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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Career preferences are free opportunity to select a desired career. It is

also a decision-making in a confusing situation which occurs during the senior
year if high school level. When one is confused in choosing career, he/she relies
on their friends and relatives. They were confused in sense that they cannot
make their own decision and not yet ready to get into college.

Careers are considered to road to a good life .A profession defines social

status ,income, leisure activities, vacations ,type of job-related activities and
conditions of employment (Herr & Cramer,1992).Since students make choices
that lead to a profession in which they lead high school, they ultimately choose a
career without knowing the outcome of their choices (Heckhausen,2002).Choices
can also contribute to downward and upward mobility, thereby having significant
effects on adult life(Heckhausen & Tomasik,2002).

According to Ahmad (2017) the right career choice for the students
entering into the professional education is critical having high impact on their
professional life and future achievement. The career choice of the students must
need to base on strong knowledge, complete information, and approximately
guided, matching individual personality type and other intrinsic and extrinsic
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factors. The students need to be oriented on new emerging trends, future

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opportunities and challenges in the context of career choice options. They need
to know the prevalent market trends and practices and job scenario of various
sectors.

Parents have been cited as a strong influential factor in their children’s

career decision making (Middleton & Loughead 2009). State further, the
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researchers chose this study to determine the factors influencing the career
preference of grade 12 IA students.

The study will benefit not only the students but the school also. It will make
them easier to implement the right course desired by the students. This study is
important for the beneficiary of the students who are confused on what course
they will take in college.

Conceptual Frameworks
Research indicates that there are many factors affecting student’s career
choice of IA 12 in San Paschal Senior High School 1.
Career decision-making is linked to Jung's theory, which notes that a
person's mental dimension is based on the intrinsic and extrinsic understanding
of which occupation and profession they are likely to face in future (Carroll,
2012).
Input Process Output

Factors Affecting Gather Plan of action that

Career Choice of information by can be utilized in
IA 12 students in conducting addressing the
San Pascual research using factors affecting
Senior High questionnaire career choice of
School 1 IA 12 students
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Figure 1 Research Paradigm

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An arrow from the first box which is factors affecting students career
choice of IA 12 in San Pascual Senior High School 1are pointed to the second
box as the process of the study. The process involved in the study were the data
gathering and data analysis using the researchers-made questionnaire, library
research and articles based on the career preferences of grade 12 EIM student.
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The researchers correlate the profile of the respondents and the factor
influencing their course interest. After careful of the findings of the study, the
researchers conceptualized the output of the study.

The output of this research was an action plan. As a result, the

researchers will create an action plan that can be utilized in addressing the
factors affecting students' career choice.

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to describe the factors affecting career choice of IA 12 in

the San Pascual Senior High School 1, SY 2019-2020.

This specifically sought answer to the following questions:

1. What are the common career choice of the respondents?

2. To what extent are the factors influence the student's career choice?

3. Based on the findings, what output may be proposed?

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Scope and Limitation

This study focused the two sections of Grade 12 IA students of San

Pascual Senior High School 1, this was conducted during the school year 2019-
2020. This includes the identification of the course they would take in college IA
11 are not within the scope of this research for the reason that this study is only
on candidate for graduation. This study would be done through the utilization of
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questionnaire to the students as a survey and reference. By this strategy the

researchers will be able to know the course that IA 12 students would take in
college.

Significance of the Study

The researchers truly believed that this study is very significant and it is
beneficial to the following:

School Administrator. The application of this study can be introduced to the

faculty of this institution that will serve as their basis on executing the right career
preference based on student interest.

Subject Group Head. The study is a great help for the subject group heads for
they can employ the primary results and findings in collaborating with the other
teachers in enhancing the skills of students with regards to career preferences of
students.

Teachers. From the data gathered and drawn conclusion this study can help
teachers to promote learnings particularly in molding the skills of the students
and to add further information about what career preference students are more
interested in.

