"Design and Development of Smart Helmet": Rajarambapu Institute of Technology Page 1

“DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMART HELMET”
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Security and safety is one of the most talked of topics in almost every aspect. Previously
the most compulsion is to wear the helmet for the bike rider’s .For the inconvenience caused
many of them failed to wear the helmet which caused the death of the people. Keeping in the
view of the inconvenience caused in the helmet there is need to implement changes in helmet
In countries like India where bikes are more prevalent many people die due to
carelessness caused in wearing helmets. Even though there have been continuous awareness
from the government authorities regarding helmets and seat belts a majority of the drivers do not
heed them.
Most of the people use traditional helmets just to prevent from challan done by traffic
control police not for the safety purposes. So, these helmets do not ensure the safety of the
driver. For two-wheeler rider, Helmet act as a basic protection device. But it does not ensure
whether the rider strictly follows the traffic rules or not. So, to overcome from this problem the
smart helmet can be used.
According to the WHO, road accidents caused an estimated 1.25 million deaths
worldwide in the year 2013. Most of the accidents occurring cause severe deaths due to rash
driving, not using safety measures. Many people don't realize that wearing a helmet reduces the
risk of a severe brain injury or even death (in some cases).
As per the data given on government website there are over 230 million registered
vehicles in India and the number has been growing at almost 10 per cent between 2006 and 2016.
The level of vulnerability of road-users to accidents is high as the same road space is shared
among wide variety of motorized and non-motorized vehicles and pedestrians. Among motorized
vehicles, two-wheelers constitute 73.5 per cent and light motor vehicles comprising of cars,
jeeps and taxis constitute 13.1 per cent. Non-motorized vehicles on the roads include cycles,
cycle rickshaws, hand-drawn carts, animal drawn carts. Motorized vehicles accounted for 91.6
per cent of the total road accidents during the calendar year 2017 as against 95.5 per cent in
2016.Within motorized vehicle categories, two-wheelers accounted for the highest share in total
road accidents (33.9%).
RAJARAMBAPU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 1

Two-wheeler accounted for the highest vehicle category-wise share in road accidents, but
the category also dominates the composition of registered vehicles in the country. When the
share of different vehicle category involved in accident are related to the respective shares in
total registered vehicles, it becomes evident that it is, in fact, larger vehicles which are relatively
more accident prone than two-wheelers.
Chart 1 :- Share of different vehicle types in road accidents 2017

(Ref.:- http://morth.nic.in/state-wise-data)

Table 1:- Number Of Road Accidents And Persons Involved: 2005 To 2017
Chart 2 :- Graphical Presentation of Two Wheeler Accidents

In today’s era, especially in the young generation, the craze to ride bike is rapidly
increasing. The middle class families prefer to buy two-wheeler over four-wheeler because of
their low price. As the number of two-wheeler on the road are increasing, road mishaps are also
increasing day by day. In the event of an accident, lack of timely medical attention to the injured
person may lead to death. Thus, there is a need for a system which ensures safety of rider by
enforcing rider to wear helmet as per government guidelines and also assist in providing the rider
for a medical assistance in the event of an accident.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
1) Prajitha Prasad A, Reshma Mohan, et.al [1] paper describes a safety system which is
integrated with the smart helmet and intelligent bike to reduce the probability of two-
wheeler accidents and drunken drive cases. When the rider crashes, helmet hits the
ground, sensors detect the motion and tilts of helmet and reports the occurrence of an
accident. It sends information of the corresponding location to family members of the
rider and emergency contact number.
2) Mansi Patil, Roshni Mudradi, et. al [2] Paper described a wireless helmet system that
follows GPS and GSM modules. The quick communication between the hospitals and the
GSM and GPS modules proves to be beneficial for the user by the means of medical
facilities. The additional benefit provided by the helmet is the theft detection which
works in synchronization with GPS and GSM modules.
3) Prof. Dipak Patil, Shruti Shekhawat, Rukhasar Shaikh [3]Paper describes the helmet will
be connected to vehicle ignition system which will be electronically controlled having
sensors inside it, which will help to start the ignition. i.e. switch ON/OFF ignition. In this
system the rider has to compulsorily wear the helmet while driving. Moreover as the rider
can neither starts nor run the vehicle without wearing the helmet it check that the rider
has to wear the helmet at all times while riding the vehicle.
4) Kajal Thakre, Pranali Waskar, Pooja Sawant, Suchita Naik, Sumita Chandak [4]
paperdescribes working of this smart helmet using Microcontroller is very simple, here
we place the vibration sensors in different places of helmet where the probability of
hitting is more which are connected to Microcontroller. So when the rider crashes and the
helmet hits the ground, the sensors sense and the Microcontroller extract data using the
GSM module that is interfaced with Microcontroller.

