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تصميم المبانى المعدنية دم محمد السماره
تصميم المبانى المعدنية دم محمد السماره
الطبعة الثانية
1424هـ 2003 -م
مقدمــة
لقد مضى مائة عام تقريبًا عمى استخدام الفوالذ ألول مرة في إشادة األبنية والجسور.
ومنذ ذلك الوقت حتى اليوم ثبتت إمكانية استخدام الفوالذ في كافة أنواع الجمل
اإلنشائية .وكان ذلك نتيجة لعدة عوامل منيا:
* التقدم اليائل في تكنولوجيا صناعة الفوالذ حيث توفرت أصناف كثيرة من الفوالذ
اإلنشائي في األسواق العالمية وكان عمى رأسيا الفوالذ عالي المقاومة الذي
أثبت جدوى اقتصادية متميزة .وكذلك الفوالذ المقاوم لمظروف المناخية حيث
أصبح من الممكن ترك المنشأ غير مطمي بالدىان طيمة حياتو .أما المنتجات
الفوالذية الرقيقة فيمكن طالؤىا بطبقة جذابة مقاومة لمظروف الجوية كتمك
المستعممة في طبقات التغطية.
* تطور طرائق تصنيع الجمل والعناصر اإلنشائية حيث أصبح تصنيع اليياكل
نجز كافة مراحميا عمى خط إنتاج يبدأ في
اإلنشائية عممية إنتاجية متكاممة تُ َ
المواد األولية وينتيي بالعناصر اإلنشائية جاىزة لمتجميع والتركيب وتميزت
خطوات ىذه العممية بالدقة العالية في القص والتشكيل والتثقيب والمحام …..
وذلك نتيجة استخدام الت وأدوات يتم التحكم فييا رقميًا.
* التطور الكبير الذي حدث في معالجة السطوح ضد الصدأ حيث تم استخدام
المعامل اآللية لطالء العناصر بالمواد المختمفة وشوييا.
* الفيم األعمق لمتصرف اإلنشائي الذي م ّكن المصممين من تقديم منشآت أكثر
اقتصادية في استخدام الفوالذ دون المساس بمستوى األمان المطموب وبالتالي
أصبح التصميم أكثر دقة.
لقد اعتمد الكتاب بشكل رئيسي عمى الكود البريطاني 5950الخاص بتصميم المنشآت
وبناء عمى ذلك يمكن تقسيم الكتاب إلى المحاور الرئيسية التالية:
ً الفوالذية
* مفاىيم عامة وأساسيات في التصميم :الفصل األول والثاني
تصميم العناصر :من الفصل الثالث وحتى الفصل التاسع. *
تصميم اليياكل الفوالذية :من الفصل الحادي عشر وحتى الخامس عشر. *
تم وضع عدد من المسائل المحمولة في نياية كل فصل لتساعد القارئ عمى استيعاب
األفكار النظرية كما تم إضافة ممحق في نياية الكتاب يحتوي عمى جداول لخصائص
المقاطع الفوالذية وفقاً لممواصفات البريطانية.
أخي اًر أرجو اهلل أن أكون قد وفقت في إعداد ىذا الكتاب ليكون مفيداً لزمالئي
الميندسين وأخوتي الطمبة وأن يضيف لبنة في صرح المكتبة العربية.
