentar
etobepr
ovedbyt
he
or
alev
idenceandt
hecont
ent
sther
eofar
etobepr
ovedei
therbyadduci
ngpr
imar
y
ev
idenceort
hesecondar
yev
idence.Adocumenti
ssai
dtobepr
ovedi
ffol
l
owi
ngt
hree
cr
it
eri
aar
esat
isf
ied:
 f
ir
stl
y,t
heexecut
ionofadocument
,i.
e.,t
hehandwr
it
ingorsi
gnat
ureont
he
document
,i
fany
,ispr
oved.(
genui
nenessofadocument
)
 secondl
y,cont
ent
sofadocument
,and
 t
hir
dly
,tr
uthf
ulnessoft
hecont
ent
sofadocument
.
TheEv
idenceActdi
sti
ngui
shesbet
ween'
pri
vat
edocument
'and'
publ
i
cdocument
'
andabov
ement
ionedcr
it
eri
aofpr
ovi
ngt
hedocumentdonotappl
ytot
he'
publ
i
c
document
'duet
othespeci
alr
ulesandpr
esumpt
ionspr
ovi
dedbyl
aw.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage104
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

(
A)Execut
ion
Thepr
ocessofpr
ovi
ngt
hesi
gnat
ureorhandwr
it
ingi
nadocumentgoest
othe
'
genui
neness'oft
hedocument
.Thepar
tywhoseekst
opr
oveapar
ti
cul
ardocument
mustgett
hehandwr
it
ingorsi
gnat
ureoft
heaut
hor
,ifany
,ident
if
iedbyt
heaut
hor
hi
msel
funderSect
ion67oft
heActoranyt
hir
dper
sonacquai
ntedwi
tht
hehandwr
it
ing
i
nquest
ionunderSect
ion47oft
heActorbyaper
soni
nwhosepr
esencet
hedocument
wassi
gnedorexecut
edunderSect
ion67and68oft
heActorbyanexper
twi
tness
underSect
ion45oft
heAct
.Al
so,t
hesi
gnat
orymayhi
msel
fadmi
thav
ingsi
gnedor
execut
edadocument
,whi
chdi
spensewi
tht
hepr
ooft
her
eofv
ideSect
ion58oft
heAct
.
Fur
ther
,thecour
tit
sel
fisenabl
edunderSect
ion73oft
heActt
ocompar
ethe
handwr
it
ing ort
he si
gnat
urei
n quest
ion wi
tht
he one admi
tt
ed orpr
oved t
othe
sat
isf
act
ionoft
hecour
t.Undercer
tai
nci
rcumst
ancesenumer
atedatsect
ion79t
o90A
oft
heEv
idenceAct
,acour
tisent
it
ledt
opr
esumet
hatt
hesi
gnat
ureonadocumentand
t
hedocumenti
tsel
fisgenui
ne.Thus,underSect
ion79,cour
tsmaypr
esumet
hat
cer
ti
fi
ed copi
esar
egenui
ne.Pr
oofofasi
gnat
ureorhandwr
it
ing on documenti
s
somet
imesr
efer
redt
oasmer
e'f
ormalpr
oofofadocument
'aspr
ooft
her
eofdoesnot
aut
omat
ical
l
yresul
tint
hepr
oofoft
hecont
ent
soft
hedocument
.
(
B)Cont
ent
s:
Thecont
ent
sofadocumentmustor
dinar
il
ybepr
ovedby'
pri
mar
yev
idence'
.
Howev
er,wher
ethepar
tyi
snotabl
etopr
oducet
hepr
imar
yev
idencei
tsel
fduet
othe
r
easonsenumer
atedunderSect
ion65oft
heAct
,thepar
tyi
satl
i
ber
tyt
opr
oducet
he
secondar
yev
idencet
opr
ovet
hecont
ent
soft
hedocument
.The'
proofofcont
ent
s'i
s
di
ff
erentf
rom t
he'
tr
uthoft
hecont
ent
s'.
Thedi
sti
nct
ionhasbeenbr
oughtouti
nOm Pr
akashBer
li
av.Uni
tTr
ustofI
ndi
a,
wher
eini
twashel
dthatexpr
essi
on'cont
ent
sofadocument
'undert
heEv
idenceAct
mustmeanonl
y'whatt
hedocumentst
atesandnott
het
rut
hofwhatt
hedocument
st
ates'andt
hatt
het
rut
hofcont
ent
sofadocumentcannotbepr
ovedmer
elyby
pr
oduci
ngt
hedocumentf
ort
hei
nspect
ionoft
hecour
t.
Forexampl
e,al
ett
eri
spr
oducedashav
ingbeenwr
it
tenby‘
A’andi
tcont
ainsa
st
atementt
hati
nhi
spr
esence‘
B’pai
danamountofmoneyt
o‘C’
.Ift
he'
cont
ent
s'of

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage105
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
hisl
ett
erar
epr
oved,t
heni
tcanbesai
dthatA,i
nfactwr
otet
hisl
ett
er.Butt
hatdoes
notmeant
hatBact
ual
l
ypai
dsuchamountt
oC.Hence,
the'
tr
uthf
ulnessoft
hecont
ent
s
ofadocument
'ar
etobespeci
fi
cal
l
ypr
oved.
(
C)Tr
uthf
ulnessoft
heCont
ent
s:
Sect
ion67pr
escr
ibest
hatt
rut
hful
nessoft
hecont
ent
shast
obepr
ovedbyt
he
per
sonalknowl
edge.Or
dinar
il
y,t
hewi
tnesswhohasbeencal
l
edbyt
hepar
tyi
ntendi
ng
t
orel
yonadocument
,musthav
eper
sonalknowl
edgeoft
hedocument
.Inot
herwor
ds,
suchwi
tnessshoul
dbet
heaut
horoft
hedocument
.Thi
sispr
oofbywayofor
al
ev
idenceasst
ipul
atedi
nSect
ion59ofEv
idenceAct
.Howev
er,i
nanot
herj
udgmentof
BombayHi
ghCour
t,Bi
maTi
maDhot
rev
.Pi
oneerChemi
calCo.obser
vedt
hati
twasnot
necessar
yto cal
lthewr
it
eroft
hedocumenti
n or
dert
o pr
ovet
hedocumentas
document
aryev
idencewoul
dbecomemeani
ngl
essi
fthewr
it
erhast
obecal
l
edi
nev
ery
case.
Hence,i
tcanbesai
dthatt
rut
hoft
hecont
ent
sofadocumentmustbepr
oved
ei
therbyt
heaut
hororby'
theper
sonwhoknowsandunder
standst
hecont
ent
s',
thati
s
per
sonshav
ingper
sonalknowl
edgeofadocument
.Thi
sisr
uleagai
nsthear
say
.Iti
s
necessar
ytonot
ethat
,insomecases,i
twi
l
lnotbenecessar
ytocal
ltheaut
horort
he
wr
it
eroft
hedocumenti
nor
dert
opr
ovet
het
rut
hful
nessofi
tscont
ent
s.
Fol
l
owi
ngar
esomeexcept
ionst
otheRul
eagai
nstHear
say
:
i
.Whent
het
rut
hofcont
ent
sisnotmat
eri
alt
obepr
ovedori
snoti
nfacti
nissue.
i
i
.Whent
hewi
tnessest
hemsel
vesar
enotav
ail
abl
e.
Suchcont
ingencyi
scov
eredbyt
heSect
ion32oft
heEv
idenceActwhi
chst
ates
t
hatwher
etheaut
horofadocumentcannotbecal
l
edasawi
tnessei
therbecausehei
s
dead,cannotbef
ound,hasbecomei
ncapabl
eofgi
vi
ngev
idence,orhi
sat
tendance
cannotbepr
ocur
edwi
thoutunr
easonabl
edel
ay,t
hent
heaut
horoft
hedocumentneed
notbecal
l
edi
nor
dert
o deposet
hecont
ent
soft
hedocumentunderanyoft
he
ci
rcumst
ancesenumer
atedi
nthesect
ioni
tsel
f.
i
i
i.Publ
i
cDocument
s,di
scussedher
einaf
ter
.
i
v.Summar
iesofv
olumi
nousdocument
s.UnderSect
ion65(
g)oft
heEv
idenceAct
,if
or
igi
naldocument
sar
evol
umi
noust
hent
hesummar
yorsy
nopsi
sther
eofcanbe
pr
epar
edandadmi
tt
edi
nev
idencebyaper
sonwhoi
snott
heaut
horoft
hedocument
s.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage106
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Sect
ion58oft
heEv
idenceAct
:post
ulat
est
hatadocumentwhi
chhasbeenadmi
tt
edor
notspeci
fi
cal
l
ydeni
edbyt
heopposi
tepar
tyneednotbepr
oved.Thi
sismer
elyar
uleof
pr
udenceandi
ssubj
ectt
othesat
isf
act
ionoft
hecour
t.Admi
ssi
onofadocumentv
ide
Sect
ion18oft
heActbyopposi
tepar
tydoesnotbyi
tsel
fdi
spenset
hepar
tyt
opr
ovei
ts
t
rut
hful
nessoft
hecont
ent
s.Par
tymayber
equi
redt
opr
ovesamei
naccor
dancewi
th
t
hel
aw.
I
nSudhi
rEngg.v
.Ni
tcoRoadway
sLt
d.Del
hiHi
ghCour
thel
dthat
,themer
e
admi
ssi
onofadocumenti
nev
idencedoesnotaamount
stoi
tspr
ove.I
twashel
dthata
documentf
il
ed byapar
tygoest
hrough t
hreest
agesbef
orei
tishel
d pr
oved or
di
spr
oved:Fi
rst
ly,t
hest
agei
nwhi
cht
hedocumenti
sfi
l
edi
ncour
t,Secondl
y,t
hest
age
i
nwhi
cht
hepar
tyt
ender
sorpr
oducest
hedocumenti
nev
idenceandt
hecour
tadmi
ts
t
hedocument
;andThi
rdl
y,t
hest
agei
nwhi
cht
hecour
tappl
i
esi
tsj
udi
cialmi
ndandt
he
documenti
shel
dpr
oved,di
spr
ovedandnotpr
oved.Once,t
heabov
ement
ionedt
hree
cr
it
eri
aar
eful
fi
ll
edadocumenti
ssai
dtobe'
prov
ed'asdef
inedunderSec.
3oft
he
Ev
idenceAct
.Ifnot
,thendocumenti
ssai
dtobe'
di
spr
oved'
or'
notpr
oved'
ast
hecase
maybe.
I
nSmt
.J.
YashodaVs.Smt
.K.ShobhaAI
R2007SC1721,2007(
3)ALLMR(
SC)
823 t
he Hon'
bl
e Apex Cour
thel
dthat“
Secondar
yev
idence as a gener
alr
ulei
s
admi
ssi
bleonl
yint
heabsenceofpr
imar
yev
idence.I
ftheor
igi
nali
tsel
fisf
oundt
obe
i
nadmi
ssi
blet
hroughf
ail
ureoft
hepar
ty,whof
il
esi
ttopr
ovei
ttobev
ali
d,t
hesame
par
tyi
s notent
it
led t
oint
roduce secondar
yev
idence ofi
ts cont
ent
s.Essent
ial
l
y,
secondar
yev
idencei
sanev
idencewhi
chmaybegi
veni
ntheabsenceoft
hatbet
ter
ev
idencewhi
chl
awr
equi
rest
obegi
venf
ir
st,whenapr
operexpl
anat
ionofi
tsabsence
i
sgi
ven.
Thedef
ini
ti
oni
nSect
ion63i
sexhaust
iveast
heSect
iondecl
arest
hatsecondar
y
ev
idence“
meansandi
ncl
udes”andt
henf
oll
ow t
hef
iveki
ndsofsecondar
yev
idence.
Ther
ulewhi
chi
sthemostuni
ver
sal
,namel
ythatt
hebestev
idencet
henat
ureoft
he
casewi
l
ladmi
tshal
lbepr
oduced,deci
dest
hisobj
ect
iont
hatr
uleonl
ymeanst
hat
,so
l
ongast
hehi
gherorsuper
iorev
idencei
swi
thi
nyourpossessi
onormayber
eachedby
y
ou,y
oushal
lgi
venoi
nfer
iorpr
oofi
nrel
ati
ont
oitI
nAshokDul
i
chandv
.Madahav
lal
DubeandAnr
.[1976]
1SCR246i
twashel
dthat"
Aft
erhear
ingt
hel
ear
nedCounsel
fort
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage107
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

par
ti
es,
wear
eoft
heopi
niont
hatt
heor
deroft
heHi
ghCour
tint
hisr
espectcal
l
sforno
i
nter
fer
ence.Accor
dingt
ocl
ause(
a)ofSect
ion65ofI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,Secondar
y
ev
idencemaybegi
venoft
heexi
stence,condi
ti
onorcont
ent
sofadocumentwhent
he
or
igi
nali
sshownorappear
stobei
npossessi
onorpoweroft
heper
sonagai
nstwhom
t
hedocumenti
ssoughtt
obepr
ovedorofanyper
sonoutofr
eachof
,ornotsubj
ectt
o,
t
hepr
ocessoft
heCour
tofanyper
sonl
egal
l
yboundt
opr
oducei
t,andwhen,af
tert
he
not
icement
ionedi
nSect
ion66suchper
sondoesnotpr
oducei
t.Cl
auses(
b)t
o(g)of
Sect
ion65speci
fysomeot
hercont
ingenci
eswher
einsecondar
yev
idencer
elat
ingt
oa
documentmaybegi
ven,butwear
enotconcer
nedwi
tht
hosecl
ausesasi
tist
he
commoncaseoft
hepar
ti
est
hatt
hepr
esentcasei
snotcov
eredbyt
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auses.I
n
or
dert
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inghi
scasewi
thi
nthepur
viewofcl
ause(
a)ofSect
ion65,
theappel
l
antf
il
ed
appl
i
cat
ionsonJul
y4,1973,bef
orer
espondentNo.1wasexami
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tness,
pr
ayi
ngt
hatt
hesai
drespondentbeor
der
edt
opr
oducet
heor
igi
nal
manuscr
iptofwhi
ch,
accor
dingt
otheappel
l
ant
,hehadf
il
edPhot
ost
atcopy
.
Pr
ayerwasal
somadebyt
heappel
l
antt
hati
ncaser
espondentNo.1deni
edt
hat
t
hesai
dmanuscr
ipthadbeenwr
it
tenbyhi
m,t
hePhot
ost
atcopymi
ghtbegotexami
ned
f
rom ahandwr
it
ingexper
t.
Theappel
l
antal
sof
il
edaf
fi
dav
iti
nsuppor
tofhi
sappl
i
cat
ions.I
twashowev
er,
nowher
est
atedi
ntheaf
fi
dav
itt
hatt
heor
igi
naldocumentofwhi
cht
hePhot
ost
atcopy
hadbeenf
il
edbyt
heappel
l
antwasi
nthepossessi
onofRespondentNo.1.Ther
ewas
al
sonoot
hermat
eri
alont
her
ecor
dtoi
ndi
cat
etheor
igi
naldocumentwasi
nthe
possessi
onofr
espondentNo.1.Theappel
l
antf
urt
herf
ail
edt
oexpl
ainast
owhatwer
e
t
heci
rcumst
ancesunderwhi
cht
hePhot
ost
atcopywaspr
epar
edandwhowasi
n
possessi
onoft
heor
igi
naldocumentatt
het
imei
tsphot
ogr
aphwast
aken.Respondent
No.1i
nhi
saf
fi
dav
itdeni
edbei
ngi
npossessi
onappear
edt
otheHi
ghCour
ttobenot
abov
esuspi
cion.I
nvi
ew ofal
ltheci
rcumst
ances,t
heHi
ghCour
ttobenotabov
e
suspi
cion.I
nvi
ewofal
ltheci
rcumst
ances,t
heHi
ghCour
tcamet
otheconcl
usi
ont
hat
nof
oundat
ionhadbeenl
aidbyt
heappel
l
antf
orl
eadi
ngsecondar
yev
idencei
nthe
shapeoft
hePhot
ost
atcopy
.
Wef
ind no i
nfi
rmi
tyi
ntheabov
eor
deroft
heHi
gh Cour
tasmi
ghtj
ust
if
y
i
nter
fer
encebyt
hisCour
t.
”Sect
ion65deal
swi
tht
hepr
oofoft
hecont
ent
soft
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage108
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

document
stender
edi
nev
idence.I
nor
dert
oenabl
eapar
tyt
opr
oducesecondar
y
ev
idencei
tisnecessar
yfort
hepar
tyt
opr
oveexi
stenceandexecut
ionoft
heor
igi
nal
document
.Secondar
yev
idenceoft
hecont
ent
sofadocumentcannotbeadmi
tt
ed
wi
thoutnonpr
oduct
ionoft
heor
igi
nalbei
ngf
ir
staccount
edf
ori
nsuchamannerast
o
br
ingi
twi
thi
noneorot
heroft
hecases.
”
I
nH.Si
ddi
qui(
Dead)byLr
s..
vs.A.Ramal
i
ngam (
2011)4SCC240,i
twashel
d
t
hatt
hought
hesai
dpr
ovi
sionper
mit
sthepar
ti
est
oadducesecondar
yev
idence,y
et
suchacour
sei
ssubj
ectt
olar
genumberofl
i
mit
ati
ons.I
nacasewher
etheor
igi
nal
document
sar
enotpr
oducedatanyt
ime,norhasanyf
act
ualf
oundat
ionbeenl
aidf
or
gi
vi
ngsecondar
yev
idence,
iti
snotper
missi
blef
ort
heCour
ttoal
l
owapar
tyt
oadduce
secondar
yev
idence.
Thus,secondar
yev
idencer
elat
ingt
othecont
ent
sofdocumenti
sinadmi
ssi
ble,
unt
ilt
henonpr
oduct
ionoft
heor
igi
nali
saccount
edf
or,soast
obr
ingi
twi
thi
noneor
ot
heroft
hecasespr
ovi
ded f
ori
nthesect
ion.Thesecondar
yev
idencemustbe
aut
hent
icat
edbyf
oundat
ionalev
idencet
hatal
l
egedcopyi
sinf
actat
ruecopyoft
he
or
igi
nal
.Ithasbeenf
urt
herhel
dint
hiscaset
hatmer
eadmi
ssi
onofadocumenti
n
ev
idencedoesnotamount
stoi
tspr
oof
.Ther
efor
e,i
tist
heobl
i
gat
ionoft
heCour
tto
deci
det
hequest
ion ofadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofadocumenti
n secondar
yev
idencebef
ore
maki
ngendor
sementt
her
eon.
1]Wher
etheor
igi
nal
isi
npossessi
onofadv
ersar
yoroutofr
each.
[
2]Whent
heexi
stence,
condi
ti
onorcont
ent
soft
heor
igi
nali
sadmi
tt
edi
nwr
it
ingbyt
he
per
sonagai
nstwhom i
thast
obepr
oved.
[
3]Whent
heor
igi
nal
hadbeenl
ostordest
roy
ed.
[
4]Whent
heor
igi
nal
isnoteasi
l
ymov
abl
e.Exampl
ebul
kydocument
s.
[
5]Whent
heor
igi
nali
sapubl
i
cdocumentwi
thi
nthemeani
ngofSect
ion74oft
he
Ev
idenceAct
.
[
6]Whent
heor
igi
nal
consi
stofnumer
ousaccount
sorot
herdocument
s.
[
7]Wher
etheor
igi
nali
sadocumentofwhi
cht
heev
idenceActper
mit
scer
ti
fi
edcopi
es
t
obegi
veni
nev
idence.
Thust
hisSect
ionr
eadsmer
elywi
tht
hef
oundat
ionst
hathast
obel
aidf
ort
he
r
ecept
ionofsecondar
yev
idence.Unl
essacasef
all
swi
thi
nanyoneoft
hespher
esof

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage109
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Sect
ion65secondar
yev
idencei
snotadmi
ssi
ble.Whent
hepr
imar
yev
idencei
snot
av
ail
abl
ethenonl
ythesecondar
yev
idencei
sal
l
owedandsecondar
yev
idencemaybe
gi
venwhent
heor
igi
nali
sint
hepossessi
onorpower
sofopposi
tepar
tyorofaper
son
whoi
soutofr
eachof
,ornotsubj
ectt
othepr
ocessoft
hecour
torofanyper
sonl
egal
l
y
boundt
opr
oducei
tandwhensuchper
sondoesnotpr
oducei
taf
ternot
icet
opr
oduce.
Whent
heexi
stencecondi
ti
onorcont
ent
soft
heor
igi
nalhav
ebeenpr
ovedt
o be
admi
tt
edi
nwr
it
ingbyt
heper
sonagai
nstwhom i
tispr
ovedorbyhi
srepr
esent
ati
vesi
n
i
nter
estt
hesecondar
yev
idencei
sal
l
owed.

El
ect
roni
cRecor
ds
Sect
ion4ofI
nfor
mat
ionTechnol
ogyAct2000r
elat
edwi
tht
hel
egalr
ecogni
ti
on
ofel
ect
roni
crecor
ds.I
fanyi
nfor
mat
ionormat
teri
srender
edormadeav
ail
abl
einan
el
ect
roni
cfor
m,andaccessi
blesoast
otheusabl
eforasubsequentr
efer
ence,
shal
lbe
deemedt
ohv
esat
isf
iedt
her
equi
rementoft
hel
awwhi
chpr
ovi
dest
hati
nfor
mat
ionor
anyot
hermat
tershal
lbei
nwr
it
ingori
nthet
ypewr
it
tenf
orm.
Sect
ion5r
elat
edwi
tht
hel
egalr
ecogni
ti
onofdi
git
alsi
gnat
ures.Sect
ion6r
elat
ed
wi
tht
heuseofel
ect
roni
crecor
dsanddi
git
alsi
gnat
uresi
nGov
ernmentandi
tsagenci
es.
Sect
ion7r
elat
edwi
tht
her
etent
ionofel
ect
roni
crecor
ds.I
fanyl
aw pr
ovi
dest
hat
document
s,r
ecor
dsori
nfor
mat
ionar
erequi
redt
ober
etai
nedf
oranyspeci
fi
cper
iod,
t
hen,
thatr
equi
rementshal
lbedeemedt
ohav
ebeensat
isf
iedi
fthesamei
sret
ainedi
n
el
ect
roni
cfor
m.
TheI
nfor
mat
ionTechnol
ogyAct
,2000wasamendedt
oal
l
owf
oradmi
ssi
bil
i
tyof
di
git
alev
idence.The el
ect
roni
crecor
dis any pr
obat
ivei
nfor
mat
ion st
ored or
t
ransmi
tt
edi
ndi
git
alf
ormt
hatapar
tyt
oaCour
tcasemayuseatt
ri
al.Bef
oreaccept
ing
di
git
alev
idencei
tisv
ital
thatt
hedet
ermi
nat
ionofi
tsr
elev
ancev
eraci
tyandaut
hent
ici
ty
beascer
tai
nedbyt
heCour
tandt
oest
abl
i
shi
fthef
acti
shear
sayorcopyi
spr
efer
redt
o
t
he or
igi
nal
.Di
git
alev
idence i
sinf
ormat
ion ofpr
obat
ivev
alue t
hati
s st
ored or
t
ransmi
tt
edi
nbi
nar
yfor
m.Sect
ion(
2)cl
ause(
t)oft
heI
nfor
mat
ionTechnol
ogyAct
2000def
inest
het
ermsel
ect
roni
crecor
ds.I
tmeans"
dat
a,r
ecor
dordat
agener
ated,
i
mageorsoundst
ored,r
ecei
vedorsenti
nael
ect
roni
cfor
m mi
crof
il
m orcomput
er
gener
atedmi
crof
iche"
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage110
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Sect
ion 61 t
o 65 I
ndi
an Ev
idence Act
,the wor
d“Documentorcont
entof
document
s”hav
enotbeenr
epl
acedbyt
hewor
d“El
ect
roni
cdocument
sorcont
entof
el
ect
roni
cdocument
s”.Thus,t
heomi
ssi
onoft
hewor
d,“
Elect
roni
cRecor
ds”i
nthe
schemeofSect
ion61t
o65si
gni
fi
est
hecl
earandexpl
i
citl
egi
slat
ivei
ntent
ion,
i.
e.nott
o
ext
endt
heappl
i
cabi
l
ityofSect
ion61t
o65t
otheel
ect
roni
crecor
dinv
iewofov
err
idi
ng
pr
ovi
si
onofSect
ion65BI
ndi
anEv
idenceActdeal
i
ngexcl
usi
vel
ywi
tht
headmi
ssi
bil
i
ty
oft
heel
ect
roni
crecor
dwhi
chi
nvi
ew oft
hecompel
l
ingt
echnol
ogi
calr
easonscanbe
admi
tt
edonl
yint
hemannerspeci
fi
edunderSect
ion65BI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.
Obj
ect
ivesofspeci
alPr
ovi
sions
The mai
n obj
ect
ivet
oint
roduce t
he speci
alpr
ovi
sion hasi
tsor
igi
ntot
he
t
echni
calnat
ureoft
heev
idencepar
ti
cul
arl
yast
heev
idencei
ntheel
ect
roni
cfor
m
cannotbepr
oducedi
nthecour
tofl
awowi
ngt
othesi
zeofcomput
er/
ser
ver
,resi
dingi
n
t
hemachi
nel
anguageandt
hus,r
equi
ri
ngt
hei
nter
pret
ert
oreadt
hesame.TheSect
ion
65Boft
heEv
idenceActmakest
hesecondar
ycopyi
nthef
orm ofcomput
erout
put
compr
isi
ngofpr
int
outort
hedat
acopi
edonel
ect
roni
c/magnet
icmedi
a.
Sect
ion65A:pr
ovi
dest
hatcont
ent
sofel
ect
roni
crecor
dsmaybepr
ovedi
naccor
dence
wi
tht
hepr
ovi
si
onsofsect
ion65B.
Sect
ion65B:
Admi
ssi
bil
i
tyofEl
ect
roni
cRecor
ds
Sec.65B(
1):Not
wit
hst
andi
ngany
thi
ngcont
ainedi
nthi
sAct
,any
inf
ormat
ioncont
ained
i
nanel
ect
roni
crecor
dwhi
chi
spr
int
edonapaper
,st
ored,
recor
dedorcopi
edi
nopt
ical
ormagnet
icmedi
apr
oducedbyacomput
ershal
lbedeemedt
obeal
soadocument
,if
t
hecondi
ti
onsment
ionedi
nthi
ssect
ionar
esat
isf
iedi
nrel
ati
ont
othei
nfor
mat
ionand
comput
eri
nquest
ionandshal
lbeadmi
ssi
blei
nanypr
oceedi
ngs,wi
thoutf
urt
herpr
oof
orpr
oduct
ionoft
heor
igi
nal
,asev
idenceofanycont
ent
soft
heor
igi
nalorofanyf
act
st
atedt
her
einofwhi
chdi
rectev
idencewoul
dbeadmi
ssi
ble.
Sec.65B(
2):Thecomput
erf
rom whi
cht
her
ecor
disgener
atedwasr
egul
arl
yusedt
o
st
oreorpr
ocessi
nfor
mat
ioni
nrespectofact
ivi
tyr
egul
arl
ycar
ri
edonbyaper
son
hav
ingl
awf
ulcont
rolov
ert
heper
iod,
andr
elat
est
otheper
iodov
erwhi
cht
hecomput
er
wasr
egul
arl
yused;I
nfor
mat
ionwasf
edi
ncomput
eri
ntheor
dinar
ycour
seoft
he
act
ivi
ti
esoft
heper
sonhav
ingl
awf
ulcont
rolov
ert
hecomput
er;Thecomput
erwas
oper
ati
ngpr
oper
ly,andi
fnot
,wasnotsuchast
oaf
fectt
heel
ect
roni
crecor
dori
ts

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage111
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

accur
acy
;Inf
ormat
ionr
epr
oducedi
ssuchasi
sfedi
ntocomput
eri
ntheor
dinar
ycour
se
ofact
ivi
ty.
Sec.65B(
4)Cer
ti
fi
cat
e:Regar
dingt
heper
sonwhocani
ssuet
hecer
ti
fi
cat
eandcont
ent
s
ofcer
ti
fi
cat
e,i
tpr
ovi
dest
hecer
ti
fi
cat
edoi
nganyoft
hef
oll
owi
ngt
hings:i
dent
if
yingt
he
el
ect
roni
crecor
dcont
aini
ngt
hest
atementanddescr
ibi
ngt
hemanneri
nwhi
chi
twas
pr
oduced;gi
vi
ngt
hepar
ti
cul
arsofdev
icedeal
i
ngwi
thanyoft
hemat
ter
stowhi
cht
he
condi
ti
onsment
ionedi
nsubsect
ion
(
2)r
elat
eandpur
por
ti
ngt
obesi
gnedbyaper
sonoccupy
ingar
esponsi
bleof
fi
cial
posi
ti
oni
nrel
ati
ont
otheoper
ati
onoft
her
elev
antdev
iceort
hemanagementoft
he
r
elev
antact
ivi
ti
es(
whi
chev
eri
sappr
opr
iat
e)shal
lbeev
idenceofanymat
terst
atedi
n
t
hecer
ti
fi
cat
e;andf
ort
hepur
posesoft
hissubsect
ioni
tshal
lbesuf
fi
cientf
oramat
ter
t
obest
atedt
othebestoft
heknowl
edgeandbel
i
efoft
heper
sonst
ati
ngi
t.(
Yusuf
ali
Usmai
lVSt
ateofMahar
asht
raAI
R1968147)
Modeofpr
ovi
ngEl
ect
roni
crecor
ds:Fort
heAdmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofel
ect
roni
cev
idence,
itmust
sat
isf
ythesamer
ulesasr
equi
redf
ort
radi
ti
onaldocument
aryev
idencet
obeadmi
tt
ed
i
ntoev
idenceasl
aiddownbyI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.Butmostofel
ect
roni
cev
idencei
s
i
ntangi
ble,i
nvi
si
ble so some hel
p/ai
dfr
om t
echni
calper
son/
Knowl
edge may be
r
equi
redt
oascer
tai
nthef
actwhi
chi
stobepr
oved.Thesect
ion3f
or,
“Document
”and
“
Prov
ed”r
efl
ect
sthat
,thepr
inci
plesofI
ndi
anEv
idenceActar
enotchangedi
nanyway
t
opr
ovet
heel
ect
roni
cdocument
s.Bei
ngJor
gan(
techni
calWor
ds)i
ntheI
nfor
mat
ion
Technol
ogyAct,
somemayf
eel
that
,iti
sdi
ff
icul
tlawt
ounder
stand.
Howt
opr
oveemai
l
:Sect
ion88,88A,114(
f)oft
heEv
idenceActwi
thsect
ion26oft
he
Gener
alCl
auseActar
erel
evantsect
ionsf
orsendi
ngandr
ecei
ptofemai
landi
tspr
oof
.
Toadmi
temai
l
sint
oev
idence,t
hepr
oponentmustshow t
heor
igi
nandi
ntegr
it
yof
emai
l
s.Hemustshow whoorwhator
igi
nat
edt
heemai
landwhet
hert
hecont
enti
s
compl
etei
nthef
ormi
ntended,
freef
rom er
rororf
abr
icat
ion.I
ndi
scov
ery
,thepr
oponent
needst
opr
ovet
hatt
hehar
dcopyoft
heemai
lev
idencei
sconsi
stentwi
tht
heonei
nthe
comput
erandi
ncl
udesal
lthei
nfor
mat
ionhel
dint
heel
ect
roni
cdocument
.Nextst
age
f
oll
ows t
hat
,bef
ore admi
ssi
bil
i
tyt
he documenthas t
o meett
he r
equi
rement
s of
aut
hent
icat
ionori
dent
if
icat
ion.
Thi
sisapr
ocessofv
eri
fi
cat
iont
hatest
abl
i
shest
hatt
hedocumenti
swhati
t

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage112
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

pur
por
tst
obe.i
.e.t
hatt
heemai
lwasmadebyt
heaut
hori
ndi
cat
edt
her
einandi
s
unal
ter
edexceptf
ort
hechangei
nthedocumentgener
atedaut
omat
ical
l
ysuchas
addi
ngt
hedat
eandt
imei
ncaseofemai
landaddr
ess.Thebur
deni
sont
heper
son
adduci
ngt
hedat
amessaget
opr
ovei
tsaut
hent
ici
tybyadduci
ngr
elev
antev
idence
t
her
efor
ethatt
hedocumenti
swhati
tpur
por
tst
obe.Wher
ebestev
idencei
sthe
ev
idencer
equi
red,t
her
uleofbestev
idencei
sful
fi
ll
eduponpr
oofoft
heaut
hent
ici
tyof
t
heel
ect
roni
crecor
dssy
stem i
norbywhi
cht
hedat
awasr
ecor
dedorst
ored.I
n
assessi
ngt
heev
ident
ialwei
ghtt
hecour
tshal
lhav
eregar
dtot
her
eli
abi
l
ityoft
he
manneri
n whi
ch t
hedat
a messagewasgener
ated,st
ored orcommuni
cat
ed;t
he
r
eli
abi
l
ityoft
hemanneri
nwhi
cht
heaut
hent
ici
tyoft
hedat
amessagewasmai
ntai
ned;
t
hemanneri
nwhi
cht
heor
igi
nat
oroft
hedat
amessageorel
ect
roni
crecor
dwas
i
dent
if
ied;andanyot
herr
elev
antf
act
or.Theaut
hent
ici
tyoft
heel
ect
roni
crecor
ds
sy
stem suchasacomput
eri
spr
esumedi
ntheabsenceofanyev
idencet
othecont
rar
y
wher
ether
eisev
idencet
hatt
hesy
stem wasoper
ati
ngpr
oper
ly.
Wher
ether
ecor
disst
oredbyapar
tyadv
erset
othepr
oduct
ionoft
heemai
lor
dat
amessage;ev
idencei
sledt
hatt
her
ecor
dwasst
oredi
ntheusualandor
dinar
y
cour
seofbusi
nessbyapar
tywhoi
snotapar
tyt
othesui
t.TheActspeci
fi
cal
l
y
pr
ovi
dest
hati
tdoesnotmodi
fyt
hest
atut
oryorcommonl
awr
ulesf
ort
headmi
ssi
bil
i
ty
ofev
idence.Foradmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofel
ect
roni
crecor
ds,speci
fi
ccr
it
eri
ahav
ebeenmadei
n
t
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActt
osat
isf
ythepr
imecondi
ti
onofaut
hent
ici
tyorr
eli
abi
l
itywhi
ch
maybest
rengt
henedbymeansofnew t
echni
quesofsecur
it
ybei
ngi
ntr
oducedby
adv
anci
ngt
echnol
ogi
es.I
tal
sor
equi
res:
a]I
ntegr
it
yoft
hedat
a.
b]I
ntegr
it
yoft
hehar
dwar
e/sof
twar
e
c]Secur
it
yoft
hesy
stem.
Howt
opr
ovet
hat
,sy
stem waspr
oper
lywor
king?
Toshow t
hatt
hesy
stem waswor
kingpr
oper
ly,t
heev
idencei
snecessar
yto
show t
hat
,recor
dwasst
oresi
ntheusualandor
dinar
ycour
seofbusi
nessbyapar
ty
(
prov
ider
)whoi
snotpar
tyt
othecase.I
fsomeonechal
l
engest
heaccur
acyoft
he
comput
erev
idenceorel
ect
roni
cev
idenceori
nter
pol
ati
ont
henhemustpr
ovet
hesame
bey
ond r
easonabl
e doubt
.Recent
lyi
n case ofAnv
arv
s.Bashi
r(Ci
vi
lAppealNo.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage113
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

4226/
2012 deci
ded on18.
09.
14)t
heHon'
bl
eSupr
emeCour
tdel
i
ber
ated upont
he
pr
ocedur
eforpr
oofofel
ect
roni
cev
i uded,“
denceandconcl Anel
ect
roni
crecor
dbyway
ofsecondar
yev
idenceshal
lnotbeadmi
tt
edi
nev
idenceunl
esst
her
equi
rement
sunder
Sect
ion65Bar
esat
isf
ied.Thus,i
nthecaseofCD,VCD,chi
p,et
c.,t
hesameshal
lbe
accompani
edbyt
hecer
ti
fi
cat
eint
ermsofSect
ion65Bobt
ainedatt
het
imeoft
aki
ng
t
hedocument
,wi
thoutwhi
ch,t
hesecondar
yev
idenceper
tai
ningt
othatel
ect
roni
c
r
ecor
d,i
sinadmi
ssi
ble”
.
1.Ar
kShi
ppi
ngCo.Lt
d.Vr
sGr
tShi
pManagementPv
t.Lt
drepor
tedi
n2007(
5)ALLMR
516
2.St
ateVr
sNav
jotSandhu 2005 (
11)SCC 600 (
cer
ti
fi
cat
eundersect
ion 65B not
necessar
y).
3.St
ateofDel
hiVr
sMohdAf
zal
andot
her
s2003(
3)11JCC1669
4.Commi
ssi
onerofCust
omsMumbaiVr
sRi
dhiSi
dhiFur
nit
ureFi
tt
ingCo.
2002(
144)
ELT444

MODULE06
ORALANDDOCUMENTARYEVI
DENCEI
I
1.PRESUMPTI
ONSASTODOCUMENTSANDELECTRONI
CRECORDS(
SECTI
ONS79-
90A)
2.EXCLUSI
ONOFORALBYDOCUMENTARYEVI
DENCE(
SECTI
ONS91-
100)

1.PRESUMPTI
ONSASTODOCUMENTSANDELECTRONI
CRECORDS(
SECTI
ONS79-
90A)
I
ntr
oduct
ion

Theev
idencei
ncr
imi
nalcasespl
aysani
mpor
tantr
olei
ndeci
dingt
hecaseand
t
o br
ing outj
ust
ice.The I
ndi
an Ev
idence Actaccept
stwo f
orms ofev
idence,
document
aryev
idenceandor
alev
idence.Accor
dingt
otheI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,the
document
swhi
char
epr
oducedf
ort
hei
nspect
ionoft
hecour
tar
ecal
l
eddocument
ary
ev
idence.Thedocument
aryev
idencei
sofgr
eathel
pandt
heyar
ever
yrel
i
abl
edur
ing
t
hepr
ocessofi
nvest
igat
ion.Thedocument
sar
emai
nlyoft
wot
ypes:pr
ivat
edocument
andpubl
i
cdocument
.Thi
sar
ti
clewoul
ddealwi
tht
hepr
esumpt
ionast
othedocument
s

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage114
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

andt
hei
rev
ident
ial
val
ue.