5) Mr.P.DileepKumar, Dr.G.N.Kodanda Ramaiah, et. al. [5] Paper describesthe Bluetooth

device inside the helmet we can avoid the handy talking and also it is very difficult to find the
person where he met with an accident.
6) Jennifer William, Kaustubh Padwal, et. al. [6] Paper describes an intelligent helmet. A
module affixed in the helmet, such that, the module will sync with the module affixed on bike
and will also ensure that biker has not consumed alcohol. Additional feature of accident
detection module will be installed on the bike ,which will be able to detect accident and will be
able to notify quickly the accident to police control room and in case if the accident is minor,
rider can abort message sending by pressing the abort switch.
7) Saravana Kumar K, Anjana.B.S et. al. [7]paper focuses on the methods that can be
implemented to reduce the impact of road accidents. In this paper, we propose building a system
that can be implemented by installing it on a bike which works with the helmet that is being
worn to make the rider to wear the helmet before riding the bike.
8) Arpitha Gowda H N,Chethana R et.al. [8] Paper describesan accident avoidance prototype
using IoT. The prototype consists of two units namely helmet unit and vehicle unit which use
sensors such as alcohol sensor, touch sensor and accelerometer sensor. The communication
between the two units is established through RF signal transmission. The administrator is able to
keep track of rider’s status using GSM and an android application is provided as an alternative in
case of helmet lost.
9) Akshay B Patil, Krishna B S et. al. [9] Paper describessmart helmet designed by us could
help the motorcyclist to reduce the injuries to head and face. The system consists of a control
unit Raspberrypi microcontroller which is responsible for guiding the sensors, display, and
camera connected to it. Sensors used are alcohol sensor which is responsible for checking the
alcohol content of the rider. Gyroscope sensor is used to guide the riding during left and right
turn by indicating using led indicators. A proximity sensor is used to detect whether the
motorcyclist is wearing the helmet or not. Picamera is attached to the backside of the helmet; the
camera captures the images and displays it on head-up display screen fitted inside the helmet.

10) RutujaR.Maske. KrutikaB.Shinde, Prof. J.R. Kamble [10]Paper describes a system that can
detect an accident, detect the person is wearing helmet or not and rider is over-consumed
alcohol. For this purpose, we use Arduinouno as a Microcontroller and some onboard sensors-
shock sensor, breath analyzer, Accelerometer Sensor, Infrared Sensor and location tracking GPS.

CHAPTER 3
DESIGN OF HELMET
3.1 Block Diagram of Project
The system mainly consists of two major units [2] as shown in Figure 3.1 and
Figure 3.2. They are:-
 Helmet Unit
 Vehicle Unit
Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of Helmet Unit
As shown in Figure 3.1, the Eye-blink sensor senses the wearing of helmet by receiving
reflected rays by cornea per minute and the gas/alcohol sensors senses the alcohol in the breath.
If the quantity of alcohol is less than the permissible limit and rider is wearing helmet then the
required criteria is met and the signal is sent from the helmet unit to the vehicle unit through
ZigBee. Upon receiving proper signal from the helmet unit through ZigBee as shown in Figure
3.2,

Figure 3.2: Block Diagram of Vehicle Unit
Upon receiving proper signal from the helmet unit through ZigBee as shown in Figure 3.2,
vehicle unit starts ignition system of bike. In case accident occurs then the vibrator sensor
present in the vehicle unit senses change of frequency caused due to impact of accident and
it turns off relay in order to turn-off vehicle. If rider is conscious or in case of false
accident detection, rider can turn off ignition key to avoid unnecessary message to relatives
else, GSM module will send message with geometric coordinates using GPS module.
3.2 Schematic Diagram of Helmet Unit & Vehicle Unit