المؤلـف
د.م محمد أحمد السمارة
Limit State Design
(1-1)
(1-1)
5 1
6 2
7 3
8 4
1-1
Ulimate limit states 1 1
Limit state of strength 1 1 1
(1-2) f
(1-2)
f
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.2
1-2
Stability limit state 1 1 2
(1-2)
0.5
1-3
Deflection 1 2
80
(1-3)
1-4
(1-3)
180
360
200
300
300
600
500
1-5
Properties of Materials and Section Properties
Properties of steel 2 1
Ys py
py Us 0.84 U s
2 1
(2-1)
mm
p y N / mm 2
43 16 275
(S275) 40 265
63 255
80 245
100 235
50 16 355
(S355) 40 345
63 335
80 325
100 315
55 16 460
(S460) 40 440
63 430
80 410
100 400
2-1
E 205 kN / mm 2
0.3
12 x10- 6 per C
Section properties 2 2
Net area 2 2 1
(2-1)
sp2 t / 4 g
sp
(2-1)
t
g
(2-2)
2-2
(2-1) (2-2)
Ke
43 K e 1.2
50 K e 1.1
55 K e 1.0
U
K e 0.75 s 1.2
Ys
y y
(2-3b) 2y
y
2-3
10 y
(2-3c)
(2-3)
(2-4)
2-4
(2-4)
b/T )
Plastic
Mp
(2-2) (2-5)
BS 5950 b/T
Compact
Mp
2-5
(2-5)
b/T
(2-2)
(2-5)
Semi – Compact
My
(2-2)
b/T
Slender
My
2-6
(2-2)
py
(2-3)
(2-2)
(2-7)
d /t
R
d 120 ε 41
and 13 ε
t 1 1.5 R R
d 120 ε 41
and 2 ε
t 1 1 .5 R R
R
d 120 ε
and 250 ε
t 1 R 2
2-7
ε 275 / p y 1/ 2
py R
(2-6)
d/t R
(2-6)
2-8
Limiting width to thickness ratios ) تحذيذ وسبت انعرض إنى انسمبكت2-2 ( انجذول
Class Of section تصىيف انمقطع وىع انمقطع وىع انعىصر
Type of section Type of element
وصف مذمج مذمج نذن
(3) semi-compact (2) compact (1) Plastic
b
13
b
8.5
b
7.5 مصىعت ببنهحبو عىصر جىبح وبتئ مضغىط
T T T Built up by welding Outstand element of compression flange
b
15
b
9.5
b
8.5 مقبطع مذرفهت
T T T Rolled sections
b
28
b
25
b
23 مصىعت ببنهحبو عىصر داخهي مه جىبح مضغىط
T T T Built up by welding Internal element of compression flange
b
39
b
32
b
26 مقبطع مذرفهت
T T T Rolled sections
d
120
d
98
d
79 كم انمقبطع
t t t All sections
2-9
Limiting width to thickness ratios ) تحذيذ وسبت انعرض إنى انسمبكت2-2 ( تببع انجذول
b d
and 15
b
9.5
b
8.5 مقبطع زاويت مذرفهت
T T T T Rolled angle sections
and and and
bd d d
23 9.5 8.5 Legs of single angle and double angle members
T T T with components separated
b
15
b
9.5
b
8.5 مقبطع زاويت مذرفهت
T T T Rolled angle sections
2 yc / d , (275 / P y )1/ 2 , 2 5 T, t, d, b
2 yc
d / t 63 .3
2-10
2 3
Strength reduction factors for slender elements
معبمم انتخفيط وىع انمقطع وىع انعىصر
Stress reduction factor Type of section Type of element
10 مقبطع مصىعت ببنهحبو عىصر وبتئ مه جىبح مضغىط
b Built up by welding Outstand element of compression
3 flange
T
11 مقبطع مذرفهت
b Rolled sections
4
T
21 مقبطع مصىعت ببنهحبو عىصر داخهي مه جىبح مضغىط