Publ
i
cDocument
s

Thei
nter
pret
ati
oncl
auseoft
heI
ndi
anev
idenceactdef
inest
het
erm document
.
Accor
ding t
o Sect
ion 3 oft
he I
ndi
an Ev
idence Act
,documentmeansanymat
ter
expr
essedordescr
ibeduponanysubst
anceandi
tcanbei
nvar
iousmeansofl
ett
ers,
f
igur
esormar
ks,orbymor
ethanoneoft
hosemeans,i
ntendedt
obeused,orwhi
ch
maybeused,f
ort
hepur
poseofr
ecor
dingpar
ti
cul
ari
nfor
mat
ionormat
ter
.Ther
ear
e
v
ari
ousexampl
esgi
venf
ordocument
sint
heactl
i
kemap,pl
an,car
icat
ureandl
ett
ers.
Anywor
ds whi
ch ar
e pr
int
ed and l
i
thogr
aphed ar
e consi
der
ed t
o be document
s
accor
dingt
otheI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.Sect
ion74oft
heI
ndi
anev
idenceactpr
ovi
dest
he
def
ini
ti
on oft
he t
erm Publ
i
c document
.Accor
ding t
othi
s Sect
ion,t
he f
oll
owi
ng
document
sar
econsi
der
edpubl
i
cdocument
s:

 Thedocument
sfor
mingt
heact
sorr
ecor
dsofact
sofsov
erei
gnaut
hor
it
y;

 Thedocument
sfor
ming t
heact
sorr
ecor
dsofact
sofof
fi
cialbodi
esand
t
ri
bunal
s;

 Thedocument
sfor
mingt
heact
sorr
ecor
dsofact
sofv
ari
ousof
fi
cer
sli
kepubl
i
c
of
fi
cer
s,l
egi
slat
ive,
judi
cial
off
icer
sandexecut
ivewor
kingi
nanypar
tofI
ndi
a;

 Thepubl
i
crecor
dswhi
char
ekepti
nthest
ateofpr
ivat
edocument
sal
socome
undert
hiscat
egor
y.

Ev
eryot
herdocumentwhi
chdoesnotcomeundert
heabov
e-ment
ionedcat
egor
yis
consi
der
edaspr
ivat
edocument
saccor
dingt
oSect
ion75oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.
Sect
ion76oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActpr
ovi
dest
hepowert
opubl
i
cof
fi
cer
stopr
ovi
de
cer
ti
fi
edcopi
esofpubl
i
cdocument
swheni
tisnecessar
yandwhent
heper
sonhast
he
r
ightt
odemandcopi
esandaskf
ort
hecopyoft
hedocument
.

Pr
esumpt
ionast
oDocument
s

Sect
ion 79 t
o Sect
ion 90 of t
he I
ndi
an Ev
idence Act pr
ovi
des v
ari
ous
pr
esumpt
ionsast
othedocument
s.Ther
ear
ecer
tai
npr
esumpt
ionsr
egar
ding t
he
Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage115
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

document
ary ev
idence i
nthi
s act
.Accor
ding t
othe I
ndi
an Ev
idence Act
,the
pr
esumpt
ioni
soft
wot
ypes.Ther
ear
ecer
tai
ncasesi
nwhi
cht
heCour
t“shal
lpr
esume”
andi
ncer
tai
ncases,i
t“maypr
esume”
.Thet
ermsar
edef
inedi
nSect
ion4oft
heI
EA.
Accor
dingt
othi
sSect
ion,

 “
Maypr
esume”meanswhenev
eri
tisment
ionedbyt
hisActt
hatt
heCour
tmay
pr
esumeaf
act
,itmayei
therconsi
dersuchf
actaspr
oved,unl
essandunt
ili
tis
di
spr
ovedormaycal
lforpr
oofofi
t.

 “
Shal
lpr
esume”meanswhenev
eri
tisment
ionedi
nthi
sActt
hatt
heCour
tshal
l
pr
esumeaf
act
,itshal
lconsi
dersuchf
actaspr
oved,unl
essandunt
ili
tis
di
spr
oved.

Pr
esumpt
ionast
otheGenui
nenessofCer
ti
fi
edCopi
es

Thecer
ti
fi
edcopi
esar
ethecopi
esofpubl
i
cdocument
sthatar
epr
ovi
dedbyt
he
aut
hor
izedof
fi
cerwheni
tisnecessar
yfori
nspect
ion.Sect
ion79oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idence
Actpr
ovi
des t
he pr
esumpt
ion as t
othe genui
neness oft
hese cer
ti
fi
ed copi
es.
Accor
dingt
othi
sSect
ion,t
hecour
tpr
esumest
hecer
ti
fi
edcopyt
obegenui
newheni
t
comeswi
thav
ali
dcer
ti
fi
cat
e.Thecour
tal
sopr
esumest
hatt
heof
fi
cerwhohassi
gned
t
he document
s hol
ds t
he of
fi
cialchar
act
eroft
he desi
gnat
ion ment
ioned i
nthe
cer
ti
fi
cat
e.Thecer
ti
fi
edcopyoft
hepubl
i
cdocumentmustcont
ainacer
ti
fi
cat
ewhi
chi
s
pr
ovi
dedbyt
heaut
hor
izedof
fi
cert
hathast
oment
iont
hati
tist
het
ruecopyoft
he
documentandt
heof
fi
cerhast
osi
gnt
hecer
ti
fi
cat
ewi
tht
hei
rnameandt
heyal
sohav
e
t
oment
iont
hedat
eanddesi
gnat
ion.Thecer
ti
fi
cat
eshoul
dal
sobeseal
edwhenev
eri
t
i
snecessar
ybyt
heaut
hor
izedof
fi
cer
.

Pr
esumpt
ionast
oDocument
spr
oducedasRecor
dsofEv
idence

Sect
ion 80 oft
he I
ndi
an Ev
idence Actpr
ovi
des t
he v
ari
ous pr
esumpt
ions
r
egar
dingt
hedocument
swhi
char
epr
ovi
dedasev
idence.TheCour
tpr
esumest
hatt
he
document
swhi
char
epr
oducedf
ori
nspect
ionar
egenui
ne.Thecour
tal
sopr
esumes
t
hatanyst
atement
sast
otheci
rcumst
ancesunderwhi
chi
twast
aken,
consi
der
edt
obe
madebyt
heper
sonsi
gni
ngi
t,ar
etr
ueandt
hatsuchev
idence,
stat
ementorconf
essi
on

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage116
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

wasdul
ytakenbyf
oll
owi
ngal
lthepr
ocedur
es.Thedocument
spr
ovi
dedf
ori
nspect
ion
canbear
ecor
dormemor
andum oft
heev
idencet
hati
spr
ovi
dedbyawi
tnessdur
ing
t
hej
udi
cialpr
oceedi
ngbef
oret
heof
fi
ceraut
hor
izedbyl
awt
otakeev
idenceori
tcanbe
ast
atementorconf
essi
ont
hati
spr
ovi
dedbyanypr
isonerorper
sonwhoi
saccused,
whi
cht
akeni
naccor
dancewi
tht
hel
aw andt
heconf
essi
onmustbesi
gnedbyt
he
magi
str
ateoranyot
herof
fi
ceraut
hor
izedbyl
aw.

Pr
esumpt
ionast
oGazet
tes,Newspaper
s,Pr
ivat
eAct
soft
hePar
li
amentandot
her
Document
s

Sect
ion81oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActdeal
swi
tht
hepr
esumpt
ionr
egar
ding
Gazet
tes,
newspaper
s,pr
ivat
eAct
soft
hePar
li
ament
.Thecour
tpr
esumest
hef
oll
owi
ng
document
stobegenui
ne,
accor
dingt
othi
sSect
ion:

 Thedocumentpr
ofessedt
obet
heLondonGazet
te,
oranyOf
fi
cial
Gazet
te,
ort
he
Gov
ernmentGazet
teofanycol
ony
;

 Thedocument
swhi
char
eadependencyofpossessi
onoft
heBr
it
ishCr
own;

 Newspaperorj
our
nal
;

 Copyofapr
ivat
eActofPar
li
amentoft
heUni
tedKi
ngdom whi
chi
spr
int
edbyt
he
Queen’
sPr
int
er.

Thedocument
smustbekepti
nthesubst
ant
ialf
orm ment
ionedi
nthel
awandal
so
i
tmustbe pr
oduced f
rom pr
opercust
ody
.The Cour
tal
so pr
esumes t
he Of
fi
cial
gazet
teskepti
ntheel
ect
roni
cfor
misgenui
nei
fiti
skepti
nthesubst
ant
ialf
orm
ment
ionedi
nthel
aw.

Pr
esumpt
ionast
oMapsandPl
ansmadebyGov
ernmentaut
hor
it
ies

Themapsand pl
ansar
eal
so a r
ecogni
zed t
ypeofdocument
aryev
idence.
Sect
ion83oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActpr
ovi
dest
hev
ari
ouspr
esumpt
ionsr
egar
ding
mapsandpl
ansmadebyt
heaut
hor
it
iesoft
hegov
ernment
.Accor
dingt
othi
sSect
ion,
t
hemapsandpl
ansar
epr
esumedt
obegenui
neandaccur
atei
fiti
smadebyt
he
aut
hor
it
yoft
heCent
ral
orSt
ategov
ernment
.
Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage117
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Pr
esumpt
ionast
oaCol
l
ect
ionofLawsandRepor
ts

Sect
ion84oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActpr
ovi
desv
ari
ouspr
esumpt
ionsr
egar
ding
t
hel
awsandr
epor
ts.Accor
dingt
othi
sSect
ion,t
hecour
tpr
esumesev
erybookwhi
ch
cont
ainsl
awsandr
epor
tsoft
hedeci
sionsoft
heCour
tsoft
hecount
ryt
obegenui
nei
f
t
hebooki
spr
int
edorpubl
i
shedbyt
heaut
hor
it
yoft
hegov
ernment
.

Pr
esumpt
ionast
othePower
-of
-At
tor
ney

Sect
ion85oft
heEv
idenceActpr
ovi
desv
ari
ouspr
esumpt
ionsr
egar
dingt
he
powerofat
tor
ney
.Accor
ding t
othi
s Sect
ion,t
he cour
tshal
lpr
esume t
hatev
ery
documentt
hati
sconsi
der
edt
obet
hepowerofat
tor
ney
,andt
hati
sexecut
edbef
ore
t
heaut
hor
izedof
fi
cerorNot
aryPubl
i
coranycour
torbef
oreanyMagi
str
atei
sexecut
ed
andaut
hent
icat
ed.

Pr
esumpt
ionast
oBooks,
MapsandChar
ts

Sect
ion87oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActpr
ovi
desv
ari
ouspr
esumpt
ionsr
egar
ding
t
hebooks,mapsandchar
ts.TheCour
tpr
esumest
hatanybookwhi
chcont
ainsany
i
nfor
mat
ionwhi
chcont
ainsmat
ter
sofpubl
i
corgener
ali
nter
est
,oranypubl
i
shedchar
t
t
hatar
einr
elat
ionwi
tht
hecaseoranyst
atement
sthatcont
ainr
elev
antf
act
swhi
char
e
pr
oducedf
ori
nspect
ioni
swr
it
tenandpubl
i
shedbyt
heper
sonment
ionedi
nthebook.
Thecour
tal
sopr
esumest
hatt
het
imeandpl
aceofpubl
i
cat
ionwhi
chi
sment
ionedi
n
t
hebookorchar
ttobet
rue.

Pr
esumpt
ionast
oTel
egr
aphi
cMessages

Sect
ion88pr
ovi
desv
ari
ouspr
esumpt
ionsr
egar
dingt
het
elegr
aphi
cmessages.
Accor
dingt
otheSect
ion,t
hecour
tpr
esumes“
thatt
elegr
aphi
cmessagest
obet
hata
message,whi
chi
sfor
war
dedf
rom at
elegr
aphof
fi
cet
otheper
sont
owhom such
messagewhi
chcl
aimst
obeaddr
essed,i
sinr
elat
ionwi
thamessaget
hati
sdel
i
ver
ed
f
ort
ransmi
ssi
onatt
heof
fi
cef
rom whi
cht
hemessagepur
por
tst
obesent
”.TheSect
ion
al
soment
ionst
hatt
heCour
tdoesnotmakeanypr
esumpt
ionr
egar
dingt
heper
sonby
whom suchamessagewasdel
i
ver
edf
ort
ransmi
ssi
on.TheSect
ioni
snotofanyuse
nowast
het
elegr
aphser
viceshav
ebeenst
oppedbyt
heI
ndi
anGov
ernment

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage118
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Pr
esumpt
ionast
oEl
ect
roni
cMessages

Thi
sisav
eryi
mpor
tantSect
ionasal
otofi
nfor
mat
ionar
etr
ansf
err
edi
nthe
el
ect
roni
cfor
mint
hemoder
nday
s.Sect
ion88Aoft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActpr
ovi
des
v
ari
ouspr
esumpt
ionsr
egar
dingel
ect
roni
cmessages.Accor
dingt
othi
sSect
ion,t
he
Cour
tpr
esumest
hatanel
ect
roni
cmessage,whi
chi
sfor
war
dedbyt
heor
igi
nat
orby
meansofanel
ect
roni
cmai
lser
vert
otheaddr
esseet
owhom t
hemessagecl
aimst
obe
addr
essedcor
respondswi
tht
hemessageasf
edi
ntohi
scomput
erf
ort
ransmi
ssi
on.
Accor
dingt
otheSect
ion,
thet
erms“
addr
essee”and“
ori
ginat
or”hast
hesamemeani
ng
asment
ionedi
nthecl
auses(
b)and(
za)ofsub-
sect
ion(
1)ofSect
ion2I
nfor
mat
ion
Technol
ogyAct
,2000”
.

Pr
esumpt
ionast
odueExecut
ionofDocument
snotPr
oduced

Sect
ion89oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActpr
ovi
desv
ari
ouspr
esumpt
ionsr
egar
ding
t
he due execut
ion ofdocument
s notpr
oduced.The Cour
tpr
esumes t
hatev
ery
documentt
hati
scal
l
edf
ori
nspect
ionandt
hedocument
sar
enotpr
oducedev
enaf
ter
t
he not
ice per
iod,i
tis pr
esumed t
hatt
he document
s ar
e at
test
ed,st
amped and
execut
edi
nthemannerwhi
chi
spr
escr
ibedbyl
aw.

Pr
esumpt
ionast
oDocument
sThi
rt
yyear
sol
d

Sect
ion 90 oft
he I
ndi
an Ev
idence Actdeal
s wi
tht
he pr
esumpt
ion as t
o
document
sthatar
ethi
rt
yyear
sol
d.TheCour
tpr
esumest
hatanydocumentwhi
chi
s
pr
oducedf
ori
nvest
igat
ioni
sfr
om pr
opercust
odyandt
hesi
gnat
urecor
respondst
othe
si
gnat
ureoft
heper
sonwhosecust
odyt
hedocumentwasi
n.TheCour
tal
sopr
esumes
t
hatanyhandwr
it
ingi
nthedocumenti
sthehandwr
it
ingoft
heper
sonwhohast
he
cust
odyoft
hedocument
.Iti
sal
sopr
esumedbyt
heCour
tthati
ncasei
fthedocument
at
test
edorexecut
ed,
thati
twasdul
yexecut
edandat
test
edbyt
heper
sonsbywhom i
t
pr
ofessest
o beexecut
ed and at
test
ed.Thet
erm pr
opercust
odymeanst
hatt
he
documenti
swi
tht
hecar
eoft
heper
sonandi
napl
acewher
eitwoul
dnat
ural
l
ybe.For
exampl
e,‘
A’hasbeeni
npossessi
onofacer
tai
npr
oper
tyf
oral
ongt
ime.Hepr
oduces
f
rom hi
scust
odydeedst
hev
ari
ousdocument
srel
ati
ngt
othel
andshowi
nghi
sti
tl
est
o
i
tandt
hecust
odyi
shel
dtobepr
oper
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage119
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Pr
esumpt
ionast
otheEl
ect
roni
cRecor
dofFi
vey
ear
sol
d

Sect
ion 90A oft
he I
ndi
an Ev
idence Actpr
ovi
dest
he v
ari
ouspr
esumpt
ions
r
egar
dingel
ect
roni
crecor
dsoff
ivey
ear
sol
d.Accor
dingt
othi
sSect
ion,t
heCour
t
pr
esumest
hatwhenanyel
ect
roni
crecor
dthati
sabov
efi
vey
ear
sol
dandi
tispr
ocur
ed
f
rom t
hepr
opercust
odyf
ori
nvest
igat
ion.I
tispr
esumedt
hatt
hedi
git
alsi
gnat
ure
cor
respondst
othepar
ti
cul
arper
sonwhosecust
odyt
her
ecor
disort
hesi
gnat
ure
bel
ongst
otheper
sonwhohasaut
hor
izedi
t.Thet
erm pr
opercust
odymeanst
hatt
he
el
ect
roni
crecor
diswi
tht
hecar
eoft
heper
sonandi
napl
acewher
eitwoul
dnat
ural
l
y
be.I
tisal
soment
ionedi
ntheSect
iont
hatnocust
odyi
simpr
operi
fiti
spr
ovedt
hatt
he
cust
odyi
sofl
egi
ti
mat
eor
igi
nint
hepar
ti
cul
arcaset
orendersuchor
igi
npossi
ble.

Concl
usi
on

TheSect
ionsr
egar
dingpr
esumpt
ionsi
sav
eryi
mpor
tantpar
toft
heI
ndi
an
Ev
idenceActast
heyhel
pint
hei
nvest
igat
ion.Thepr
esumpt
ionsmaket
hei
nvest
igat
ion
easi
erandf
ast
.TheCour
thast
ofol
l
owal
lthepr
esumpt
ionsandi
tcanonl
ychangei
ts
not
ion on pr
esumpt
ionsonl
ywhen i
tisnecessar
y.Thedocument
shav
eal
otof
ev
ident
iar
yval
ueandi
tisi
mpor
tantt
oinv
est
igat
ethem pr
oper
lyandal
sosav
ethe
Cour
t’
sval
uabl
eti
me att
he same t
ime.Thus t
he pr
esumpt
ions r
egar
ding t
he
document
sisav
eryessent
ial
par
toft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.

Pr
esumpt
ionast
oEl
ect
roni
cRecor
dsundert
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872

Sect
ion85A

Thi
ssect
ionspeci
fi
cal
l
ytal
ksaboutt
hepr
esumpt
ionsoft
hecour
tsi
nIndi
awi
th
r
egar
dst
oel
ect
roni
cagr
eement
sandsay
sthatt
hecour
tsshal
lpr
esumet
hatev
ery
av
ail
abl
eel
ect
roni
crecor
dingwhi
chhasanel
ect
roni
csi
gnat
ureaf
fi
xedt
oitshal
lbe
consi
der
edt
ohav
eav
ali
dev
ident
iar
yval
ueundert
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActandi
nthe
ey
esoft
hecour
tsi
nIndi
a.Thought
her
ear
eaf
ew r
est
ri
cti
onsonsuchpr
esumpt
ions
whi
chshal
lbedi
scussedi
nthef
oll
owi
ngsect
ions.

Sect
ion85B

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage120
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Thi
s sect
ion t
ell
s us t
hatt
he cour
tshal
lpr
esume t
hatt
he e-
cont
ractor
document
swhi
char
ebei
ngpr
esent
edi
nfr
ontoft
hecour
thav
enotbeent
amper
edwi
th
i
.e.t
heyar
epr
esent
edi
nthei
ror
igi
nalf
orm wi
thoutany
onemaki
nganyal
ter
ati
onsi
nit
,
i
ncasei
thasbeenpr
ovedt
hatsuchr
ecor
dshav
ebeent
amper
edwi
th.Thesecur
e
st
atusofsuchi
nfor
mat
ionshal
lber
equi
redt
obemai
ntai
nedunt
ilaspeci
fi
cti
me.The
sect
ional
sot
ell
sust
hatonceadi
git
alsi
gnat
urei
saf
fi
xedt
oanagr
eementav
ail
abl
e
onl
i
ne,
suchshal
lbepr
esumedbyt
hecour
tst
obeanaccept
anceofsuchagr
eement
s.

Sect
ion85C

Thi
ssect
iont
ell
sust
hati
fadi
git
alsi
gnat
urei
saf
fi
xedt
oapar
ti
cul
ardocument
t
hent
hecour
tshal
lpr
esumet
hatsuchdocumenti
str
ueandcor
rect
.

Sect
ion88A

Thev
erypur
poseoft
hissect
ioni
stodef
inet
het
erms‘
addr
essee’
and‘
ori
ginat
or
concer
ningane-
cont
ract
.Itmai
nlyt
alksaboutt
hepoweroft
hecour
twi
thr
egar
dst
o
pr
esumpt
ionoft
headdr
esseeofanel
ect
roni
ccommuni
cat
ion.Thesect
ionsay
sthat
t
he cour
ts shal
lpr
esume t
he ‘
addr
essee’t
o be a per
son t
o such el
ect
roni
c
communi
cat
ionhasbeendi
rect
edbyt
he‘
ori
ginat
or’
.Though,aspert
hissect
ion,t
he
cour
tdoesnothav
eanypowerwi
thr
egar
dst
othepr
esumpt
ionofwhot
he‘
ori
ginat
or’
oft
het
hreadofel
ect
roni
ccommuni
cat
ioni
s.

Sect
ion90A

Thi
ssect
ionhel
pst
hecour
tsdealwi
thar
ecor
dwhi
chi
smor
ethan5y
ear
sol
d.
I
ntheey
esoft
hecour
tandt
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,ifsuchar
ecor
disi
npr
opercust
ody
t
hent
hecour
tshal
lpr
esumet
hatt
hedi
git
alsi
gnat
urehasbeenaf
fi
xedwi
thsuch
documentt
oaut
hent
icat
eit
sval
i
dit
y.

Sect
ion65B

Thi
ssect
ionhel
psusunder
standt
hepr
ovi
sionsunderwhi
chane-
cont
ractshal
l
beadmi
ssi
bleasev
idencei
nfr
ontofacour
tinI
ndi
a.I
tsay
sthatanyi
nfor
mat
ionwhi
ch
i
srecor
dedt
hroughanel
ect
roni
cmedi
um andi
sav
ail
abl
easonapr
int
edpaper
,st
ored

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage121
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

orcopi
edi
nopt
icalormagnet
icmedi
apr
oducedbyacomput
ershal
lbeadmi
ssi
bleas
anev
idencei
fitsat
isf
iest
hecondi
ti
onspr
ovi
dedi
nthi
ssect
ion.Thecondi
ti
onsset
f
ort
hundersect
ion65Boft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,ar
easf
oll
ows:

Thecomput
erout
puti
.e.t
heel
ect
roni
cinf
ormat
ionpr
oducedasev
idenceshoul
dbe
f
rom t
hecomput
erwhi
chhasbeenr
egul
arl
yusedt
opr
ocessorst
oresuchdi
git
al
i
nfor
mat
ionf
oranyact
ivi
tyandsuchact
ivi
ti
esar
eexpect
edt
obeper
for
medbya
per
sonwhohasl
awf
ulcont
rol
overt
heuseoft
hecomput
er.

Dur
ingt
heconcer
nedper
iod,
ther
elev
anti
nfor
mat
ionshoul
dhav
ebeenr
egul
arl
yfedt
o
t
hecomput
eri
ntheor
dinar
ycour
seofsuchact
ivi
ti
es.

I
ncaset
heconcer
nedcomput
erwasnotwor
kingpr
oper
lydur
ingt
heper
iod,i
tshoul
d
benot
if
iedt
hatsuchnon-
funct
ional
i
tydi
dnoti
nanywayaf
fectt
heel
ect
roni
crecor
dor
t
heaccur
acyofi
tscont
ent
s.

Ther
epr
oduct
ionofsuchdi
git
ali
nfor
mat
ionort
heder
ivat
ionsassoci
atedwi
tht
he
i
nfor
mat
ionshoul
dhav
ebeenf
edi
ntot
hecomput
erdur
ingt
her
egul
arconductof
associ
atedact
ivi
ti
es.

Thesect
iont
ell
sust
hatanysuchev
idencewhi
chi
spr
ovi
dedt
othecour
tint
hef
orm of
e-
cont
ractshal
lbe accompani
ed wi
th a cer
ti
fi
cat
e.Such a cer
ti
fi
cat
e shal
lbe a
conf
ir
mat
ionbyt
heper
sonoccupy
ingt
hel
egal
l
yresponsi
bleposi
ti
onf
orpr
ocessi
ng
t
hei
nfor
mat
ion,wi
thr
egar
dst
oful
fi
ll
i
ngal
lthecondi
ti
onsspeci
fi
edunderSect
ion65B
oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872.Suchaper
sonshal
lbet
heonewhoi
sresponsi
blef
or
oper
ati
ngt
hecomput
erwhi
chpr
ocessedal
lthei
nfor
mat
ionr
elat
edt
otheconcer
ned
act
ivi
ty.

Concl
usi
on

Theconductofcommer
cialandsoci
alt
ransact
ionst
hroughe-
cont
ract
shashad
ar
evol
uti
onar
yimpactonoursoci
ety
.TheI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872v
aluese-
cont
ract
s
i
nthesamewayasi
tdoesf
orwr
it
tenorv
erbalcont
ract
s.TheI
ndi
anEv
idenceActand
i
tsr
elev
antpr
ovi
si
onshel
pusunder
standt
heaspect
swi
thr
egar
dst
otheadmi
ssi
bil
i
ty
ofel
ect
roni
ccont
ract
sint
hepur
viewoft
heI
ndi
acour
ts.TheI
ndi
anev
idenceactal
so

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage122
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

hel
psusunder
standt
heext
entofpr
esumpt
ionswhi
chcanbemadebyt
hecour
tsi
n
I
ndi
a undert
he actconcer
ning ev
idence r
ecor
ded byt
he meansofan el
ect
roni
c
medi
um.

Thepr
esumpt
ionswi
thr
egar
dst
ocer
tai
npr
ovi
si
onsconcer
ninge-
cont
ract
sundert
he
I
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872hav
ebeenl
eftopenf
ori
nter
pret
ati
onbyt
heCour
ts.Wi
tht
he
gr
owt
hini
nter
net
-r
elat
edact
ivi
ti
est
hroughdi
git
almedi
ums,mor
epr
eci
ser
egul
ati
ons
wi
thr
egar
dst
oe-
cont
ract
swoul
dber
equi
red.Askeepi
ngsuchpr
ovi
sionsopenf
or
v
ari
ed i
nter
pret
ati
ons mayl
ead t
o conf
usi
on amongstt
he member
s oft
he l
egal
f
rat
erni
tywhi
l
e deal
i
ng wi
th mat
ter
srel
ated t
o pr
ocessi
ng and admi
ssi
bil
i
tyofe-
cont
ract
s.Thoughov
ert
heper
iodt
heI
ndi
anLegalRegi
mehasadapt
edi
tsel
ftodeal
wi
tht
echnol
ogi
caladv
ancement
s.Ther
eisal
otofscopef
ori
mpr
ovement
sint
he
pr
ocessesofdeal
i
ngwi
the-
cont
ract
sunderI
ndi
anl
aw.

2.EXCLUSI
ONOFORALBYDOCUMENTARYEVI
DENCE(
SECTI
ONS91-
100)

Oneoft
heessent
ialst
andar
dsoft
hel
aw ofpr
oofi
sthati
nal
lcasest
hebest
pr
oofoughtt
obegi
ven.Wher
ethedemonst
rat
ioni
sexempl
i
fiedi
nar
ecor
d,t
her
ecor
d
i
sthebestpr
oofoft
her
eal
i
ty.Themaxi
m ofl
aw i
s“what
everi
srecor
dedasahar
d
copymustbedemonst
rat
edi
nthef
orm ofhar
dcopyonl
y“.

Sect
ion91oft
heEv
idenceAct
-Ev
idencei
nthef
orm ofcont
ract
s,gr
ant
sandot
her
di
sposi
ti
onsofpr
oper
tyshoul
dbei
nthef
orm ofadocument
.Thi
sSect
ionappl
i
es
si
mil
arl
ytocasesi
nwhi
cht
heagr
eement
,st
ipendsordi
sposi
ti
onofpr
oper
tyal
l
uded
ar
e cont
ained i
n one documentorhasone r
ecor
d,and casesi
n whi
ch t
heyar
e
cont
ainedi
nagr
eat
ernumberofr
epor
tst
hatone.

I
fther
ear
emor
ethanoneor
igi
nal
document
s,t
henonl
yoneor
igi
nal
needst
obepr
oved.
Thest
atementi
nanydocumentofwhat
everf
act
sar
ement
ionedundert
hisSect
ion,
shal
lnotpr
eventt
headmi
ssi
onofor
alev
idenceast
othesamef
actment
ioned.

Except
ions

Ther
ear
etwoexcept
ionsment
ionedundert
hisr
ule:

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage123
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Thegener
algui
del
i
nesar
ethatwhensomecont
entofadocumenti
stobe
pr
ovedi
nwr
it
ing,t
hewr
it
ingi
tsel
fmustbepr
oducedbef
oret
hecour
tandi
fiti
snot
pr
oducedt
hensecondar
yev
idenceshoul
dbegi
ven.Except
ion-whenanypubl
i
cof
fi
cer
i
sappoi
ntedf
orwr
it
ingandi
tisseent
hatapar
ti
cul
arper
sonhasact
edl
i
kesuchan
of
fi
cert
heni
nsuchsi
tuat
ions,t
hewr
it
ingbywhi
chhehasbeenappoi
ntedneednotbe
pr
oved.Exampl
e-Sur
eshappear
sasawi
tnessbef
oret
hecour
t,t
opr
ovet
hathei
sa
ci
vi
lsur
geont
her
eisnoneedt
oshowt
heappoi
ntmentor
der
.Thesur
geononl
yneeds
t
oshowt
hathei
swor
kingasaci
vi
lsur
geon.

Tot
hegener
algui
del
i
nesofcont
entofwr
it
ingt
her
eisonemor
eexcept
ion
ment
ionedundert
his-Att
hepoi
ntwhenapr
obat
e(t
hecopyofwi
l
lwhi
chi
srequi
redt
o
becer
ti
fi
edbyt
hecour
t)hasgotbasedonawi
l
landsubsequent
lyquest
ionemer
ges
aboutt
hepr
esenceoft
hatwi
l
l,t
hemer
epr
esenceoft
hepr
obat
ewi
l
ldemonst
rat
ethe
pr
esenceoft
hewi
l
landt
heor
igi
nal
wil
lrequi
renott
obepr
oduced.

Sect
ion92-Excl
usi
onofev
idenceofanor
alagr
eement
.

I
fanycont
ract
,gr
ant
sordi
sposi
ti
onofpr
oper
tywhi
chi
srequi
redbyl
awt
obei
n
wr
it
ingi
nfor
m ofdocumentandi
fithasbeen pr
ovedaccor
dingt
oSect
ion91,
thenf
or
t
hepur
poseofv
ary
ingi
t,cont
radi
cti
ngi
torsubt
ract
ingi
tpar
ti
esort
hei
rrepr
esent
ati
ve
i
snotr
equi
redt
ogi
veor
alev
idenceandi
tisnotadmi
ssi
ble.Twopoi
ntsar
epr
oved
f
rom t
hisSect
ion:

1-
Ifanyt
hir
dpar
tygi
vest
heni
tisadmi
ssi
ble.

2-
Ifanyor
alev
idencei
sgi
venwhi
chdonotcont
radi
ctt
hecont
ractt
heni
tisadmi
ssi
ble.

Except
ions

Val
i
dit
yofdocument

I
fanycont
ractorgr
anti
smadebet
weent
hepar
ti
esandf
raudi
sdonebyot
her
par
tyort
her
eisami
stakeoff
act
,ormi
stakeofl
aw,ort
hepar
tyi
snotcompet
entt
o
cont
ractt
heni
nsuchci
rcumst
ancesor
alev
idencecanbegi
venandi
tisadmi
ssi
ble.

Mat
ter
sonwhi
chdocumenti
ssi
l
ent

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage124
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Or
alev
idencecanbegi
venwhent
hedocument
sar
esi
l
entbutsubj
ectt
othese
t
wocondi
ti
onsar
ether
e:

1-Theor
alev
idenceshoul
dnotcont
radi
ctt
hedocument
.Il
l
ust
rat
ion–Asel
l
shi
s
hor
set
oBandt
oldaboutt
hepr
icebutt
hesoundnessofhor
sei
snott
oldbutor
al
ev
idencecanbegi
vent
hathor
sei
sofsoundmi
ndbecauset
hedocumenti
s
si
l
enther
e.

2-I
nal
l
owi
ngt
hepr
oofofor
alunder
standi
ngt
hecour
tist
ohav
erespectt
he
l
eveloft
hecust
om oft
her
ecor
d.Ont
heof
fchancet
hatt
her
epor
tisf
ormal
,
pr
oofofor
alunder
standi
ngwi
l
lnotbeper
mit
tedev
enoni
ssuesonwhi
cht
he
r
ecor
dissi
l
ent
.

Separ
ateor
alagr
eementascondi
ti
onpr
ecedent

I
nthi
s si
tuat
ion,i
tis pr
ovi
ded t
hati
fther
eis anycondi
ti
on pr
ecedenti
s
const
it
utedt
otheexi
sti
ngsepar
ateor
alagr
eementt
oat
tachi
ngofanyobl
i
gat
ions
underadocument,
theni
tneedst
obepr
oved.

