8/17/2021 अनुसंधान िविधयों के 14 कार (14 Types of Research Methods) for Competitive Exams for Competitive Exams- Examrace

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अनुसंधान िविधयों के 14 कार (14 Types of Research Methods) for
Competitive Exams for Competitive Exams
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Basic Versus Applied (बेिसक बनाम ए ाइड)

Fundamental or Basic or Pure – New knowledge – why, what & how – advancement of
theory – single discipline – in technical language

Applied – solve specific problem – solve immediate problem for betterment – in

common language

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Fixed Versus Flexible

Fixed Research – design is fixed, theory driven, measured quantitatively

Flexible Research – more freedom for data collection, qualitative

Quantitative vs. Qualitative (मा ा क बनाम गुणा क)

Quantitative – Collection & analysis of data – from questionnaire, survey (assume
world to be stable so can be measured) – deductive (logic) िनगमना क

Qualitative – Non-numeric – like observation, interview (since perspective of people

differs) – narrative description and field focused – inductive (empirical) आगमना क

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Experimental vs. Non-Experimental

Experimental - Cause effect relationship, control gp & experimental gp (can include
pilot study) , manipulate IV, effect of changing IV on DV, starts with hypothesis, control
of extraneous variable is important, Control experiment – physical, selective, statistical

Non-experimental – Uses theories & reasoning, has wide scope

Exploratory (खोजपूण)

Descriptive (वणना क)

Historical (ऐितहािसक)

Exploratory vs. Confirmatory Research (खोजपूण बनाम थायीकरण रसच)

Exploratory – explore possibility of doing research where due to paucity of knowledge,
hypothesis testing is difficult (e. g. , vendor may explore possible sales areas) – has
higher level of uncertainty & ignorance of subject, easier to make new discoveries – less
stringent – case study, ethnography, projective techniques

Exploratory research generates a posteriori hypotheses by examining a data-set and

looking for potential relations between variables.

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Confirmatory research tests a priori hypotheses - outcome predictions that are made
before the measurement phase begins. Are usually derived from a theory or the results
of previous studies.

Explanatory or Casual Research ( ीकरण या कारण शोध)

Explains cause effect relationship

Idea is to understand does a change in X cause a change in Y?

It can employ statistical method or experimental method

It is a conclusive research – determine relation between causal variable and effect

predicted

Descriptive Research (वणना क अनुसंधान)

Only why and what – not deals with “how” (what are benefits of multimedia textbooks
as compared to print textbooks)

More structured than exploratory

Static – single phenomena – public opinion

Dynamic - cross sectional or longitudinal

Includes
Survey studies – assess characteristics of whole population

Interrelationship studies – relationship among data (case studies, casual

comparative, correlational)

Developmental studies – changes as function of time (growth, trend, model

development)

Historical Research (ऐितहािसक अनुसंधान)

Examine past events

Qualitative

Primary source – relic, remain, artifacts

Secondary source – textbook, newspaper, periodicals

Criticism – external (genuineness of source) and internal (based on accuracy and

competence of writer)

Ex-Post Facto or Casual - Comparative Research

Quasi-experimental – participants are not randomly assigned – 2 gp. with different IV
and compare them on DV

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IV (cause) prior to study affects DV (effect)

Studies what researcher cannot alter (can՚t make a person overweight for studying its
effect on behavior)

Tsunami hit area

Correlational Research (सहसंबंधी अनुसंधान)

Degree of relationship b/w variables

It is quantitative

Range -1 to 0 to + 1

Evaluation Research (मू ांकन अनुसंधान)

Determines impact of social intervention (impact of program on certain social problem)

Strategies

Scientific-experimental model – accuracy and objectivity

Management oriented - PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) , and CPM
(Critical Path Method)

Qualitative Anthropological model – importance of observation

Participant-oriented – client-centered and stakeholder approach

Formative vs. Summative Evaluation

Formative – improve object being evaluated
Need assessment – who needs and how great the need is

Evaluative assessment – evaluation is feasible

Structured conceptualization

Implementation - transparency

Process

Summative Evaluation – examine effect or outcome

Outcome

Impact – broader than outcome (includes intended and unintended effects)

Cost-effectiveness

Secondary analysis – reexamine data to address new questions

Meta-analysis – integrate outcome from multiple studies

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Diagnostic Research (नैदािनक अनुसंधान)

Find the cause

Emergence of problem ⇾ diagnosis and solution

Prognostic Research (पूव ान संबंधी अनुसंधान)

Find relation b/w predictor and outcome

Find course of action

Early detection

Action Research (ि या शोध)

Solve immediate problem, carried by actors (main people)

Led by team – participatory or practical

Might include observation, interview, field note, survey or questionnaire

Individual – one person

Collaborative – 2 or more

School-wide – entire system

Types of Research Problems Addressed

Exploratory (खोजपूण) questions -What is the case? , What are the key factors?

Descriptive (वणना क) questions - How many? , What is the incidence of x? , Are x and
y related?

Causal questions (कारण) - Why? , What are the causes of y?

Evaluative (मू ां कन) questions - What was the outcome of x? , Has P been successful?

Predictive (पूवानुमान) questions - What will the effect of x be on y?

Historical (ऐितहािसक) questions - What led to y happening? , What were the events that
led up to y? , What caused y?

अनुस ान रे खा – िच (Research
अनुसंधान ि यािविध (Research methodology)
design)

Focuses on the end-product: What
kind of study is being planned and
what kind of results are aimed at.
E. g. Historical – Comparative study,
Interpretive approach OR
exploratory study, inductive and
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Focuses on the research process and the kind
of tools and procedures to be used.
E. g. Document analysis, Survey methods,
analysis of existing (secondary) data/statistics
etc)
8/17/2021 अनुसंधान िविधयों के 14 कार (14 Types of Research Methods) for Competitive Exams for Competitive Exams- Examrace

deductive etc.

Point of departure (driven by) = Point of departure (driven by) = specific tasks
Research problem or question (data collection or sampling) at hand.

Focuses on the logic of research: Focuses on the individual (not linear) steps in
What evidence is required to address the research process and the most ‘objective’
the question adequately? (unbiased) procedures to be employed.
Table of Research Design and Research Methodology

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