Students. The key output of this research can benefit them to avoid confusion in
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taking their desired course and to improve their academic performance and
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social functioning.

Parents. This study would benefit them to give a sense of fulfillment in the
performance of their children.

Future Researchers. The leading concept of this research is essential to them to

give idea to prove another phenomenon. This would serve as their source of
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information or reference for the studies that they are intended to tackle that has
some relation to this.

Definition of terms

To have better understanding of this study, the researchers defined the

following terms conceptually and operationally.
Career - It is a job or occupation regarded as a long term as lifelong activity
(http:/career.insearchnet.com/career.choice/)

Environment. The complex of physical factors that make up our surroundings and
in turn act upon us (http://www..britannica.com/science/environment).

EIM. One of the specialized subjects under the technical-vocational/livelihood

(TVL) career track (://www.honolulu.hawaii.edu/eimt)

Opportunity. An occasion or situation which makes it possible to do something

that you want to do or have to do, or the possibility of doing something
(https://dictionarycambridgeorg.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/dictionary.cambridge.org/
us/amp/english/opportunity?.amp_js_v=a2....)
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter focuses on the related literature and related studies used by
the researchers as basis in conducting this study. It explains the significant
information about the references on this specific study.

Conceptual Literature

This part includes the topics connected to the present study. These are
taken from the different sources to strengthen the study by presenting the
organized idea, claims and arguments of the experts.

Career Preferences. Career selection decision making process is one of the key
elements in an individual’s life. There exist numerous problems encountered by
students in their process of career selection. Wrong career selection opens the
door for lifelong consequences. Such individuals by underperforming becomes a
source of inefficiency not only for themselves, their organization but also for the
economy as a whole (Olamide and Olawaiye, 2013).

The first factor in career choice, environment, may influence the career
students choose. For example, students who have lived on an island may choose
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a career dealing with the water, or they may choose to leave the island behind,
never to have anything to do with water again. Maybe someone in the student’s
life has made a significant impact or impression, leading to a definite career
choice. Parent’s educational background may influence student views on
whether or not to continue their education. Someone they saw on television may
have influenced the student, or parents may have demanded that they Career
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assume a family business. These are various environmental factors that would
lead a student to a chosen career (Borchert, 2010).

Personal values and desires have seldom been realized without the active
and conscious efforts on the part of the student. The student must be motivated
to orchestrate the outcome. If the student wants to work in the career choice
process, the student must know and understand the realities of that process.
Only when the student has developed awareness, can they begin to avoid
dealing with the myths within the process as a whole. It is at that point the
student develops a practical plan of action to get what they want from the
decisions of their career choice. Most students have built career plans on the
myths of what we think should be rather on the reality of what is, so stated
(Welier, 2006).

It is important for students to have a good understanding of themselves,

their personality, if they are to make intelligent career plans. What they would like
to be, and what they are like, are determining factors in their career. The
personality factors to be considered include their mental abilities, special abilities,
and interests. Considered factors of mental abilities to be verbal comprehension,
word fluency ability, spatial ability, numerical ability, reasoning ability, and
memory. Matched careers with abilities in backing up her reasoning. Urged
students to become familiar with their personality in order to guide their career
choice. A developed career plan included evaluation of personality through self-
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assessment, and communication with others, another trait that depended heavily
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on personality (Harris and Jones, 2010).

Studies conducted in different countries different cultures can sum up with

different relationships among variables selected for the study; for example, in
Kenya personality types and interest in subject is a factor that impacts lot on
making career choices by the students, but if we look at this similar kind of study
conducted in South Africa where demographics and culture are totally different it,
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revealed that the financial factors impact on career choices of students (Fatima
Abrahams et. al.,2015)

Personality. How students have seen themselves in a role in which personality is

a determining factor may influence a chosen career. Some careers demand that
you have the personality to match the qualities of the occupation. For example,
sales people have to be outgoing. Said personality plays an important role in the
choosing of the right career. A student’s personality must be a self-motivated
type, as to investigate career possibilities from early on in their lives, and not the
procrastinating type that waits until they are compelled to decide. Students must
take seriously the role grades play in limiting opportunities in the future. Splaver
went on to say, It is important for you to have a good understanding of yourself,
your personality, if you are to make intelligent career plans (Splaver, 2012).