b Built up by welding Internal element of compression flange
7
T
31 مقبطع مذرفهت
b Rolled sections
8
T
The lesser of مقبطع زاويت مذرفهت سبق مقطع يتأنف مه زاويت مىفردة أو
11
,
19 Rolled angle زاويتيه مىفصهتيه
d (b d ) sections Legs of single angle and double angle
4 4
T T members with components separated
11 مقبطع زاويت مذرفهت انسبقيه انىبتئتيه نهمقبطع انتي تتأنف مه
b Rolled angle ظهر-زاويتيه متصهتيه ظهر
4 sections
T Outstand legs of double angle
members with angles in contact back
to back
14 T مقبطع T جسذ مقطع عهى شكم
d Sections T Stem of T section
5
t
(275 / P y )1/ 2 , )2-5( كمب في انشكمb, d, t, T تحذد األبعبد
2-11
2 7
2-12
Tension Members
3 -1
Pt Ae p y (3-1)
3-1
(Design Strength of steel) py
(2-1) Us Ys
Ae
Ke
Ke
Ke
Grade 40 or 43 1.2
Grade 50 or WR 50 1.1
Grade 55 1.0
Ke
K e 0.75 U s / Ys 1.2 (3-2 )
Eccentricity 3-3
of end connections
3-2
T
)(3-1-a,b
3a1
Ae a1 a2 )(3-3
1
3a a 2
a1
a2
عنصر من زاوية واحدة
عنصر من زاويتين
عنصر T
)(3-1
)(3-1c
80 )(3-2
3-3
5a1
Ae a1 a2 (3-4)
5a1 a2
a1
a2
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(3-2)
(3-3)
3-4
)(3- 4 )(lug angle
T
عنصر من زاويتين
)(3-3
زاوية مساعدة
)(3-4
3-5
3-4
Combined bending and tension
F M My
x 1 (3-5)
Ae p y M cx M cy
Ae F
py
My , Mx
x M cy , M cx
3-6 y
py 3-7
2-3
M c p y S 1 .2 p y Z (3-6)
M c py Z (3-7)
M cx x S
M cy y
M cx x Z
M cy y
3-6
(3-1)
AB
240 kN 144 kN
50
125X75X10 L صفيحة
وصل
125 x 75 x 10
Ae
3 a1
Ae a1 a2
3 a1 a2
a1 120 x 10 1200 mm 2
3-7
a2 70 x10 700 mm 2
3 x 1200
Ae 1200 x 700 1786 mm 2
3 x 1200 700
Pt Ae p y
(3-1)
Pt 1786 x 355 x 10 3 634 kN 585.6 kN o.k.
B
150 x 75 x 10
22 mm
150X75X10 L
صفيحة وصل
Ae
3 a1
Ae a1 a2
3 a1 a2
a2 70 x10 700 mm2
a1net 1450 24 x 10 1210 mm2
3 x 1210
Ae 1210 x 700 1797 mm 2
3 x 1210 700
Pt Ae p y
(3-1)
Pt 1797 x 355 x 10 3 638 kN 585.6 kN o.k.
3-8
(3-2) :
(3-1) AB
صفيحة وصل
50 75 x 50 x 8 *
8 mm *
(2-1) p y 355 N / mm 2
*
5 a1
Ae 2 x a1 a 2
5 a1 a 2
a1 71 x 8 568 mm 2
a 2 46 x 8 368 mm 2
5 x 568
Ae 2 x 568 x 368 1788 mm
2
5 x 568 368
3-9
(3-1) Pt Ae x p y 1788 x 355 x 10 3 635 kN 585.6 kN O.K .
*
80
3-10
Design of Columns and Struts
4–1
(4-1)
(4-1)
4-1
LE
r 4-3
BS 5950
180
250
350
180
1/100
4-2
*
BS 5950
Pc Ag pc (4-1)
Ag
(Compressive strength) pc
py
( 2-3 )
20 N / mm2
py pc
(4-3a-d)
4-3
( 4-1)
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-10
4-11
4-12
4-13
Effective lengths 4-3
LE L
(4-4)
BS 5950
LE (4-4)
LE
0.7 L
0.85 L
0.85 L
1.0 L
1.2 L
1.5 L
2.0 L
4-14
k LE / L (4-2 a,b)
k LE / L (4-2a)
4-15
k LE / L (4-2b)
4-16
4–3-1
4-17
(4-3)
I I /L KB
.