Recessi
onormodi
fi
cat
ion

Thi
spr
ovi
si
onper
mit
sthepr
oofofor
alagr
eementbywhi
cht
hedocumentwas
ei
therr
evokedoral
ter
ed.Whendocument
sar
eexecut
edt
henpar
ti
esor
all
yagr
eet
o
t
reati
tascancel
edoral
tersomeofi
tst
erms,
suchor
alagr
eementi
sadmi
ssi
ble.

Usagesorcust
oms

I
fther
eist
heexi
stenceofanypar
ti
cul
arusageorcust
omsbywhi
chi
nci
dent
s
ar
eat
tachedt
oacont
ractt
heni
tcanbepr
oved.

Rel
ati
onofl
anguaget
ofact
s

I
fanydocumenti
swr
it
tent
henor
alev
idencecanbegi
venofsuchadocument
t
hatwhati
sment
ionedi
nandi
nwhatci
rcumst
ancesi
twasment
ionedandhow t
o
i
nter
preti
tbuti
tshoul
dnotexcl
usi
vel
ycont
radi
ctt
hedocument
.

Sect
ion93-Excl
usi
onofev
idencet
oexpl
ainoramendanambi
guousdocument
.Ift
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage125
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

l
anguageusedi
nthedocumenti
sdef
ect
iveorambi
guous,
evi
dencecannotbegi
venof
f
act
swhi
chwoul
dshowi
t’
smeani
ng.I
ll
ust
rat
ion-Aagr
eest
osel
lhi
scowt
oBi
nwr
it
ing
f
orRs.1500orRs.2000.Ev
idencecannotbegi
vent
oshow whi
chpr
icewastt
obe
gi
ven.

Sect
ion94-Excl
usi
onofev
idenceagai
nstt
heappl
i
cat
ionofdocumentt
oexi
sti
ngf
act
s.
Whent
hel
anguageusedi
nthedocumenti
scor
rectandwheni
tappl
i
escor
rect
lyt
othe
f
act
sment
ioned,ev
idencecannotbegi
vent
hati
tist
obepr
ovedt
hati
twasnotmeant
t
oappl
yonsuchf
act
s.

Sect
ion95-Ev
idenceast
othedocumentunmeani
ngi
nref
erencet
oexi
sti
ngf
act
s.
Whenl
anguageusedi
nadocumenti
spl
aini
nit
sel
f,howev
er,
isunmeani
ngi
nref
erence
t
oexi
sti
ngf
act
s,r
eal
i
tyorsi
tuat
ions,pr
oofmi
ghtbegi
vent
odemonst
rat
ethati
twas
usedi
nanunusual
ordi
ff
erentway
.

Sect
ion96-Ev
idenceast
otheappl
i
cat
ionoft
hel
anguagewhi
chcanappl
ytooneof
sev
eralper
sons.Att
hepoi
ntwhent
hef
act
sar
ewi
tht
heendgoalt
hatt
hel
anguage
ut
il
izedmayhav
ebeeni
ntendedt
oappl
ytoany
one,
andcoul
dn’
thav
ebeeni
ntendedt
o
appl
ytomul
ti
ple,ofaf
ew peopl
eort
hings,pr
oofmi
ghtbegi
venofcer
tai
nti
eswhi
ch
showst
hepeopl
eort
hings,
itwaspl
annedt
oappl
yto.

Sect
ion97-Ev
idenceast
otheappl
i
cat
ionofl
anguaget
ooneoft
woset
soff
act
s,t
o
nei
therofwhi
cht
hewhol
ecor
rect
lyappl
i
es.Whent
hel
anguageusedi
sappl
i
edpar
ti
all
y
t
oot
herexi
sti
ngf
act
sandpar
ti
all
ytoot
herexi
sti
ngf
act
sbutt
hewhol
edoesnotappl
y
t
oei
theroft
hef
act
sment
ioned.Ev
idencecanbegi
vent
oshowt
hatwhi
choft
het
woi
t
wasmeantt
oappl
y.

Sect
ion98-Ev
idenceast
othemeani
ngofi
l
legi
blechar
act
ers,
etc.Pr
oofmi
ghtbegi
ven
t
o demonst
rat
ethesi
gni
fi
canceofobscur
ed ornotor
dinar
il
ycl
earchar
act
ers,of
r
emot
e,outofdat
e,speci
ali
zed,andpr
ovi
nci
alexpr
essi
ons,ofabbr
evi
ati
onsandof
wor
dsut
il
izedi
nanexcept
ional
sense.

Canadi
an-
Gener
alEl
ect
ri
cW.v
.Fat
daRadi
oLt
dhel
dthatf
ort
heexpl
anat
ionofar
ti
sti
c
wor
dsandsy
mbol
susedi
nther
ecor
dor
alev
idencei
sadmi
ssi
bleandcanbeusedf
or

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage126
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
hatpur
pose.

Sect
ion99-Whomaygi
veev
idenceofanagr
eementv
ary
ingt
erm oft
hedocument
?

Theper
sonwhoi
snotapar
tyt
oacont
ractort
hei
rrepr
esent
ati
vemaygi
veev
idenceof
anyf
actwhi
chdonotcont
radi
ctwi
tht
hedocument
s.

Concl
usi
on

Thev
alueofdocument
aryev
idencei
smor
ethanor
alev
idence.Thecour
tmai
nly
accept
sdocument
aryev
idencebutt
akesor
alev
idencei
ntoconsi
der
ati
on.Br
ief
ly,we
cansayt
hatt
her
ear
etwot
ypesofdocument
s-or
alanddocument
aryev
idence.I
ncour
t,
document
aryev
idencehasmor
eval
ue.Cour
twant
sbestev
idenceanddocument
ary
ev
idencei
sthebestev
idenceand i
tconsi
stsoft
wo par
tspr
imar
yev
idenceand
secondar
yev
idence.Pr
imar
yev
idencei
sthebestev
idencer
ecogni
zedbyt
hecour
t.I
n
t
heabsenceofpr
imar
yev
idence,
secondar
yev
idencei
sgi
vent
otheCour
t.Ont
heot
her
hand,or
alev
idencei
sev
idencegi
venbywor
dsandgest
uresandar
enotper
manenti
t
canbechanged.HenceSect
ion91and92excl
udeor
alev
idencebydocument
ary
ev
idence.Pr
oofi
nthef
orm ofadocumentcanbesubmi
tt
edi
nst
eadofgi
vi
ngor
all
y.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage127
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

MODULE07
BURDENOFPROOF
1.BURDENOFPROOF(
SECTI
ONS101-
111)
2.PRESUMPTI
ONS(
SECTI
ONS111A-
114A)
3.DOCTRI
NEOFESTOPPEL(
SECTI
ONS115-
117)

1.BURDENOFPROOF(
SECTI
ONS101-
111)

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Thel
awsr
elat
ingt
otheBur
denofPr
oofandi
tsr
elat
edr
ulesar
easpr
ovi
dedi
n
t
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActof1872.Thi
slawscl
ear
lyst
atest
hatunt
ilandunl
essan
except
ioni
sest
abl
i
shedbyl
aw,t
hebur
denofpr
oofwi
l
lrestont
heper
sonwhohas
asser
tedaf
actori
smaki
nganycl
aim.Whenaper
sonhaspr
ovent
heexi
stenceofa
f
actt
hent
hebur
denofpr
oofbel
ongst
osuchaf
ell
ow.

I
ntheCr
imi
nalcase,t
her
ear
eal
way
stwobur
dens.Thef
ir
stbur
deni
sont
he
pr
osecut
iont
opr
oveatal
lcostagai
nstt
hedef
endantwhi
l
ethesecondbur
denl
i
eswi
th
t
hedef
endantt
o br
ing aboutaconv
inci
ng and suf
fi
cientev
idencet
hatwi
l
lpr
ove
r
easonabl
edoubt
ssur
roundi
ngt
hecaseoft
hepr
osecut
ion.

Thi
sar
ti
clewi
l
lel
uci
dat
eont
heaspect
sofBur
denofPr
oofascont
ainedi
nsect
ion101

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage128
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.

WHATI
STHEBURDENOFPROOF

I
nsi
mpl
eter
ms,Bur
denofPr
oofi
sther
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
opr
ovet
hef
acti
nacase.
Eachpar
tymustpr
ovi
deaf
actt
hatwi
l
lei
therst
andf
ororagai
nstt
hecase.Thet
erm
Bur
denofPr
oofi
susedt
oexpl
aint
womaj
orf
act
sorbur
dens.Thef
ir
sti
stheBur
denof
pr
oduct
ionoft
hebur
denof“
goi
ngf
orwar
dwi
tht
heev
idence”andt
hebur
denofpl
eaor
per
suasi
on.

Thebur
denofpl
eaorper
suasi
oni
sther
esponsi
bil
i
tyt
hatr
est
sont
hesi
ngl
e
par
tyt
hrought
heper
iodoft
hecour
tsi
tt
ings.Thepar
tycar
ryi
ngt
hebur
dencanonl
y
succeedi
nit
scl
aimsoncei
thasabsol
utel
ysat
isf
iedt
he“
ti
eroff
act
”.Foronet
obe
pr
esumedi
nnocenti
nthecour
tofl
aw ov
eracr
imi
nalcase,t
hepr
osecut
ioni
sfaced
wi
tht
hebur
dent
opr
oveel
ement
soft
heof
fenseanddi
spr
oveal
ldef
ensesexcl
udi
ng
def
enseswi
thaf
fi
rmat
ionwhi
chconst
it
uti
onal
l
yar
enotr
equi
redi
nthepr
osecut
ionof
t
hecase.

Theev
ident
ialbur
denshoul
dnotbeconf
usedwi
tht
hebur
denofper
suasi
on.
Ev
ident
ialBur
dencanchangehandsbet
weenpar
ti
esdur
ingt
hecour
tpr
oceedi
ngs.The
ev
ident
ial
bur
deni
sonl
yrai
sedt
opr
ovi
deenoughev
idenceagai
nstacasei
nthecour
t.

PRI
NCI
PLESOFBURDENOFPROOF

Theunder
li
ningpr
inci
plesoft
heBur
denofPr
oofar
econt
ainedi
ntheconceptof
Onuspr
obandiandFact
um pr
obans.I
nthi
sexpl
anat
ion,Onus(
bur
den)i
sthel
i
abi
l
ity
andobl
i
gat
iont
opr
oveaf
actwhi
chcanshi
ftbet
weenpar
ti
esi
nthecase.Sect
ions101,
102and103oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActpr
ovi
dest
hest
andar
dlawst
hatgov
ernt
he
Bur
denofPr
oof
.

Sect
ion101

Thi
ssect
ioni
nit
sexpl
anat
iononBur
denofPr
oofst
atest
hatwhoev
erwant
sthe
cour
ttopr
off
erj
udgmentt
oal
egalcaseorr
ightbasedont
heav
ail
abi
l
ityoff
act
s,must
pr
ovet
hosef
act
sbey
ondanyr
easonabl
edoubt
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage129
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

I
nacaset
hataper
sonAdesi
rest
hecour
ttoof
ferj
udgmentonBf
oll
owi
nga
cr
imecommi
tt
ed,Amustpr
ovet
hatBhascommi
tt
edt
hesai
dcr
ime.Ahaspr
ayedt
o
t
hecour
ttogi
vej
udgmentt
hathei
stoownacer
tai
nlandwhi
chpr
esent
lyi
spossessed
byB,basedont
hef
act
shepr
esent
swhi
chBhasdeni
ed.I
nthi
scase,Amustpr
ove
t
hosef
act
stobet
rue.

Supr
emeCour
tinacasebet
weenJar
nai
landSt
ateofPunj
abAIR1996SC755
t
hati
nal
lcr
imi
nalcase,t
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyofpr
ovi
ngi
ftheaccusedhadcommi
tt
edt
he
cr
imebey
ondal
lreasonabl
edoubtr
est
sont
hepr
osecut
ionandi
fitf
ail
stoest
abl
i
sh
concr
eteev
idencet
oshedof
fthebur
den,i
tcannotdependont
heev
idencebr
oughtby
t
heaccusedondef
ensei
nthecase.Thepr
osecut
iondoesnotr
elyont
heev
idenceof
t
heaccusedt
oconv
ictt
hedef
endant
.

Sect
ion102–Bur
denofPr
oofofLi
es

I
nacasebr
oughtbef
oret
hecour
t,t
hebur
denofpr
oofl
i
eswhohast
het
endency
t
ofai
li
fnoev
idencei
ssuppl
i
edbef
oret
hecour
tfr
om ei
theroft
hepar
ti
es.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

I
fAt
akesBt
ocour
tfol
l
owi
ngaf
eudbecauseofal
andwhi
chBi
sinpossessi
onandA
asser
tst
hati
twasl
eftt
oAf
oll
owi
ngawi
l
lmadebyC,whowasB’
sfat
her
.Ifnei
therA
orBpr
esent
sanyev
idence,
thenBwi
l
lret
aint
hepr
oper
ty.

I
nacasewher
eAsuesBf
ormoneyr
esul
ti
ngf
rom abond.Bot
hpar
ti
eshav
e
agr
eedt
otheexecut
ionoft
hebond,butBdi
sagr
eest
hati
twascont
ract
edbyf
raud
whi
chAdi
sagr
ees.I
fnopar
tycanest
abl
i
shanev
idence,
thenAwoul
dwi
nast
hebond
hadbeencont
ract
edbutt
hecaseoff
raudcannotbepr
oved.I
nthatcase,
thebur
denof
pr
oofr
est
sonB.

I
nacasebet
weenTr
ir
oandDevRajAIR1993J&K14.Becauseoft
hedel
ayi
n
const
ruct
ingt
hesui
t,t
hedef
endanthadpr
ayedt
hecour
tov
eral
i
mit
ati
onoft
heper
iod.
Theposi
ti
onoft
hepl
aint
if
fwast
oknow t
hecauseoft
hedel
ayandt
hebur
denof

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage130
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

pr
ovi
ngi
fthecasewaswi
thi
nthegi
venper
iodwasont
hepl
aint
if
f.

Sect
ion103-
Bur
denast
oaf
act

Thebur
denofpr
ooft
oaf
actr
est
sont
hatper
sonwhodesi
rest
hecour
tto
bel
i
evei
ntheexi
stenceofsuchf
actunl
essal
awaut
hor
izest
hepr
oofoft
hef
actt
obe
est
abl
i
shedbyanypar
ti
cul
ari
ndi
vi
dual
.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

I
fAsuesBf
ort
hef
t,anddesi
rest
hecour
ttoacceptt
hatBadmi
tt
edcommi
tt
ing
t
het
hef
ttoC.Amustpr
ovet
hatf
actandi
fBdeni
esi
t,Bmustpr
ovei
t.

Thepr
inci
pleoft
hissect
ionst
atest
hatonceapar
tydesi
rest
hecour
ttoacceptandact
basedont
heexi
stenceofaf
act
,hemustpr
ovet
hatf
act
.Thi
spr
inci
plei
scal
l
ed“
rul
eof
conv
eni
enceoft
hebur
denofpr
oof
”’andi
scont
ainedi
nsect
ions,104,113,113aand
114a.

Sect
ion104–Bur
denofpr
ovi
ngt
hef
actt
obepr
ovedt
omakeev
idenceadmi
ssi
ble

Thi
sisabur
denofpr
ovi
ngaf
actt
hati
snecessar
ytobepr
ovedt
oal
l
ow any
per
sont
oest
abl
i
shev
idenceofanyf
actandi
sont
heper
sonwhoi
ntendst
oest
abl
i
sh
suchanev
idence.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

I
fAdesi
rest
opr
ovet
hedecl
arat
ionofdeat
hbyB,
Amustpr
ovet
hatBi
sdead.

Bi
ntendst
opr
ovebysecondar
yev
idence,
thecont
ent
sofal
ostdocument
.

Amustpr
ovet
hatt
hedocumentcannotbef
ound.Thi
ssect
ionpr
ovi
dest
hepr
oofofa
f
actf
orwhi
chev
idencecanbeadmi
tt
edwher
esuchadmi
ssi
oni
sbasedont
hef
actof
whi
cht
hepar
typr
oveswhi
chmustbei
ntandem wi
tht
headmi
ssi
bil
i
ty.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage131
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Sect
ion105–Bur
denofpr
ovi
ngt
hatcaseofaccusedcomeswi
thi
nexcept
ions

Whenaper
soni
saccusedofanof
fense,t
hef
actr
equi
redt
oest
abl
i
sht
he
ci
rcumst
ancessur
roundi
ngt
hecaseexcl
udi
ngGener
alExcept
ionsi
ntheI
ndi
anPenal
Code45of1860,ori
nanyr
egul
ati
onsdef
ini
ngi
t,i
suponhi
m whi
l
ethecour
twi
l
l
pr
esumet
heabsenceofsuchaci
rcumst
ance.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

WhenAwhoi
saccusedofmur
deral
l
egest
hatbecauseofl
unacyhewasunawar
eof
t
henat
ureoft
heact
.Thebur
denofpr
oofr
est
sonA.Anaccusedofmur
der
,al
l
egest
hat
becauseofsuddenpr
ovocat
ion,
hel
ostsel
f-
cont
rol
,thebur
denofpr
oofi
sonA.

Sect
ion325oft
heI
ndi
anPenal
Code45of1860st
atest
hatwhoev
erexcl
udi
ngt
hecase
ofsect
ion335i
nfl
i
ctsaf
atali
njur
yshal
lbepuni
shed.Ai
schar
gedwi
thav
olunt
ary
of
fenseundersect
ion325.Thebur
dent
opr
ovet
heci
rcumst
ancesbr
ingi
ngt
hecase
subj
ectt
osect
ion335i
sonA.Thus,
thi
ssect
ionpr
ovi
dest
hatt
hebur
denofpr
ovi
ngl
i
es
ont
heaccusedi
fthecl
aimsoneachcasecomesundert
heaccept
abl
eexcept
ion.

Sect
ion106–Bur
denofpr
ovi
ngf
actspeci
all
ywi
thi
ntheknowl
edge

Whenanyf
actconf
inedt
otheknowl
edgeofaper
son,
thebur
denofpr
ovi
ngt
hatf
acti
s
ont
heper
son.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion

Thebur
denofpr
ovi
ngt
hef
acti
sonaper
sonwhocommi
tsanactwi
tht
hei
ntent
ion
whi
chi
sdi
ff
erentf
rom t
heci
rcumst
ancest
hatt
heactsuggest
.

Onanoccasi
ont
hatAi
schar
gedonboar
dingat
rai
nwi
thoutat
icket
,thebur
denof
pr
ovi
ngsuchaf
acti
sonA.

I
nacasebet
weenEshwar
aiandKar
nat
aka1994SC,i
famanandawomani
s

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage132
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

f
ound hi
ding undert
he bedr
oom oft
he deceased who di
ed because ofi
njur
ies
sust
ained,t
het
wof
oundmustpr
ooft
hel
i
esupont
hem andexpl
aint
hei
rpr
esencei
n
t
her
oom ast
otheci
rcumst
ancet
othedeat
hfound.

Sect
ion107–Bur
denofpr
ovi
ngt
hedeat
hofaper
sonknownt
ohav
ebeenal
i
vewi
thi
n
t
hir
tyy
ear
s.

I
nasi
tuat
ionofacont
rov
ersywhet
heraper
soni
sdeadoral
i
ve,andi
tis
est
abl
i
shedt
hathehadbeenal
i
vef
ort
hel
astt
hir
tyy
ear
s,t
hebur
denofpr
ovi
ngt
hathe
i
snotal
i
vei
sont
heper
sonwhost
atesi
t.

2013AMENDMENTOFTHEBURDENOFPROOFACT

Sect
ion114APr
esumpt
ionast
otheabsenceofconsenti
ncer
tai
npr
osecut
ionsofr
ape

I
napr
osecut
ionf
orr
apesubj
ectt
osect
ion376oft
heI
ndi
anPenalCode,wher
e
sexuali
nter
cour
sei
spr
ovedagai
nstt
heaccused,
ift
hewomanasser
tst
hati
twasnon-
consensual
sex,
thent
hecour
twi
l
lhonort
hecl
aimsoft
hewoma

I
nacasebet
weenNawabKhanandSt
ate1990crI
j.1779,
thecour
thel
dthatt
he
per
sonwi
thwhi
cht
hesexuali
nter
cour
sei
scommi
tt
edt
ell
sthecour
titwasanon-
consensualsex,
thent
hecour
twi
l
lassumet
her
ewasnoconsent
.Ift
heaccusedcl
aims
t
hatt
her
ewasaconsent
,thent
hebur
denofpr
oofl
i
eswi
tht
heaccused.

Concl
usi
on

Ther
ulegov
erni
ngt
hebur
denofpr
oofi
sthatwhoev
erl
aysacl
aim mustpr
esent
ev
idenceorpr
oof
.Thi
srul
eissubj
ectt
othepr
inci
plest
hatt
hebur
denofpr
oofr
est
son
t
hepar
tyt
hatei
therasser
tsacl
aim ordeni
esi
t.Thi
simpl
i
est
hatwhoev
erbr
ingsacase
agai
nstanot
hert
othecour
tmustpr
ovet
hef
acthecl
aims.I
ncr
imi
nal
cases,
thebur
den
ofpr
oofondef
endant
sisbasedont
heev
idencet
hati
sest
abl
i
shedbef
oret
hecour
t
whi
chst
atest
hef
actt
hathecommi
tt
edt
hecr
imeasadduced.Anaccusedcanonl
ybe
pr
esumedgui
l
tybasedont
hef
actest
abl
i
shedbyt
hepl
aint
if
ftot
hecour
tinaccor
dance
wi
tht
heBur
denofPr
ooft
hatr
ulest
hecase.

2.PRESUMPTI
ONS(
SECTI
ONS111A-
114A)

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage133
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Pr
esumpt
iongener
all
ymeansapr
ocessofascer
tai
ningf
ewf
act
sont
hebasi
sof
possi
bil
i
tyori
tist
heconsequenceofsomeact
singener
alwhi
chst
rengt
hent
he
possi
bil
i
tyandwhensuchpossi
bil
i
tyhasgr
eatsubst
ant
iat
eval
uet
hengener
all
yfact
s
canbeascer
tai
ned.Apr
esumpt
ioni
nlawmeansi
nfer
enceswhi
char
econcl
udedbyt
he
cour
twi
thr
espectt
otheexi
stenceofcer
tai
nfact
s.Thei
nfer
encescanei
therbe
af
fi
rmat
iveornegat
ivedr
awnf
rom ci
rcumst
ancebyusi
ngapr
ocessofbestpr
obabl
e
r
easoni
ngofsuchci
rcumst
ances.Thebasi
crul
eofpr
esumpt
ioni
swhenonef
actoft
he
caseorci
rcumst
ancesar
econsi
der
edaspr
imar
yfact
sandi
ftheyar
epr
ovi
ngt
heot
her
f
act
srel
atedt
oit
,thent
hef
act
scanbepr
esumedasi
ftheyar
epr
ovedunt
ildi
spr
oved.
Sect
ion114ofI
ndi
anEv
idenceActspeci
fi
cal
l
ydeal
swi
tht
heconceptt
hat‘
thecour
t
maypr
esumet
heexi
stenceofanyf
actwhi
chi
tthi
nksl
i
kel
ytohav
ehappened,r
egar
d
bei
nghadt
othecommoncour
seof(
a)nat
uralev
ent
s,(
b)humanconduct
,and(
c)
publ
i
candpr
ivat
ebusi
ness,
int
hei
rrel
ati
ont
othef
act
soft
hepar
ti
cul
arcase’
.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenPr
esumpt
ionofFact
sandPr
esumpt
ionofLaw

Topi
c Pr
esumpt
ionofFact
s Pr
esumpt
ionofLaw

Def
ini
ti
on When pr
esumpt
ions ar
e When pr
esumpt
ions ar
e
est
abl
i
shedont
hebasi
sof acknowl
edged wi
thoutt
he
f
act
sorgr
oupsoff
act
sor hel
p of pr
oof i
n cer
tai
n
f
rom t
hecol
l
ect
ionoff
act
s. si
tuat
ionsorci
rcumst
ances
wher
ecour
tmepr
esumes
somef
act
sit
sel
f.

Posi
ti
onofPr
esumpt
ion Uncer
tai
nposi
ti
on. Cer
tai
n and uni
for
m
posi
ti
on.

Per
for
mance Theyar
eal
way
srebut
tabl
e They ar
e concl
usi
ve
andcanbechal
l
engedaf
ter pr
esumpt
ionunl
esspr
oven

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage134
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

est
abl
i
shi
ng pr
obat
ive wi
thpr
obat
iveev
idence.
ev
idence.

Di
scr
eti
onar
y Power of Cour
tenj
oys di
scr
eti
onar
y Cour
thasnodi
scr
eti
onar
y
Cour
t power
,ei
thert
o pr
esume power
,andt
heyar
ebound
anyf
act
sornot
. t
opr
esumesomef
act
sas
such f
act
s ar
e pr
esumed
i
tsel
fbyt
hel
aw.

Sour
ceofPr
esumpt
ion They ar
e der
ived on t
he Judi
ci
al cust
oms &
basi
s of nat
ural l
aw, pr
act
ices,t
hel
awundert
he
cust
omar
y pr
act
ices,and st
atues ar
e t
he onl
y
gener
al manki
nd sour
cesofpr
esumpt
ionof
exper
iences. l
aw.

Exampl
es Pr
esumpt
ion of For
eign Pr
esumpt
ionofI
nnocence,
Judi
ci
al Recor
ds, Pr
esumpt
ion of decl
ared
Pr
esumpt
ionsofAbet
ment deat
hinabsent
iaet
c.
ast
oSui
cidebyaMar
ri
ed
Womenet
c.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenMayPr
esumeShal
lPr
esumeandConcl
usi
vepr
oof

Maypr
esumei
sacondi
ti
on when t
hecour
tenj
oysi
tsdi
scr
eti
on powert
o
pr
esume any
/cer
tai
n/f
ew f
act
s and r
ecogni
ze i
tei
therpr
oved ormayask f
or
cor
robor
ati
veev
idencet
oconf
ir
m orr
econf
ir
mthepr
esumpt
ionsetbyt
hecour
tini
ts
di
scr
eti
on.Sect
ion4oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActpr
ovi
dest
hataf
actoragr
oupoff
act
s
mayber
egar
dedaspr
oved,unt
ilandunl
esst
heyar
edi
sappr
oved.Theconcepti
s
def
ined underSect
ion 4 oft
his actt
hat‘
May Pr
esume’deal
s wi
thr
ebut
tabl
e
pr
esumpt
ionandi
snotabr
anchofj
uri
spr
udence.

Wher
eas,
shal
lpr
esumedenot
esast
rongasser
ti
onori
ntent
iont
odet
ermi
neany

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage135
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

f
act
.Sect
ion4ofI
ndi
anev
idenceActexpl
ainst
hepr
inci
pleof‘
Shal
lPr
esume’t
hatt
he
cour
tdoesnothav
eanydi
scr
eti
onar
ypoweri
nthecour
seofpr
esumpt
ionof‘
Shal
l
Pr
esume’
,rat
hert
hecour
thaspr
esumedf
act
sorgr
oupsoff
act
sandr
egar
dthem asi
f
t
heyar
epr
ovedunt
ilt
heyar
edi
spr
ovedbyt
heot
herpar
ty.Sect
ion4oft
heI
ndi
an
Ev
idence Actexpl
ains t
hatt
he conceptof‘
Shal
lPr
esume’may al
so be cal
l
ed
‘
Presumpt
ion of Law’or ‘
Art
if
ici
alPr
esumpt
ion’or ‘
Obl
i
gat
ory Pr
esumpt
ion’or
‘
Rebut
tabl
ePr
esumpt
ionofLaw’
andt
ell
sthati
tisabr
anchofj
uri
spr
udence.

Whi
l
e,Concl
usi
vePr
esumpt
ions/Pr
oof
s,t
hiscanbeconsi
der
edasoneoft
he
st
rongestpr
esumpt
ionsacour
tmayassumebutatt
hesamet
imet
hepr
esumpt
ions
ar
enotcompl
etel
ybasedonl
ogi
crat
hercour
tbel
i
evest
hatsuchpr
esumpt
ionsar
efor
t
hewel
far
eorupbr
ingi
ngoft
hesoci
ety
.Wi
thr
egar
dst
oConcl
usi
vepr
oof
s,t
hel
awhas
absol
utepowerandshal
lnotal
l
ow anypr
oof
scont
rar
ytot
hepr
esumpt
ionwhi
ch
meansi
fthef
act
spr
esumedunderconcl
usi
vepr
oof
scannotbechal
l
engedev
eni
fthe
pr
esumpt
ioni
schal
l
engedont
hebasi
sofpr
obat
iveev
idence.Thi
sist
hest
rongestki
nd
ofal
ltheexi
sti
ngpr
esumpt
ionswher
easSect
ion41,112and113oft
heEv
idenceAct
andS.82oft
heI
ndi
anPenalCodear
eoneoft
hemosti
mpor
tantpr
ovi
sionsr
elat
edt
o
t
hei
rr
ebut
tabl
efor
m ofpr
esumpt
ionsorConcl
usi
vePr
esumpt
ion.

Thegener
aldef
ini
ti
on ofConcl
usi
vePr
oofi
sacondi
ti
on when onef
acti
s
est
abl
i
shed,t
hent
heot
herf
act
sorcondi
ti
onsbecomeconcl
usi
vepr
oofofanot
heras
decl
aredbyt
hisAct
.TheCour
tini
tsconsi
der
ati
onshal
lregar
dal
lot
herf
act
stobe
pr
oved,onl
yifonef
actoft
hecasei
spr
ovenwi
thoutanyr
easonabl
edoubt
.Andi
fthe
ot
herf
act
sar
epr
ovedont
hebasi
sofpr
ovi
ngofonef
actt
hatt
hecour
tshal
lnotal
l
ow
anyev
idencecont
rar
ytoot
herf
act
swhi
char
epr
esumedasconcl
usi
vepr
oof
s.

I
ll
ust
rat
ion-AandBmar
ri
edonJune1andt
hehusbandl
efthomet
ohi
swor
kfor6
mont
hs l
aterhe di
scov
ered t
hatherwi
fei
s pr
egnanthe di
vor
ced t
he wi
fe and
chal
l
enges t
hathe i
s notl
i
abl
eforpay
ing damages ei
thert
o hi
s wi
fe ort
o hi
s
i
l
legi
ti
mat
eson.Andal
soexpl
ainst
hathenev
erconsumedhi
smar
ri
ageasj
ustaf
ter
onedayofmar
ri
agehel
efthi
shomef
orhi
swor
k.Buti
nthi
scase,t
hecour
twi
l
l
concl
usi
vel
ypr
esumedt
hatt
hesonbor
noutofhi
swi
fei
slegi
ti
mat
ebecausehewas
wi
thhi
swi
fef
oratl
east1dayandshal
lnotal
l
owanypr
oofcont
rar
ytot
heconcl
usi
ve

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage136
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

pr
oofev
eni
fhepr
ovi
despr
obat
iveev
idence.

Gener
alCl
assi
fi
cat
ionofPr
esumpt
ion

Thet
radi
ti
onalappr
oachofcommonl
awsy
stem hascl
assi
fi
edpr
esumpt
iononl
y
undert
wocat
egor
iest
hatar
eapr
esumpt
ionofl
aw andpr
esumpt
ionoff
act
sbutt
o
av
oidanyambi
gui
tyi
ndeci
dinganycaset
heI
ndi
anl
egalsy
stem hasadopt
edt
het
hir
d
cl
assi
fi
cat
iont
hati
smi
xedpr
esumpt
ionswhi
chi
ncl
udesbot
htheaspect
soff
act
sas
wel
lasl
aw.Hencet
heexi
sti
ngl
egalsy
stem hast
hreet
ypesofpr
esumpt
ionswhi
char
e
asf
oll
ows:

1)Pr
esumpt
ionofFact
s-Pr
esumpt
ionsoff
act
sar
ethosei
nfer
encest
hatar
enat
ural
l
y
andr
easonabl
yconcl
udedont
hebasi
sofobser
vat
ionsandci
rcumst
ancesi
nthe
cour
se ofbasi
c human conduct
.These ar
e al
so known as mat
eri
alornat
ural
pr
esumpt
ions.Nat
uralPr
esumpt
ionsar
ebasi
cal
l
yinst
ancesofci
rcumst
ant
ialev
idence
asi
tisbel
i
evedt
hati
tisv
erygoodt
oacti
nthecour
seofr
easoni
ngwher
emuch
i
nfer
encescanbeeasi
l
yconcl
udedf
rom ot
herev
idenceot
her
wisei
twi
l
lkeepmuch
ambi
gui
tyont
hel
egalsy
stem becausei
twi
l
lbemuchmor
edi
ff
icul
tbecauseoft
he
l
egalsy
stem t
opr
oveev
eryf
actt
ocapt
uret
heof
fender
sorl
awconf
li
ctedmemberof
t
hesoci
ety
.Nat
ural
Presumpt
ionsar
egener
all
yrebut
tabl
einnat
ure.

Ther
ear
efewpr
ovi
sionst
hatar
edi
rect
lyexpr
essi
ngaboutNat
ural
Presumpt
ions
suchasSect
ion86-88,
Sect
ion90,
Sect
ion113A,
Sect
ion113BofI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.
Wher
eSect
ion113A&113Bar
eoneoft
hemosti
mpor
tantpr
ovi
sionsofpr
esumpt
ions
undert
hisAct
,wher
easSect
ion86t
alkaboutcer
ti
fi
edcopi
esoff
orei
gnj
udi
cialr
ecor
ds,
Sect
ion87expr
essespr
esumpt
ionofBooks,MapsandChar
ts,Sect
ion88deal
swi
th
pr
esumpt
ionr
elat
edt
oTel
egr
aphi
cMessages,Sect
ion90deal
swi
thdocument
saged
t
hir
tyy
ear
sol
d,wher
easSect
ion113Adeal
swi
thhar
dcor
ecr
imet
hati
sPr
esumpt
ion
ast
oabat
ementofsui
cidebyamar
ri
edwomenandSect
ion113Bdeal
swi
tht
he
pr
esumpt
ionast
odowr
ydeat
h.Undert
hePr
esumpt
ionsofFact
s,t
heconceptof‘
shal
l
pr
esume’i
sut
il
ized.Andbyt
heconcept
,thecour
twi
l
lpr
esumet
hataf
actascer
tai
ned
bef
oret
hem ar
epr
ovenf
act
sunt
ilandunl
esst
heyar
epr
ovendi
spr
ovedbyt
heaccused.
Theconceptof‘
shal
lpr
esume’expr
essest
hatt
hecour
tsar
eboundt
omai
ntai
nand

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage137
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

r
ecogni
sesomef
act
saspr
ovenbymaki
ngamandat
orypr
esumpt
ionandt
hecour
thas
t
oconsi
dert
hem ascompl
etel
ypr
ovenunt
ilsuchpr
esumpt
ionar
echal
l
engedand
di
sappr
oved.Whent
hesepr
esumpt
ionsar
edi
spr
ovedbyt
hechal
l
engi
ngpar
tyt
hent
he
cour
thasnodi
scr
eti
ononmai
ntai
ningsuchpr
esumpt
ions.