The schematic diagram of Accident Detection, Theft & Drive Protection using Intelligent
Wireless Safety Helmet is shown in Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4.
As shown in Figure 3.3 battery is connected to LPC 2148 board mounted with voltage regulator
which provide 5 V power supply to ZigBee, Alcohol/Gas sensor, Eye-blink sensor and vibrator
sensor. Figure 4.7 shows the pin description of LPC 2148. Pin 12 and pin 22 of port 0 of arm

processor are assigned to alcohol sensor and eye-blink sensor. whereas P0.0TX is connected to
transmitter end of ZigBee to send signal to vehicle unit.
Figure 3.3: Schematic Diagram of Helmet Unit
The battery of bike is connected to Arm Board LPC 2148 and voltage regulator mounted on it
provides a power supply of 5 V to all components connected to vehicle unit excluding relay
which is provided with 12 V directly from battery as shown in Figure 3.4. Pin 15 to pin 21 of
port 0 is connected to LCD display in which pin 18 to pin 21 is used as data bus to show output
and pin 29 is an external interrupt connected to switch. GSM transmits signal using transmitter
pin 8 and GPS receive signal through pin 1 of port 0.

Figure 3.4: Schematic Diagram of Vehicle Unit
3.1 Flowchart :
A flowchart is a pictorial representation of a process using different symbols containing

information about steps or sequence of events. Each of these symbols is linked with arrows to
illustrate the flow direction of the process. The flowchart describes the functionality of the
”Accident Detection, Theft and Drive Protection using Intelligent Wireless Safety Helmet”. The
helmet unit continuously checks ” Helmet wearing ” and ” Alcohol sensing ”. If condition is
met then helmet unit sends affirmative signal to vehicle unit through ZigBee. Thereafter,
vehicle starts/keep moving as shown in Figure 3.5. When accident takes place then
 GSM module sends location using GPS to saved contact list.
 If rider is conscious then ignition switch can be turned OFF to stop sending location.

Figure 3.5: Flowchart

CHAPTER 4
MANUFACTURING
Hardware Description
The chapter gives the overview of the Accident Detection, Theft and Drive Protection using
intelligent Wireless Safety Helmet. It discusses about the Sensors, GPS & GSM module, ARM Board and
ZigBee Module.
4.1 Sensor
A sensor is a device that detects and responds to some type of input from the physical
environment. The specific input could be alcohol, motion, pressure, or any of the
environmental phenomena. The output is generally a signal that is converted to human
readable display at the sensor for location or transmitted electronically over a network
for reading or further processing.
Gas/Alcohol Sensor
MQ-5 gas sensor shown in Figure 4.1 has high sensitivity to Alcohol, and has good
resistance to gasoline, smoke and vapors. The sensor could be used to detect alcohol with
different concentration. It has low cost and is suitable for different application. The sensor is
composed of micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring electrode
and heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless steel net. The heater provides
necessary work condition for sensitive components. The enveloped MQ-4 has 6 pin, 4 of them
are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current. Resistance
value of MQ-5 is different for various kinds and various concentration gases [3]. So,
While using this component, sensitivity adjustment is very necessary to sense alcohol
upto certain level given by Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.1: Gas sensor
Figure 4.2: Characteristics graph
Eye Blink Sensor

The Objective of this project is to develop a system to keep the vehicle secure and
protect it by the occupation of the intruders.
The Eye Blink sensor shown in Figure 4.3 is IR based, the position of eye-lid will vary as per eye
blink. If the eye is closed means the output is low otherwise output is high. This is to know that
eye is in close or in open position. Then, output is given to logic circuit to indicate that rider is
wearing helmet or not.

Figure 4.3: Eye Blink Sensor
Vibration Sensor
The vibration sensor with certain range of frequency is fixed in the vehicle. It
operates at frequency 315 MHz. In case the vehicle crash with another vehicle or to any
other obstacle, the vibration sensor as shown in Figure 4.4 detects whether the
frequency generated due to vibration is within the range or not. If it is greater, it reports
as accident and activates the auto-dialler. Mean while if rider turn OFF ignition switch
then message to relatives can be avoided.
Figure 4.4: Vibrator Sensor
4.1 ZigBee Module
ZigBee-style networks began to be conceived around 1999, when many installers realized that both
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth were going to be unsuitable for many applications. In particular, there is a
need for self-organizing of digital radio networks. ZigBee module is shown in Figure 4.5.