Personality, the need for the student to have left a favorable impression, is
an important issue during the interview process, prior to being offered a career
position. Personality has been a tough quality for parents and teachers to mold
into the individual especially if the career in question is not in agreement with the
student. In addition, contacts are a major job seeking method. The student’s
personality must match the criteria for their chosen career. It is helpful to
consider the attitudes people hold about themselves when choosing a career.
Attitudes about personality have been organized into consistent modes of
thinking, feeling and reacting to evaluation of our environment (Kroll et al., 2008).
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According to, Caucus,et.al.,(2015)people prefer the career that could

provide them sound basis for an improved standard of living. Career planning
done on individual basis is a plan as to how an individual would foster in his
profession. As regards the organizational level, it talks about promotional aspects
together with personal development quadrant. So briefly career planning is the
process whereby the individual himself or his organization help in pursuing area
capabilities and aims. In the process of making career choices, personality plays
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a significant role; productivity, fulfillment and motivation are directly related to the
individual. Lack of fit can be the most dangerous cause of dissatisfaction and
ends up in to the stress career failure (Rebecca et. al., 2016).

Environment. Environment plays a significant role in the career position the

student attains in many ways. The environment that is spoken about here is a
factor that is used to nurture decisions in career choice. Gender, for example has
played a significant role in this environment. In a statement released to the press
on the thirtieth anniversary of the Title IX barring of the sex discrimination, The
National Women’s Law Center stated that boys are still being steered toward the
traditional male jobs, which are higher paying. Girls are still expected to cluster
into the traditional fields of cosmetology, childcare, and other similar jobs. In
Florida for example, 99% of the students in cosmetology are female, while 100%
of the students taking plumbing are male. While it should be noted that lawsuits
were filed in these cases, not all states were guilty of gross failure on the part of
technical school to desegregate the jobs to both of the genders (Greenberger,
2002).

According to Herbart (2005), opines that a child coming from an

environment where he or she receives parental support and lives harmoniously is
more likely to be dictated by them. In such a scenario, a child's occupational
aspiration is most likely to be influenced by the parent profession.

Family Influence. Jobs are sometimes rooted in family tradition and

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expectations. Many jobs that young people want do not compare to the job they
actually get. Super states that it is better to treat this as the discrepancy between
aspiration and achievement. In that arena parents tend to try and influence their
children to get a better job and have a better life than they have. This would be
especially true among semi-skilled and unskilled workers and their children. The
self-improvement tradition goes back to the Fifteenth Century that immigrants
would leave their homes in order to seek a better life (Super, 2007).
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According to Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara, and Pastorelli (2001), an

individual environment, talents, skills, and academic achievement exert an
influence on career choice. In case of wrong choice, it may lead to resultant
failure and disappointment. Research shows homes, school, and social setup
influence an individual's career choice. Financial prospects influence the career
choice of men as they have to meet household expenses, whereas women show
more concern for social values and utility.

As stated by Super (2007), an important manifestation of that era meant

leaving home, or having to move to another community and leave ones kin. In
today’s world, one leaves ones home to attend school, and then to pursue career
opportunities which are better than those found at home. When one moves up in
the socioeconomic world today, it is only human to expect others to value that
which one values themselves. Our parents feel their career goals worthy, and in
most cases, will expect their children to follow suit.

Moreover, thus, a student, who has no value in education, in order to raise

themselves above their parent’s level, will likely be viewed as ungrateful by their
parents. In those cases, the student needs to have found a job/career that
started where their parent’s level of ability has left off. When education, skill,
abilities, and interests have not led to the same level of income producing jobs,
the discrepancy between aspiration and achievement has become a sore issue.