1.
1)FewCondi
ti
onsWher
eCour
tMayUset
hePr
esumpt
ionofFact
sToAscer
tai
nSome
Fact
s:-

For
eignJudi
cialRecor
ds-Sect
ion86expl
ainst
hepr
inci
plet
hatt
hecour
thast
he
di
scr
eti
onar
ypowert
omakepr
esumpt
ionswi
thr
espectt
otheor
igi
nal
i
tyandaccur
acy
oft
hecer
ti
fi
edcopi
esofadi
ff
erentf
orei
gncount
ry’
sjudi
cialr
ecor
dsandt
hecal
l
ed
documentshoul
dbeconsi
stentwi
tht
hel
ocalordomest
icr
ules.Thepr
esumpt
ion
expl
ainedundert
hisSect
ionhasav
erysi
gni
fi
cantr
ole,t
her
efor
e,shoul
dbecompl
i
ed
wi
thi
t.I
tisal
soobser
vedt
hati
fthecour
tdoesnotf
eelt
hatt
hef
orei
gnj
udgment
sar
e
notconsi
stentwi
tht
hel
ocall
awst
hent
hesej
udgment
sloset
heev
ident
iar
yval
uesi
n
t
hecour
t.

Abet
mentast
oSui
cidebyaMar
ri
edWomen-Sect
ion113Adeal
swi
tht
hepr
esumpt
ions
ofabet
mentofsui
cideofamar
ri
edwomanei
therbyherhusbandoranyofhi
srel
ati
ves.
Thecour
thasment
ionedf
ew essent
ial
stocheckt
hatwhet
herasui
cideexecut
edby
mar
ri
edwomeni
sinconsi
stentwi
tht
heessent
ial
sment
ionedundert
hepr
ovi
sion,
andi
f
t
heyar
econsi
stentt
oitt
hent
hecour
tinsuchcaseswi
l
lpr
esumet
hatsuchsui
cidehas
beenabet
tedei
therbyt
hehusbandorhi
srel
ati
ve.Theessent
ial
soft
hispr
ovi
sionar
e:

(
i)Thei
nci
dentofsui
ci
dewascommi
tt
edwi
thi
naper
iodofsev
eny
ear
sfr
om t
hedat
e
ofhermar
ri
age;
and

(
ii
)Herhusband,
orhi
srel
ati
ve,
hassubj
ect
edhert
ocr
uel
tyasaccor
dingt
otheSect
ion
498AofI
PC.

I
nChhaganSi
nghvSt
ateofMadhy
aPr
adesh,
thev
ict
im wasbadl
ybeat
enbyt
he
accusedatsomepl
aceandf
orsuchgui
l
tyactt
heaccusedexpl
ainst
her
easonst
hat
t
hev
ict
im wasst
eal
i
ngr
iceandbecauseofi
t,hehasbeat
ent
hev
ict
im.Butj
ustaf
ter
t
hef
ewday
soft
hei
nci
dentv
ict
im commi
tt
edsui
cide.Thecour
tint
hismat
teracqui
tt
ed

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage138
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
heaccusedordi
schar
gedt
heaccusedofof
fencement
ionedunderSect
ion113Aof
I
ndi
anEv
idenceActast
hecour
tdi
dn’
tfi
ndanyev
idencesubj
ectt
ocr
uel
tyandal
so
ment
ionedt
hatt
heessent
ial
sofSect
ion113Aar
enotf
ulf
il
ledwi
tht
hef
act
soft
he
cases,
hencei
nthecaseofmur
derl
egalpr
esumpt
ionsofSect
ion113Ai
snotapar
tof
i
t.Becauset
hedeat
hoft
heper
soni
scausedduet
oot
herr
easonsandt
hel
egal
pr
inci
plesof113Acannotbej
ustappl
i
edbl
i
ndl
yasonehast
oseet
henexusofi
t.The
adv
ant
ageoft
hepr
esumpt
ionofSect
ion113Acanonl
ybegr
ant
edi
fei
therherhusband
oranyofhi
srel
ati
vehast
reat
edt
hewomenwi
thcr
uel
tyi
nanysense.

I
n,Ni
l
akant
haPat
ivSt
ateofOr
issa,i
nthi
scase,t
heaccusedmar
ri
edt
hev
ict
im
i
nApr
il1982andhasbeenbenef
it
edwi
thadowr
y.Butl
atert
heaccuseddesi
redt
o
pur
chaseahouse,andoft
hepur
pose,heaskedt
hev
ict
imt
ogetRs70,
00f
rom her
par
ent
s.Whenshecoul
dnotgett
heamountshewast
ort
uredandi
n1986shedi
ed.The
accusedsuppor
tedhi
sar
gument
swi
thpr
operr
easoni
ngandl
ogi
cthatt
hecour
tfound
t
hepr
esumpt
iont
obeofr
ebut
tabl
enat
ure.Ast
hear
gument
sadv
ancedbyt
heaccused
hav
eenoughr
elev
ance,t
heaccusedwasacqui
tt
edofSect
ion113A.TheHi
ghCour
t
sai
dthatt
heypr
esumpt
ionexi
tedher
eisr
ebut
tabl
eandsuchpr
esumpt
ioncanbe
escal
ated whenev
ert
he ci
rcumst
ances oft
he case mat
ch t
he essent
ial
s ort
he
i
nter
pret
ati
onoft
hel
egalpr
ovi
sions.Andher
e,i
nthi
scase,t
heaccusedhasdi
spr
oved
al
lthepr
esumpt
ionsoft
hecour
thence,
theaccusedwasr
eleased.

I
n,MangalRam &AnorvSt
ateofMadhy
aPr
adesh,i
nthi
scase,t
hewi
feoft
he
accusedwasl
i
vingwi
thherpar
ent
sformanyy
ear
sandhasnov
isi
tedhermat
ri
moni
al
homef
oral
ongt
ime.Butwi
thi
nonemont
hofr
etur
ningt
ohermat
ri
moni
alhome,she
commi
tt
edsui
ci
de.Ther
efor
ethecour
tpr
esumedt
heci
rcumst
ancet
hatt
heaccusedi
s
r
esponsi
blef
ort
hedeat
hoft
hel
adyandt
hecasecomesunderSect
ion113BofI
ndi
an
Ev
idenceAct
.Butt
hehusbandandheri
n-l
awspr
ovedt
hatt
hedeat
hwasnotcaused
becauseoft
her
easonssubj
ect
edt
ocr
uel
ty.Thecour
tint
hatmat
tersai
dthatt
he
pr
esumpt
ionwasofr
ebut
tabl
enat
ureandt
hepr
esumpt
ioncan’
tbesust
ainedany
mor
e,
hencet
heaccusedacqui
tt
ed.

Abet
mentofSui
cidet
omar
ri
edWomenf
ort
hepur
poseofDowr
y-Sect
ion114Bof
I
ndi
anEv
idenceActdeal
swi
tht
hepr
inci
plesofpr
esumpt
ionr
elat
edt
oabet
mentof

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage139
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

sui
ci
det
omar
ri
edwomenf
ort
hepur
poseofdowr
y.Thi
sSect
ionempower
sthecour
tto
pr
esumet
hatt
hehusbandandhi
srel
ati
vear
etheabet
tor
sofsui
cideandt
hewi
fewas
subj
ect
edt
ocr
uel
tyoranyt
ort
urer
elat
edt
odemandofdowr
y.Whi
l
eexpl
aini
ngt
he
conceptofSect
ion113Bt
hecour
texpl
ainscer
tai
nessent
ial
swhi
char
etobef
ulf
il
led
f
orr
aisi
nganypr
esumpt
ionr
elat
edt
oabet
mentofdowr
ydeat
h.Theessent
ial
sof
Sect
ion113B ar
ecompl
etel
ythesameasofessent
ial
sofSect
ion113A ofI
ndi
an
Ev
idenceAct
.

Butat
hinl
i
nedi
ff
erencebet
weenSect
ion113A&114Bi
sthatt
hepr
esumpt
ion
ofSect
ion114Bonl
ycomest
othepi
ctur
eift
hepr
osecut
ionhascer
tai
npr
oof
sthatt
he
causeofdeat
hwascr
uel
tyormal
tr
eat
mentorhar
assmentf
ordowr
ydemand.Hence,
undert
hisSect
ion,t
hepr
esumpt
ioni
scar
ri
edonl
ywhent
hepr
osecut
ionpr
ovest
he
case.

I
n,Hem ChandvSt
ateofHar
yanat
hecoupl
emar
ri
edon24Mayof1962.The
wi
fel
eftherhusband’
shomej
ustaf
ter2mont
hsofhermar
ri
ageandexpl
ainedt
he
r
easont
oherpar
ent
sthatherhusbandi
sdemandi
ngf
oraTVandar
efr
iger
ator
.Af
ter
l
i
steni
ngt
osuchdemandsherf
atheroutofhi
shar
dmoneygav
eherar
oundRs.6,
000
andshel
eftf
orhermat
ri
moni
alhome.Butt
hehusband’
sdesi
rewasnotf
ini
shi
ngand
heagai
naskedhert
ogett
went
y-f
ivet
housandr
upeesf
rom herhomeashei
swi
l
li
ngt
o
buysomer
ealest
atepr
oper
ty.Ther
eaf
tert
heaccusedt
ookhi
swi
fet
oherpar
ent
s’
homeandsai
dthathe’
l
ltakebackheronl
yifhewi
l
lbepai
dRs.25,
000.Oney
earaf
ter
shecamebackt
ohermat
ri
moni
alhomewi
thRs.15,
000andpr
omi
sedt
hebal
ance
amountwi
l
lbepai
dsoon.Butont
hesameday
,shedi
edofst
rangul
ati
oni
nher
husband’
shome.Thet
ri
alcour
tandbot
hSupr
emeCour
tfoundaccusedt
obegui
l
tyand
conv
ict
edoncar
ryi
ngt
hepr
esumpt
ionst
hatherhusbandhasper
for
medcr
uel
tyagai
nst
herandt
her
easonf
orherdeat
hcoul
dbet
hehusband’
scr
uel
tyf
ort
hepur
poseof
dowr
y.

I
nShant
ivSt
ateofHar
yana,TheSupr
emeCour
thel
dthatt
hev
ict
im’
sdeat
h
shoul
dbesoonaf
tert
hev
ict
im wassubj
ect
edt
ocr
uel
tyorhar
assmentf
ort
hepur
pose
ofdowr
y.Buti
nthi
smat
ter
,thewi
fewast
akenbackt
oherhomeast
hedi
sput
ewas
sol
vedbyt
hel
ocalpanchay
atandt
hisi
nci
denthappenedbef
ore10-
15day
sofher

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage140
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

deat
h.Howev
er,t
hef
act
sseem t
obesocl
earbutt
hepr
esumpt
ioncannotbemadeas
t
her
ewasnoev
idencewhi
chi
ndi
cat
est
hatshewast
reat
edwi
thcr
uel
tyf
ort
hepur
pose
ofr
aisi
ngdowr
ywhenshewast
akenbackt
ohermat
ri
moni
alhome.Hencei
nthese
ci
rcumst
ances,t
hepr
esumpt
ionf
ordowr
ydeat
hcannotber
aisedandSect
ion113Bof
t
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActcannotbebr
oughti
ntoact
ion.

I
n,Bai
j
nat
h&Ot
her
sv.St
ateofMadhy
aPr
adesh,
Supr
emeCour
texpoundedt
hat
,
“
Oneoft
heessent
iali
ngr
edi
ent
sofdowr
ydeat
hunderSect
ion304Boft
hePenalCode
i
sthatt
hewomenmusthav
esubj
ect
edt
ocr
uel
tyei
therbyt
hehusbandorhi
srel
ati
ves
f
ort
hepur
poseofdowr
ysoonbef
oreherdeat
handbr
ingi
tasanessent
ial
ingr
edi
entof
Sect
ion304BofI
PCt
hepr
osecut
ionhast
opr
ovet
heconnect
ionoft
hev
ict
im’
sdeat
h
wi
tht
heactofcr
uel
tybyt
hehusbandorbyhi
srel
ati
vef
ort
hepur
poseofdemandi
ng
dowr
yandt
heconnect
ionmustbepr
ovedbey
ondr
easonabl
edoubtt
henonl
ythecour
t
wi
l
lputt
hecasei
ntot
hewi
ndowofSect
ion113BofI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.

May Pr
esume-Sect
ion 114 oft
he I
ndi
an Ev
idence Actdeal
s wi
tht
he concept
‘
presumpt
ionofcer
tai
nfact
sbyt
hecour
t’
.TheCour
tmaypr
esumet
heexi
stenceofany
f
actwhi
chi
tthi
nksl
i
kel
ytohav
ehappened,
regar
dbei
nghadt
othecommoncour
seof
nat
uralev
ent
s,humanconductandpubl
i
candpr
ivat
ebusi
ness,i
nthei
rrel
ati
ont
othe
f
act
soft
hepar
ti
cul
arcase.

I
ll
ust
rat
ions-

Ev
erynegot
iabl
einst
rumenti
spr
esumedt
hati
tisdr
awnf
ort
hepur
poseofgood
consi
der
ati
on.

Ther
eshal
lbecont
inui
tyoft
hingsunl
esspr
ovencont
rar
yli
kei
fapr
oper
tyi
sconsi
der
ed
t
obeanancest
ralpr
oper
ty,
itshal
lbepr
esumedt
hati
tissount
ili
tispr
ovencont
rar
yto
t
hepr
esumpt
ion(
Chi
toMaht
oovLi
l
aMaht
o).

 I
faper
sonr
efusest
oansweraquest
ion,whi
chi
snotcompel
l
edbyt
hel
aw t
o
answer
,thecour
tmaypr
esumet
hati
fheanswer
sthequest
iont
hent
heanswer
woul
dbeunf
avour
abl
etohi
m.

 Thati
famanpossessessomest
olengoodssoonaf
tert
het
hef
ttheni
tis

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage141
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

bel
i
evedt
hathei
sei
thert
het
hieforhasr
ecei
vedt
hegoodsknowi
ngt
henat
ure
oft
hegoodsunl
esshecanaccountf
orhi
spossessi
on.

2)Pr
esumpt
ionofLaw-

Pr
esumpt
ionsofl
aw ar
esuchi
nfer
encesandbel
i
efswhi
char
eest
abl
i
shedor
assumedbyt
hel
awi
tsel
f.I
tcanf
urt
herbedi
vi
dedi
ntor
ebut
tabl
epr
esumpt
ionsofl
aw
andi
rr
ebut
tabl
epr
esumpt
ionsofl
aw.

Rebut
tabl
ePr
esumpt
ions(
praesumpt
ioi
uri
stant
um)
:Rebut
tabl
ePr
esumpt
ionsar
e
cer
tai
npr
esumpt
ionwhi
chi
sregar
dedasev
idenceofgoodqual
i
tyanddoesnotl
ose
t
hei
rqual
i
tyunt
ilpr
ovencont
rar
ytot
hepr
esumpt
ion.Al
thoughi
tdoesnoteasi
l
y
measur
etheext
entofsuchpr
esumpt
ionast
hei
rval
i
dit
yonl
yexi
stsunt
ilt
heyar
enot
pr
ovenwr
ong.Thebasi
cexampl
eofr
ebut
tabl
epr
esumpt
ionscanbe-i
faper
sonwhoi
s
i
npossessi
onofsomest
olenpr
oper
tyt
hani
tisqui
teobv
ioust
hathecanei
therbea
t
hieforar
ecei
ver
.

Mat
ri
moni
alof
fencesar
eoneoft
hebestexampl
est
oexpl
ainanypr
esumpt
ion
becausei
nsuchof
fencet
hepossi
bil
i
tyofget
ti
ngev
idencei
snear
lyl
ow ast
hese
of
fencest
hatt
akepl
acewi
thi
nthecl
osed ar
eaofmat
ri
moni
alhouse.Hencet
he
pr
esumpt
ion i
sver
yimpor
tanti
n such cases/
off
ences.Ther
e ar
e br
oadl
ythr
ee
i
mpor
tantpr
ovi
sionsr
egar
dingt
hepr
esumpt
ioni
nmat
ri
moni
alof
fenceswhi
char
e:

 Pr
esumpt
ionast
oabet
mentofsui
cidebyamar
ri
edwomanwi
thi
nsev
eny
ear
s
ofmar
ri
agecov
eredunderSect
ion113AofI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.

 Pr
esumpt
ionast
odowr
ydeat
hwi
thi
nsev
eny
ear
sofmar
ri
agecov
eredunder
Sect
ion113BofI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.

 Bi
rt
hdur
ingt
hemar
ri
agei
stheconcl
usi
vepr
oofofl
egi
ti
macycov
eredunder
Sect
ion112oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.

I
n,Shant
iv.St
ateofHar
yana,t
hei
n-l
awsoft
hebr
idedi
dnotal
l
ow hert
ovi
sither
mat
ernalhouset
omeetherpar
ent
s,andwhent
hebr
ide’
spar
ent
scamet
omeether
t
heywer
enotper
mit
tedt
oent
ert
hehouseandcompl
ainedt
othem aboutt
heamount

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage142
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

ofdowr
ythatt
hedemandofscoot
er&TVwasnotf
ulf
il
led.Soonaf
tert
hei
nci
dent
,the
wi
feoft
heaccusedsuf
fer
edanunnat
uraldeat
h.TheSupr
emeCour
tal
l
owedt
he
pr
esumpt
ionst
atedunderSect
ion113BofI
ndi
anEv
idenceActast
hedeat
hwascaused
wi
thi
nsev
eny
ear
sofmar
ri
ageandt
hatt
ooj
ustaf
tersuchi
nci
dentpr
ohi
bit
edundert
his
Act
,andont
hebasi
sofappl
i
cat
ionsoft
hisSect
iononeoft
hei
n-l
awswasconv
ict
edf
or
causi
ngdowr
ydeat
h.

I
nSt
ateofM.
P.v
.Sk.Lal
l
u,anewl
yweddedwi
fewasf
aci
ngsev
erebeat
ingr
egul
arl
y
byheri
n-l
awsf
rom t
hev
eryf
ir
stdayofhermar
ri
age,
andatl
ast
,sheendsupdy
ingwi
th
100%ofbur
ninj
uri
es.TheCour
texecut
edt
heappl
i
cat
ionofpr
esumpt
ionst
atedunder
Sect
ion113A and expl
ained t
hatsuchpr
esumpt
ioncanbei
nvoked t
o puni
sht
he
accused.

I
r-
rebut
tabl
ePr
esumpt
ion(
praesumpt
ioi
uri
setdei
ure)
-Suchpr
esumpt
ionscannotbe
r
uledoutbyanyaddi
ti
onalpr
obat
iveev
idenceorar
gument
.Ther
efor
ethepr
esumpt
ion
expl
ainedcomesundert
her
oofofconcl
usi
vepr
esumpt
ionwhi
chcannotbepr
oven
cont
rar
y.Eg.Achi
l
dundert
heageofsev
eny
ear
sispr
esumedt
hathei
snotcapabl
eof
commi
tt
inganycr
ime.

2.
1)FewCondi
ti
onsWher
eCour
tMayUset
hePr
esumpt
ionofLawToAscer
tai
nSome
Fact
s:

Pr
esumpt
ionofI
nnocence(
eii
ncumbi
tpr
obat
ioquidi
cit
,nonquinegat
)-Accor
dingt
o
t
hisl
egalmaxi
m,t
hebur
denofpr
oofi
swi
tht
heper
sonwhodecl
arest
hef
act
s,nott
he
per
sonwhodeni
est
hef
act
.Thepr
esumpt
ionofi
nnocencei
sthel
egalpr
inci
plewhi
ch
meansev
eryper
sonshoul
dbeconsi
der
edasani
nnocentper
sonunl
essi
tispr
oven
gui
l
tyorunt
ilcour
tbel
i
evest
hatt
heper
soni
sinchar
geofact
spr
ohi
bit
edunderl
aw.

I
n,Chandr
aShekharv
.St
ateofHi
machalPr
adesht
heHi
ghCour
tmadegr
eat
obser
vat
ionsandment
ionedt
hatf
reedom ofanyi
ndi
vi
duali
sthepr
imeobj
ect
iveoft
he
const
it
uti
onandsuchr
ightcannotbedi
ssol
vedbyanymeansunl
esspr
ovi
dedbyt
he
l
awi
tsel
f.I
tisconcl
udedt
hatunl
esst
heper
soni
spr
ovedgui
l
tyhemustbepr
esumed
asi
nnocent
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage143
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

I
n,Dat
aram Si
nghv
.St
ateofUt
tarPr
adesh&anr
.,t
heSupr
emeCour
tsai
dthata
per
sonshoul
dbepr
esumedandbel
i
evedt
obei
nnocentunl
esspr
ovengui
l
ty.

Bi
rt
hDur
ingMar
ri
age-TheLat
inmaxi
m‘pat
erestquem mupt
icedemonst
rat
’,
expl
ainsa
basi
cassumpt
iont
hatt
heper
sonwhomar
ri
eswomeni
sthef
atherofson/daught
er
outofwi
fe.Sect
ion112oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActdeal
swi
tht
hel
egi
ti
macyofachi
l
d
bor
n dur
ing t
he mar
ri
age.The Sect
ion i
mpl
i
es t
hati
fa chi
l
dis bor
n dur
ing t
he
cont
inuanceofav
ali
dmar
ri
agebet
weent
hecoupl
etheni
tisconcl
usi
vepr
oofoft
hat
t
hechi
l
disl
egi
ti
mat
eandt
heonl
ygr
oundwhi
chi
sav
ail
abl
etoei
theroft
hepar
ti
est
o
pr
ovet
hei
l
legi
ti
macyi
stopr
oveanyaccesst
oeachot
heri
nsuchawayt
hatt
hei
r
mar
ri
agewasnotconsumed.Themai
nobj
ect
iveoft
hel
awmakeri
nst
it
utei
stopr
ovi
de
l
egi
ti
macyt
othechi
l
dbor
ndur
ingav
ali
dmar
ri
ageandt
hel
egi
slat
ureal
soexpl
ainst
hat
suchpr
esumpt
ioni
snotonl
yli
mit
edt
opr
ovi
del
egi
ti
macyt
othechi
l
dbutal
soi
tist
o
mai
ntai
nthepubl
i
cmor
ali
tysot
hatt
hel
egi
ti
macyoft
hechi
l
dcannotbequest
ioned.

I
tmustbenot
edt
hatt
heappl
i
cat
ionusedundert
heSect
ion112der
ivesf
rom
Sect
ion4oft
hesameActandmustber
eadt
oget
hert
o under
standt
hegener
al
appl
i
cabi
l
itySect
ion4whi
chexpr
essest
hatwher
evert
her
eisadoubtoft
hel
egi
ti
macy
ofchi
l
drenbor
ndur
ingav
ali
dmar
ri
aget
hecour
twi
l
lpr
esume,f
actt
hatt
heper
son
whom t
hemot
hermar
ri
edt
hef
atheroft
hatchi
l
d.Hencet
oachi
evet
heobj
ect
iveoft
he
l
egi
slat
uret
hecour
tmustassumei
ttobeacaseof‘
concl
usi
vepr
oof
’.Justl
i
keal
ll
aws,
nol
awi
sabsol
utet
her
efor
ethel
egi
ti
macyofsuchachi
l
dcanonl
yber
ebut
tedt
hepar
ty
pr
ovesnonon-
accesst
oeachot
herori
fnomar
ri
agewasconsumed.Whi
chmeans
ev
ent
heDNAt
estot
hersucht
est
sar
enotcapabl
eofdi
spr
ovi
ngt
hepr
esumpt
ion.

I
nRev
anasi
ddappav
.Mal
l
ikar
junt
heSupr
emeCour
topi
nedt
hat
:theobj
ect
iveof
t
heConst
it
uti
oni
sbr
oadl
yexpr
essedi
nthePr
eambl
eofourConst
it
uti
onwhi
chf
ocuses
onequal
i
ty,equi
ty,equaloppor
tuni
tyandsepar
atei
ndi
vi
dual
’
sdi
gni
ty.TheCour
twhi
l
e
adj
udi
cat
ing such cases mustr
emembert
he obj
ect
ives oft
he const
it
uti
on t
hat
ev
ery
bodyhassepar
ateandi
ndi
vi
dualdi
gni
tyofhi
sown,
ther
efor
ethecour
thast
olook
i
ntot
hemat
tert
hati
l
legalori
mmor
alori
l
legi
ti
mat
erel
ati
onshi
psofpar
entdonot
hi
ndert
hedi
gni
tyoft
hechi
l
dbor
noutofsuchr
elat
ionshi
ps.Asachi
l
dbor
noutofsuch
ar
elat
ionshi
pisi
nnocentand has al
lthe r
ight
s empower
ed t
o hi
m undert
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage144
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Const
it
uti
onandt
hest
atusoft
hechi
l
dmustbeasequalt
oasofchi
l
dbor
noutofv
ali
d
mar
ri
age.

I
nShant
aRam v
.Smt
.Dar
gubai
,theBombayHi
ghCour
texpr
essedi
tsv
iewt
hat
t
hechi
l
dbor
noutofv
oidmar
ri
ageswoul
dbedeemedt
obel
egi
ti
mat
echi
l
dir
respect
ive
ofanynul
l
ity
,al
thoughsuchchi
l
dwoul
dnotacqui
ret
hesamer
ightofsuccessi
onast
he
or
igi
nal
successorwi
l
lenj
oy.

Gaut
am Kunduv
.St
ateofWestBengalt
heSupr
emeCour
tini
tsobser
vat
ions
expr
essest
hat
-

 Cour
tshav
enoaut
hor
it
ytodi
rectbl
oodt
estt
ochal
l
enget
hel
egi
ti
macyoft
he
chi
l
d.

 Thehusbandhasonl
yonepossi
bil
i
tyt
ogetr
idofsuchpr
esumpt
ionandf
ort
hat
,
hemustsat
isf
ythecour
tbypr
ovi
ngno-accesst
oconsumet
hemar
ri
age.

 TheCour
tshoul
dcar
eful
l
yexami
net
hef
actt
hatwhatwi
l
lbet
heconsequencesi
f
t
hebl
oodt
estcomesi
nfav
ourofahusbandwhoi
schal
l
engi
ngt
hel
egi
ti
macyof
t
hechi
l
d.Andwhati
fthef
urt
herconsequencehasaser
iousi
mpactont
hechi
l
d’s
l
egi
ti
macyormakest
hemot
herasani
mpur
e/unchast
ewoman.

Pr
esumpt
ionofDeat
h-Thepr
esumpt
ionofdeat
hisexpl
ainedunderSect
ion107and
108ofI
ndi
anEv
idenceActwhi
chr
efer
stoasi
tuat
ionwhenaper
sonhasdi
sappear
ed
f
ormanyy
ear
s,andaf
tersuchsi
tuat
ionst
hel
awpr
esumeshi
mtobedead.
Sect
ion108
oft
hisActdescr
ibest
heamountort
het
enur
ei.
e.7y
ear
s,wher
e,t
her
eshoul
dbeno
pr
oofoft
heexi
stenceoft
heper
soni
nthesoci
ety
.

I
nBal
ambalv
.Kannammal
,thecour
thel
dthatt
hepr
esumpt
ionofdeat
hcoul
d
onl
y be i
nvoked i
fthe deat
h ori
nexi
stence oft
hatper
son i
s pr
oved when t
he
pr
esumpt
ioni
srai
sedi
nthecour
tandnoper
soncanut
il
isesuchpr
esumpt
ionf
or
gener
ati
nganyt
ypeofdeat
hrecor
doft
hecal
l
edper
son.

I
nT.
KRat
hnam v
.K.Var
adar
ajul
u,t
hedi
ssent
ingopi
nionoft
hel
ear
nedj
udge
expl
ainsi
nhi
sjudgmentt
hatt
hepr
esumpt
ionoft
heexi
stenceoft
heper
sonordeat
hof

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage145
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
heper
soni
sal
way
srebut
tabl
e.Heal
soobser
vedt
hatt
heaccur
atet
imi
ngofdeat
his
notamat
terofpr
esumpt
ionr
atheri
tisamat
terofev
idence.

Pr
esumpt
ionofSani
ty-I
tref
erst
othement
alst
ateofaper
sonf
aci
ngacr
imi
nalt
ri
al.
Speci
fi
cal
l
y,t
hecour
tassumest
hatev
eryper
soni
ssaneandi
sfi
ttohi
sment
al
capaci
tyunt
ilsomeonepr
ovescont
rar
ytot
heassumpt
ionsoft
hecour
t.

Pr
esumpt
ion ofConst
it
uti
onal
i
ty-The pr
esumpt
ion ofconst
it
uti
onal
i
tyr
efer
stoa
conceptt
hatal
lst
atut
es,bi
l
ls,pol
i
cies,gui
del
i
neset
c.,dr
aft
edbydi
ff
erentl
evel
sof
gov
ernment
sar
econsi
stentwi
tht
heconst
it
uti
onalr
equi
rement
s.Thecour
tgener
all
y
pr
esumest
hatt
hest
atuesar
emeet
ingt
heconst
it
uti
onalr
equi
rement
s’andar
ehel
ping
i
nachi
evi
ngt
heconst
it
uti
onalobj
ect
ive.Butt
heper
son,
whoi
nter
pret
sthesest
atuesi
n
suchamannerwhi
chmakessuchst
atuescont
rar
ytoconst
it
uti
onalr
equi
rement
s,t
hen
hast
opr
ovet
hesame.

Pr
esumpt
ionofPossessi
on-Sect
ion110deal
swi
thsuchpr
esumpt
ionandexpl
ainsi
t
aswhenaper
sonwhoi
senj
oyi
ngt
hepossessi
onofany
thi
ngandhecl
aimshi
msel
fas
t
heownert
hent
hecour
tinf
erencest
hathei
sther
ealowner
.Thesear
egener
all
y
r
ebut
tabl
epr
esumpt
ionsand do notl
oset
hei
rsubst
ant
ial
i
tyunt
ilt
heyar
epr
oven
cont
rar
ybyt
heaf
fect
ingpar
ty.

3)Mi
xedPr
esumpt
ions(
Presumpt
ionofFactandl
awbot
h):

Mi
xedpr
esumpt
ionsi
sabl
endofdi
ff
erentconcept
sexpl
ainedabov
eint
his
ar
ti
cle.When t
he cour
tini
tsi
nfer
ences uses such bl
end consi
sts ofdi
ff
erent
cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofpr
esumpt
ioni
.e.
,Pr
esumpt
ionofFact
sandPr
esumpt
ionofLaw t
hen
t
hepr
esumpt
ioni
sconsi
der
edt
obeaMi
xedPr
esumpt
ion.Thepr
inci
plesofsuch
pr
esumpt
ionsar
eonl
yref
lect
edi
ntheEngl
i
shwhi
chspeci
fi
cal
l
ydeal
swi
thst
atut
eof
r
ealpr
oper
ty.Buti
nthe I
ndi
an l
egalsy
stem,t
he pr
inci
ples ofpr
esumpt
ions ar
e
expr
essedspeci
fi
cal
l
yandTheI
ndi
anEv
idenceActdeal
swi
thsuchpr
inci
ples.The
I
ndi
anEv
idenceActhasment
ionedf
ewpr
ovi
sionsbot
hfort
hepr
esumpt
ionofl
awand
f
orpr
esumpt
ionsoff
act
s.Thescopeoft
hisst
atut
ejustdoesnotendher
erat
heri
tal
so
hasdi
ff
erentpr
ovi
sionswhi
chdealwi
tht
hedi
scr
eti
onar
ypowerofI
ndi
anCour
tin
r
aisi
ng pr
esumpt
ion such as­-Pr
inci
ples ofMay Pr
esume,Shal
lPr
esume and

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage146
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Concl
usi
vePr
oof
.

Concl
usi
on

I
nTukar
am vSt
ateofMahar
asht
ra,Thi
scasewasdeci
dedonconsi
der
ingt
he
f
act
sofMat
hur
aRapeCaseandwhi
l
eadj
udi
cat
ingt
hecaset
heCour
tjust
if
iedt
heneed
andnecessi
ti
esofsuchpr
esumpt
ions.TheCour
tal
soexpl
ainedt
hatPr
esumpt
ionshas
awi
derscopeast
heydon’
tonl
yhel
pthev
ict
imi
nthef
astt
ri
albuti
tal
sohel
psi
ngi
vi
ng
di
rect
iont
othecase.Ther
efor
esuchpr
esumpt
ioncanef
fect
ivel
yhel
pthej
udi
ciar
yin
pr
ovi
dingqui
ckandcompl
etej
ust
icet
othesoci
ety
.Accor
dingt
oSt
ephenpr
esumpt
ion
i
smandat
ory
,notper
missi
vepr
esumpt
ionandespeci
all
yper
missi
vei
sdeal
tinSect
ion
90oft
heev
idenceact
.Per
missi
vepr
esumpt
ionmeansi
tisont
hecour
tdi
scr
eti
on
whet
hert
obel
i
eveornott
obel
i
eve.

3.DOCTRI
NEOFESTOPPEL(
SECTI
ONS115-
117)
I
ntr
oduct
ion

Deal
tfr
om Sect
ion115t
o117oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872Doct
ri
neof
Est
oppeli
sthatpr
ovi
sionwhi
chpr
ohi
bit
saper
sonf
rom gi
vi
ng f
alseev
idenceby
pr
event
ingt
hem f
rom maki
ngcont
radi
cti
ngst
atement
sinaCour
tofLaw.Theobj
ect
ive
oft
hisdoct
ri
nei
stoav
ertt
hecommi
ssi
onoff
raudbyoneper
sonagai
nstanot
her
per
son.Thi
sdoct
ri
nehol
dsaper
sonaccount
abl
eforf
alser
epr
esent
ati
onsmadeby
hi
m,ei
thert
hroughhi
swor
dsort
hroughhi
sconduct
.

Meani
ngofEst
oppel

Sect
ion 115 oft
heI
ndi
an Ev
idenceAct
,1872 i
ncor
por
atest
hemeani
ng of
est
oppelaswhenoneper
sonei
therbyhi
sactoromi
ssi
on,
orbydecl
arat
ion,
hasmade
anot
herper
sonbel
i
evesomet
hingt
obet
rueandper
suadedt
hatper
sont
oactuponi
t,
t
heni
nnocasecanheorhi
srepr
esent
ati
vedenyt
het
rut
hoft
hatt
hingl
ateri
nthesui
t
ori
nthepr
oceedi
ngs.I
nsi
mpl
ewor
ds,est
oppelmeansonecannotcont
radi
ct,denyor
decl
aret
obef
alset
hepr
evi
ousst
atementmadebyhi
mint
heCour
t.

Exempl
igr
ati
a,

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage147
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Si
mran,al
eadi
ngent
repr
eneur
,want
stobuyacar
.Raji
shergoodf
ri
endwho
ownsacl
assi
ccarofgr
eatwor
th.WhenSi
mrancont
act
sRaj
tohel
pheri
npur
chasi
nga
car
,hesay
sthatshecanbuyhi
scarwhi
chhehasbeenpl
anni
ngt
osel
lforsomet
ime
now.Si
mranbuy
shi
scar
.Lat
eron,t
hecarbecomesRaj
’
spr
oper
ty.Rajt
akest
he
def
enset
hatwhenhesol
dthatcart
oSi
mran,
hehadnot
it
leov
eri
t.Thecour
thel
dthat
Raj
woul
dbel
i
abl
eandwi
l
lhav
etopr
ovehi
swantoft
it
le.

I
fThanosi
sanempl
oyeeofcompanyXYZbuti
ncour
t,hedeni
est
obean
empl
oyee oft
hatcompany
,then,l
ateron he coul
d notcl
aim t
he sal
ari
es and
emol
ument
sfr
om t
hatcompany
.

A,
anagentofC,
mor
tgagedhi
spr
oper
tyt
oBwhi
chhewasi
nthepossessi
onof
butwasnott
heowner
.B,t
hemor
tgagee,i
ngoodf
ait
h,bel
i
evi
ngt
her
epr
esent
ati
ont
o
bet
ruet
ookt
hemor
tgage.Ther
eaf
ter
,heobt
ainedadecr
eeandt
hepr
oper
tywassol
d.
Ther
ealowneroft
hepr
oper
ty,C,cl
aimedt
hati
twashi
spr
oper
tyandt
hatAhadno
powert
omor
tgaget
hem.Thecour
twoul
dst
opAf
rom maki
ngsuchacl
aim undert
he
doct
ri
neofest
oppel
.