Figure 4.5: ZigBee
ZigBee is based on an IEEE 802.15 standard built from small, low power digital radios. Though
low powered, ZigBee device can transmit data over long distances by passing data through
intermediate devices to reach more distant ones by creating a mess network i.e. a network with
no centralized control or high power transmitter/receiver able to reach all of the networked
devices. The decentralized nature of such wireless networks make it suitable for applications
where a central node can’t be relied upon.
ZigBee has following features:
 Low data rate of 250 Kbit/s (best suited for periodic or intermediate data or a single signal
transmission from a sensor or input device).
 Easy to understand and less expensive compared to Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.
 ZigBee networks are secured by 128 bit symmetric encryption keys.

 The transmission distances range from 10 to 100 meters in line-of-sight.
The project aim to continuously send output signal from Gas sensor and Eye-blink sensor of
Helmet unit to Vehicle unit. To accomplish this, Helmet unit is mounted with transmitter part and
Vehicle unit mounted with receiver part of ZigBee.
4.1 ARM Processor

The control circuitry of the system is the ARM processor. The important reason for implementing
the system on ARM processor is the concern of the speed and load. It has to be taken into account that the
response of the system should be very fast. In order to do this, the ARM processor is preferred over the
micro-controller as the amount of propagation delay is more in micro-controller than that in the ARM.
The power consumption and packaging of the ARM is also better compared to micro-controller. Also, the
micro-controller do not provide flexibility of adding more features to the existing block. In this project,
LPC-2148 [4] is being used as it provides open-source platform used for building electronics projects.
LPC supports a piece of software, IDE(Integrated Development Environment) that runs on a computer,
used to write and upload computer code to the physical code as shown in Figure 4.6.
Figure 4.6: LPC 2148
Features:
NXP ARM7TDMI LPC 2148 micro-controller with 512 KB program Flash and 32+8 KByte SRAM
 12.0000 MHz crystal for maximum execution speed and standard serial bit rates
 Phase-locked loop (PLL) multiplies frequency with five; 5 x 12 MHz = 60 MHz
 2x16 character LCD with background light
 20-pin JTAG (Joint Test Action Group)

 2.1 mm power supply connector
 On-board low-dropout voltage and reset generation
 Generates +3.3 V (and +5 V if 9-15 V DC is used to power the board)
 8. +3.3 V available for external circuits, up to 300 mA
 Four layer PCB (FR-4 material) for best noise immunity
 Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock input
In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot loader

software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of 256 B in 1 ms.

Pin Description of LPC 2148
Figure 4.7: LPC 2148 Pin Description
Pin Function Select Register

There are three PINSEL registers:PINSEL0, PINSEL1 and PINSEL2. Pin selection
organization shown in Figure 4.8 can be summarized as follows: PINSEL0 contains
GPIO pins 0.0 to 0.15.
PINSEL1 contains GPIO pins 0.16 to 0.31.
PINSEL2 is a special case, and is used to control whether pins 1.16..31 are used as GPIO pins,
or as a debug port in combination with a hardware JTAG debugger.
To select a specific function shown in Figure 4.9 one the following 2-bit values to the
appropriate location in PINSEL register:

Figure 4.8: PIN selection organization
Figure 4.9: Function selection
4.4 GPS & GSM Module

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a standard developed by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe protocols for second generation (2G)
digital cellular networks used by mobile phones.
SIM300 module is a Dual-band GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies EGSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800
MHz.It supports features like Voice, Data, SMS, GPRS and integrated TCP/IP stack. It is controlled via AT
commands and enhanced AT commands and uses DC power i.e. 3.6 - 4.6 volts maximum and its current
consumption in normal operation is 250 mA, that can rise up to 1A while transmission. It identifies the
phone number when a call is made to it and if it is correct.The GPS shown in Figure 4.11 fixes the GPS
satellites.

Figure 4.10: GSM
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space based satellite navigation system that
provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth
where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The system provides
critical capabilities to military, civil and commercial users around the world.
Here, GPS module provides latitude and longitude of place of accident which can be traced
using android application.
Figure 4.11: GPS
4.5 Relay Module
A relay is an electrically operated switch that allows to turn ON or OFF a circuit using
voltage and/or current much higher than the ARM could handle. There is no connection
between the low voltage circuit operated by ARM and the high power circuit.
The relay shown in Figure 4.12 protects each circuit from each other. It is a simple

mechanical switch which activates when the input reaches 5 V and turns OFF when
the input is 0 V.
4.6 LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module. A 16x2 LCD
display shown in Figure 4.13 is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices
and circuits. So, it is preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons
being:
1. LCDs are economical
2. Easily programmable
3. and have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven
segments) animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command
and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command
is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen,
setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be
displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.
Pin diagram of 16x2 character LCD is shown in Figure 4.14.
Figure 4.13: LCD