K B 0.5 I / L
K B 1.5 I / L
10 % *
*
4-18
LE / L (4-4a)
4-19
LE / L (4-4b)
4–3-2
(4-5-9)
4-20
*
4-21
4-22
4-23
4-24
4-25
(4-1)
43 203 x 203 x 52 UC
3.6m
LE 0.1 L 3.6m
(4-4)
t 7.2mm , B 204.3 mm , d 160.8 mm , T 11 mm
A 66.4 cm 2 , b / T 8.17 , d / t 20.4 , ry 5.16 cm
LE / ry 360 / 5.16 70
p y 275 N/mm 2 T 16mm
(2-1) 275 / p y 1 / 2 1.0
b / T 8.17 15 15
(2-2)
d / t 20.4 39 39
pc (4-2)
و py (4-3c)
(4-3c) pc 181 N/mm 2
Pc Ag p c
(4-1) Pc 66.4 x 100 x 181 x 10 3 1201 kN
4-26
(4-2)
50
960mm
960mm
30mm
15m
30mm
LE 1.0 L 15 m
(4-4)
Ag 2 x 30 960 900 111600 mm 2
I 960 x 9603 900 x 9003 / 12 1.61 x 1010 mm4
r 1.61 x 1010 / 111600 1/2
380 mm
LE /r 15000 / 380 39.5
p y 345 N / mm2 T 30 16 mm
(2-1) 275 / p y 1 / 2 0.9
4-27
20 N / mm2
p y 0.8 x 345 20 256 N/mm2
pc (4-2)
(4-3b)
pc 230 N/mm 2
(4-3b)
Pc Ag pc 111600 x 230 x 10 3 25700 kN
(4-1)
(4-3)
254 x 254 x 89 UC
43
L=600 cm
4-28
t 10.5 mm , rx 11.2 cm , ry 6.52 , A 114 cm 2
LEx LEy 1.0 L 6000 mm
(4-4)
p y 265 N / mm 2 T 17.3 mm
(2-1) 275 / p y 1 / 2 1.02
x LEx / rx 600 / 11.2 53.6 180 ok
(4-1) y LEy / ry 600 / 6.52 92 180 ok
4-29
(4-4)
(4-3)
x
L=600cm
300 300
(4-3)
LEx 1.0 L 600 cm
LEy 1.0 L / 2 300 cm
x LEx / rx 53.6
y LEy / ry 46
pcx 223 N / mm2 (4-3)
pcy (4-2)
y py (4-3c) y
pcy 220 N / mm 2
pc pcy 220 N / mm2
(4-3c)
(4-1)
4-30
Design of Beams
5–1
(5-1)
5-1
(5-1)
Mc
Pv
Mb
Pw
Pcw
Mt
(3-2)
(1-2)
(2-1) py
(2-3)
5-2
(4-2) 20 N / mm2 py
Pv 0.6 p y Av (5-1)
(5-1) Av
H I tD
td
0.9 A
D / D B A
0.6 A
d D B t
A
d / t 63
(5-1)
5-3
Moment capacity 5-3
5-3-1
60 % Fv
Fv 0.6 Pv
M c p y S 1.2 p y Z (5-2)
Mc py Z (5-3)
(2-1) py
(2-3)
Z S
5-3-2
Fv 0.6Pv 60
M c p y S - Sv 1 1.2 p y Z (5-4)
1 2.5 Fv / Pv 1.5
Av Sv
5-4
Sv
Mc py Z (5-5)
5-4 5-2
1.2
S 1.2 Z
(5-2)
Z
Y
u
(5-2)
5-5
Lateral restraints 5-4-1
2.5 %
2.5 %
%1
5-6
(diaphragm)
(diaphragm)
(bearing stiffener)
1%
5-7
(c)
(5-2) (b)
(5-4-4)
(5-3) LE
Mb
5-8
LE
LE / ry
ry
/x (5-4)
I tf وI cf
N I cf / I cf I tf
BS5950 B.2.5
(n) slenderness correction factor
(5-5)
(5-6, 7, 8)
5-9
Mb
M b pb S x (5-6)
Sx
(5 – 10,11) pb
LT py
LT n u v (5-7)
M Mb (5-8)
M
M mMA (5-9)
MA :
(5-5) m
(5- 8, 9)
5-10
Z
rvv
L
5-3
5-11
b1
(5-3) 45
n2
1 / 2.5
(5-3)
t
p yw
Pw b1 n1 t pc (5-14)
5-4
5-12
t b1
45 n1
(5-4)
(4-3c) pc
d 2.5 d / t
t, n1 , b1
LE 0.7 d
LE d
5-13
5-14
5-15
5-16
5-17
5-18
5-19
5-20
5-21
5-22
(5-1)
50 mm
43
75mm
3250 3250
75
W w
50 50
6500
Wd 40 kN wd 15 kN / m
Wi 50 kN wi 30 kN / m
fi 1. 6 fd 1 .4
(1-2)
w 1.4 x 15 1.6 x 30 69 kN / m
5-23
W 1.4 x 40 1.6 x 50 136 kN
L 6.5 m
M w L2 / 8 W L / 4
M 69 x 6.5 2 / 8 136 x 6.5 / 4 585 kNm
5-24
(5-2)
d / t 46.7 63 63
M c p y S 1 .2 p y Z
(5-2) M c 275 x 2370 x 10 3 652 kN m
M c 652 kNm 1.2 x 275 x 2080 x 10 3 686 kNm
M c 652 kN m M 585 kN m o.k.