M,at
enanti
nthehouseofN,f
alsel
yrepr
esent
ingt
oQt
hathehadt
ransf
erabl
e
r
ight
sov
ert
hepr
oper
tyandt
her
eaf
tert
ransf
err
ingpr
oper
tyt
oN,l
ateron,cannotcl
aim
t
hathehadnot
ransf
erabl
eint
eresti
nthepr
oper
ty.Hewoul
dbeest
oppedf
rom doi
ng
soundert
hedoct
ri
neofest
oppel
.

Pr
inci
plesofEst
oppel

Condi
ti
onsf
orappl
i
cat
ionofDoct
ri
neofEst
oppel

Thef
oll
owi
ngcondi
ti
onsar
etobesat
isf
iedi
nor
dert
oappl
ythedoct
ri
neofest
oppel
:

 Ther
epr
esent
ati
onmustbemadebyoneper
sont
oanot
herper
son.

 Ther
epr
esent
ati
onmademustbeast
ofact
sandnotast
othel
aw.

 Ther
epr
esent
ati
onmustbemadeast
oanexi
sti
ngf
act
.

 Ther
epr
esent
ati
onmustbemadei
namannerwhi
chmakest
heot
herper
son

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage148
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

bel
i
evet
hati
tist
rue.

 Theper
sont
owhom t
her
epr
esent
ati
oni
sbei
ngmademustactupont
hatbel
i
ef.

 Theper
sont
owhom t
her
epr
esent
ati
onwoul
dbemadeshoul
dsuf
feral
ossby
suchr
epr
esent
ati
on.

Nat
ureofest
oppel

Thel
egalpr
inci
pleoft
hedoct
ri
neofest
oppeli
svi
ewedasasubst
ant
iver
uleof
l
aw,
albei
t,i
thasbeendescr
ibedasapr
inci
pleundert
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872.

Pr
ovi
sionsofest
oppel

Ther
ear
ethr
eesect
ionsundert
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872whi
cht
alksabout
t
hesi
tuat
ionswher
ethepl
eaofest
oppelcanbet
akenandwher
eitcannotbet
aken,
andt
heyar
eSect
ion115,
116and117.

Sect
ion115

I
tdef
inesest
oppelasapr
inci
plewhi
chpr
ohi
bit
saper
sonf
rom deny
ingwhat
wasear
li
ersai
dbyhi
mint
heCour
t.Thecour
tinPi
ckar
dv.Sear
ssai
dthatest
oppeli
s
wher
e:

 Onepar
tybyhi
swor
dsoract
ionsmakesar
epr
esent
ati
on

 Theot
herpar
tybel
i
evi
ngi
nhi
swor
dsact
sont
hat

 Oral
ter
shi
sposi
ti
on

 t
hent
hepar
tywoul
dnotbeal
l
owedt
odenyt
het
hingshepr
evi
ousl
ysai
d.

I
nthet
hir
dcl
ause,
theal
ter
ingoft
heposi
ti
onshoul
dbesucht
hatgoi
ngbackwoul
d
beunj
ustorunf
airi
ntheey
esofl
aw,
asest
abl
i
shedi
nthecaseofPr
ati
maChowdhur
yv.
Kal
panaMukher
jee.

Necessar
yEl
ement
sofRepr
esent
ati
on

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage149
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Ther
epr
esent
ati
onmadecanbedonei
ntwoway
s:

 Bywor
ds

 Thr
oughconductwhi
chi
ncl
udesnegl
i
gence

I
nBhagwat
iVanaspat
iTr
ader
sv.seni
orSuper
int
endentofPostOf
fi
ces,Meer
utt
he
pl
aint
if
fpur
chasedoneN.
S.C.f
orwhi
chhepai
donl
yacer
tai
namountandnott
heent
ir
e
amountofmoney
.Thedef
endantcl
osedt
heaccountoft
hepl
aint
if
fandr
efundedt
he
amountwi
thoutanyi
nter
estont
hegr
oundt
hati
twasnotopenedi
naccor
dingt
othe
r
ulesandr
egul
ati
ons.Ont
hepl
eaofest
oppel
,thecour
tsai
dthatt
hepl
aint
if
fhi
msel
f
hadpur
chasedt
heN.
S.C.andt
hatnomi
srepr
esent
ati
onwasmadet
ohi
m byt
he
def
endant
.

I
ntent
iont
odecei
ve

Themai
nrequi
rementofest
oppeli
stobr
ingt
heper
soni
ntoact
ionbasedont
he
r
epr
esent
ati
ons made t
o hi
m.I
tis noti
mpor
tantt
hatt
he per
son maki
ng t
he
r
epr
esent
ati
onhast
heknowl
edgeormot
ivebehi
ndt
her
epr
esent
ati
onbei
ngmade.I
tis
al
sonotnecessar
ythatt
her
epr
esent
ati
onbei
ngmadei
sfr
audul
enti
nnat
ureort
hati
t
hasbeenmadeunderami
stakeormi
sappr
ehensi
on.

Onl
ytheper
sont
owhom t
her
epr
esent
ati
oni
sbei
ngmadecanact

Thepr
inci
pleofest
oppelwoul
dnotappl
ytoaper
sonwhogotapi
eceofsecond
handi
nfor
mat
ionaboutt
her
epr
esent
ati
on,unl
esst
her
epr
esent
ati
onwasi
ntendedt
o
bemadet
owar
dshi
m ort
hati
twasagener
alr
epr
esent
ati
onwher
eany
bodycoul
dact
uponi
t.

Forexampl
e,Tar
akMeht
a,headofat
elecom company
,makesanannouncementt
hat
uponar
echar
geof200r
upeesonewoul
dgetunl
i
mit
edt
alkt
imef
oroney
ear
.Mr
.
At
mar
am,av
endor
,seei
ng t
headd st
art
ed wor
king har
d and col
l
ectt
her
equi
red
amount
.Now,act
inguponi
tgott
her
echar
gedoneoft
hesai
damount
.Af
ter2mont
hs
hecompl
ainedt
hatt
heof
ferhasst
oppedonhi
sphone.Lat
eron,hef
indst
hatt
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage150
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

companyhast
ermi
nat
edi
tsear
li
erpol
i
cyandr
educedt
het
imel
i
mitt
o1.
5mont
hs.The
doct
ri
neofest
oppel
woul
dappl
yashehadr
eli
edont
her
epr
esent
ati
onsmadet
ohi
m.

Shoul
dbebasedonexi
sti
ngf
act
s

I
nor
dert
oappl
ythi
sdoct
ri
ne,i
thast
obeensur
edt
hatt
her
epr
esent
ati
onmade
shoul
dbebasedupont
heexi
sti
ngf
act
sandmustnotbear
epr
esent
ati
onr
elat
ingt
oa
f
utur
epr
omi
se.

Forexampl
e,i
fDonkeyPandeypr
omi
sest
ohi
sfr
iendMonkeyPandeyt
hatwhenev
erhe
woul
dbemaki
nghi
swi
l
l,hewoul
dbesi
gni
ngi
tinhi
sname.Lat
eron,whenDonkey
makeshi
swi
l
l,notev
enapar
tofhi
swi
l
lwasi
nmonkey
’sname.Now,suchpr
omi
ses
hav
enol
egal
consequencesasi
tisadef
utur
epr
omi
se.

I
nSt
eel
Aut
hor
it
yofI
ndi
aLt
d.v
.Uni
onofI
ndi
aitwashel
dthatoncet
hepar
tyhas
cl
aimedt
hatt
heyar
econt
ract
orsandnotempl
oyeesoft
hecompany
,al
thought
hey
wer
eone,
theycannot
,lat
eron,
changet
hepl
eaandsayt
hatt
heyar
etheempl
oyeesof
t
hecompany
.

Par
tyi
srequi
redt
opl
eadest
oppel

Si
ncet
hedoct
ri
neofest
oppeli
sar
uleundert
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,iti
s
r
equi
redt
hati
tshoul
dbepl
eaded.Thepar
tycl
aimi
ngt
hepl
eaofest
oppelmustcl
ear
ly
ment
ioni
nit
spl
eadi
ngt
hef
act
swhi
chpoi
ntt
hathehadact
edupont
her
epr
esent
ati
ons
madet
ohi
m byt
heot
herpar
ty.I
ncaset
hepar
tydoesnotment
iont
hisi
nit
spl
eadi
ng
t
heabov
esai
drequi
rement
,theni
tcannotcl
aimt
hedoct
ri
neatal
aterst
age.

Repr
esent
ati
oni
ncl
udesr
epr
esent
ati
onofl
aw

Repr
esent
ati
oni
ncl
udesr
epr
esent
ati
onoff
act
saswel
lasr
epr
esent
ati
onoft
he
l
aw.Suppose,
thedi
rect
orofacompanywi
thdr
ewbi
l
lsont
hegr
oundst
hatapr
ivat
elaw
gi
vest
hem t
hepowert
odoso.I
nthi
scase,whi
l
ethest
atementoff
act
sist
ruet
her
e

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage151
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

hasbeenaner
rori
nthei
nfer
enceoft
hel
aw.Theper
sonmaki
ngt
her
epr
esent
ati
on,
i.
e.
t
hedi
rect
or,i
nthi
scase,woul
dnotbeest
oppedf
rom deny
ingt
hatt
hei
nfer
enceoft
he
l
aw was not cor
rect
ly made.Howev
er,i
nthe par
ti
cul
ar case,t
he f
raudul
ent
r
epr
esent
ati
onmadeast
othel
egalef
fectoft
hosebi
l
lsandgai
nedsomeadv
ant
ages
outofi
twoul
dbeest
oppedf
rom r
etai
ningt
headv
ant
agesgai
ned.

Repr
esent
ati
onbei
ngmadeshoul
dnotbedebat
abl
e

Ther
epr
esent
ati
onbei
ngmadeshoul
dbecl
earandber
eftofanyambi
gui
ty.I
t
mi
ghtbe t
hatt
he r
epr
esent
ati
on has mor
ethan one i
nter
pret
ati
on butt
hose
i
nter
pret
ati
onsshoul
dbesucht
hatt
hepur
posef
orwhi
cht
her
epr
esent
ati
oni
sbei
ng
madeshoul
dnotbedef
eat
ed,
thati
s,t
hesensef
orwhi
cht
her
epr
esent
ati
oncont
ended
shoul
dnotbedest
roy
ed.

Act
ingul
tr
avi
resi
snotper
mit
ted

I
fapar
tyt
hroughr
epr
esent
ati
onsucceedatcr
eat
ingast
ateoft
hingswhi
chhei
s
ot
her
wisebar
redf
rom cr
eat
ingbyt
hel
awt
henhewoul
dbest
oppedf
rom act
ingbey
ond
i
tspower
s.“
Thus,acor
por
ateorst
atut
orybodycannotbeest
oppedf
rom deny
ingt
hat
i
thasent
eredi
ntoacont
ractwhi
chwasul
tr
avi
resf
ori
ttomake.
”

I
ftheTr
uthi
sknownt
obot
hthepar
ti
es

I
fthepar
tyt
owhom t
her
epr
esent
ati
onwasbei
ngmadesomehow r
ecogni
zes
t
hati
twasaf
alser
epr
esent
ati
ont
henhewoul
dnotbeent
it
ledt
othecl
aim oft
he
doct
ri
neofest
oppel
asdeci
dedi
nthecaseofPer
manandv
.ChampaLal
.

I
nMadhur
iPat
elv
.Addl
.Commi
ssi
oner
,Tr
ibaldev
elopmentt
hepar
tywhot
ook
admi
ssi
oni
naschool
byf
raudwasnotal
l
owedt
ocont
inuest
udy
ingi
nthatschool
upon
t
hecl
aim ofest
oppel
.

Repr
esent
ati
onbyt
hepar
tyseeki
ngadv
ant
age

Thepl
eaoft
hedoct
ri
neofest
oppelcannotbesoughti
nacasewher
ethe
r
epr
esent
ati
onhasact
edasabr
eachofdut
yont
hepar
toft
hatpar
tywhowast
otake
adv
ant
ageofsuchr
epr
esent
ati
on.I
fapar
tywhowast
omakeuseofar
epr
esent
ati
on

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage152
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

conceal
scer
tai
nfact
sthant
hedoct
ri
neofest
oppel
won’
tappl
y.

I
ntent
ion

I
fthepar
tymaki
ngt
her
epr
esent
ati
on-

 Hast
hei
ntent
iont
oactuponi
tint
hesamemanneri
nwhi
chi
twasr
epr
esent
ed
t
obeact
edupon

 Hasmadei
tinsuchawayt
hatanyr
easonabl
e,pr
udentper
sonwoul
dconsi
deri
t
ast
rue,
andmakest
heot
herper
sonbel
i
evet
hatheal
sohast
oactuponi
tint
he
samemanner

 I
nthatcasei
twoul
dnotbenecessar
ythatt
her
epr
esent
ati
onbef
alset
othe
knowl
edgeoft
hepar
tywhoi
smaki
ngi
t.

I
nB.Col
eman&Co.v
.P.
P.DasGupt
aitwasobser
vedt
hatt
hedoct
ri
neofest
oppel
doesnotappl
yunl
esst
her
epr
esent
ati
onbei
ngmadeamount
stot
hecont
ractorl
i
cense
oft
hepar
tywhoi
smaki
ngi
t.

Theot
herpar
tyact
edupont
her
epr
esent
ati
onsmadet
ohi
m

I
tisanessent
ial
requi
rementf
ort
hecl
aim ofest
oppel
thatt
hepar
tyt
owhom t
he
r
epr
esent
ati
onwasmadeact
eduponi
tbyhav
ingf
ait
hini
t.Thepar
tymustmakea
changei
nhi
sposi
ti
onbasedont
her
epr
esent
ati
onmade.

I
thast
obeensur
edt
hatnoot
herpar
tyorsay
,somet
hir
dpar
tyt
akeadv
ant
age
ofr
epr
esent
ati
onbei
ngmadet
osomepar
ty.Forexampl
e,i
fA hasmadeaf
alse
r
epr
esent
ati
ont
oBandpl
ant
inghi
sfai
thi
nit
,Bhasact
edupont
her
epr
esent
ati
on,
then
onl
yhecancl
aimt
hepl
eaoft
hedoct
ri
neofest
oppel
.Somet
hir
dpar
ty,supposeC
cannott
akeadv
ant
ageoft
hesame.

Al
so,i
tisnotsuf
fi
ci
entt
hatt
hepar
tyt
owhom t
her
epr
esent
ati
onwasmadehasact
ed
uponi
tbybel
i
evi
ngi
ttobet
rue,i
thast
obepr
ovedt
hatt
her
epr
esent
ati
onhas
i
nfl
uencedhi
m andbasedont
hati
nfl
uencehehasal
ter
edhi
sposi
ti
on.

Thepar
tymaki
ngt
her
epr
esent
ati
oncanal
sor
evokei
t

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage153
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Thepar
tymaki
ngt
her
epr
esent
ati
oncanany
timewi
thdr
awi
tev
eni
fithasbeen
act
eduponbyt
hepar
tyt
owhom i
twasmade.Af
terwi
thdr
awalt
hepar
tycanmaket
he
samer
epr
esent
ati
ont
osomeot
herpar
ty,act
ingi
namannert
hati
thasnev
erbeen
pr
evi
ousl
ymade.

Repr
esent
ati
onaf
teral
ter
ati
oni
nposi
ti
on

I
tisi
mpor
tantt
hatt
hepar
tyt
owhom t
her
epr
esent
ati
onwasmadehadal
ter
ed
hi
sposi
ti
onbasedonhi
sbel
i
efi
nther
epr
esent
ati
onmadet
ohi
m.Repr
esent
ati
onaf
ter
al
ter
ati
oni
nposi
ti
onwoul
dnotal
l
owapar
tyt
oseekt
hecl
aim ofest
oppel
.

Whenanagentmakesar
epr
esent
ati
on

Repr
esent
ati
onmadebyt
heagentwhowasappoi
ntedbyt
hepr
inci
palt
oacton
behal
fofhi
m wi
l
linv
itet
hepeaofest
oppelandi
twoul
dbeasmuchef
fect
ualasi
t
woul
dhav
ebeenwhenmadebyt
hepr
inci
pal
himsel
f.

Par
tymustact

I
tisi
mper
ati
vet
hatt
hepar
tyt
owhom t
her
epr
esent
ati
oni
sbei
ngmadeact
s
uponi
tbyhav
ingconsi
der
edi
ttobet
rue.Themot
iveandknowl
edgeoft
hesubj
ecton
whi
cht
her
epr
esent
ati
oni
sbei
ngmademaynotbeknownt
othepar
tywhoi
smaki
ngi
t.

Repr
esent
ati
onbywor
ds

Casesofr
epr
esent
ati
onmadet
hroughconductormadenegl
i
gent
lybyt
hepar
ty
ar
emor
ecommont
hant
hatoft
hosemadet
hroughwor
dsorst
atement
s.I
nacase
wher
ether
ever
sioneroft
hewi
dow al
ongwi
tht
hewi
dow f
raudul
ent
lymi
srepr
esent
ed
t
hatt
hewi
dowwasamaj
orandcompet
entt
ohandl
eherdeceasedhusband’
sbusi
ness.
Thepl
aint
if
fbel
i
evi
ngt
hist
obet
rueent
eredi
ntoacont
ractwi
tht
hewi
dow.I
nthesui
t
f
il
ed,t
hedef
endantwasest
oppedf
rom cl
aimi
ngt
hatatt
het
imeofent
eri
ngi
ntot
he
cont
ract
,thewi
dowwasami
nor
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage154
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Repr
esent
ati
ont
hroughact
ionorconduct

Repr
esent
ati
onunderest
oppel
meanst
hatapar
tyt
hroughhi
sact
ionsorconduct
hasi
nti
mat
edt
heot
herpar
tyt
hathi
sact
ionsi
str
ueandneedst
obeact
edupon.The
actshoul
dinducet
heot
herper
sont
oper
for
mtheactwhi
chhewoul
dot
her
wisehav
e
notdone.

I
nMohammadI
mdadul
l
ahv
.Mt
.Bi
shmi
l
lah,Mohammedenacqui
redapi
eceof
l
andi
nor
dert
oconst
ructaschool
.Formanyy
ear
shemadeot
her
sbel
i
evet
hathehas
beencar
ryi
ngoutt
hiswor
kundert
heaut
hor
it
yofsomeot
herschool
.Whenhewant
ed
t
otr
ansf
ert
heschoolbui
l
dingf
ormaki
ngi
tanor
phanage,
thecour
test
oppedhi
mfr
om
doi
ngso.

I
nMahboobSahabv
.Sy
edI
smai
lthesonoft
heMusl
i
mfat
herat
test
edt
hedeed
i
nthesal
eofl
andbyhi
sfat
her
.Thesonatt
het
imeofat
test
ingt
hedeedr
aisedno
quest
ionsal
thoughheknewt
hati
twasnoti
nhi
sint
erest
.So,l
ateronwhenhef
il
eda
sui
t,hewasest
oppedf
rom chal
l
engi
ngt
hesal
e.

Whocant
akeadv
ant
age

Undert
hedoct
ri
neofest
oppelt
hepar
tywhoi
smaki
ngt
her
epr
esent
ati
on,t
o
whom t
her
epr
esent
ati
onwasmadeort
owhom i
twasi
ntendedt
obemadecanseek
adv
ant
age.I
ncaset
her
epr
esent
ati
oni
sgener
ali
nnat
uret
henanypar
tycant
ake
adv
ant
age.

Ev
idenceasar
uleofl
aw

Asl
aiddowni
nthecaseofMar
it
imeE.Co.v
.Gener
alDi
ari
est
hatest
oppeli
s
onl
yar
uleofev
idencewhi
chcanbr
ingt
hepar
tyt
oanact
ion.I
tcannotgi
ver
iset
oa
causeofact
ion.

I
nHar
dM.
B.v
.H.El
ect
ri
cit
ySuppl
yCot
hecour
thel
dthatsi
nceest
oppel
isonl
yar
uleof
ev
idencewhi
chcanbepl
eadedundercer
tai
nci
rcumst
ances,i
tcannotbeusedt
o
di
schar
geapar
tyf
rom t
hel
egal
obl
i
gat
iont
oobeyal
aw.

Est
oppel
whenappl
i
edt
oInsur
anceCompany

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage155
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

I
nLi
feI
nsur
anceCor
por
ati
onv
.O.
P.Bhal
l
aandOr
s.,t
heassur
edf
ail
edt
opayt
he
secondi
nst
all
mentandt
hepol
i
cyl
apsed.Lat
er,t
hecor
por
ati
onaccept
ed3r
dand4t
h
i
nst
all
mentandal
sot
he2ndi
nst
all
mentwi
thani
nter
est
.Thi
spol
i
cyul
ti
mat
elycamet
o
anendwi
tht
hedeat
hoft
heassur
ed.Thenomi
neeoft
heassur
edcl
aimedt
hei
nsur
ed
amountf
rom t
hecor
por
ati
on.I
twasf
oundt
hatbef
oreent
eri
ngi
ntoacont
ractwi
tht
he
cor
por
ati
on,t
heassur
edhadunder
goneanoper
ati
onaboutwhi
chhedi
dn’
tinf
ormt
he
i
nsur
er.Thecour
tsai
dthatt
heassur
ed’
sactofkeepi
ngt
hei
nfor
mat
ionwi
thhi
m woul
d
notal
l
owhi
mtot
aket
hepl
eaofest
oppel
.Thedef
encet
hatdi
scl
osi
ngi
twoul
dnothav
e
madeanydi
ff
erencei
fitwasnotaccept
ed.

Est
oppel
whenappl
i
edt
oEducat
ional
Inst
it
uti
ons

I
nSanat
anGaudav
.Bhar
ampurUni
ver
sit
y,t
hest
udentt
ookadmi
ssi
oni
nal
awcol
l
ege
andsuccessf
ull
ycompl
etehi
stwoy
ear
s.I
nhi
sfi
naly
earuni
ver
sit
yobj
ect
edf
rom
r
eleasi
nghi
sresul
toft
hepr
eandi
nter
medi
ateexami
nat
ionont
hegr
oundt
hathei
snot
el
i
gibl
etodoso.TheSt
udenthadsubmi
tt
edal
lther
equi
reddocument
satt
het
imeof
admi
ssi
onandal
sohasobt
ainedt
hecar
dforwr
it
inghi
sfi
nalexami
nat
ion.Thecour
t
decl
aredt
hatt
heuni
ver
sit
ywoul
dbeest
oppedf
rom doi
ngso,
i.
e.decl
ari
ngt
her
esul
tof
t
hatst
udent
.

I
nKumarNi
l
ofarI
nsaf(
Dr.
)v.St
ateofMadhy
aPr
adesh,whi
l
etaki
ngt
headmi
ssi
oni
n
t
hemedi
cal
col
l
ege,
thecol
l
eger
eleasedamer
itl
i
stf
orhouse-
job.Whent
hesamemer
it
l
i
stwasr
eleasedf
ort
headmi
ssi
oni
ntheM.
D.cour
se,
thepl
aint
if
ffi
l
edasui
t.Thecour
t
est
oppedt
hepl
aint
if
fsi
ncehehadconsent
edt
othef
ir
stmer
itl
i
st.

Est
oppel
whenappl
i
edt
otenancy

I
nDat
aram S.Vi
ctor
ev.Tukar
am S.Vi
ctort
het
enant
swhi
l
efi
l
li
ngt
hef
ormf
oran
agr
eementcl
ear
lyst
atedt
hathewoul
dbel
i
vingal
ongwi
thhi
sbr
otherandhi
swi
feand
i
twasaccept
ed.Thecour
tdi
smi
ssedt
heor
derofev
ict
ionandest
oppedt
hel
andl
ord
f
rom t
ermi
nat
ingt
het
enancyont
hegr
oundofl
ease.

Est
oppel
whenappl
i
edt
oempl
oyer
s

I
nShi
vKumarTi
war
ideceasedr
epr
esent
edbyL.
R.v
.JagatNar
ainRaiand

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage156
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Or
s.,
thepl
aint
if
fwasal
ect
ureri
ncol
l
ege.Hewasappoi
ntedonat
empor
arybasi
sand
wasgi
venappr
ovalonay
ear
lybasi
s.Af
tersomey
ear
sthecol
l
egest
oppedgi
vi
ng
appr
ovalt
ohi
m andanewl
ect
urerwhoi
sthedef
endanti
nthecasewasappoi
ntedby
t
heeducat
iondepar
tment
.

Thepl
aint
if
ffi
l
edasui
tagai
nstt
hecol
l
ege.Theci
vi
lcour
tdeci
dedi
nfav
ourof
t
hepl
aint
if
fandsai
dthatt
hepl
aint
if
fwasaper
manentl
ect
urer
.Thi
sdeci
sionwas
t
akeni
ntheabsenceoft
heeducat
iondepar
tmentandt
hedef
endant
.Subsequentt
o
t
his,t
heDeput
yDi
rect
oroft
hatl
ocal
i
ty,basi
nghi
sdeci
sionont
hej
udgementoft
he
Ci
vi
lcour
t,decl
aredt
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fwast
heper
manentl
ect
ureroft
hecol
l
ege.The
pl
aint
if
f’
spl
eaofest
oppelwasnotconsi
der
edaccept
abl
east
heDeput
yDi
rect
orwas
notapar
tyt
othedeci
si
ont
akenbyt
hecour
tandt
her
efor
ehehasnoaut
hor
it
ytomake
suchdeci
sions.Fur
ther
,thej
udgementgi
venbyt
heci
vi
lcour
tcoul
dbechal
l
enged
undert
heSpeci
fi
cRel
i
efAct
.

I
nAni
lBaj
aj(
Dr.
)v.PostGr
aduat
eInst
it
uteofMedi
calEducat
ionandResear
ch,
t
hepl
aint
if
fwasal
l
owedt
ogoabr
oadont
hecondi
ti
ont
hatwi
thi
n2y
ear
shewi
l
lhav
e
t
oresumeof
fi
ceel
sehi
sser
vicewoul
dbet
ermi
nat
ed.Hedi
dnotr
etur
nwi
thi
n2y
ear
s
andassai
dhewast
ermi
nat
edf
rom t
hej
ob.Thepl
aint
if
fcannotr
elyont
hedoct
ri
neof
est
oppel
ashewasawar
eoft
heconsequencest
hatwoul
dfol
l
ow.

Est
oppel
whenappl
i
edt
oempl
oyees

I
nSt
ateofMahar
asht
rav
.Ani
ta,
thecour
tuphel
dthatoncet
heper
sonhasbeen
appoi
nted as an empl
oyee undera cont
ractand has accept
ed al
lit
ster
ms and
condi
ti
ons,hewoul
dbeest
oppedi
fint
hel
aterst
agehechal
l
engest
het
erm oft
he
appoi
ntment
.

Est
oppel
whenappl
i
edt
othesel
ect
ionboar
d

I
nCent
ralAi
rmanSel
ect
ionBoar
dv.Sur
endr
aKumarDast
heapexcour
tlai
d
down t
hati
fthe per
son hi
msel
fhas made f
alse r
epr
esent
ati
on and i
nduced t
he
aut
hor
it
ytoactuponi
tthenhecoul
dnotchal
l
engei
tont
hegr
oundsofpr
omi
ssor
y
est
oppel
.Theaut
hor
it
yuponf
indi
ngt
hati
thasbeenmi
sledcancancel
theagr
eement
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage157
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Est
oppel
whenappl
i
edt
oDev
elopmentAut
hor
it
y

I
n H.
V.Ni
rmal
av.Kar
nat
aka St
ate Fi
nanci
alCor
por
ati
on,an i
nqui
ry of
fi
cerwas
appoi
ntedwi
thappel
l
ant
’sconsent
.Hepar
ti
cipat
edi
nthei
nqui
rypr
oceedi
ngandcr
oss-
exami
nedanumberofwi
tnessesandst
il
lfoundnot
hingi
nfav
ouroft
heappel
l
ant
.The
appel
l
antcoul
dnotquest
ionhi
sappoi
ntment
.

Sect
ion116

Thesect
ionst
atest
hatdur
ingt
hecont
inuanceoft
het
enancy
,thet
enantoft
he
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tyoranyper
soncl
aimi
ngt
hroughsucht
enancycandenyt
othef
act
t
hatatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
het
enancyi
twast
hel
andl
ordwhohadt
het
it
leov
ert
he
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty.Fur
ther
,theSect
ional
soex
plai
nst
hataper
sonwhocameuponan
i
mmov
abl
epr
oper
tybyt
hel
i
censecannotdenyt
hef
actt
hatt
heper
sonf
rom whom he
gott
hel
i
cense,
thati
s,i
nwhosepossessi
ont
hei
mmov
abl
epr
oper
ty,
hadt
het
it
leatt
he
t
imewhenhegothi
sli
cense.

Tenant
-landl
ordr
elat
ionshi
p

Ar
elat
ionshi
pbet
weenat
enantandal
andl
ordcanbecr
eat
edei
therbywr
it
ten
cont
ractorv
erbalcont
ract
.Thebegi
nni
ngoft
het
enancycanbemar
kedbyt
het
aki
ng
ofpossessi
onoft
hel
and,
orbyt
hepay
mentofr
ent
,orot
herci
rcumst
ances.

I
fXl
easeshi
slandt
oYandYt
akest
hepossessi
onandst
art
spay
ingt
her
ent
andl
ateronXsal
est
hel
andt
oZ,
thenYcanmakehi
spay
mentt
oZ.Her
e,YandZhav
e
f
ormedt
het
enant
-l
andl
ordr
elat
ionshi
p.

Scopeofsect
ion116

I
tisconcer
nedwi
tht
hoseest
oppel
swhi
choccur
sbet
ween:

 Tenantandhi
slandl
ord

 Li
censorandl
i
censee

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage158
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Ti
tl
eoft
hel
andl
ordcannotbedeni
ed

Onceat
enantent
ersi
ntoar
elat
ionshi
pofl
andl
ordandt
enant
,recei
vest
he
possessi
onoft
hepr
oper
tyandf
inal
l
yent
ersi
ntot
hepr
emi
se,
dur
ingt
heper
iodofsuch
possessi
onmaydenyt
othi
ngsorcour
seofact
ionbyt
hel
andl
ordwhi
chi
sagai
nstt
o
whatwasment
ionedi
ntheagr
eement
.At
enanti
nnocasecl
aimt
hatt
hel
andl
ordhas
not
it
leov
ert
hepr
oper
ty.

I
nMot
iLalv
.YarMd,
thej
udgesai
dthatt
het
enantcannotsayt
hatt
hel
andl
ord
hasnomor
eint
eresti
nthepr
oper
tywhent
hel
andl
ordf
il
edasui
tfordef
aul
tpay
ment
andej
ect
ment
.Iti
sonl
yaf
terl
eav
ingt
hepossessi
oncant
hehol
dingoft
it
lebyt
he
l
andl
ordbequest
ionedasment
ionedi
nSur
ajBal
iRam v
.Dhani
Ram.

I
nSr
iS.
K.Shar
mav
.MaheshKumarVer
ma,wher
edef
endantuponat
tai
ninga
hi
gherpostwasal
l
ott
edapr
emi
sebyt
her
ail
waycompany
.Int
hecase,
itwassai
dthat
ev
enwheni
twasnotknownwhet
hert
hel
andbel
ongedt
other
ail
waycompanyornot
,
t
heof
fi
cerwi
l
lhav
etoev
acuat
ethepr
emi
sesaf
terr
eti
rement
.

Canl
andl
ordpl
eadest
oppel

I
nthef
oll
owi
ngsi
tuat
ions,
thel
andl
ordcanpl
eadest
oppel
:

 Whent
het
enancyi
tsel
fst
andsdi
sput
ed t
hent
het
enantcanchal
l
enget
he
l
andl
ord’
sti
tl
eont
hepr
oper
ty.Thet
enantwoul
dnotbeest
oppedf
rom doi
ngso.

 I
n cases wher
e t
he t
enancy has been mov
ed by f
raud, coer
cion,
mi
srepr
esent
ati
onormi
stake.

 I
fnosuchci
rcumst
ancesoccurt
hant
het
enant
swoul
dber
est
ri
ctedbyt
he
doct
ri
neofest
oppel
.Howev
er,t
het
enant
sar
eal
way
satl
i
ber
tyt
oov
ert
urnt
he
l
easeorchangei
tsst
atusasal
essee.

TheCasei
ssi
mil
ari
nthel
i
censor
-li
censeer
elat
ionshi
p.

I
nE.Par
ashur
am v
.V.Dor
aiswamy
,theBangal
oreMahanagarPal
i
keownedl
and
whi
chwasl
easedt
oMr
.Dhanpalf
ort
heper
iodofnext10y
ear
s.I
twasf
oundt
hatMr
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage159
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Dhanpalhaddecr
eedt
hel
andt
oMr
.Dor
aiswamy
.Adecr
eewaspassedi
nthenameof
Mr
.Dhanpalwher
ebyt
hev
endor
swer
edi
rect
edt
oexecut
ether
econv
eyanceofdeedi
n
Dhanpal
’
sfav
our
.Ther
eaf
ter
,pur
suantt
otheor
der
s,al
lthedocument
swer
etobekept
i
nDhanpal
’
spossessi
on.Sooneri
twasf
oundt
hatt
hev
endor
swer
etr
yingt
ocl
aim
owner
shi
pov
ert
hepr
oper
ty.Thi
swasbr
oughtt
othenot
iceoft
heassi
gnee,Mr
.
Dor
aiswamy
,whof
il
edasui
tofev
ict
ioni
ncour
t.

I
nthesecondi
nst
ancer
egar
dingt
hepur
chasi
ngofl
andbyMr
.Dor
aiswamy
,it
wasf
oundt
hatatt
hei
nit
ialst
age,t
hesi
gnat
ureofMr
.Dor
aiswamywasal
sot
aken
al
ongwi
thMr
.Dhanpalandwhent
hismi
stakewasr
ect
if
iedbyt
hecor
por
ati
onby
del
eti
ngt
hesi
gnat
ureofMr
.Dor
aiswamy
,hechal
l
engedi
t.

Thecour
tint
hef
ir
sti
nst
anceuphel
dthatt
hel
andl
ordcoul
dnotbedeni
edt
he
t
it
let
othe l
and ev
en t
hough cer
tai
n di
sput
es st
il
lremai
n unr
esol
ved wi
tht
he
cor
por
ati
on.I
nthesecondi
nst
ance,
thecour
tsai
dthatnoj
uralr
elat
ionshi
pexi
stedand
t
husexcept
ionsunderSect
ion116oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActcannotbepl
eaded.

Est
oppel
appl
i
edwhent
enancyi
sinexi
stence

I
nUdaiPr
atapv
.Kr
ishnaPr
adhan,t
hecont
inuanceoft
enancywasdef
inedasa
per
ioddur
ingwhi
cht
het
enantenj
oyst
hepossessi
onoft
hepr
oper
tyandi
sseeki
ng
benef
it
sfr
om i
t.TheTenantcannotdenyt
het
it
let
othel
andl
ord,nei
theratt
he
begi
nni
ngoft
het
enancynordur
ingi
tscont
inuance.TheTenantwoul
dbeest
opped
f
rom deny
ingt
het
it
leoft
hel
andl
ordonl
ywhent
het
enancyi
scont
inui
ng.Oncet
he
t
enancyceasest
oexi
st,
thet
enantwi
l
lhav
ether
ightt
odenyt
it
let
othel
andl
ord.

Forexampl
e,HUM i
sthet
enantofl
andwhi
chbel
ongst
oTUM.AssoonasHUM t
akes
possessi
onoft
hepr
oper
ty,t
het
enancycomesi
ntoexi
stenceandcont
inuesunt
ili
t
comest
oanend.Dur
ingt
hisTUM cannotbedeni
edt
it
let
othepr
oper
tybyHUM.But
oncet
het
enancyl
apses,HUM wi
l
lhav
ether
ightt
oquest
iont
hei
nter
estofTUM i
nthe
pr
oper
ty.