Figure 4.14: Pin diagram of LCD
Features of LCD:
1. Built-in controller
2. +5V power supply
3. 1/16 duty cycle
4.7 Ignition switch

There are different ignition switch for different bikes i.e 2 lines, 3 lines, 6 lines and so on.
For Passion Pro, 3 line Ignition switch has been used. It can switch ON/OFF ignition system and
can lock handle to avoid theft [6]. Here, switch shown in Figure 4.15 is used to switch ON/OFF
ignition system depending upon objectives programmed in the project.
Figure 4.15: Ignition Switch

Software Description
5.1 Kiel micro-Vision 4 (Microcontroller Programming and simulation)
The program is written in C language using Kiel Software (micro-vision 4) and dumped
to the micro-controller using Flash Magic. Kiel micro-vision is an integrated
development environment which allows the program to be written either in assembly or
C language and simulated on a computer before being loaded onto the micro controller.
To create a new project in micro-Vision4. Following are the steps carried out:
1. Select Project New Project.
2. Select a directory and enter the name of the project file.
3. Select Project Select Device and select a device from Device Database. When the target
device is selected from the Device Database, all-special options are set automatically.
4. Create source files to add to the project.
5. Select Project Targets, and Files. Add/Files, select Source Group1, and add the source files to
the project.
6. Select Project menu Options and set the tool options.
7. Select Target Tab- Change XTAL(MHz) frequency to 11.0592 MHz.
8. Select Output Tab-Click on create hex file check box.
9. Click Ok button.
10. Select Project Rebuild all target files or Build target.
11. In the Build Window, it should report 0 errors(s)’, 0 warnings.

Result
The project ” Accident Detection, Theft & Drive Protection using Intelligent Wireless
Safety Helmet ” best suits to accomplish following objectives:
6.1 Status of rider wearing helmet
With the help of Eye-blink sensor, driving without helmet can be avoided. As Eye
Blink sensor is IR based, the variation across the eye will vary as per eye blink. If the
eye is closed means the output is high otherwise output is low. If output is high then
rider is not wearing helmet as shown in Figure 6.1 and vice-versa.
Figure 6.1: Helmet detection result
6.2 Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) Test
Illegal consumption of alcohol during driving is 0.08 mg/L as per the government act but for
demonstration purpose, It is programmed to the threshold limit 0.04 mg/L. Threshold can be
adjusted using potentiometer.
If sensitivity of MQ-5 is more than 0.04 mg/L of alcohol in breath then ZigBee of Helmet unit
will communicate with vehicle unit and show ” alcohol detected ” as shown in Figure 6.2,
thereafter ignition system get switched OFF.

Figure 6.2: Alcohol detection result
6.3 Accident Detection
A range of frequency generated depending upon vibration produced due to accident or obstacle.
If frequency is greater than threshold value then vehicle unit shows accident detected as shown in
Figure 6.3: Accident detection result
6.4 Accident location
Once, vehicle unit shows ” Accident Detected ” then GSM sends location of accident with the
help of GPS. It sends latitude and longitude continuously to saved SIM numbers as shown in
Figure 6.4 till Ignition system is turned OFF.

Figure 6.4: Accident intimation result

CHAPTER 5
SOFWARE ANALYSIS IN FEA IN HYPERMESH
The helmets were tested with these materials to analyze which ones have the best
protection. We consider a helmet successful, when it avoids significant stresses in the brain and
the skull in impact situations. The helmet must be strong enough to protect the head and light
enough to not hinder the performance and comfort of the user.
The method utilized for this study is the Finite Element Analysis: a numerical
approximation method also known as the Matrix Structural Analysis, due to its use of matrix
algebra to solve systems of simultaneous equations. The Finite Element Analysis investigates
the behavior of complex structures by breaking them down into smaller pieces, which consist
of elements connected by nodes. After that, it is possible to assign the elements and compute
stresses and displacements on the entire body. The simulations run in this paper are dynamic
in nature, due to the impact cases analyzed.
TEST PROCEDURE:
Step 1: Preprocessing
At this point, after deciding what kind of helmets would be simulated, a Computer Aided
Design (CAD) model for a skull, a brain, and for each helmet were taken. In the pre-processing
part, the software used in the analysis was Hypermesh. The models already in the appropriate
extension (*.iges,*.prt, *.stp, *.igs,) .In FEM, the meshes are the fundamental part for the
whole process, because it is where the model is divided into small discrete elements.
Constraints are also applied at this step.
Step 2: Processing