Socioeconomic status. Lectures indicated that limited finances available to

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students will affect them negatively in their preferences of profession selection.

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Their desires to become specialist in renowned fields like engineering, doctorate

etc. would be restricted by the availability of finances to them. He also argued
that in some cases even the children who belong to low status families ends up
entering in high status professions despite their high cost. This is because their
parents want them to enjoy those aspects of life that they have missed out due to
their insufficient wealth (Ushure, 2014).
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The same topic in which he found that opportunities opened to an

individual can contribute significantly in ones choice of desirable career. Poverty
and income constraints hinder their way of career success so these opportunities
in various forms help them in shaping their career path (Fizer, 2013).

Related Studies

The researchers reviewed related studies conducted along the line on the
particular career choice of Grade 12 EIM students and factors influencing their
career choice. The following are some related investigations conducted found
useful to the present students.

A study conducted by Rebecca et. al., (2016) there is a relationship

between personality types, and career choice. Most of the students were
satisfied with the course they selected before entering the university which
indicates that suitable career choice for students would improve satisfaction and
success in their course of study and future employment. But on the other side,
when students make changes in their course section it indicated that the choices
of subject selection did not go in line with their future career choices.
Consequently, it constructs probability of the status of the relationship between
personality types and career choice among undergraduate students in Kenya.
The study revealed that there is a significant relationship between personality
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types and career choices among undergraduate students. In conclusion of the

study of Rebecca, it tells when students make changes in their courses it indicate
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that the subject selection did not go in their future career choice.

Christine (2005) study conducted in South Africa on 770 students to

determine the relationship between the personality traits and career choices, and
because of cultural and environmental change the relationship seems weaker as
compared to other countries. 770 respondents completed the Sixteen Personality
Factor Questionnaire (16PF) and the Interest Questionnaire (INQ). Partial
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correlations showed that gender and race may influence these relationships,
however these were slight changes.

In conclusion of the study of Christine, it tells gender and race may

influence seems weaker compared to other country.

A research that was conducted by Zing (2007) concluded that personal

liking of an individual towards a particular subject contributes in his career
selection decision. Zing found that interest depicted by students in some subjects
will mostly lead to the better examination performance and selection of
profession in the same direction.

In conclusion of the study of Zing, it tells based on the students interest

can have better examination performance and selection of profession in the
same direction. Edward and Quinter (2012) investigation disclosed that an
individual’s proclivity towards a particular field or subject, its predilection for a
particular job and match between his personality and selected professions is an
important factor contributing in career path. In conclusion of the study of Edward
and Quinter, it tells that a particular job and match based on his personality and
selected professions is an important factor in career path.

In a dissertation by Brien (2008), the subjects were based on case studies

of six different high school students interested in enrolling into a program titled
Work bound. Work bound is considered an opportunity only available to some
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students during their high school experience. The perceptions of these students
upon entering a structured cooperative work program varied from eager to
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skeptical and suspicious to a resume´ builder. Students see the world in many
different ways according to Brien. The various views were described in the
interviews that took place during implementation of that Work bound program.
Opportunities that students pointed out in these interviews motivated students to
pursue future career choices with every one of these students. These
motivational values will affect them for the rest of their lives. The perceptions and
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eventual decisions these students made were based on the microcosm of the
previous opportunities during the first seventeen to eighteen years of their lives.
These formative years include the history from which student draw, to make
decisions concerning the rest of their lives. That is not to say there isn’t a time
later on in life for modifying and re-grouping; however, this will not come without
cost.

In conclusion of the study of Brien, it tells that high school experience was
can motivated the students to pursue their future career choice .The perception
of students based on the previous opportunities of their have.

The researcher has shown that many opportunities to help students make
career choices, but students must be made aware of the existing resources. A
student might have been lucky enough to have had their school be one of the
four that participated in the High Schools that Work program, and the student
might have taken advantage of that program. Opportunities are not always equal
across the state and country. These four high schools were ones that did away
with generalizing academic courses and exposed students to a curriculum that
provided the challenging academic content traditionally taught in college-prep
schools (Geri and Turgunbayeva, 2015).