Ti
tl
eatt
hebegi
nni
ng

Thet
enantcannotdenyt
het
it
let
othel
andl
ordatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
het
enancy
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage160
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Howev
er,
tenant
scanexer
cisecer
tai
npower
sli
ke:

 Hewoul
dnotbeest
oppedf
rom cl
aimi
ngt
hatont
hedeat
hoft
hel
andl
ordt
he
pr
oper
tywoul
dbet
ransf
err
edort
het
it
lewoul
dbedel
egat
edt
othet
enantand
nott
osomet
hir
dpar
ty.

 Hecanpr
ovet
hatt
il
lthedaybef
oresi
gni
ngt
hel
ease,t
hel
andl
ordhadnot
it
le
ov
eri
t.

 Thet
enantcanpr
ovet
hatdur
ingt
het
enancyper
iodt
hel
andl
ordl
osthi
sti
tl
eov
er
t
hepr
oper
tyei
thert
hroughhi
sact
sorbecausehewasbar
redbyt
hel
aw.

Li
censor
-Li
censeer
elat
ionshi
p

I
nli
censor
-li
censeer
elat
ionshi
pthesamer
uleoper
atesl
i
ket
hati
nthel
andl
ord-
t
enantr
elat
ionshi
p.Whenal
i
censeeobt
ainst
hepossessi
ont
hroughl
i
cencecannot
denyt
het
it
let
othel
i
censorunl
esst
her
elat
ionshi
pceasest
oexi
st.

A al
l
owedB t
ouset
hewashr
oom i
nhi
sbacky
ard.B f
raudul
ent
lymadet
he
dupl
i
cat
ekey
soft
hosewashr
oomsandr
efusedt
ovacat
e.I
ncour
tAcannoti
nhi
ssui
t
f
orej
ect
mentsayt
hatBhol
dsnot
it
leov
ert
hosewashr
oomsashewast
heonewho
gav
ehi
m accesst
othem.

Est
oppel
inmor
tgagor
-mor
tgageer
elat
ionshi
p

Whenupont
hecont
ractofmor
tgage,apr
oper
tyhasbeenmor
tgagedbyone
per
sont
oanot
herandt
heper
sont
owhom i
thasbeenmor
tgaged,i
.e.t
hemor
tgagee,
hast
akenpossessi
on,t
hent
hepar
ti
est
othecont
ractcannotdenyt
her
ightofeach
ot
herundert
hecont
ractaspr
oposedi
nAr
junSi
nghv
.Mahasaband.

I
nasi
tuat
ionwher
ethemor
tgagei
saboutt
heendandpay
menthast
obemade
byt
hemor
tgagee,i
nthatper
iodi
fthemor
tgageecl
aimst
hatt
hemor
tgagorseemst
o
hav
enoi
nter
esti
nthepr
oper
ty,hewoul
dbeest
oppedf
rom doi
ngso.Ther
uleunder
mor
tgagor
-mor
tgageer
elat
ionshi
pgi
vesr
iset
othedoct
ri
neofest
oppelonl
ywhent
he
cl
aimsundert
hesui
tfi
l
edi
sbasedont
hecont
ractofmor
tgageandi
ncasesof
r
epudi
ati
onoft
hemor
tgage.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage161
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Sect
ion117

Thesect
ionst
atest
hatt
heaccept
oroft
hebi
l
lsofexchangecannotdenyt
he
per
sonwhoi
ssupposedt
odr
awt
hebi
l
ls,
from dr
awi
ngi
torendor
singi
t.Al
sonobai
l
ee
orl
i
censeecandenyt
hef
actt
hatatt
het
imewhent
hebai
l
mentandl
i
censebegan,
the
bai
l
orandt
hel
i
censorhadt
heaut
hor
it
ytomakebai
l
mentort
ogi
vel
i
cense.Theper
son
accept
ingt
hebi
l
lsofexchangecandenyt
hatt
hebi
l
lsofexchangewer
ereal
l
ydr
awnby
t
hev
eryper
sonwhoshowedt
ohav
edr
awni
t.I
fthebai
l
ormi
stakenl
ydel
i
ver
sthegoods
t
osomet
hir
dpar
tyi
nst
eadoft
hebai
l
ee,hecanpr
ovet
hatat
hir
dpar
tyhast
her
ight
ov
ert
hegoodsbai
l
edagai
nstt
hebai
l
or.

Scope

Thi
ssect
iondemar
cat
est
hatt
heper
sonwhoaccept
sthebi
l
lsofexchange
al
thoughcannotdenyt
hatt
heper
sondr
awi
ngt
hebi
l
lshast
heaut
hor
it
ytodr
awort
o
endor
sei
tbutcandenyt
hatt
hebi
l
lswer
eact
ual
l
ydr
awnbyt
heper
sonbywhom i
t
appear
edt
ohav
ebeendr
awn.Thebai
l
eeort
hel
i
censorcannotdenyt
hef
actt
hatat
t
hebegi
nni
ngofbai
l
mentorgr
ant
,thebai
l
orort
hel
i
censorhadt
heaut
hor
it
ytoper
for
m
i
t.Butabai
l
eecanpr
ovet
hatt
het
hir
dpar
tyt
owhom t
hegoodswer
edel
i
ver
edi
nst
ead
oft
hebai
l
orhadt
her
ightagai
nstt
hebai
l
ee.

Concl
usi
on

TheDoct
ri
neofest
oppeli
sani
mpor
tantpr
inci
plewhi
chpr
otect
speopl
eagai
nst
f
raudormi
srepr
esent
ati
on.Ther
ear
esev
erali
nst
anceswher
eani
nnocentper
son
becomesapr
eyt
ofal
ser
epr
esent
ati
onsmadet
othem bysomepar
ty.Somet
imest
he
casemaybesucht
hatt
hepl
aint
if
fsuf
fer
edhugel
osses.Thi
sdoct
ri
neav
oidssuch
si
tuat
ionsandchar
gest
heper
sonf
orhi
swr
ongf
ulconduct
.Thi
slegal
pri
nci
plegi
vesan
i
ncent
ivet
oev
eryoneoft
hosepeopl
ewhot
ri
est
omakef
alser
epr
esent
ati
onst
oot
her
andi
nducest
hem t
oactuponi
tbypl
ant
ingt
hei
rfai
thi
nthem,andi
ncurl
ossesasa
r
esul
tofsuchf
alser
epr
esent
ati
ons,bynotper
for
mingsuchact
s,el
set
heywoul
dbe
hel
dli
abl
e.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage162
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

MODULE08
WI
TNESSESANDEXAMI
NATI
ONSOFWI
TNESSES
1.WI
TNESSES(
SECTI
ONS118-
134)
2.EXAMI
NATI
ONSOFWI
TNESSES(
SECTI
ONS135-
166)
3.I
MPROPERADMI
SSI
ONORREJECTI
ONOFEVI
DENCE(
SECTI
ONS167)

1.WI
TNESSES(
SECTI
ONS118-
134)
I
ntr
oduct
ion

Awi
tnessi
saper
sonwhohasper
sonal
l
yseenanev
enthappen.Theev
entcoul
d
beacr
imeoranacci
dentorany
thi
ng.Sect
ions118–134oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,
1872t
alksaboutwhocant
est
if
yasawi
tness,
howcanonet
est
if
y,whatst
atement
swi
l
l
beconsi
der
edast
est
imony
,andsoon.

Capaci
tyofwi
tness

Awi
tnesswhoneedst
otest
if
ybef
oret
heCour
tmustatl
easthav
ethecapaci
ty
t
ounder
standt
hequest
ionst
hatar
eposedt
ohi
m andanswersuchquest
ionswi
th
r
ati
onal
i
ty.Sect
ions118,
121and133oft
heActt
alksaboutt
hecapaci
tyofawi
tness.

Whomayt
est
if
y

Anyper
sonwhohaswi
tnessedt
heev
enti
scompet
entt
otest
if
y,unl
ess–t
he
Cour
tconsi
der
sthatt
heyar
eunabl
etounder
standt
hequest
ionsposedt
othem,or
unabl
etogi
ver
ati
onalanswer
saspr
escr
ibedi
nSect
ion118.Rat
ionalanswer
sshoul
d
notbeexpect
edf
rom t
hoseoft
enderage,ext
remeol
dage,oraper
sonwi
thament
al
di
sabi
l
ity
.Thesect
ionsay
sthatgener
all
y,al
unat
icdoesnothav
ethecapaci
tyt
otest
if
y
unl
esshi
slunacydoesnotpr
eventhi
mfr
om under
standi
ngt
hequest
ionandgi
vea
r
ati
onal
answer
.

Canachi
l
dtest
if
y

Asmal
lchi
l
dofev
en6or7y
ear
sofagecant
est
if
yift
heCour
tissat
isf
iedt
hat
t
heyar
ecapabl
eofgi
vi
ngar
ati
onal
test
imony
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage163
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

I
nthecaseofRaj
uDev
endr
aChoubeyv
.St
ateofChhat
isgar
h,t
hesol
eey
ewi
tnessof
mur
derwasachi
l
dof13y
ear
sol
d,whowor
kedasahouseser
vantwher
ethei
nci
dent
t
ookpl
ace.

Hei
dent
if
iedt
heaccusedper
sonsi
ntheCour
t.Howev
er,t
heaccusedper
sons
hadnopr
iorani
mosi
tywi
tht
hedeceasedandwer
eacqui
tt
edast
hecasecoul
dnotbe
pr
ovedagai
nstt
hem bey
ondr
easonabl
edoubt
s.TheSupr
emeCour
tont
hismat
terhel
d
t
hat–t
hechi
l
dhadnor
easont
ofal
sel
yimpl
i
cat
etheaccused,ast
heaccusedr
aised
hi
m and pr
ovi
ded hi
m wi
thf
ood,shel
ter
,cl
othi
ng,and educat
ion.Ther
efor
e,t
he
t
est
imonyofachi
l
dcannotbedi
scar
dedasunt
rue.

I
nDhanr
aj&or
sv.t
heSt
ateofMahar
asht
ra,
achi
l
dofcl
assVI
IIwasawi
tnesst
o
t
heev
ent
.TheApexCour
tobser
vedt
hatast
udentof8t
hst
andar
dtheseday
sis
smar
ter
,andhasenoughi
ntel
l
igencet
oper
cei
veaf
actandnar
rat
ethesame.TheCour
t
hel
dthatt
hest
atementofachi
l
dwhoi
snotv
erysmal
lisagoodt
est
imonyf
ort
he
samer
eason.Ther
efor
e,achi
l
dcant
est
if
ypr
ovi
dedt
hathei
snotat
oddl
er.

Wi
tnessunabl
etocommuni
cat
ever
bal
l
y

Sect
ion119oft
heActsay
sthataper
sonwhoi
snotabl
etocommuni
cat
e
v
erbal
l
ycant
est
if
ybywayofwr
it
ingorsi
gns.Aper
sonwhohast
akenav
owofsi
l
ence
andi
sunabl
etospeakasar
esul
toft
hatv
ow wi
l
lfal
lundert
hiscat
egor
yfort
he
pur
poseoft
hisSect
ion.

I
nthecaseofChanderSi
nghv
.St
ate,t
heHi
ghCour
tofDel
hiobser
vedt
hatt
he
v
ocabul
aryofadeafanddumbwi
tnessmaybev
eryl
i
mit
edandduecar
emustbet
aken
whensuchwi
tnessi
sundercr
oss-
exami
nat
ion.Suchwi
tnessesmaynotbeabl
eto
expl
ainev
eryl
i
ttl
edet
ailandanswerev
eryquest
ioni
ndet
ailusi
ngt
hesi
gnl
anguage,
butt
hisl
i
mit
ati
onofv
ocabul
arydoesnoti
nanywaymeant
hatt
heper
soni
sanyl
ess
compet
entt
obeawi
tness.Al
ackofv
ocabul
arydoesnotaf
fecthercompet
enceor
cr
edi
bil
i
tyi
nanyway
.

I
fadumbper
soncanr
eadandwr
it
e,t
hest
atement
sofsuchper
sonsmustbe

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage164
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
akeni
nwr
it
ing.Thesamewashel
dbyt
heSupr
emeCour
tinSt
ateofRaj
ast
hanv
.
Dar
shanSi
ngh.

Canj
udgest
est
if
y

Aj
udgeoramagi
str
atei
snotcompel
l
edt
oansweranyquest
ionr
egar
dinghi
s
ownconducti
ntheCour
t,orany
thi
ngt
hatcamet
ohi
sknowl
edgei
ntheCour
t–except
whenaskedv
iaspeci
alor
derbyaSuper
iorCour
tasst
atedi
nSect
ion121.Hemay
,
howev
er,besubj
ectt
o exami
nat
ion r
egar
ding ot
hermat
ter
sthathappened i
n hi
s
pr
esencewhi
l
ehewasact
ingasaj
udgeoramagi
str
ate.Forabet
terunder
standi
ngof
t
hispr
ovi
sion,
let
’sl
ooki
ntot
hei
l
lust
rat
ionspr
ovi
ded.

 Har
ryi
sbei
ngt
ri
edbef
oret
heCour
tofSessi
on.Hesay
sthatdeposi
ti
onwas
i
mpr
oper
lyt
akenbyMagi
str
ateDr
aco.Dr
acoi
snotobl
i
gat
edt
oanswerunl
ess
t
her
eisspeci
alor
derbyaSuper
iorCour
t.

 Her
moi
ne i
s accused ofhav
ing gi
ven f
alse ev
idence bef
oret
he Cour
tof
Magi
str
ateDr
aco.HecannotbeaskedwhatHer
moi
nesai
dunl
esst
her
eisa
speci
alor
derbyaSuper
iorCour
t.

 Roni
saccusedofat
tempt
ingt
omur
derawi
tnessdur
inghi
str
iali
ntheCour
tof
Magi
str
ateDr
aco.Dr
acomaybeexami
nedr
egar
dingt
hei
nci
dent
.

Thi
ssect
iongi
vesaj
udgeoramagi
str
atet
hepr
ivi
l
egeofawi
tnessandi
fhe
wi
shest
ogi
vei
taway
,noonecanr
aiseanyobj
ect
ion.So,i
famagi
str
atehasbeen
summonedt
otest
if
yregar
dinghi
sconducti
ntheCour
t,noonecanr
aiseanyobj
ect
ion
i
fhei
swi
l
li
ngt
odoso.Amagi
str
ateoraj
udgei
sacompet
entwi
tnessandt
heycan
t
est
if
yift
heywantt
obutt
heyar
enotcompel
l
edt
oansweranyquest
ionr
egar
dingt
hei
r
conducti
ntheCour
t.

CanaJudget
est
if
yinacasebei
ngt
ri
edbyhi
m

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage165
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Wehav
eal
readyseent
hataj
udgecanbeacompet
entwi
tnessi
fhewant
s,but
whati
fthecasei
sbei
ngt
ri
edbyhi
msel
f?

I
nthecaseofEmpr
essvDonnel
l
y,t
heHi
ghCour
tofCal
cut
tast
atedt
hataJudge
bef
orewhom acasei
sbei
ngt
ri
edmustconcealanyf
actt
hatheknowsr
egar
dingt
he
caseunl
esshei
sthesol
ejudgeandcannotdeposeasawi
tness.I
twashel
dthatsuch
aj
udgecannotbei
mpar
ti
alondeci
dingt
headmi
ssi
bil
i
tyofhi
sownt
est
imony
.Hewi
l
l
notbecapabl
eofcompar
inghi
sownt
est
imonyagai
nstt
hatofot
her
s.I
fhehast
o
t
est
if
y,t
henhemustl
eav
ethebenchandgi
veawayhi
spr
ivi
l
egesi
nor
dert
oactasa
wi
tnessi
nthecase.

Canaccompl
i
cebeawi
tness

Sect
ion133oft
heActsay
sthatanaccompl
i
cet
oacr
imei
scompet
entt
obea
wi
tnessagai
nstt
heaccused.Theconv
ict
ionmadeont
hebasi
sofsucht
est
imonyi
snot
i
l
legal
.Anaccompl
i
cei
saper
sonwhoi
sgui
l
tyofhel
pingt
heaccusedt
ocommi
ta
cr
ime.Hecanbeappr
opr
iat
elydescr
ibedasapar
tneri
nthecr
imeoft
heaccused.

I
nthecaseofC.
M.Shar
mav
.TheSt
ateofA.
P,i
twashel
dthati
faper
sonhasno
ot
heropt
iont
hant
obr
ibeapubl
i
cof
fi
cerf
orget
ti
nghi
swor
kdone,suchaper
sonwi
l
l
notbeconsi
der
edasanaccompl
i
ce.Casesofbr
iber
yar
edi
ff
icul
ttocor
robor
ateas
br
ibesar
eusual
l
ytakenwher
enooneel
secansee,but
,int
hiscase,t
her
ewasa
shadow wi
tnesswhoaccompani
edt
hebr
ibegi
ver(
acont
ract
ori
nthi
scase)andt
he
casecoul
d becor
robor
ated wi
thhi
shel
p.Thepubl
i
cof
fi
cerpl
eaded t
otr
eatt
he
cont
ract
ort
obet
reat
edasanaccompl
i
ce,
buthi
spl
eawasr
eject
edont
hegr
oundt
hat
t
hemoneywasext
ract
edf
rom t
hecont
ract
oragai
nsthi
swi
l
l.

Ther
efor
e,anaccompl
i
cei
ssomeonewhohasei
therwi
l
ful
l
ypar
ti
cipat
edi
n
commi
tt
ingacr
imewi
thanaccusedorhel
pedhi
minsomemanner
.Ifhehasbeen
f
orcedt
obr
eakanyl
awagai
nsthi
swi
l
l,t
henhemaynotber
egar
dedasanaccompl
i
ce.
I
tisal
socl
earf
rom t
hiscaset
hatani
njur
edper
sonorav
ict
im wi
l
lbeacompet
ent
wi
tnessi
nacase.Thi
sty
peofwi
tnessi
scal
l
ed‘
i
njur
edwi
tness’
.

I
nthecaseofKhokanGi
riv
.TheSt
ateofWestBengal
,itwashel
dbyt
heApex

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage166
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Cour
tthatev
ent
houghanaccompl
i
cecanbeacompet
entwi
tness,
itwoul
dnotbev
ery
saf
etomakeadeci
sionsol
elyr
ely
ingonhi
stest
imony
.TheCour
tsuggest
edt
hatt
he
t
est
imonyofanaccompl
i
ceshoul
dnotbeaccept
edbyanycour
twi
thoutcor
robor
ati
on
ofmat
eri
alf
act
s.Suchcor
robor
ati
onmustbeabl
etoconnectt
heaccusedwi
tht
he
cr
imeandi
tmustbedonebyani
ndependent
,cr
edi
blesour
ce.

Thi
smeanst
hatoneaccompl
i
cecannotcor
robor
atewi
thanot
her
.Wi
thr
espect
t
ocor
robor
ati
onofst
atement
sgi
venbyanaccompl
i
ce,
inanot
hercaseofSi
tar
am Sao
v
.St
ateofJhar
khand,t
heSupr
emeCour
thel
dthatSect
ion133mustnotber
eadby
i
tsel
f,but
,shoul
dber
eadwi
thSect
ion114(
b)whi
chsay
sthatanaccompl
i
cei
snot
wor
thyofcr
edi
tunl
esscor
robor
atedwi
thmat
eri
alpar
ti
cul
ars.

Thi
sApexCour
tfur
thersay
sthatt
heCour
tshoul
dal
way
spr
esumet
hatan
accompl
i
cei
sunwor
thyofcr
edi
t,andnodeci
sionmustbemadesol
elybasedonhi
s
t
est
imonyunl
esst
hef
act
shav
ebeencor
robor
ated.

Ty
pesofaccompl
i
ces

Fort
hepur
posesoft
hissect
ion,
accompl
i
cescanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreecat
egor
ies.

Thepr
inci
pali
nthef
ir
stdegr
ee:Al
socal
l
ed‘
pri
nci
palof
fender
’,t
hisi
saper
sonwhohas
act
ual
l
ycommi
tt
edt
hecr
ime.Ther
ecanbemul
ti
pleper
sonswhocommi
tt
edt
hecr
ime
t
oget
her
,eachoneoft
hem wi
l
lbepr
inci
pal
off
ender
s.

 Forexampl
e–Har
ryandRonpl
ant
omur
derTom.

– Bot
hdr
ivet
oTom’
shouseandshoothi
m.

I
nthi
scase,
Har
ryandRonbot
har
ethepr
inci
pal
off
ender
s.

Thepr
inci
pali
ntheseconddegr
ee:Thi
sref
erst
osomeonewhoi
spr
esentatt
hecr
ime
sceneandhel
pst
hepr
inci
pal
off
enderi
nanyway
.

 Forexampl
e–RonandHar
rypl
ant
omur
derTom.

–Ronpr
ovi
desHar
rywi
thweapons.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage167
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

–Har
rydr
ivest
oTom’
shouseandshoot
shi
m.

I
nthi
scase,Har
ryi
sthepr
inci
palof
fenderandRoni
sthepr
inci
paloft
he
seconddegr
ee.

Howmanywi
tnessescant
her
ebe

Ther
eisnopr
escr
ibednumberf
ormi
nimum ormaxi
mum wi
tnessest
obei
na
casei
n anypr
ovi
si
on.Sect
ion 134 l
aysdown t
hesame.I
tsay
sthatt
her
eisno
r
equi
rementofapar
ti
cul
arnumberofwi
tnessest
opr
oveanyf
act
.Int
hecasewher
e
t
her
ear
emul
ti
plewi
tnessest
hathav
eseent
hesameev
ent
,notal
loft
hem ar
erequi
red
t
obeexami
nedf
orpr
ovi
ngaf
act
,exami
ningt
woort
hreeoft
hem woul
dbeenought
o
est
abl
i
sht
hecase.Thesamewashel
dint
hecaseofAmarSi
nghv
.Bal
winderSi
ngh,
wher
eint
heSupr
emeCour
tsai
dthati
foutofal
lthewi
tnesses,onl
ytwoort
hreehav
e
beenexami
ned,
itwi
l
lnotmeant
hatt
hepr
osecut
ionwasi
ncor
rect
.

Thecr
edi
bil
i
tyofasi
ngl
ewi
tness

I
tisagener
alr
ulet
hatgoesunsai
dthatt
heCour
tmustactont
het
est
imonyofa
wi
tnessev
eni
fhei
stheonl
yoneandhi
sst
atement
sar
euncor
robor
ated.I
nthecaseof
RameshKr
ishnav
.theSt
ateofMahar
asht
ra,t
her
ewer
emul
ti
plewi
tnesseswhocoul
d
notst
andwi
tht
hei
rst
atement
sgi
vendur
ingt
hei
nvest
igat
ion.Ont
heot
herhand,
oneof
t
hem st
oodf
ir
mlywi
thhi
sst
atementwhowasdeemedt
obeacr
edi
blewi
tness.The
Cour
t,i
nthi
scase,hel
dthat–t
het
est
imonyofonecr
edi
blewi
tnesswi
l
lout
wei
ght
he
samegi
venbyot
herquest
ionabl
ewi
tnesses.Awi
tnessi
sconsi
der
edt
obecr
edi
blei
f
hest
andsbyhi
sst
atement
sandt
hesamecanbepr
ovedl
ateron.Wi
tnessesmayal
so
needt
oident
if
ytheaccusedper
son,andt
her
eisnomi
nimum numberofwi
tnesses
r
equi
redt
oident
if
yanaccusedi
nor
dert
ogethi
m sent
enced.

I
nBi
nayKumarv
.theSt
ateofBi
har
,theSupr
emeCour
tsai
dthesame;i
thel
d
t
hatt
her
eisnor
uleofev
idencet
hatconv
ict
ioncannothappenunl
esst
her
eisa
par
ti
cul
arnumberofwi
tnessest
oident
if
ytheaccused.Anyconv
ict
ioni
snoti
nfl
uenced
byt
hequant
it
yoft
hewi
tnessesbutbyt
hequal
i
tyandcr
edi
bil
i
tyofwi
tnesst
est
imoni
es.

Concl
usi
on

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage168
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Thel
awsi
nIndi
aregar
dingcompet
enceandpr
otect
ionofwi
tnessesar
eupt
o
parandar
elegi
slat
edkeepi
ngev
ery
onei
nmi
nd.Judi
ciar
yhasf
urt
herst
rengt
henedt
his
actbywayofi
nter
pret
ati
ons,br
oadeni
ngi
tsscopeandappl
i
cabi
l
ity
.Iti
sir
rel
evant
whet
heraper
soncanspeakornot
,ifhei
scapabl
eofunder
standi
ngquest
ionsand
answer
ingt
hem,
hei
scapabl
eofbei
ngawi
tness.

PRI
VILEGEDCOMMUNI
CATI
ONSUNDERTHEI
NDI
ANEVI
DENCEACT,
1872

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Ev
idencei
sanessent
ialpar
tofat
ri
alasi
tisusedt
oest
abl
i
shanyr
elev
antf
act
andr
eachaconcl
usi
on.Ev
idencecanbei
nmanyf
orms;wi
tnesst
est
imonyi
soneof
t
hem.Awi
tnesscant
est
if
ybasedonanyev
entt
heyhav
eseenoranycommuni
cat
ion
t
heyhav
ehear
dorbeenapar
tof
.Howev
er,someconv
ersat
ionsdonotneedt
obe
di
scl
osed,ev
eni
frequi
reddur
ingat
ri
al.Suchconv
ersat
ionsar
eknownaspr
ivi
l
eged
communi
cat
ions.Thesecommuni
cat
ionscanbepr
ivi
l
egedbecauseofper
sonalor
pr
ofessi
onal
reasons.

Communi
cat
ionsdur
ingmar
ri
age

Thecommuni
cat
ionsbet
weenahusbandandawi
fehav
ebeengi
vent
hest
atus
ofpr
ivi
l
egedcommuni
cat
ionunderSect
ion122oft
heEv
idenceAct
.Itst
atest
hata
mar
ri
edper
son:Shal
lnotbecompel
l
edt
odi
scl
oseanycommuni
cat
ionmadet
othem
dur
ingt
hemar
ri
agebyt
hei
rspouseorex-
spouse.Theyar
enotper
mit
tedt
odi
scl
ose
any
thi
ngwi
thoutt
hei
rspouse’
sorex-
spouse’
sconsentev
eni
ftheyar
ewi
l
li
ngt
o.

I
nthecaseofS.
J.Choudhar
yv.TheSt
ate,t
heCour
thel
dthatcompel
l
ing
spousest
odi
scl
oset
hei
rpr
ivat
ecommuni
cat
ionsi
sfarwor
set
hannotget
ti
ngany

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage169
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

i
nfor
mat
ionatal
l
.Ther
efor
e,suchcommuni
cat
ionsmustbepr
ivi
l
eged.

Thei
deabehi
ndt
hispr
ivi
l
egei
sthati
ftest
imoni
esar
eaccept
edf
rom pr
ivat
e
communi
cat
ions bet
ween spouses,such t
est
imoni
es hav
ethe powert
o dest
roy
househol
dpeaceamongf
ami
l
iesandcr
eat
eadomest
icbr
oil
.Itwi
l
lhampert
hemut
ual
t
rustandconf
idencebet
weent
hespousesandweakent
hemar
it
albond.

Whatcommuni
cat
ioni
sconf
ident
ial
?

Undert
hissect
ion,i
tisi
rr
elev
antwhet
hert
hecommuni
cat
ionwassensi
ti
veor
conf
ident
iali
nnat
ureornot
.Anyconv
ersat
ionorcommuni
cat
ionbet
weenahusband
andwi
fei
spr
ivi
l
egednomat
terwhatt
hemeansofcommuni
cat
ingwas.Thesamewas
hel
dint
hecaseofEmper
orv
.Ramachandr
a.Howev
er,t
hisr
ulewasov
err
uledi
nthe
caseofBhal
chandr
aNamdeoShi
ndev
.theSt
ateofMahar
asht
ra,
wher
eint
heCour
tlai
d
downt
hatSect
ion122mustnothav
eanybr
oadi
nter
pret
ati
onst
hatexpandt
hescope
oft
hissect
ion.

Thel
i
ter
alr
uleofi
nter
pret
ati
onmustbef
oll
owedi
ftheCour
thast
oint
erpr
eti
t
andt
hescopemustbekeptl
i
mit
edbecausei
treducest
hescopeofadmi
ssi
bil
i
tyof
ev
idencei
ntheCour
t,whi
chcoul
dbev
eryessent
iali
nanycase.TheCour
tfur
therhel
d
t
hatcommuni
cat
ionf
ort
hepur
poseoft
hisSect
ionwoul
dref
ert
oonl
yver
balorwr
it
ten
wor
dssai
dbyaspouseandnott
hei
ract
ions.Thewi
fe,
int
hiscase,
wascal
l
edi
ntogi
ve
t
est
imonyagai
nstherhusbandwhowasbei
ngt
ri
edf
oral
l
egedl
ycommi
tt
ingamur
der
.
She was al
l
owed t
o t
est
if
yregar
ding hi
s conduct and act
ions but not t
he
communi
cat
ionbet
weent
hem.Al
so,
fort
hepur
poseoft
hisSect
ion,
thecommuni
cat
ion
mustbe made onl
ybya spouse dur
ing a mar
ri
age f
ori
tto be pr
ivi
l
eged.Any
communi
cat
ionmadebef
oret
hemar
ri
ageoraf
teri
tsdi
ssol
uti
onwi
l
lnothav
ethi
s
pr
ivi
l
ege.

I
nthecaseofRam Bhar
oseyv
.TheSt
ateofUt
tarPr
adesh,t
heCour
tlai
ddown
t
hatmer
edoi
ngofanacti
nthepr
esenceoft
hespousecannotbeconsi
der
edas
communi
cat
ionbet
weent
hem.I
tisnotl
i
keanydomest
icactwi
l
lbeconsi
der
edas
communi
cat
ion.Communi
cat
ionmustbeconv
eyedi
nsomeway
;bei
tver
bal
,ornon
v
erbal
.Int
hei
nst
antcase,t
hewi
fehasseenherhusbandcomi
ngdownf
rom t
her
oof

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage170
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

andt
hencomi
ngoutoft
hebat
hroom agai
nwi
thchangedcl
othes.Thewi
fet
est
if
ied
r
egar
dingt
hesameandt
het
est
imonywasadmi
ssi
bleast
heactoft
hehusbandwas
notacommuni
cat
ion.

I
sthi
spr
ivi
l
egeabsol
ute?

Thepr
ivi
l
egepr
ovi
dedunderSect
ion122i
sfort
hewel
far
eoft
hemar
it
albond
shar
edbet
weenspousesandf
orpr
otect
ingt
hei
rfami
l
ies.Howev
er,
thi
spr
ivi
l
egei
snot
absol
uteandi
nfor
mat
ioncanbedi
scl
osedi
f:

 Theper
sonwhomadesuchcommuni
cat
ionort
hei
rrepr
esent
ati
vegi
vesf
ree
consent
;or

 Ther
eisasui
tbet
weenamar
ri
edcoupl
e;or

 Oneoft
hespouseshasbeenpr
osecut
edf
oranycr
imecommi
tt
edagai
nstt
he
ot
her
.

I
nthecaseofNawabHowl
adarv
.Emper
or,
awi
dowwant
edt
oactasawi
tnessand
di
scl
osecommuni
cat
ionsmadebyherdeceasedhusband.TheCour
thel
dthati
nor
der
t
obeadmi
ssi
bleasev
idence–t
heconsentf
ordi
scl
osur
emustbeexpr
essandcannot
bei
mpl
i
ed.I
ncaset
her
eisnor
epr
esent
ati
vei
nint
erest
,itwoul
dbei
mpossi
blet
o
obt
ainconsentandt
her
efor
esuchcommuni
cat
ioni
sent
ir
elyi
nadmi
ssi
ble.Awi
dowi
s
notar
epr
esent
ati
vei
nthei
nter
estofherdeceasedhusband,
andhence,
cannotgi
veher
consent
.Fur
ther
,theCour
tcl
ari
fi
edt
hatcommuni
cat
ionsbet
weenspousesmustbe
conf
ident
ial
onl
yifi
thadhappeneddur
ingt
hemar
ri
ageandnotbef
oremar
ri
ageoraf
ter
t
he di
ssol
uti
on ofmar
ri
age.Anyconv
ersat
ion made bef
ore mar
ri
age oraf
teri
ts
di
ssol
uti
oni
snotpr
otect
edbyt
hispr
ovi
sion.

Forexampl
e:

Si
tuat
ion1

RonandHer
moi
near
esoont
obemar
ri
ed;
Ront
ell
sHer
moi
nehowhecommi
tt
edf
raud.
Her
moi
ne’
stest
imonyi
sadmi
ssi
blebef
oret
heCour
tast
hecommuni
cat
ionwasnot
madedur
ingt
hemar
ri
age.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage171
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Si
tuat
ion2

Har
ryandGi
nnyar
ehusbandandwi
fe.Har
ryt
ell
sGi
nnyabouthowhedi
ver
tedf
undst
o
hi
sownaccount
.Gi
nny
’st
est
imonywi
l
lbei
nadmi
ssi
bleast
hecommuni
cat
ionwas
madedur
ingt
hei
rmar
ri
age.

Si
tuat
ion3

JamesandLi
l
yhav
erecent
lybeendi
vor
ced.Li
l
ytel
l
sJamesabouthow shest
olet
he
gol
d.Jamescant
est
if
yregar
dingt
hesameandhi
stest
imonywi
l
lbeadmi
ssi
bleast
he
par
ti
eswer
enotmar
ri
eddur
ingsuchcommuni
cat
ion.

Pr
ofessi
onal
Pri
vi
leges

Communi
cat
ionsmadebet
weenanat
tor
neyandhi
scl
i
enti
sapr
ivi
l
egedone,
andnoonecancompelei
thert
headv
ocat
eorhi
scl
i
entt
odi
scl
oseany
thi
ngr
egar
ding
t
hesame.Sect
ion126oft
heActsay
sthat–abar
ri
ster
,at
tor
ney
,pl
eaderorv
aki
lis
per
mit
tedt
odi
scl
oseanycommuni
cat
ionmadet
ohi
m byhi
scl
i
entdur
ingt
hecour
se
andf
ort
hepur
poseofhi
sempl
oymentwi
thoutt
heconsentofhi
scl
i
ent
.Thepr
ivi
l
ege
undert
hisSect
ioni
sappl
i
cabl
etoany
onewhoi
sregi
ster
edasal
egalpr
act
it
ioneri
n
I
ndi
aandf
all
sundert
heaf
orement
ionedcat
egor
ies,
whi
chsi
mpl
ymeansanadv
ocat
e.

I
nthecaseofManekaGandhiv
.RaniJet
hmal
ani
,theCour
tobser
ved t
hat
ev
ery
onehast
her
ightt
oaf
airt
ri
al,
andf
orobt
aini
ngsuchr
ightonemi
ghtneedt
oseek
hel
pfr
om anat
tor
ney
.Peopl
ehav
eahar
dti
met
rust
ingt
hei
radv
ocat
esandar
eof
ten
scar
edofshar
ingt
heent
ir
efact
swi
tht
hem.Theyar
eunderconst
antf
eart
hatt
hei
r
adv
ocat
emi
ghtexposet
hem.Wi
tht
hef
earofbei
ngexposedi
nmi
nd,
theymi
ghtnotbe
abl
etoexpr
esst
hei
rpr
obl
emspr
oper
lyandgetpr
operl
egaladv
ice.Toensur
ethat
adv
ocat
escannotexposet
hei
rcl
i
ent
s,t
heconv
ersat
ionsbet
weent
hem hav
ebeen
madepr
ivi
l
egedundert
hisact
.