Afterwards, when the model is totally meshed the second part of the process called
processing begins. The input file exported from Hypermesh – now with the *.inp extension –
contains the code that describes all the model nodes and elements created. At last, important
information such as processing velocity and number of intervals are set at this point. After
that, the file is ready to be used in ABAQUS, the program that will run all the analysis.
Step 3. Post Processing
When all the procedures above are completed, the next step is the post-processing part, using
ABAQUS Viewer to analyze the results obtained previously in the simulation. The displacement
and stresses of the assembled body are the main data taken from this analysis. Finally, one must
note that these models do not have the ability to produce fracture, but rather assume the material
will continue to deform. Therefore, it is only providing a qualitative assessment of the helmet
protection of the brain and skull; however the results are still useful to indicate safety of helmet
use and should be taken at face value.
This requires much more detailed skull designs and material models, which were not
available to us and are beyond the scope of this work. The novelty, in this paper is to start
considering brain modeling in future simulation and evaluation work. In addition, we do not look
beyond the skull and brain, thus no additional parts of the body are analyzed, such as the spine or
neck.
Table 1. Material Properties

Fig-1: Medium head form dimension

Fig-2: 3D Model of Helmet
Fig-3: Helmet FE Model
HyperMesh 13 was used to develop mesh on CAD surface of the helmet. Figure 4 shows
the FE model of the helmet shell and its padding.
IS5151.6mm steel sheet metal was used for helmet shell. A bilinear material property was
used to check its nonlinear behavior. Foam properties were taken from the previous research.
The helmet assembly was integrated with an anvil. The gap between padding and headform was
adjusted to avoid penetration in the model as shown in figure 5.

Fig-4: Helmet FE Model with the headform
FMVSS 218 hemispherical impact test simulation setup was done as shown in figure 6. As per
test requirements, initial velocity was set as 5.2 m/s.
Fig-5: FMVSS 218 test setup

The anatomy of the brain is shown in figure 7. Similarly, three impact locations were selected
to check the helmet protection.
Fig-6: Brain lobes and locations
Figure 8 shows the three impact scenario. These cases mainly named:
1.Parietal
2.Temporal
3.Occipital
Initially, the parietal impact case was simulated using the baseline foam properties. Further
foam stiffness was reduced by 10 times to improve the helmet protection. Finally, rest two cases
i.e. temporal and occipital locations with lower stiffness foam were simulated. As per the test
requirements, the peak acceleration of the assembly should not exceed 400g.

Fig-7: Test scenario for (a) Parietal (b) Temporal and (c) Occipital impact cases
 RESULTS
Figure 8 shows the cross-sectional view of parietal impact test simulation. A deep deformation
was observed on the impact location.
Fig-8: Cross section of helmet assembly and helmet deformation with stiffer foam in parietal
impact
Figure 9 shows the cross-sectional view of parietal impact test simulation in lower stiffness foam
case. A deep deformation was observed in the impact location. Higher deformation was found in
case of lower foam stiffness case.

Fig-9: Cross section of helmet assembly and helmet deformation with low stiffer foam
in parietal impact
Figure 10 shows the cross-sectional view of temporal impact test simulation in lower stiffness
foam case. A deep deformation was observed in the impact location. Higher deformation was
found in case of lower foam stiffness case.
Fig-10: Cross section of helmet assembly and helmet deformation with low stiffer foam in
the temporal direction

Figure 11 shows the cross-sectional view of occipital impact test simulation in lower stiffness
foam case. A deep deformation was observed in the impact location. Higher deformation was
found in case of lower foam stiffness case.
Fig-11: Cross section of helmet assembly and helmet deformation with low stiffer foam in
occipital direction

Graph 1: Headform Acceleration in high stiffer foam in parietal direction
Graph 1 shows the acceleration time history of headform helmet assembly in parietal impact
location with the high stiffness of foam. The peak acceleration was found to be higher than the
criteria i.e. 400g.