M c 652 kN m M 0 o.k.
Pv 897 kN Fve 292 kN o.k.
Pcw b1 n 2 t p yw
(5-13) Pcw 50 70.8 x 10.2 x 275 x 10 3 339 kN Fve 292 kN o.k .
5-25
D/2
45
D/2
r
T
T
b1 n2 b1 n1
r= 12.7
50 70.8 T=15.6 50 267
Pw b1 n1 t pc
(5-14)
Pw 50 266.6 x 10.2 x 101 x 10 3
326 kN Fve 292 kN o.k .
wi 30 kN m , Wi 50 kN
5-26
1 5 wi L4 Wi L3
EI 384 48
E 205 kN / mm 2
1 5 x 30x 6.5 4 50 x 6.5 3
x 10
5
(5-2)
(5-1)
(5-1)
1 وp y 275 N mm2
5-27
AB
AB
L E 1.2 L AB 0.85 L AB / 2
(5-4- L E 1.2 x 3.25 0.85 x 3.25 / 2 3.33 m
4b,c) LE / ry 333 / 4.51 74
x D / T 533.1/ 15.6 34
u 0.9
(5-5)
(5-4) v
/ x 74 / 34 2.17
N I cf / I cf I lf 0.5 و
v 0.95
(5-4)
(5-5) n
(5-5) n=1
LT
(5-7) LT n u v 1 x 0.9 x 0.95 x 74 63
5-28
LT (5-10) pb
py
pb 207 N / mm 2
5-29
Plate Girders
6-1
6-2
6-1
12 20
15 – 20
10 - 15
20 mm 120 cmm 10 mm
250 cm
d /t
d / t 63 (2-2) 63
d / t 63
(6-1)
6-2
A b
T
d
1 2 3 4 5 6
A
A-A
(6-1)
BS 5950
t d / 250
a ad t d / 250
a d t d a / d 1 / 2 / 250
BS 5950
p yf t d / 250 p yf / 345
t d / 250 p yf / 345
a 1.5 d
t d / 250 p yf / 445 1 / 2
a 1.5 d
30 % 50 %
6-3
(2-2)
b / T 13
(panel)
a / d
1.2 – 1.6
0.6 – 1.0 a / d
BS 5950
(1
(2
(1) (3
(2)
6-4
(1)
M c p yf S xf (6-1)
(2-1) p yf
S xf
(panels)
6-3-2-1
Design without using tension field action
6-5
(6-1a-d) q cr
d /t a/d
a/d
t, d, a
q cr
(6-1a-d) a/d
(tension field)
(6-2a)
(6-2b) (N)
(6-2a)
6-6
(N) (6-2b)
(6-3)
(6-3)
(6-3a)
6-7
(6-3b)
(6-3c)
Vb qb q f
K f dt 0.6 p y dt (6-3)
qcr qb
(6-2a-d) qb
d / t a / d
qf
d / t a / d (6-3a-d)
Kf
K f M pf 1 f / p yf /4 M pw (6-4)
M pf
M pf 2bT 2 p yf / 4 (6-5)
M pw
M pw td 2 p yw / 4 (6-6)
6-8
p yw , p yf
f
Kf Pyf
BS 5950
H q 0.75 dt p y 1 qcr / 0.6 p y 1/ 2
(6-7)
(1
(6- 4- 2- 1) Vcr
B
Rtf
Hq M tf
(6-4) A
M tf
6-9
A
B
B A
Mtf
(6-4)
A B
B
(2
(6- 4- 2- 2)
(6- 5,6)
B 2 M tf / 3
(6- 9) M tf
6-10
M tf Rtf
B
A,B
B A
2
/3 Mtf
(6-5)
A,B
B A
Mtf Rtf
(6-6)
6-11
f v , qcr , qb
(5-6-2)
20t
(6-7)
70 %
6-12
(4-3c) pc
(2-1)
Fx
Px
40t
A 0.8 Fx / p ys (6-10)
Fx
(2-1) p ys
(5-6-1)
(5-13)
6-13