In the study of Geri and Turgunbayeva, it tells students was lucky enough
too taken participated on the Work program, because opportunity as not always
equal across the state and country.
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It has been suggested by James and Denis (2015) that the development
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of an effective and comprehensive guidance and counselling program begins

with a comprehensive assessment of student needs. Hearing directly from the
students, rather than inferring what it is that they need, not only helps to makes
the process more relevant for the students, but it can help to ensure that
student’s actual needs are being met. In the study of James and Denis, it tells
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that the development begins what the students hear and what they need, not
only helps makes process to relevant the students, it can help to students.

Synthesis

This section covers the topics related to the present study. These are
taken from various sources to strengthen the study by presenting the organized
idea, the claims and the arguments of the experts.

This study were likewise significant because they gave knowledge on his
to choose the correct and suitable course to a certain students to pick in college.

The researchers reviewed related studies conducted along the line on the
common career choice of grade 12 IA students and factors influencing their
career choice. The following are some related investigations conducted found
useful to the present students.

The study of Rebecca et.al (2016) a relationship exists between types of

personality and choice of career. Most students were satisfied with the course
they selected before entering the university, which indicates that suitable career
choices for students would improve their study course and future employment
satisfaction and success.

Several literature and studies regarding the factors affecting G12 IA

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students were presented above. Most of the literature have the same concept as
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the study but Geri and Turgunbayeva's beliefs contradict the concept of the
study.
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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE

This chapter presents the research design employed in conducting the

study. This also includes the material which will be analyzed, the research
procedure and the treatment of the material which will be employed to probe the
novel.

Research Design

In order to see the general impact of the course that EIM students will
choose for their college year of San Pascual Senior High School 1, the
descriptive correlational survey method was used.

As a descriptive study, it collected detailed and factual information to

describe existing phenomena. It systematically described the situation or area of
interest factually and accurately. It allowed the researchers to carefully describe
and understand the behavior, this study was correlational for it demanded the
total numbers of students who chooses a specific course they want.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study where the Grade 12 IA students who were
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studying in San Pascual Senior High School 1. They were chosen because they
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were the focus of this study.

The researchers choose the purposive sampling strategy. The

researchers made that through this sampling strategy, there would be sufficient
information from the most suitable respondents concerning the given topic.
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Data Gathering Instrument

The researchers chose to use the interview. It was asked only to the
people who were involved in this study. This research instrument is commonly
used in collecting data. This kind of instrument contains some questions that will
help to fulfill the existing objectives of the study.

In data gathering, the researchers carefully chose the respondents

concerned in this study. The several questions asked in the interview were open-
ended questions whereas these questions are based on the statement of the
problem.

After gathering the information needed for the study, the researchers
checked if the questions asked were comprehensively answered.

Data Gathering Procedure

For primary data the researchers interview the respondents to gather

information for the study. The researchers focused on the objectives and total
numbers of students chosen courses of the study specifically the difficulties of
the students in looking choosing their course in college.

Before the actual interview of the students, the researchers asked for the
permission or consent of the school head and the concerned teachers. After the
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approval of the request, the researchers asked the respective respondents to

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answers their questions.

At last, when the needed information were gathered, the researchers

analyzed and interpreted it to arrive at the conclusion and recommendations.
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Statistical Treatment

The gathered will be the basis in the statistical treatment. The following
were the statistical tool that were applied:

Weighted Mean. Is a kind of an average, instead of each data point contributing

equally to the final mean, some data points contribute more "weight" that others.

Composite Mean. Scoring involves combining the items that represent a

variable to create a score, or data point, for that variable.

Rank. The data transformation in which numerical or ordinal values are replaced
by their rank when the data are sorted.

Frequency. This was used to determine the number of the respondents for
factors affecting career choice.
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