Graph 2: Headform Acceleration in low stiffer foam in Parietal direction
Graph 2 shows the acceleration time history of headform helmet assembly in parietal impact
location with the low stiffness of foam. The peak acceleration was found to be lower than the
criteria i.e. 400g.

Graph 3: Head form Acceleration in low stiffer foam in Temporal direction
Graph 3 shows the acceleration time history of headform helmet assembly in temporal impact
criteria i.e. 400g.

Graph 4: Headform Acceleration in low stiffer foam in occipital direction
Graph 4 shows the acceleration time history of headform helmet assembly in occipital impact
criteria i.e. 400g.

CHAPTER 6
FUTURE SCOPE
By implementing this system a safe two wheeler journey is possible which would
decrease the head injuries during accidents and also reduce the accident rate due to driving bike
after consuming alcohol.
A helmet may not be a 100% foolproof but is definitely the first line of defense for the
rider in case of an accident to prevent fatal brain injuries. The proposed approach makes it
mandatory for the rider to use this protective guard in order to drive a two-wheeler vehicle and
ensures the safety of the human brain and therefore reduces the risks of brain injuries and deaths
in case of an accident. Besides, the developed system prevents theft of the two- wheeler.
In future this intelligent system can be fabricated in a compact size so that it is globally
acceptable to notify No entry and No parking areas. Government must enforce laws to install
such system in every two wheeler. By implementing such mechanism in two wheeler, deaths due
to driving under influence of alcohol and other road fatalities can be minimized to large extent.

CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
1) Prajitha Prasad A, Reshma Mohan, et.al “SMART HELMET AND INTELLIGENT BIKE
SYSTEM” Technical Research Organization of India 2394-0697, VOLUME-5, ISSUE-5,
2018.
2) Mansi Patil, Roshni Mudradi, et. al “Intelligent Safety Helmet System” IOSR Journal of
EngineeringISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719 Volume 8, PP 87-91.
3) Prof. Dipak Patil, Shruti Shekhawat, Rukhasar Shaikh“SMART HELMET” International

Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering
(IJARECE)Volume 5, Issue 1, January 2016.
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With Multifeatures” International Journal of Engineering Inventions e-ISSN: 2278-7461, p-
ISSN: 2319-6491 Volume 4, Issue 10 [June 2015] PP: 06-11.
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“Intelligent Helmet” International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 7,
Issue 3, March-2016 ISSN 2229-5518.
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“DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMART HELMET”

RAJARAMBAPU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page 1

Chart 1 :- Share of different vehicle types in road accidents 2017

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Chart 2 :- Graphical Presentation of Two Wheeler Accidents

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5) Mr.P.DileepKumar, Dr.G.N.Kodanda Ramaiah, et. al. [5] Paper describesthe Bluetooth

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Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of Helmet Unit

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Figure 3.2: Block Diagram of Vehicle Unit

3.2 Schematic Diagram of Helmet Unit & Vehicle Unit

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Figure 3.3: Schematic Diagram of Helmet Unit

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Figure 3.4: Schematic Diagram of Vehicle Unit

A flowchart is a pictorial representation of a process using different symbols containing

 GSM module sends location using GPS to saved contact list.

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Figure 3.5: Flowchart

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Figure 4.1: Gas sensor

Figure 4.2: Characteristics graph

Eye Blink Sensor

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Figure 4.3: Eye Blink Sensor

4.1 ZigBee Module

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Figure 4.5: ZigBee

 Easy to understand and less expensive compared to Wi-Fi or Bluetooth.

 ZigBee networks are secured by 128 bit symmetric encryption keys.

4.1 ARM Processor

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Figure 4.6: LPC 2148

 Phase-locked loop (PLL) multiplies frequency with five; 5 x 12 MHz = 60 MHz

 2x16 character LCD with background light

 20-pin JTAG (Joint Test Action Group)

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 2.1 mm power supply connector

 On-board low-dropout voltage and reset generation

 Generates +3.3 V (and +5 V if 9-15 V DC is used to power the board)

 8. +3.3 V available for external circuits, up to 300 mA

 Four layer PCB (FR-4 material) for best noise immunity

In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot loader

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Pin Description of LPC 2148

Figure 4.7: LPC 2148 Pin Description

Pin Function Select Register

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Figure 4.8: PIN selection organization

Figure 4.9: Function selection

4.4 GPS & GSM Module

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Figure 4.10: GSM

Figure 4.11: GPS

4.5 Relay Module

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Figure 4.13: LCD

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