I
nor
derf
oraconv
ersat
iont
obepr
ivi
l
egedundert
hissect
ion,t
hecl
i
ent
-at
tor
ney
r
elat
ionshi
pmustexi
stwhent
hecommuni
cat
iont
ookpl
ace.Anycommuni
cat
ionmade
wi
thal
awy
erbef
oreact
ual
l
yappoi
nti
nghi
misnotpr
otect
edundert
hisSect
ion.Si
mil
ar
t
oSpousalPr
ivi
l
eges,t
hispr
ivi
l
egei
snotabsol
ute.TheActi
tsel
fst
atest
hatt
his

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage172
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

pr
ivi
l
egedoesnotappl
yundersomecondi
ti
ons.Communi
cat
ioni
nfur
ther
anceofan
i
l
legal
pur
posecoul
dbeoneexampl
eoft
hesame.

I
nor
dert
ounder
standt
hisbet
ter
,let
’sl
ookatsomei
l
lust
rat
ions.

Si
tuat
ion1

Har
ry,
acl
i
ent
,say
stoRon,
anat
tor
ney–“
Ihav
emur
der
edamanandt
hebodyi
sinmy
f
reezer
.Iwanty
ouradv
iceonhowIshoul
dgetr
idofi
t”
.Thi
scommuni
cat
ioni
smadei
n
f
urt
her
anceofacr
imi
nal
pur
pose,
iti
snotpr
otect
edf
rom di
scl
osur
e.

Si
tuat
ion2

Her
moi
ne want
sto appoi
ntDr
aco as herl
awy
erbutVakal
atnama (
a document
empower
inganadv
ocat
etor
epr
esenthi
scl
i
enti
ntheCour
t)hasnotbeensi
gnedy
et.

Shet
ell
sDr
acoabouthowTom wasbr
utal
l
yki
l
ledbyherandherf
ri
ends.

The communi
cat
ion i
s notpr
otect
ed f
rom di
scl
osur
e because t
he cl
i
ent
-adv
ocat
e
r
elat
ionshi
pdoesnotexi
stast
heVakal
atnamahasnotbeensi
gnedy
et.

Si
tuat
ion3

Har
ry,
acl
i
ent
,say
stoRon,
anat
tor
ney–“
Ist
oleaBMW andsol
dit
spar
tsi
nthebl
ack-
mar
ket
”.Thi
scommuni
cat
ioni
spr
otect
edf
rom di
scl
osur
east
hecr
imei
sal
readydone
andt
hecl
i
ent
-adv
ocat
erel
ati
onshi
pexi
stsbet
weent
hem.

St
atePr
ivi
l
eges

Af
fai
rsoft
heSt
ate

Sect
ion123ofTheI
ndi
anEv
idenceActst
atest
hatnoper
soni
sal
l
owedt
ogi
ve
anyev
idencet
hatmaybeder
ivedf
rom anyunpubl
i
shedr
ecor
dsofanyst
ateaf
fai
rs.
Unl
esswi
tht
heper
missi
onoft
heof
fi
cer
-i
n-char
geort
heheadof
fi
ceratt
heconcer
ned
depar
tment
.Suchanof
fi
cercangi
veorwi
thhol
dper
missi
onsr
egar
dingt
hesameashe
t
hinksf
it
.

I
nthecaseofDuncanv
.Cammel
lLai
rd&Co.Lt
d,i
twashel
dthati
ncasesucha

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage173
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

si
tuat
ionar
ises,t
heCour
tisboundt
oacceptt
hedeci
sionoft
hepubl
i
c-of
fi
cerwi
thout
anyquest
ions.Fur
ther
,the deci
sion r
uli
ng outofsuch document
sisent
ir
elyt
he
deci
si
onoft
heJudge.I
tist
heCour
twhoi
sinchar
geofat
ri
alandnott
heexecut
ive.
Thephr
ase“
Aff
air
sofSt
ate”hasnotbeenpersedescr
ibedi
nthi
ssect
ionoranyot
her
pr
ovi
si
oni
nthi
sAct
.So,
iti
snotv
erypr
act
icalf
ort
hej
udi
ciar
ytocomeupwi
thasi
ngl
e
def
ini
ti
onoft
hephr
ase.Ther
efor
e,t
heCour
tmustdet
ermi
newhet
heranydocument
s
f
allundert
hiscat
egor
y,dependi
ngupont
hef
act
sandci
rcumst
ancesofev
erycase.
Howev
er,i
tiscl
eart
hatonl
ytheCour
thast
hepowert
odeci
dewhet
heranydocument
canbecl
assi
fi
edasan‘
unpubl
i
sheddocumentofst
ateaf
fai
rs’
.

Of
fi
cial
Communi
cat
ions

Sect
ion124oft
heEv
idenceActt
alksaboutof
fi
cialcommuni
cat
ions.I
tst
ates
t
hatapubl
i
cof
fi
cercannotbecompel
l
edt
odi
scl
oseanycommuni
cat
ionmadet
ohi
m
i
nof
fi
cialconf
idencei
fhebel
i
evest
hatsuchdi
scl
osur
ecoul
dhar
mthepubl
i
cint
erest
s.
Whi
l
eSect
ion123t
alksaboutunpubl
i
sheddocument
srel
atedt
oaf
fai
rsoft
hest
ate,
sect
ion124r
est
rai
nst
hedi
scl
osur
eofal
lcommuni
cat
ionmadei
nanof
fi
cialcapaci
ty,
bei
tinwr
it
ingornotandi
tisi
mmat
eri
alwhet
hert
heyr
elat
etost
ateaf
fai
rsornot
.

I
nthecaseofI
nreMant
ubhaiMeht
a,i
twashel
dthati
tisupont
heCour
tto
det
ermi
newhet
heradocumenti
sacommuni
cat
ionmadet
oapubl
i
cof
fi
ceri
nof
fi
cial
conf
idenceandi
fthedocumentdoesnotdealwi
thanyaf
fai
rsoft
heSt
ate,i
tmaybe
t
akenupasev
idence.Whi
l
edet
ermi
ningwhet
hert
hecommuni
cat
ionwasmadei
n
of
fi
cialconf
idenceornot
,onl
ypr
imar
yev
idencemustbeusedandt
hesamecannotbe
det
ermi
ned bysecondar
yev
idence,asl
aid downbyt
heHi
ghCour
tofMadr
asi
n
Si
vasankar
am Pi
l
lai
v.Agal
iNar
ayanaRao.

Secr
etI
nfor
mant
s

Sect
ion125oft
heEv
idenceActst
atest
hataMagi
str
ateoraPol
i
ceOf
fi
cercan
notbe compel
l
ed t
orev
ealas t
o how t
hey gotany i
nfor
mat
ion r
egar
ding t
he
commi
ssi
onofacr
ime.Thesect
ionf
urt
herst
atest
hataRev
enueOf
fi
cercannotbe
compel
l
edt
orev
ealast
ohowhegotanyi
nfor
mat
ionr
egar
dingt
hecommi
ssi
onofany
of
fenceagai
nstt
hepubl
i
crev
enue.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage174
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Forexampl
e:

Si
tuat
ion1

Har
ryi
saPol
i
ceOf
fi
cer
.Someonet
oldHar
ryaboutr
iot
sthatar
ebei
ngpl
annedt
o
happen l
atert
oday
.Har
rycan notbe compel
l
ed t
otel
lwher
e he r
ecei
ved such
i
nfor
mat
ion.

Si
tuat
ion2

Roni
saRev
enueOf
fi
cer
.Someonet
oldhi
mthatDr
acoi
shi
dingmi
l
li
onsofr
upeesi
n
bl
ackmoneyi
nhi
sbasement
.Roncannotbecompel
l
edt
otel
last
owher
eher
ecei
ved
suchi
nfor
mat
ion.

Concl
usi
on

Thei
ntent
ionbehi
ndgi
vi
ngsuchpr
ivi
l
eget
osomecommuni
cat
ionsi
stopr
otect
t
hepubl
i
c.Bei
tregar
dingt
hesaf
eguar
dingoft
hei
rmar
ri
ageorpr
event
inggov
ernment
i
nfor
mat
ion f
rom get
ti
ng l
eaked.I
nthe absence oft
his Act
,mul
ti
ple cl
assi
fi
ed
i
nfor
mat
ion coul
d hav
e been easi
l
yleaked i
nthe name oft
ri
aland coul
d hav
e
compr
omi
sedt
hesecur
it
yoft
hecount
ry.Al
so,l
ett
ingahusbandorawi
fet
est
if
y
agai
nstt
heot
herwoul
dmakepeopl
eloset
rustov
ermar
it
albondsanddi
sruptpeace
amongf
ami
l
ies.I
twoul
dst
artf
ami
l
ybr
oil
s,t
hatcoul
dhav
ethecapaci
tyt
odest
roy
f
ami
l
ies.

Thi
sIndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872,i
sawhol
esomeactandt
hel
awsr
egar
ding
pr
ivi
l
egecommuni
cat
ionsar
eupt
oparandhav
ebeenl
egi
slat
edkeepi
ngpubl
i
cwel
far
e
i
nmi
nd.Ther
ear
esepar
atepr
ovi
sionsf
orf
ami
l
yissues,
prof
essi
onal
issues,
andi
ssues
r
elat
ingt
othest
ate.

2.EXAMI
NATI
ONSOFWI
TNESSES(
SECTI
ONS135-
166)
I
ntr
oduct
ion

Theexami
nat
ionofwi
tnessesi
sani
ntegr
alpar
tofacr
imi
nalt
ri
al.Wi
tness
t
est
imoni
esar
eoneoft
hemostr
eli
abl
eev
idencebecauset
heper
son gi
vi
ng t
he
st
atement
s has per
sonal
l
ywi
tnessed t
he ev
enthappen.Sect
ion 135–165 oft
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage175
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Ev
idenceAct
,1872deal
swi
thex
ami
nat
ionandcr
oss-
exami
nat
ionofwi
tnesses.Thi
s
ar
ti
clewi
l
lcov
ereachsect
iononebyone,
alongwi
thcasel
aws.

Admi
ssi
bil
i
tyofev
idence

Undert
heEv
idenceAct
,1872Sect
ion5st
atest
hatev
idencei
sadmi
ssi
bleonl
y
wheni
tsuppor
tsar
elev
antf
acti
nissue.I
tisf
urt
herpr
ovi
dedi
nSect
ion136t
hatt
he
j
udgemayaskt
hepar
ti
esi
ftheev
idencet
heyhav
eadduceddeal
swi
thar
elev
antf
act
ornot
.Forev
idencet
obeadmi
ssi
blei
nCour
t,t
hej
udgemustbeconv
incedt
hatt
he
ev
idencei
srel
evantanddoeshel
pest
abl
i
shar
elev
antf
acti
nissue.

Exami
nat
ionOr
der

Wi
tnessesar
erequi
redt
oanswert
her
elev
antquest
ionspr
esent
edt
othem.A
quest
ionaskedt
oawi
tnessmustber
elev
antt
oaf
acti
nissue,
andmusthel
pest
abl
i
sh
t
hesame.Thei
ranswer
swhenr
ecor
dedar
ecal
l
edt
est
imoni
esofwi
tnesses.Thi
s
quest
ioni
ngoft
hewi
tnessandr
ecor
dingt
hei
ranswer
siscal
l
edwi
tnessexami
nat
ion.

Exami
nat
ionofwi
tness

Exami
nat
ionofawi
tnessi
saski
ngt
hewi
tnessquest
ionsr
egar
dingr
elev
ant
f
act
sint
hecaseandr
ecor
dingt
hest
atement
sofwi
tnessesasev
idence.Ther
ear
e
t
hreepar
tst
otheexami
nat
ionofawi
tnessandSect
ion138oft
heEv
idenceActst
ates
t
hatt
hewi
tnessmustbeexami
nedi
nthef
oll
owi
ngor
der
:

 Fi
rst
,thepar
tyt
hatcal
l
edt
hewi
tnessexami
neshi
m,t
hispr
ocessi
scal
l
ed
exami
nat
ion-
in-
chi
efasment
ionedunderSect
ion137oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.

 Af
tert
hecompl
eti
onoft
heexami
nat
ion-
in-
chi
ef,i
ftheopposi
tepar
tywant
sto,
t
heycan t
akeov
ert
hewi
tnessand cr
oss-
quest
ion hi
m abouthi
spr
evi
ous
answer
s.Theopposi
tepar
tymayaskhi
m anyquest
ionr
egar
dingal
lther
elev
ant
f
act
sandnotmer
elyt
hef
act
sdi
scusseddur
ingt
heexami
nat
ion-
in-
chi
ef.Thi
s
pr
ocesshasbeendescr
ibedi
nSect
ion137oft
heactascr
oss-
exami
nat
ion.

 I
fthepar
tyt
hatcal
l
edt
hewi
tnessseest
heneedt
oexami
net
hewi
tnessagai
n
af
tercr
oss-
exami
nat
ion,t
heymayexami
net
hewi
tnessonemor
eti
me.Thi
shas

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage176
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

beenl
aiddownasr
e-exami
nat
ioni
nSect
ion137oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872.

Sect
ion 138 st
atest
hatt
her
e-exami
nat
ion mustbedi
rect
ed byt
heCour
tfor
expl
aini
ngmat
ter
sref
err
edt
oincr
oss-
exami
nat
ion.Thesect
ionf
urt
herst
atest
hati
f
anynewf
actori
ssuear
isesdur
ingr
e-exami
nat
ion,
theopposi
tepar
tycanf
urt
hercr
oss-
exami
net
hewi
tnessont
hatf
actori
ssue.I
nthecaseofGhul
am RasoolKhanv
.Wal
i
Khan,i
twashel
dbyt
heHi
ghCour
tofJammuandKashmi
rthat
-cr
oss-
exami
nat
ion
mi
ghtnotbenecessar
yift
hewi
tnesst
est
imonyi
spr
imaf
aci
eunaccept
abl
e.

So,i
fnor
elev
antf
act
sar
eanswer
edbyt
hewi
tnessort
her
eisnocr
edi
bil
i
tyt
ohi
s
st
atement
s,hi
stest
imonycanber
eject
edandt
her
eisnoneedf
orcr
oss-
exami
nat
ioni
n
t
hatcase.

Theexami
nat
ionofawi
tnessmustbedonespeci
fi
cal
l
yint
hesequencement
ioned
underSect
ion 138.I
nthecaseofShar
adamma v
.Renchamma,i
twashel
dthat
exami
nat
ion-
in-
chi
efmustbe done bef
oret
he cr
oss-
exami
nat
ion.The opposi
tei
s
nei
therpossi
blenorper
missi
ble.

Exami
nat
ionofnon-
wit
ness

Sect
ion139

Apar
tfr
om wi
tnesst
est
imoni
es,t
her
ear
enumer
ousot
herf
ormsofev
idence
admi
ssi
blei
ntheCour
tofl
aw.

Document
aryev
idenceasdescr
ibedi
nSect
ion3(
2)(
e)oft
heacti
soneoft
hem.
Aper
sonmi
ghtbecal
l
edj
usti
nor
dert
opr
oduceadocument
.Sect
ion139oft
heAct
st
atest
hat
-suchaper
soncal
l
edi
nforpr
oduci
ngdocument
s,doesnotbecomea
wi
tness.Hecanbeexami
nedi
nor
dert
oest
abl
i
sht
hecr
edi
bil
i
tyoft
hedocument
.But
,
hecannotbecr
oss-
exami
nedunl
esshehasbeencal
l
edasawi
tness.

Sect
ion140

Sect
ion140t
alksaboutt
hechar
act
erofapar
ty.“
Char
act
er”ofsomeoner
efer
s
t
othei
rqual
i
tyorchar
act
eri
sti
cst
hatdi
sti
ngui
sht
hem.Especi
all
yment
alandmor
al
char
act
eri
sti
cs.I
tal
soi
ncl
udesaper
son’
sreput
ati
oni
nsoci
ety
.Thesect
ionst
atest
hat

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage177
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

t
hewi
tnesst
oapar
ty’
schar
act
ercanbecr
oss-
exami
nedi
ftheexami
nat
ion-
in-
chi
efhas
al
readybeencompl
eted.Theev
idenceofchar
act
eri
shel
pfult
oassi
stt
heCour
tin
det
ermi
ningt
hev
alueofst
atement
sgi
venbyt
hewi
tnesses.

Leadi
ngQuest
ions

Whi
l
eexami
ning,cr
oss-
exami
ning,orr
e-exami
ningawi
tness,t
hepar
ti
esmust
r
efr
ainf
rom aski
ng l
eadi
ng quest
ions.Leadi
ng quest
ions hav
e been descr
ibed i
n
Sect
ion141oft
heActas-anyquest
iont
hatsuggest
stheanswerwhi
cht
heper
son
quest
ioni
ngexpect
stor
ecei
ve.Onepar
tymustobj
ecti
ftheot
herpar
tyasksal
eadi
ng
quest
iont
othewi
tness.

Al
eadi
ngquest
ionsuggest
sthewi
tnesst
heanswer
,forexampl
e:“
Yousaw Har
ry
wear
ingabl
ackr
obe,di
dn’
tyou?
”Thi
squest
ionbyi
tsel
fsuggest
sthatHar
rywas
wear
ing abl
ackr
obe,t
hisquest
ioni
sleadi
ngt
hewi
tnesst
orepl
ywi
thwhatt
he
quest
ionerwant
s.

“
WhatwasHar
rywear
ing?
”

Theanswert
othi
squest
ioncoul
dbet
hesameast
hepr
evi
ousone,howev
er,
t
her
ear
enosuggest
ionsi
nthequest
ion.I
tisasi
mpl
equest
ionandnotl
eadi
ngi
nany
way
.Theset
ypesofquest
ionsar
eper
mit
ted.

Thi
sisbecauset
hewi
tnessmustanswerev
eryquest
ionbyhi
msel
fashei
sthe
onewhohaswi
tnessedt
hef
act
.Ift
her
eisasuggest
ioni
nthequest
ion,
thequest
ioner
woul
dbef
eedi
ngr
esponsest
othewi
tness.

Canl
eadi
ngquest
ionsbeaskedt
oawi
tness?

Ev
ent
houghaski
ngl
eadi
ngquest
ionsi
spr
ohi
bit
edbySect
ion141asi
tfeedst
he
wi
tnesswi
thr
esponsesandmustbeobj
ect
edbyt
heopposi
tepar
tywhenaskedt
oa
wi
tness.Howev
er,Sect
ion 142 say
sthatl
eadi
ng quest
ions can be asked i
n an

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage178
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

exami
nat
ion-
in-
chi
ef,
ori
nar
e-exami
nat
ioni
ftheCour
tper
mit
s.

Thesect
ionf
urt
herst
atest
hatl
eadi
ngquest
ionscanbeper
mit
tedbyt
heCour
tin
caseswher
ethef
act
sar
eint
roduct
oryorundi
sput
edort
hosei
ntheopi
nionoft
he
Cour
thav
eal
readybeensuf
fi
cient
lypr
oved.Thesamewassuppor
tedbyt
heHi
ghCour
t
ofKer
elai
nthecaseofVar
keyJosephv
.theSt
ateofKer
ela.

Sect
ion 142 does not ment
ion aski
ng l
eadi
ng quest
ions dur
ing cr
oss-
exami
nat
ion.But
,Sect
ion143st
atest
hatl
eadi
ngquest
ionscanbeaskedev
eni
ncr
oss-
exami
nat
ion.Leadi
ng quest
ions cannotbe asked i
n exami
nat
ion-
in-
chi
ef,cr
oss-
exami
nat
ion,orr
e-exami
nat
iononl
yifobj
ect
edbyt
heot
herpar
ty.Suchquest
ionsmay
beaskedi
ftheot
herpar
tydoesnotobj
ect
.Ev
enwhenal
eadi
ngquest
ionhasbeen
obj
ect
ed,
iti
satt
hedi
scr
eti
onoft
heCour
twhet
hert
oal
l
owi
tornotandt
hedi
scr
eti
on
wi
l
lnotbei
nter
fer
edbyt
heCour
tofappeal
orr
evi
sionexcepti
next
remecases.

Or
alev
idenceofwr
it
tendocument
s

Sect
ion144st
atest
hatanywi
tnessmaybeaskedquest
ionsr
egar
dingt
he
cont
ent
sofadocumentorcont
ractt
hati
snotpr
esenti
nthedocument
.Ift
hewi
tness
gi
vesst
atement
sregar
dingsuchdocument
s,i
tmustbepr
oducedbef
oret
heCour
t.

Theopposi
tepar
tycanobj
ectt
osuchev
idenceunt
ili
thasbeenpr
oducedi
ntheCour
t.

Forexampl
e:

Har
rycl
aimst
hatov
erhear
dHer
moi
net
ell
i
ngRont
hat“
Tom haswr
it
tenal
ett
er
t
hreat
eni
ngt
oki
l
lmyf
ami
l
yandIwi
l
lki
l
lhi
m bef
orehecandoany
thi
ng”
.

Thi
sst
atementi
srel
evanti
nshowi
ngHer
moi
ne’
sint
ent
ionf
ort
hemur
der
,and
ev
idencemaybegi
venf
ori
t,t
houghnoot
herev
idencei
sgi
venaboutt
hel
ett
er.

I
fawi
tnessi
sgi
vi
ngev
idencer
egar
dingacont
ract
,gr
antoranyot
herdi
sposi
ti
on
ofpr
oper
tyhemaybeaskedwhet
hert
her
eisadocument
ati
onoft
hesame.I
fhe
answer
swi
thy
es,t
henSect
ion91oft
heActbecomesappl
i
cabl
eandor
alev
idenceof
t
het
ermsoft
hesai
ddocumentwi
l
lnotbeper
mit
ted.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage179
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

I
nthecaseofAt
ulBor
av.AkanBor
a,t
heCour
thel
dthatSect
ion144hasno
appl
i
cat
ionwhent
hewi
tnessi
ssoughtt
obecr
oss-
exami
nedbyt
heel
ect
ion-
pet
it
ioner
,
hasnotbeenaskedanyquest
iononanycont
ract
,gr
antorot
herdi
sposi
ti
onofpr
oper
ty.

Cr
oss-
exami
nat
iononpr
evi
ousst
atement
s

Ev
eryst
atementgi
venbyawi
tnessmustber
educedt
owr
it
ing.Hecanonal
ater
st
ageofcr
oss-
exami
nat
ionbecont
radi
ctedonhi
spr
iormadest
atement
s.

Sect
ion145oft
heactst
atest
hatsuchcont
radi
cti
onscanbemadei
nrel
evant
quest
ionswi
thoutshowi
ngt
hewr
it
ingst
othewi
tnessbef
oret
heyar
epr
oved.Oncet
he
st
atement
shav
ebeenpr
ovedt
obet
rue,t
her
eisnouseofcont
radi
cti
ngt
hewi
tness
t
hen.I
nthecaseofPur
shot
tam Jet
hanandv
.TheSt
ateOfKut
ch,t
heCour
tobser
ved
t
hatt
hissect
iondoesnothel
ptheaccusedt
ogett
hest
atement
smadedur
ingt
he
i
nvest
igat
ion,buti
tdoeshel
p hi
m t
o usesuch st
atement
sin casehesomehow
obt
ainedt
hem.Thest
atementonwhi
cht
hewi
tnessi
sbei
ngcont
radi
ctedmustbe
r
elev
antt
othemat
teri
ssue.

Lawf
ulQuest
ions

Thewi
tness’
sst
atement
swi
l
lbet
akenasev
idencebyt
heCour
t,buti
tmustbe
pr
ovedt
hatt
hewi
tnessi
sact
ual
l
ytel
l
ingt
het
rut
h.Sect
ion146st
atest
hatdur
ingcr
oss-
exami
nat
ionofawi
tness,hemaybei
naddi
ti
ont
otheaf
orement
ionedquest
ionsal
so
beaskedquest
ionst
hatt
ryt
o:

 Testhi
saccur
acyort
rut
hful
ness.

 Under
standmor
eaboutt
hewi
tnessandhi
sposi
ti
oni
nli
fe.

 Toshakehi
scr
edi
tbyquest
ioni
nghi
schar
act
er.

 Ev
ent
hought
heanswer
stot
hesequest
ionshav
ethecapaci
tyt
odi
rect
lyor
i
ndi
rect
lycr
imi
nat
eorexposehi
m ordi
rect
lyori
ndi
rect
lyl
eadhi
mtopenal
tyor
f
orf
eit
ure,
thewi
tnessi
scompel
l
edt
oanswersuchquest
ions.

Howev
er,t
hesect
iondoesnotper
mitt
oadduceanyev
idenceoraskanyquest
ions

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage180
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

i
ncr
oss-
exami
nat
iont
hatmayi
ncl
udet
hev
ict
im’
smor
alchar
act
erorpr
evi
oussexual
exper
iencewi
thanyper
son.

I
sthewi
tnesscompel
l
edt
oanswer

Sect
ion147oft
heActst
atest
hati
fanyquest
ionr
elat
edt
oar
elev
anti
ssueof
t
hecase,
thenSect
ion132shal
lbeappl
i
cabl
e.Sect
ion132say
sthatt
hewi
tnesswi
l
lnot
be excused f
rom answer
ing anyquest
ion on t
he gr
oundst
hatt
he answermi
ght
cr
imi
nal
i
zehi
m orl
eadt
oapenal
tyorf
orf
eit
ureonanyquest
ionr
egar
dingar
elev
ant
i
ssuei
nthecase.

Thepr
ovi
sot
othesect
ionsay
sthatnosuchanswershal
lsubj
ecthi
mtoar
restor
pr
osecut
ion orbe pr
oved agai
nsthi
m i
n any cr
imi
nalpr
oceedi
ng.Apar
tfr
om
pr
osecut
ionf
orgi
vi
ngf
alseev
idencebyhi
sst
atement
s.I
tisment
ionedi
nSect
ion148
oft
heAct
,thatt
heCour
tmustdeci
dewhet
herawi
tnessshoul
dbecompel
l
edt
oanswer
ornot
.Thi
s st
atut
e pr
ovi
des t
he wi
tness wi
th pr
otect
ion f
rom aggr
essi
ve cr
oss-
exami
nat
ion.Hei
snotobl
i
gat
edt
oanswerquest
ionst
hat
:Inj
ureshi
schar
act
er,or
Doubt
shi
scr
edi
bil
i
ty.

I
nBombayCot
tonManuf
act
uri
ngCo.v
.R.
B.Mot
il
alShi
vl
al,i
thasbeenpoi
nted
outt
hatsuchquest
ionsr
elat
etor
elev
antf
act
sandar
erel
evantonl
ytot
hei
ssue
whet
hert
hewi
tnessshoul
dorshoul
dnotbebel
i
eved.I
ncaseswher
ethedeci
sioni
s
sol
elydependentonor
alev
idence,
iti
smosti
mpor
tantt
oanswersuchquest
ions.

Ther
efor
e,t
he Cour
tcan deci
de when a wi
tness i
s compel
l
ed t
o answer
quest
ionsand i
fthequest
ionst
end t
o cr
imi
nal
i
zehi
m i
nanyway
,hecannotbe
pr
osecut
edont
hebasi
sofhi
sst
atement
s.Hehasbeengr
ant
edpr
otect
ionbyt
he
st
atut
e.

Quest
ionsmustbeonr
easonabl
egr
ounds

Noquest
ionmustbeaskedt
otheaccusedwi
thoutanyr
easonabl
egr
oundas
ment
ionedi
nSect
ion149oft
heEv
idenceAct
.Thesect
ionst
atest
hatanyquest
ions
r
efer
redt
oinSect
ion148ar
etobeaskedonl
ywhent
her
ear
ereasonabl
egr
oundst
o
ask such quest
ions t
hatmi
ghti
njur
ethe wi
tness’
s char
act
erorexpose hi
m.To

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage181
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

under
standt
hepr
ovi
si
onbet
ter
,let
’sl
ookati
l
lust
rat
ionsofSect
ion149:

Abar
ri
steri
sinf
ormedbyanadv
ocat
ethatt
hewi
tnessi
sadacoi
t.Thi
sisa
r
easonabl
egr
oundt
oaskwhet
hert
hewi
tnessi
sadacoi
tornot
.Whennot
hingi
sknown
aboutawi
tnessand hei
srandoml
yasked whet
herhei
sadacoi
t.Ther
ear
eno
r
easonabl
egr
oundsf
ort
hisquest
ion.I
tiscl
earuponr
eadi
ngt
hei
l
lust
rat
iont
hatt
his
Sect
ional
soi
ntendst
opr
otectt
hewi
tnessf
rom get
ti
nghi
schar
act
eri
njur
ed.

Fur
ther
,Sect
ion150ment
ionst
hati
fanybar
ri
ster
,pl
eader
,vaki
lorat
tor
neyasks
suchquest
ionsasment
ionedabov
e,wi
thoutanyr
easonabl
egr
ounds,t
hent
heCour
t
mustr
epor
tthemat
tert
otheHi
ghCour
torot
heraut
hor
it
ytowhi
chsuchadv
ocat
eis
t
hesubj
ecti
ntheexer
ciseofhi
spr
ofessi
on.

For
biddenQuest
ions

TheCour
thasbeenconf
err
edwi
tht
hepowerunderSect
ion151t
ofor
bidsuch
quest
ionst
hatar
eindecentorscandal
ous.I
nthecaseofMohammadMi
anv
.Emper
or,
i
twashel
dthatt
hesequest
ionsmayonl
ybeal
l
owedi
ftheyar
erel
atedt
othemat
ter
andar
eregar
dingar
elev
antf
acti
nissue,
oressent
ialf
orf
indi
ngoutwhet
hersomef
act
i
nissueexi
sts.TheCour
tcanal
sof
orbi
dquest
ionst
hatar
eint
endedt
oinsul
torannoy
asst
atedi
nSect
ion152oft
heact
.Thesect
ionf
urt
herst
atest
hatt
heCour
tmi
ght
f
orbi
daquest
ionev
eni
fiti
spr
oper
,butt
heCour
tthi
nkst
hati
tisneedl
essl
yof
fensi
ve
i
nfor
m.

Quest
ionsshoul
dnotat
tackt
hewi
tness’
schar
act
er

Aquest
ionaskeddur
inganexami
nat
ionofawi
tnessmustest
abl
i
shaf
acti
nthe
case,
itshoul
dnotbeaskedmer
elyt
oshakehi
scr
edi
tori
njur
ehi
schar
act
er.I
tisst
ated
i
nSect
ion153oft
heAct
.Itsay
sthati
fanyquest
ionhasbeenaskedandt
hewi
tness
hasanswer
edi
tandi
tonl
ycausesi
njur
ytot
hewi
tness’
schar
act
er,
noev
idenceshal
lbe
gi
vent
ocont
radi
cthi
m.Unl
essheanswer
sfal
sel
y,i
nwhi
chcasehewi
l
lbechar
gedf
or
gi
vi
ngf
alsest
atement
s.

Ther
ear
etwoexcept
ionst
othi
ssect
ion,
whi
char
e:

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage182
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

 I
fawi
tnesshasbeenaskedwhet
herornothewaspr
evi
ousl
yconv
ict
ed.On
deni
aloft
hewi
tness,
theev
idencer
egar
dingt
hepr
oofofhi
spr
evi
ousconv
ict
ion
canbegi
ven.

 I
fawi
tnesshasbeenaskedaquest
iont
hati
mpeachesi
simpar
ti
ali
ty,ondeni
al
ofwi
tness,
hemaybecont
radi
cted.

I
tmeanst
hati
fapar
tyhassuf
fi
cientgr
oundst
obel
i
evet
hatt
hewi
tnessi
snot
i
mpar
ti
al,t
heymaycont
radi
cthi
m andt
ryt
ofur
nishpr
oof
.Int
hecaseofSt
ateof
Kar
nat
akav
.Yar
appaReddy
,theSupr
emeCour
taddedt
hatt
hebasi
crequi
rementf
or
adduci
ng suchcont
radi
ctor
yev
idencei
sthatt
hewi
tness,whosei
mpar
ti
ali
tyi
sin
quest
ion,mustbepr
esent
edwi
thev
idenceandaskedabouti
tandheshoul
dhav
e
deni
edi
t.Wi
thoutadopt
ingsuchpr
eli
minar
ymeasur
es,i
twoul
dbemeani
ngl
essand
unf
airt
o br
ing anew wi
tnesst
o speaksomet
hing f
reshaboutawi
tnessal
ready
exami
ned.

Tounder
standt
hisbet
ter
,her
e’sahy
pot
het
ical
sit
uat
ion:

Acl
aimst
ohav
eseenBatDel
hionacer
tai
ndat
e,Ai
saskedwhet
herhehi
msel
f
wasatCal
cut
tat
hatv
erydayornot
,Adeni
esi
t,Ev
idencei
sadducedt
oshow Awas
act
ual
l
yinCal
cut
ta.Theev
idencei
sadmi
ssi
ble,
notascont
radi
cti
ngAont
hef
actwhi
ch
af
fect
shi
scr
edi
tbutascont
radi
cti
ngt
heal
l
egedf
actt
hathesaw Bi
nDel
hiont
hat
samedat
e.Thesamewashel
dint
hecaseofReg.v
.Sakhar
am Mukundj
ee.

Quest
ionsbyapar
tyt
ohi
sownwi
tness

Sect
ion154oft
heEv
idenceActal
l
owsapar
tywhocal
l
sawi
tnesst
oaskany
quest
iont
othei
rownwi
tnessl
i
ket
heyar
ecr
oss-
exami
ninghi
m.Somet
imesawi
tness
cant
urnhost
il
eandi
tisnecessar
yfort
hepar
tyt
hatcal
l
edawi
tnesst
ocr
oss-
exami
ne
hi
mifsuchasi
tuat
ionoccur
s.I
nthecaseofSatPaulv
.Del
hiAdmi
nist
rat
ion,t
he
Supr
emeCour
thasi
nter
pret
edt
hissect
ionanddef
inedahost
il
ewi
tnessasonewhoi
s
notwi
l
li
ng,
tot
ellt
het
rut
hwhenapar
tycal
l
shi
m.Fort
hepur
poseofcr
oss-
exami
nat
ion
undert
hissect
ion,t
her
emustbeenoughev
idencet
oshow t
hatt
hewi
tnessi
snot
t
ell
i
ngt
het
rut
handhehast
urnedhost
il
eashel
dinAt
ulBor
av.AkanBor
a.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage183
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

I
ntheSt
ateofRaj
ast
hanv
.Bher
a,t
heCour
tobser
vedt
hatapr
evi
oust
est
imony
ofahost
il
ewi
tnesscanbeusedasev
idenceast
heyar
est
il
lonr
ecor
d.I
fthepar
tydoes
notr
esi
stt
hehost
il
it
yoft
hewi
tness,
theni
tisupont
heCour
ttof
indoutt
het
rut
h.

TheSect
ioncl
ear
lyst
atest
hati
tist
hedi
scr
eti
onoft
heCour
ttoal
l
owsuchcr
oss
-
exami
nat
ionornot
.InMat
tam Rav
iv.Mat
tam Raj
aYel
l
aiah,t
heCour
thel
dthat
:The
Cour
tshav
eal
egalobl
i
gat
iont
oexer
ciset
hei
rdi
scr
eti
onar
ypower
sinaj
udi
cious
mannerbypr
operappl
i
cat
ionofmi
ndandkeepi
ngi
nvi
ewt
heat
tendi
ngci
rcumst
ances.
Per
missi
onf
orcr
oss-
exami
nat
ionwi
thr
egar
dtoSect
ion154cannotandshoul
dnotbe
gr
ant
edonmer
easki
ng.

I
mpeachi
ngcr
edi
tofwi
tnesses

I
fthewi
tnesshast
urnedhost
il
e,hi
scr
edi
tcanbei
mpeachedbyt
heopposi
te
par
ty,
orbyt
hepar
tyt
hatcal
l
shi
m(subj
ectt
oper
missi
onf
rom t
heCour
t).Sect
ion155
pr
ovi
dest
hreeway
sofdoi
ngso:

 Bycal
l
ingsuchaper
sonwhocanf
rom t
hei
rper
sonalexper
ienceandknowl
edge
t
est
if
yagai
nstt
hewi
tnessandest
abl
i
sht
hatt
hewi
tnessi
nquest
ioni
sunwor
thy
ofcr
edi
t.