Intermediate transverse stiffeners 6-4-3
19 t s (6-2)
13 t s
Is
ad 2 I s 0.5 dt 3 (6-11)
ad 2 I s 1.5 d 3t 3 / a 2 (6-12)
t وd
ts a
py 275 / p y 1 / 2
2 FD 3 /Et
M s D 2 /Et
E D
F
Ms
(1)
6-14
Fq
Pq
Fq V Vs Pq (6-13)
V
Vs
Vcr
Pq
70%
(2)
(6- 4- 1)
Fq Fx Fx M s
1 (6-14)
Pq Px M ys
Px
Ms
M ys
6-5
kN / mm
6-15
bs mm t t 2 / 5 bs
mm
6-6
f ed
Ped
f ed
p ed
2 E
ped 2.75 (6-15)
a / d 2 d / t 2
2 E
ped 1.0 (6-16)
a / d 2 d / t 2
.عندما تكون الجناح المضغوطة غير ممنوعة تماماً مه الدوران بالنسبة للجسد
6-16
6-17
6-18
6-19
6-20
6-21
6-22
6-23
6-24
6-25
6-26
6-27
6-28
(6-1)
43
wi 40 kN / m wd 20 kN / m
W1i 300 kN W1d 200 kN
W2i 300 kN W2d 200 kN
w 20 x 1.4 40 x 1.6 92 kN / m
(1-2) W1 W2 200 x 1.4 300 x 1.6 760 kN
6-29
12 l / D
20
l / D 15
D l / 15 30000 / 15 200 mm
p y 255 N / mm 2
(6-2)
B 700 mm , T 50 mm , d 2000 mm , t 14 mm
6-30
(2-1)
T 50 mm p yf 255 N / mm 2 , 275/p yf 1/ 2 1.04
b / T B t / 2T 700 14 / 2 x 50 6.86
b / T 6.86 8.5 8.5 x 1.04 8.48
(2-2)
t 14 mm p yw 275 N / mm 2 , 275 / 275 1 / 2 1
(2-1,2)
d / t 2000 / 14 142.8 120 120
d / t 142.8 63 63
(6-2)
a d
(6-2)
t 14 mm d/250 p yf / 345
2000 / 250255 / 345 5.9 mm
M c p yf S xf
(6-1)
S xf A f x d T 35000 x 2000 50 71.75 x 10 6 mm3
M c 255 x 71.75 x 10 6 x 10 6 18296 kNm 17458 o.k.
6-31
AB
AB
6-32
M tf Rtf
BC
M tf H q d / 10 , Rtf 0.5 H q
(6-7,8,9)
H q 0.75 d t p y 1 qcr /(0.6 p y ) 1 / 2
Pv 0.6 p yw Av , Av ta
(5-1)
Pv 0.6 x 275 x 14 x 1850 x 10 3 4273.5 kN Rtf o.k.
AB
M q I p y / y , y a / 2 1850 / 2 925 m
I t a 3 / 12 14 x 1850 3 / 12 738689.6 x 10 4 mm 4
M q 738689.6 x 10 4 x 275 x 10 6 / 925
2196 kN mm M tf o.k .
I
M tf AB
6-33
Mq
BC
d 2000 mm , t 14 mm , d / t 142.8
a/t 2500 / 2000 1.25 , p y 275 N / mm 2
(6-2b)
qb 105.6 N / mm2
(6-3)
A
Fm Fb
M tf
Fb 2140 kN , Fm M tf / a 756.5 x 10 3 / 1850 409 kN
Fx Fb Fm 2140 409 2549 kN
240 mm
15 mm t s 22 mm
6-34
A 240 15 x 22 x 2 9900 mm 2
A 9900 mm 2 0.8 Fx / p ys 0.8 x 2549 x 10 3 / 265
(6-10)
7695 mm 2 o.k .
19 t s
(6-4-3) bs 240 mm 19 t s 19 x 22 x 1.02 425 mm o.k.
13 t s
bs 240 mm 13 x 22 x 1.02 291 mm o.k.
(6-4-1)
6-35
(6-4-1)
(4-2)
p y 265 20 245 N / mm 2
py pc (4-3c)
pc 245 N / mm 2
(4-1)
Pq 3585 kN Fx 2549 kN
(5-6)
Pcw b1 n 2 t p yw
(5-13) n1 b1 0
1 / 2.5
n2 2.5 x 50 x 2 250 mm
Pcw 0 250 x 14 x 275 x 10 3 962.5 kN
Fx
FA Fx Pcw 2549 962.5 1586.5 kN Pcw
6-36
B
80 x 13 mm
13 t s 13 x 13 x 1 169 mm 80 mm
I s 13 x 174 3 13 x 14 3 / 12
570 x 10 mm 526.8 x 10 4 mm 4
4 4
o.k .
(6-13)
Fq V Vs Pq
1970 kN B V
V s Vcr q cr d t Pq
(6-16) q cr
a / d 2825 / 2000 1.41
d / t 2000 / 14 142.8 qcr 67.9 kN
p y 275
(6-16)
6-37
Vs 67.9 x 2000 x 14 1900 kN
Fq 1970 1900 70 kN
20 tW 20 x 14 280 m
A 160 x 13 2 x 280 x 4 9920 mm 2
I y 13 x 174 3 560 x 14 3 13 x 14 3 / 12 583.2 x 10 4 mm 4
ry I y / A 1/ 2 583.2 x 10 4 / 9920 1/ 2 24.25 mm
LE 0.7 d 0.7 x 2000 1400 mm
LE / ry 1400 / 24.25 57.7
2
(4-2) 20 N / mm
p y 275 20 255 N / mm 2
(4-3c) py
pc 192.6 N / mm2
6-38
Pq p c A 192.6 x 9920 1910.6 kN Fq 70 kN o.k .
E
B
13 x 80 mm
B
(6-13)
Fq V Vs Pq
(6-13)
1280 kN E V
Vs Vcr 1900 kN B
Fq V Vs 1280 1900 0
E
(6-13) Pq 192.6 kN B
(6-14) E
Fq Fx Fx M s
1
(6-14) Pq Px M ys
Ms 0 Fx 760 kN
Fq Fq Fx 0
Px Pq 1910.6 kN
6-39
760
1
1910.6
f ed ped (6-6)
f ed w/t 92 / 14 6.57 N/mm 2
2 205000
ped 2.75 2
37.7 N / mm 2
(6-15) 2852 / 2000 2000 / 14 2
f ed 6.57 ped
6-40
T 7-1
L
r
L
Lv v
(1)
(7- 1)
7-1
80 % (7-1)
50 c Lv v / rv v
Lv v
rv v
b
1.4 c
b 2m 2c 1/ 2
m
16 mm
Q
2.5 %
0.25 Q c
(3-2)
7-2
a
(7-1) (3)
(7-1) (4)
(7-1) (5)
(7-1) (6)
80 %
7-3
(7-1) (7)
(7-1) (8)
T 5
(7-1) (9)
(7-1) (10)
7-4
7-5
7-6
(7-1)
Y 43
v u
X X
u v
7-7
y 0.7 Ly /ry 30 0.7 x 360 / 3.69 30 98.3
y 98.3
max v 129 x , y , v
p y 275 N / mm 2 T = 10 mm *
(2-1) 275 / p 1/ 2 1
y
(2-3) py
7-8
Laced struts 7-2
(7-1)
Y Y1
Y Y1
X X X X
Y Y1
Y Y
Y1
(7-1)
40
70
7-9
c 3
50
1.4c
180 4
70%
2.5 % 5
7-10
(7-2)
8m
43
y
x
300
Fc 910 kN
300 21.3
260
X X
260
Y
8
36
260
203x76
D 203 .2 mm , B 76.2 mm , T 11.2 mm , t 7.1 mm
d 152 .2 mm , rx 8.02 cm , ry 2.23 cm , I y 151 cm
A 30.3 cm 2
p y 275 N / mm 2 T 11.2 mm
(2-1) 275 / PY 1/ 2 1.0
LEx 0.85 L 0.85 x 800 680 cm
(4-4) LEy 1.0 L 800 cm
7-11
b / T 76.2 / 11.2 6.8 15 15 x 1 15
(2-2) d / t 152 .2 / 7.1 21.5 39 39
y
I y 2 I y A 300 x 10 1 / 2 2.13 2
ry I y / A 1/ 2 10340 / 2 x 30.3 1/ 2 13.1 cm
l 2 X 260 520 mm
2
ll 260 2 368 mm
L
7-12
50
c l / ry 2 x 260 x 10 1 / 2.23 23.3 50 o.k.