 Byf
urni
shi
ngpr
ooft
hatt
hewi
tnesshast
akenabr
ibe,
orhasaccept
edt
otakea
br
ibe,
oranyot
heri
ncent
ivet
otur
nhost
il
e.

 Byshowi
ngi
nconsi
stencyi
nhi
sfor
merst
atement
sandcont
radi
cti
nghi
mtot
he
ext
entper
mit
tedbySect
ion153ashel
dinZahi
raHabi
bul
l
ahShei
khv
.Sat
eof
Guj
arat
.

Cor
robor
ati
onofev
idence

Somet
imesmer
elyaski
ngt
hemostr
elev
antf
actmaynotbeenought
oobt
ainal
l
t
henecessar
yfact
sfr
om awi
tness.Somequest
ionst
hatdonotseem v
erymuch
connect
edt
other
elev
antf
actcanbeaskedi
ftheyhel
pcor
robor
atesuchf
act
.Sect
ion
156al
l
owspar
ti
eswi
tht
heper
missi
onoft
heCour
ttobeatar
oundt
hebushal
i
ttl
ewi
th
t
hei
ntent
ionofconnect
ingt
hedot
sandest
abl
i
shi
ngt
her
elev
antf
acti
nissue.Pr
evi
ous

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage184
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

st
atement
sgi
venbyt
hewi
tnesscanal
sobeusedt
ocor
robor
atet
hel
atert
est
imony
r
egar
ding t
he same f
actas pr
escr
ibed underSect
ion 157 oft
he Act
.The pr
ior
st
atement
sdonotneedt
obegi
vent
otheCour
t,i
tcanbeanyconv
ersat
ionr
egar
ding
t
hef
act
soft
hecase.

I
nthecaseofRameshwarv
.St
ateofRaj
ast
han,
ayounggi
rlhadbeenr
apedand
shehadt
oldhermot
herabouti
t.Lat
ert
hatst
atementoft
hegi
rlgi
vent
ohermot
her
wascor
robor
atedwi
thherot
herst
atement
sinor
dert
oest
abl
i
sht
hecase.

I
tisst
atedi
nSect
ion158oft
heactt
hatanyst
atementwhi
chi
srel
evantunder
Sect
ion32or33andhasbeenpr
oved,
allmat
ter
shav
etobepr
ovedi
nor
dert
oconf
ir
m
ornegat
eit
,orf
ori
mpeachi
ngorcr
edi
ti
ngt
heper
sont
hatmadesuchst
atement
,tot
he
ext
entasi
fthatper
sonhadbeencal
l
edasawi
tness.

Ref
reshi
ngMemor
y

Wehumans,somet
imest
endt
ofor
gett
hingsandi
tisext
remel
yimpor
tantt
o
keepr
emember
ingt
heent
ir
etyoft
hef
act
sifwehav
ebeencal
l
edasawi
tness.
Someone’
sli
fecoul
dbeatt
hel
i
neandourst
atement
smayhel
ptheCour
tser
vej
ust
ice
t
osomeone.Awi
tnessmaybeunderal
otofpr
essur
eandduet
oal
lthest
resshemi
ght
needt
oref
reshhi
smemor
y.

Sect
ion159

Thati
swhySect
ion159oft
heEv
idenceActsay
sthatawi
tnesscanr
efr
eshhi
s
memor
ywhi
l
eunderexami
nat
ion.Hemaydosobyr
efer
ri
ngt
oanywr
it
ingmadeby
hi
msel
fatt
het
imeoft
heev
entt
aki
ngpl
acer
egar
dingwhi
chhehasbeenquest
ioned,
or
awhi
l
elat
erasl
ongast
heCour
tconsi
der
sitt
obef
reshi
nhi
smemor
y.Thewi
tness
canal
sor
efert
osomeoneel
se’
snot
espr
epar
edwi
thi
ntheaf
orement
ionedt
imef
rame,
anddeci
dewhet
heri
tiscor
rectornot
.Thesect
ionf
urt
hersay
sthatt
hewi
tnessmay
useacopyorphot
ocopyofadocumentwi
tht
heper
missi
onoft
heCour
tinor
dert
o
r
efr
eshhi
smemor
y.

Thewor
d‘wr
it
ing’f
ort
hesakeoft
hissect
ioni
ncl
udespr
int
edmat
ter
.Awi
tness
whohear
daspeechmayr
efert
ohi
smemor
ybyr
efer
ri
ngt
oanewspaperaccountofi
t

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage185
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

i
fher
eadi
tsoonaf
ter
war
ds,
andi
f,att
het
imeher
eadi
t,heknewi
ttobecor
rect
.

Sect
ion160

Thi
ssect
ionst
atest
hatawi
tnessmustt
est
if
ytot
hef
act
sthatwer
ement
ioned
i
n anysuch documentas ment
ioned i
n Sect
ion 159.I
tisi
rr
elev
antwhet
herhe
r
emember
sal
lthef
act
sthatwer
erecor
dedwi
thev
eryl
i
ttl
edet
ailasl
ongashei
s
cer
tai
nthatt
hef
act
shav
ebeenr
ecor
dedcor
rect
lybyhi
m.Tobet
terunder
standt
his
sect
ion,
weneedt
olooki
ntot
hei
l
lust
rat
ionpr
ovi
dedi
nthesect
ion,
whi
chsay
s:Abook-
keeperwi
l
lneedt
otest
if
ythef
act
shehasr
ecor
dedi
nthebooksr
egul
arl
ykeptdur
ing
t
hecour
seofhi
sbusi
ness.Hemi
ghtnotbeabl
etor
ememberev
erydet
ailabouthi
s
ent
ry,butasl
ongasheknowst
hatt
hef
act
sent
eredwer
ecor
rectandt
hebookwas
keptcor
rect
ly,
hei
sgoodt
ogo.

Thef
undament
aldi
ff
erencebet
weenSect
ion159andSect
ion160i
sthat
:

Thef
ormert
alksaboutt
her
ecol
l
ect
ionofmemor
yoft
hewi
tnessandnott
hedocument
.

Wher
eas,i
nthel
att
er,t
hedocumenti
tsel
fbecomesev
idenceoft
hef
act
sment
ioned
t
her
ein.

Sect
ion161

Thi
ssect
ionst
atest
hatanywr
it
ingordocumentment
ionedi
nthel
astt
wo
sect
ionsabov
emustbepr
oducedandpr
ovi
dedt
otheopposi
tepar
tyi
ftheyr
equi
rei
t.

Theopposi
tepar
tymaycr
oss-
exami
net
hewi
tnessov
ert
hedocumenti
ftheneedbe.
Whenadocumenti
spr
oducedunderSect
ion161,i
tbecomessubj
ectt
oagener
al
i
nspect
ionandcr
oss-
exami
nat
ionbyt
heopposi
tepar
ty.Butt
hecr
oss-
exami
nat
ionon
t
hepor
ti
onr
efer
redt
obyt
hewi
tnessdoesnotmaket
hedocumentev
idenceagai
nstt
he
cr
oss-
exami
ner
.

I
thasbeenmadecl
eari
nthecaseofPr
anDut
tv.St
ateofUt
tarPr
adesht
hata

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage186
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

st
atementofr
ecor
dbyt
hei
nvest
igat
ingof
fi
cersuchaspol
i
cer
epor
ts,underSect
ion
161i
snotusabl
eforcont
radi
cti
ngawi
tness.

Pr
oduct
ionofdocument
s

Sect
ion162

Thi
ssect
ionsay
sthatawi
tnesswhensummonedt
opr
oduceadocumentmust
pr
oducei
tifhehasi
tinhi
spossessi
on.I
fther
ear
eanyobj
ect
ionswi
thr
egar
dtoi
ts
pr
oduct
ionoradmi
ssi
bil
i
ty,t
heCour
twi
l
ldealwi
thi
t.TheCour
tmayal
soi
nspectt
he
documentunl
essi
tref
erst
omat
ter
soft
hest
ate.I
ncaset
hedocument
sneedt
obe
t
ransl
ated,
itcanbedonesobyat
ransl
atorwhomustkeept
hecont
ent
sconf
ident
ial
.If
t
het
ransl
atorl
eakst
hecont
entoft
hesai
ddocument
,heshal
lbechar
gedunderSect
ion
166,
IPCf
ordi
sobey
ingt
hel
aw.

Sect
ion163

Thi
ssect
ionment
ionst
hatwhenapar
tyasksanot
herpar
tyf
oradocumentt
obe
pr
oduced,andi
thasbeenpr
oducedandi
nspect
edbyt
hepar
tyt
hataskedf
ori
t,he
mustgi
vei
tasev
idencei
fthepar
typr
oduci
ngt
hinksf
it
.Tounder
standt
hisbet
ter
,let
ussay
:

Har
ryandRonar
epar
ti
est
oacase.

Har
rywant
sadocumentt
hati
sinpossessi
onofRon.

Har
rymustgi
veRonnot
icet
opr
oducet
hedocument
.

Af
terr
ecei
vi
ngt
henot
ice,
Ronhasgi
vent
hedocumentt
oHar
ry.

Har
ryhasi
nspect
edt
hedocumentgi
venbyRon.

Now,
Har
rymustgi
vet
hatdocumentasev
idencet
otheCour
tifRonsay
sso.

Sect
ion164

Thi
sSect
iont
alksaboutt
heconsequenceswhenapar
tyuponr
ecei
vi
ngt
he
not
icet
opr
oduceadocument
,doesnotdoso.I
fundert
heaf
orement
ionedsi
tuat
ion:

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage187
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Rondoesnotgi
vet
hedocumentt
oHar
ry.I
fsomet
imel
ater
,Ronwant
stouset
hat
documentasev
idence,
hewi
l
lnotbeabl
etodosowi
thoutHar
ry’
sconsent
.

Poweroft
hej
udge

Sect
ion165oft
heEv
idenceActt
alksaboutt
hepoweroft
hej
udget
opose
quest
ionsandor
dert
hepr
oduct
ionofev
idence.I
nor
dert
opr
ocur
epr
oofofr
elev
ant
f
act
s,t
hej
udgemayaskanyquest
iont
hatsui
tshi
m.I
tdoesnotmat
terwhet
hert
he
quest
ionposedbyhi
misr
elev
antori
rr
elev
ant
.Thequest
ionmaybeaskedatanyt
ime
dur
ingt
het
ri
al,i
tmayt
akeanyf
orm andhecoul
daskany
one,bei
tthewi
tnessort
he
par
ti
es.Howev
er,
thej
udgecannotcompelt
hewi
tnesst
oanswerhi
squest
ionsandhi
s
deci
si
onsshoul
dnotbesol
elybasedonhi
squest
ions.Thedeci
sionsmustbebasedon
r
elev
antf
act
sandev
idencepr
oduced.

Concl
usi
on

TheI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872i
sver
ynecessar
yforpr
otect
ingt
hewi
tnesses,
l
ett
inghi
m speakf
reel
ywi
thoutt
hef
earofpr
osecut
ion.Judi
ciali
nter
pret
ati
onshav
e
br
oughtsi
gni
fi
cantposi
ti
vechangesi
nthi
sactt
omeett
heneedsoft
het
imeandhav
e
madesomepr
ovi
si
onsmor
epr
act
ical
.

LAW RELATI
NGTOHOSTI
LEWI
TNESSES

Aper
soni
ssai
dtobehost
il
ewhenhei
s“v
eryunf
ri
endl
yoraggr
essi
veandr
eady
t
oar
gueorf
ight
”.Thet
erm‘
host
il
ewi
tness’i
snotdef
inedany
wher
einI
ndi
anLaw.
Dur
ingat
ri
al,whent
hepr
osecut
ioncounci
lcal
l
saper
sont
owi
tnessi
nhi
sfav
orand
suchper
sonwhencal
l
edupondoesnotconf
ir
mtohi
spr
evi
ousst
atementwhi
chwas
col
l
ect
ed dur
ing t
he i
nvest
igat
ion i
s cal
l
ed a host
il
e wi
tness.The common l
aw
descr
ibesaper
sonasahost
il
ewi
tnesswhent
heper
soni
snotdesi
rousoft
ell
i
ngt
he
t
rut
hinf
avoroft
hepar
tyt
hatcal
l
edhi
m.Ahost
il
ewi
tnesst
est
if
iesf
ort
heopposi
ng
par
tyorawi
tnesswhoof
fer
sadv
erset
est
imonyt
othecal
l
ingpar
tydur
ingdi
rect
exami
nat
ion.Onl
ythej
udgehast
her
ightt
odecl
areaper
sonashost
il
eont
her
equest
oft
heexami
ner
.Theconceptofhost
il
ewi
tnessf
ir
star
osei
nthecaseof
,SatPalvDel
hi
Admi
nist
rat
ion,
Supr
emeCour
ther
egav
ethemeani
ngt
othet
erm‘
host
il
ewi
tnesses’
.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage188
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

STEPSTAKENFORHOSTI
LEWI
TNESS

At
tor
ney
shav
eat
rustont
hewi
tnesst
heyar
ecal
l
ingt
hat
,theywoul
dtest
if
yin
f
avouroft
hepar
ty.Butsomet
imesawi
tnessmayt
urnhost
il
eanddemol
i
shadv
ocat
e’s
pur
pose.Howev
er,i
nsuchacaset
heat
tor
neycanr
equestt
hej
udget
odecl
aret
he
wi
tnessasahost
il
ewi
tness.Thenhecoul
dcr
oss-exami
net
hewi
tnesst
ogeta
t
est
imonymor
efav
our
abl
etohi
scase.I
npr
act
ice,whent
heAt
tor
neyget
sthecour
t
j
udge’
sappr
ovalf
ort
reat
ingawi
tnessasahost
il
ewi
tness,
hecoul
dusual
l
yenj
oygr
eat
f
reedom ashow t
oquest
iont
hewi
tness.Hence,whi
l
egi
vi
ngev
idence,i
fthewi
tness
t
endst
obeopposedt
othecal
l
ingpar
ty,
iti
sgener
all
yopent
obei
ngcondemnedashi
s
conducti
shi
ghl
yrepr
ehensi
bleandi
rr
esponsi
ble.

Thus,wher
ethewi
tnessi
ssuspect
edofbei
ngadv
erset
othecal
l
ingpar
ty,The
At
tor
neywhoi
scal
l
inghi
mtot
est
if
ycoul
duset
hemet
hodofcr
oss-
exami
nat
ioni
n
or
dert
orev
ealt
hewi
tnessescompl
i
cit
ytoo.I
nter
est
ingl
y,t
hewi
tnesscoul
dtur
nto
host
il
it
yei
theri
nthepr
osecut
ionordef
ense.Thepr
osecut
ionwi
tnessest
urnhost
il
e,
especi
all
ydur
ingt
hecr
oss-
exami
nat
ion.Conv
ict
ionoft
hegui
l
typer
soni
nacr
imi
nal
case dev
elops t
he dev
oti
on and si
ncer
it
yamong t
he publ
i
c.Butnowaday
s most
cr
imi
nal
casesar
eatr
iskoft
urni
nghost
il
e.

Rel
evantLegal
Prov
isi
ons

Sect
ion154oft
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceActSt
ates:Thecour
tmay
,ini
tsdi
scr
eti
on
per
mitt
heper
sonwhocal
l
sawi
tnesst
oputanyquest
ionst
ohi
m whi
chmi
ghtbeputi
n
cr
oss-
exami
nat
ionbyt
headv
ersepar
ty.

Acl
osescr
uti
nyofsec154wi
l
lbr
ingf
oll
owi
ngpoi
ntsi
ntopi
ctur
e:-

 Thepr
ovi
si
onper
mit
sonl
ythosequest
ionst
hatcanbeaskeddur
ingacr
oss-
exami
nat
ion.

 Thel
aw nowher
ement
ionst
heneedt
odecl
aret
hewi
tnessas“
host
il
e”bef
ore
t
hepr
ovi
si
oncanbeev
oked.

 Ther
equestt
odecl
areaper
sonasahost
il
ecanbei
nvokedonl
ywhent
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage189
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

exami
ningpar
tyf
eel
sthatt
hest
atementpr
esent
lyspokenort
het
est
imonygi
ven
byt
hewi
tnesswoul
dbeagai
nsthi
sdut
ytospeakt
het
rut
h.

 I
tcanbet
husi
nfer
redt
hat
,unl
i
kecommonl
aw sy
stem,t
her
eisnodi
sti
nct
ion
bet
ween a ‘
host
il
e wi
tness’or‘
adv
erse wi
tness’f
ort
he pur
pose ofcr
oss-
exami
ning.

 Al
lthatt
hel
aw seekst
oel
i
cithi
ddenf
act
sfort
hesol
epur
poseofdet
ermi
ning
t
het
rut
h.

Sect
ion193ofI
ndi
anPenalCode,
1860:
-tal
ksaboutt
heper
sonwho i
ntent
ional
l
ygi
ves
f
alseev
idencei
nanyst
ageofaj
udi
cialpr
oceedi
ng.Thi
spr
ovi
sionst
atest
hatany
per
son doi
ng such woul
d be l
i
abl
eforpuni
shmentwi
thi
mpr
isonmentofei
ther
descr
ipt
ionf
orat
erm whi
chmayext
endt
osev
eny
ear
s,andshal
lal
sobel
i
abl
etof
ine.

Expl
anat
ion1:
Atr
ial
bef
oreaCour
t-
mar
ti
ali
saj
udi
cial
proceedi
ng.

Expl
anat
ion2:Ani
nvest
igat
iondi
rect
edbyl
aw pr
eli
minar
ytoapr
oceedi
ngbef
orea
Cour
tofJust
ice,i
sast
ageofaj
udi
cialpr
oceedi
ngt
hought
hati
nvest
igat
ionmaynot
t
akepl
acebef
oreaCour
tofJust
ice.

Sect
ion196ofI
ndi
anPenalCode,1860:t
alksaboutt
heper
sonwhocor
rupt
lyusesor
at
tempt
stouseasgenui
neort
rueev
idencewhi
chhei
sawar
eofbei
ng f
alseor
f
abr
icat
ed,shal
lbepuni
shedi
nthesamemannerasi
fhegav
eorf
abr
icat
edf
alse
ev
idence.

Sect
ion199ofI
ndi
anPenalCode,
1860:
-ifaper
sonwhoi
sboundbyt
hel
awt
orecei
ve
anyev
idence,makesaf
alsest
atement
,whi
chheknowst
obef
alsei
nnat
ureandt
hat
suchast
atementt
ouchesuponanymat
eri
alpoi
nti
nthecase,shoul
dbepuni
shabl
ein
t
hesamemannerasi
fhegav
efal
seev
idence.

I
nIndi
a,t
hel
aw r
elat
ingt
otheof
fenceofper
jur
yisgi
venast
atut
orydef
ini
ti
on
underSect
ion191andChapt
erXIoft
heI
ndi
anPenalCode,i
ncor
por
atedt
odealwi
th
t
heof
fencesr
elat
ingt
ogi
vi
ngf
alseev
idenceagai
nstpubl
i
cjust
ice.

Ev
ident
iar
yval
ueoft
hest
atement
s:

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage190
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

TheI
ndi
anl
aw say
sthatj
ustbecauseaper
sonhast
urnedhost
il
e,t
hatdoesn’
t
meant
hatwhol
eofhi
sst
atementshoul
dbet
urneddown.
”InSt
ateofU.
P.V.Ramesh
Pr
asadMi
shr
aandanr
.,
“I
tist
hel
aw t
hatt
hest
atementoft
hehost
il
ewi
tnesst
obe
t
akenast
heev
idencewoul
dnotbet
otal
l
yrej
ect
edj
ustbecauset
heper
sonhasmov
ed
awayf
rom hi
sdut
ytospeakt
het
rut
h,ort
hathehasnotspokeni
nthef
avoroft
he
pr
osecut
ion.Howev
er,i
nsuchacase,t
hecour
tcanscr
uti
nizet
hest
atementoft
he
wi
tnessandcanr
ejectonl
ythepar
tthati
sinconsi
stentwi
tht
hecaseorar
gument
sof
t
hepr
osecut
ion”
.

TheJessi
caLal
case

Si
dhar
thaVashi
sht@ ManuShar
maVs.St
ate(
NCTofDel
hi)

Thebi
ggestcaset
hati
nvol
vedt
hehost
il
ewi
tnesswast
hecaseoft
heJessi
ca
Lal
’
smur
der
.Int
hiscase,
thet
otal
of80wi
tnesseshadt
urnedhost
il
e.

FACTS

I
nthi
scase,Jessi
caLalwasamodelwor
kingi
nanunl
i
censedbaratDel
hi.By
mi
dni
ght
,thebarr
anoutofl
i
quor
,andJessi
caLalr
efusedt
oser
veManuShar
ma,
who
waswi
thagr
oupoft
hreef
ri
ends.Shar
mat
henpr
oducedapi
stolandf
ir
edi
ttwi
ce:t
he
f
ir
stbul
l
ethi
tthecei
l
ingandt
hesecondhi
tJessi
cai
ntheheadandki
l
ledher
.

Af
terel
udi
ngpol
i
cef
oraf
ewday
s,wi
tht
heassi
stanceofaccompl
i
ces,Khanna
andGi
l
lwer
ear
rest
edon4MayandShar
maon6May
.Themur
derweaponwar
enot
r
ecov
eredandwast
houghtt
ohav
ebeenpassedont
oaf
ri
endwhohadbeenv
isi
ti
ng
f
rom t
heUSandwhomaysubsequent
lyhav
eret
urnedt
her
e.

Aper
sonnamedMunshiwast
hekeywi
tnessi
nthecase.Dur
ingt
her
eadi
ngof
t
heFi
rstI
nfor
mat
ionRepor
t,hesai
dthat“
thest
atementt
hathegav
etot
hepol
i
cewas
r
ecor
dedi
nHi
ndiwhi
l
ehehadnar
rat
edt
hewhol
est
oryi
nEngl
i
sh.
”Munshii
nhi
s
pr
evi
ousst
atementsai
dthathesaw t
otal2gunsont
heni
ghtoft
hemur
der
.He
howev
er,t
urnedf
rom hi
sst
atementandl
att
ert
oldt
hathej
ustsaw t
wogent
lemenat
t
hebarcount
erandnot
hingaboutt
hegun.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage191
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

JUDI
CIALDECI
SION

I
nthey
ear2006,
thet
ri
alcour
tbasedont
hest
atement
soft
hehost
il
ewi
tnesses,
acqui
tt
edShar
ma.Thi
sdeci
sionoft
het
ri
alcour
twasf
oll
owedbyahugeupr
oar
t
hroughoutt
hecount
ry.Theappealr
egar
ding t
hisdeci
sion oft
het
ri
alcour
twas
accept
edwhi
chwasbasedont
heev
idenceal
readyt
akenbyt
hel
owercour
t.Shar
ma
waspuni
shedwi
thasent
enceofl
i
fei
mpr
isonmentandaf
ine.Theot
heraccused,
YadavandGi
l
l,wer
efi
nedandgi
venf
oury
ear
s’r
igor
ousi
mpr
isonment
.A pl
eaf
or
Shar
mat
obesent
encedt
odeat
hwasr
eject
edont
hegr
oundst
hatt
hemur
der
,al
though
i
ntent
ional
,wasnotpr
emedi
tat
edandShar
mawasnotconsi
der
edt
obeat
hreatt
othe
soci
ety
.

BESTBAKERYCASE,

BestBaker
ytr
iali
soneoft
hebestexampl
ethatonecanbegi
venr
egar
ding
mi
scar
ri
age ofj
ust
ice.I
nthi
s case,t
he power
fuland r
ich accussed f
orced t
he
wi
tnessest
otur
nhost
il
e.Thewi
tnessf
ail
edt
oident
if
ytheaccusedsot
hepr
osecut
ion
f
ail
ed t
o pr
ovet
hatchar
ges.Lat
er,oneoft
hewi
tnesseswho had t
urned host
il
e
accept
edt
hatshehadt
urnedhost
il
eundert
hreatandf
earf
orherl
i
fe.

BMW HI
TANDRUNCASE,

AboynamedSanj
eevNandawasal
l
egedt
ohav
erunhi
sBMW ov
ersl
eepi
ng
pav
ementdwel
l
ersi
nDel
hi.Thr
eepeopl
edi
edont
hespotandot
herr
ecei
vedser
ious
i
njur
ies.I
nthi
scase,
agai
nal
argenumberoft
hewi
tnesseswer
eboughtbyt
hepower
ful
accusedandMonojMal
l
ick,
whowast
hel
onesur
viv
ort
oldt
hecour
tthathewashi
tby
at
ruck.Thekeywi
tness,Har
iShankar
,ref
usedt
oident
if
ytheBMW,andanot
her
wi
tnessabsconded.I
nfact
,noneoft
hewi
tnessessuppor
tedt
hepr
osecut
ion.The
accusedwer
eacqui
tt
ed.

Reasonsf
orpeopl
etur
ninghost
il
e:

Ther
e mi
ghtbe manyr
easons f
ora wi
tness t
otur
n host
il
e.Some oft
he

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage192
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

i
mpor
tantr
easonsar
e:

 TheabsenceofWi
tnessPr
otect
ion.

 Pr
olongedt
ri
als.

 Easybai
loft
her
ichaccused.

 Theabsenceofadequat
efaci
l
iti
esoft
hecour
ttot
hewi
tnesses.

 Usageoft
hemoneyandpowerbyt
heaccused.

 Thr
eatbyt
heaccused.

 Ot
herf
act
orsl
i
ke,
fearofpol
i
ceorl
egal
syst
em,
pol
i
tical
fear
,et
c.[
6]

SUGGESTI
ONS

Del
ayedt
ri
alsal
ongwi
thpr
olongedi
nvest
igat
ionsar
ethemai
nreasonsf
ort
he
accusedt
omakeawi
tnesshost
il
e.Soi
nthecasesi
nwhi
cht
her
eisapossi
bil
i
tyt
hat
t
hewi
tnesscant
urnhost
il
e,speedyt
ri
alshoul
dbepr
act
iced.Ther
eisaneedf
or
st
ri
ngentl
awsas,t
hel
eni
encyoft
hej
udi
cialsy
stem hel
pthewi
tnessest
oeasi
l
ytur
n
host
il
e.Thecr
imi
nal
i
tyof“
buy
ing”wi
tnessesbyr
ichandpower
fulcanbehandl
edonl
y
byt
hepr
esenceofst
ri
ctl
aws.I
nor
dert
ocur
bthesi
tuat
ionl
i
keJessi
caLal
’
scase,
iti
s
v
eryi
mpor
tantt
hatt
hecour
t,t
opr
otectt
hewi
tnessshoul
d:

 Hol
din-
camer
atr
ial
s.

 Keepi
dent
it
yoft
hewi
tnesssecr
et.

 Makear
rangementt
oensur
ethepr
otect
ionofwi
tness.

 Thecour
tshoul
dmakepr
ovi
sionst
ocompensat
ethewi
tnessf
ort
heamount
t
hathei
ncur
redt
ocomet
ocour
tandt
est
if
y.

 At
tent
ionshoul
dbepai
dtot
hecomf
ortanddi
gni
tyoft
hewi
tness.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage193
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

3.I
MPROPERADMI
SSI
ONORREJECTI
ONOFEVI
DENCE(
SECTI
ONS167)

Sect
ion167

Ev
idencemustbel
egal
l
yrel
evanti
nor
dert
obeadmi
ssi
ble.Theadmi
ssi
onmust
bemadeandr
ecei
vedi
ncompl
i
ancewi
tht
heEv
idenceAct
.Sect
ion167oft
heI
ndi
an
Ev
idenceActt
alksabout‘
nonewt
ri
alf
ori
mpr
operadmi
ssi
onorr
eject
ionofev
idence’
.
I
tsay
s:I
mpr
operadmi
ssi
onorr
eject
ionofev
idencei
snotagr
oundf
ori
nit
iat
inganew
t
ri
alorr
ever
salofanydeci
sion;
Ift
her
ewer
eenoughev
idencet
ojust
if
ythedeci
sion;
or
I
ftheev
idencet
hathasbeenr
eject
edhadbeenr
ecei
ved;Theev
idencer
eject
edor
i
mpr
oper
lysubmi
tt
edshoul
dnotbesosi
gni
fi
cantt
hatt
hedeci
sioncoul
dhav
ebeen
di
ff
erenti
fitwasadmi
tt
ed.

Ther
efor
e,i
fanappeal
isf
il
edont
hegr
oundofi
mpr
operexcl
usi
onofev
idenceor
admi
ssi
onofev
idence,
theappel
l
antmustbeabl
etopr
ovet
hat
:

 Ther
ewasi
mpr
operadmi
ssi
onorexcl
usi
onofev
idence,
and

 Ther
ehasbeenamocker
yofj
ust
ice.

Thi
ssect
ioni
sappl
i
cabl
etobot
hcr
imi
nal
andci
vi
lcases.

Ef
fect
sofi
mpr
operadmi
ssi
onorr
eject
ionofev
idencei
nci
vi
lcases

I
nci
vi
lcases,
iti
spr
ett
yobv
ioust
hatwher
ether
eisenoughev
idencet
ojust
if
ya

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage194
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

deci
si
oni
tisi
mmat
eri
alwhet
hert
heev
idencehasbeenadmi
tt
edorr
eject
ed,
ini
ti
ati
nga
newt
ri
alal
ltoget
heri
snotr
equi
red.

Sect
ion167usest
hephr
ase“
rev
ersalofj
udgment
”,andj
udgment
scanonl
ybe
r
ever
sedbyanappel
l
atecour
t.I
tmeanst
hatt
hissect
ioni
sappl
i
cabl
etoappeal
sas
wel
l
.Int
hecaseofAbdul
Rahi
mv.Ki
ng-
Emper
or,
itwasl
aiddownt
hat
:

 Accept
anceofi
nadmi
ssi
bleev
idencei
snotani
psof
act
ogr
oundf
oranewt
ri
al.

 Accept
anceofi
nadmi
ssi
bleev
idencei
snotagr
oundt
osetasi
deaj
udgment
.

Pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
her
eisot
herev
idencet
osuppor
tthef
indi
ngsandr
eacht
hesame
deci
si
on.The Hi
gh Cour
t of Kar
nat
aka,i
nthe case of St
ate of My
sor
ev.
Sampangi
rami
ahobser
vedt
hat
:Accept
anceofi
nadmi
ssi
bleev
idencei
slessi
njur
ious
t
hant
her
eject
ionofadmi
ssi
bleev
idence.Becausei
nthef
ormercase–whi
l
edeci
ding
t
hev
erdi
ct,t
heev
idencei
mpr
oper
lyadmi
tt
edcanbeexcl
udedf
rom consi
der
ati
on.But
,
i
nthel
att
ercase–ev
idencewr
ongl
yrej
ect
edcanonl
yber
ecor
dedbyhav
ingr
ecour
se
t
ofur
therpr
oceedi
ngs.

I
ncaseadeci
si
oni
smadebyt
het
ri
alcour
tbasedonawr
ongl
yadmi
tt
edev
idence.
Suchev
idencemustbesetasi
deandseei
ftheyar
erel
evant
.Ift
hedeci
sioni
ssol
ely
basedonsuchwr
ongl
yadmi
tt
edev
idence,
theni
tmustber
ever
sed.

Ef
fect
sofi
mpr
operadmi
ssi
onorr
eject
ionofev
idencei
ncr
imi
nal
cases

Thi
ssect
ionwi
l
lbeappl
i
cabl
etocr
imi
nalcasesal
so,ashel
dbyTheHi
ghCour
tof
Bombayi
nthecaseofAbdulRahi
mv.Ki
ng-
Emper
or.I
twasl
aiddownt
hati
fev
idence
hasbeenwr
ongl
yadmi
tt
edi
nacr
imi
nalcaseatt
het
ri
alst
age,TheHi
ghCour
ton
appealshoul
dtr
ytoexcl
udet
hati
nadmi
ssi
bleev
idenceandst
il
lkeept
hedeci
siont
he
same.Pr
ovi
dedt
hatt
heev
idenceal
readyav
ail
abl
ewasenought
ocl
ear
lyest
abl
i
sht
he
caseandr
eacht
hesamedeci
sion.I
tmeanst
hat
:Incaset
heHi
ghCour
tonappeali
s
unsur
eifaf
actwasmi
ssi
ngt
heopi
nionordeci
si
onofacer
tai
naut
hor
it
ywoul
dbet
he
sameornot
.TheHi
ghCour
tint
erf
eresbutonl
yifi
tist
otal
l
ycer
tai
nthatt
her
ewoul
d
hav
ebeennoot
herdeci
sion.I
nthatcase,t
hei
rr
elev
antci
rcumst
ancesabov
ewoul
d
t
otal
l
ywr
eckt
heor
der
,asobser
vedi
nMadanLal
v.Pr
inci
pal
,H.
B.T.I
nst
it
ute.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage195
 LL.
B.-I
I[2017Pat
ter
n]LC0803LawofEv
idence

Thecour
tint
hecaseofAbdulRahi
m v
.Ki
ng-
Emper
orsai
dthati
tmaybe
mi
sdi
rect
ion,andi
tisnotsuf
fi
cientgr
oundt
ochanget
hev
erdi
ct.Ther
efor
e,i
fthe
ev
idencei
simpr
oper
lyadmi
tt
edandt
her
ewasal
readyenoughev
idencet
oest
abl
i
sht
he
case.Suchi
mpr
oper
lyadmi
tt
edev
idencecanbei
gnor
edandt
hedeci
sionwoul
dst
il
l
r
emai
nthesame.Orel
set
her
ehast
obeanewt
ri
al.

Rej
ect
ionofev
idence

I
nthecaseofNar
ainv
.St
ateofPunj
ab,t
hepr
osecut
ionhadci
tedacer
tai
n
per
sonasawi
tnessbut
,theywer
enotv
erykeent
oexami
nehi
m.Whent
hatwi
tness
opposedgi
vi
ngev
idence,hewasdr
oppedbyt
hepr
osecut
ion.Thecour
thel
dthati
n
suchcaseev
idencecannotbesai
dtohav
ebeenr
eject
edwi
thi
nSect
ion167oft
he
I
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
.Insuchacaset
hepr
osecut
iondoesnotact
ual
l
ytendert
heper
son
asawi
tness.Thej
udgeobser
vedt
hatt
her
ealquest
ionr
egar
dingSect
ion167i
snotso
muchast
owhet
hert
her
eject
edev
idencewoul
dnothav
ebeenaccept
edagai
nstot
her
t
est
imonyonr
ecor
dast
owhet
hert
heev
idence– “
oughtnott
ohav
evar
ieddeci
sion”
.

Concl
usi
on

Ev
idencei
stheonl
ywayt
oest
abl
i
shsomeone’
scasei
ncour
t.TheJust
icei
s
bl
i
ndandi
tseeksonl
yev
idencei
nor
dert
oser
vej
ust
ice.Thel
awi
nIndi
aregar
dingt
he
admi
ssi
bil
i
tyofev
idencei
supt
oparandr
eal
l
yhel
pful
.A wr
ongf
ulsubmi
ssi
onof
ev
idencecanchanget
heent
ir
ecour
seoft
het
ri
alanddenyj
ust
ice.Notj
ustbyt
he
par
ti
es,i
thashappenedonmul
ti
pleoccasi
onst
hatt
hecour
thaswr
ongl
yaccept
ed
someev
idencet
hatr
esul
tedi
nthechangei
nent
ir
ejudgment
,onl
ytobeov
ert
urnedby
t
heappel
l
atej
uri
sdi
cti
on.

 Onl
yrel
evantf
act
sar
eadmi
ssi
ble;

 Ar
elev
antf
actmustbel
egal
l
yrel
evanti
nor
dert
obeadmi
ssi
ble;

 Admi
ssi
onmustbemadei
ncompl
i
ancewi
tht
heI
ndi
anEv
idenceAct
,1872.

Dr
.Pandhar
eB.D.
[LL.
M.Ph.
D.]Asst
.Pr
of.NewLawCol
l
ege,
AhmednagarPage196