rL t / 12 8 / 12 2.31 mm
Fc 2.5 %
FL 0.025 Fc / n Cos
n2
45
FL 0.025 x 910 / 2 Cos 45 16.1 kN
(2-1) p y 275 N / mm 2 T 8 mm
pc (4-2 )
L py (4-3b)
pc 67 N / mm 2
(4-3b)
7-13
(7-3)
7-14
Battened struts 7-3
(7-2)
X X
(7-2)
7-15
c 2
50
b 1.4 c b
b 2m 2c 1/ 2
m
1/50 3
180
4
6
2.5 %
7-16
(7-3)
(7-2)
300
260
260
A A Y
1000
X X
Y
160 SECTION A-A
203 x 76
(7-2)
(7-2)
p y 275 N / mm , 1.0 , LEx 680 cm , L Ey 800 cm
2
100 cm 160 x 6 mm
260 x 6 mm
7-17
m y 61.1
b 61.12 44.82 1/ 2 75.8 1.4c 1.4 x 44.8 62.7
x x 84.8 b 75.8
1/50
t 260 / 50 5.2 mm
180
LE / r 180 , r t / 12
t / 12 LE / 180 t LE 12 / 180
t 260 12 / 180 5 mm
6 mm
7-18
2.5%
Fv Fv
160
M
Fv Fq l / na , M Fq l / 2n
l 1000 mm
a 260 mm
n2
Fv 22.8 x1000 / 2 x 260 43.8 kN
العالقة
)5-1( Pv 0.6 p y Av
P 0.6 x 275 x 864 x 10 -3
الفقرة Av 0.9 A 0.9 x 6 x 160 v
)5-2( 143 kN Fv o.k .
864 mm 2
Fv 0.6Pv
العالقة
)5-2( M c p y S 1.2 p y Z
1.2 Z S
7-19
M c 1.2 p y Z M c 1.2 x 275 x 256000 x 10 -6
Z 6 x 160 2 / 6 25600 mm 3 8.4 kNNm M 5.7 kNmo.k
الفقرة
)B.2-7 LT n x 2.8 ( LE d / T 2 )1/ 2
BS5950(
LE 0.85 x 260 221 mm LE
d b 160 mm d
t 6 mm t
الجدول n 1.0 n
)5-5(
LT 1 x 2.8 x (221 x 160/6 2 )1/ 2 87.8
py LT (5-10) pb
pb 148.4 N / mm 2
7-20
8–1
8-1
Wa
We
Wc Wa
Whc
Wb
b
Each W
Wd
Whc وWc
Wd
We
8-1
8-1
Local capacity check 8–2
F M M
x y 1 (8-1)
Ag p y M cx M cy
F
y x My وMx
Ag
(2-1) py
(5-3) x M cx
(5-3) y M cy
F mM x mM y
1 ( 8-2)
Ag pc Mb py Z y
8-2
) وفقاً لنسبة نحافة العنصر4-3( الجد اول مقاومة الضغط وتحدد منp c :حيث
Py ومقاومته التصميمية
5-5 m
5-8,9
5-6 Mb
Zy
F
(8-1,2)
(8-1)
43
Ww
Wd1, Wi
Wb
Wc ,Wd2 W d1 50 kN
2.5m
Wb
Whc Wd 2 20 kN
0.25m
0.5m
Wb Wb Wd 3 10 kN
M
Wd4 Wd 4 16 kN
10.0m
Wb
Wd3 Wd 96 kN
7.5m
Wb
Wi 78 kN
8-3
Ww - 90 kN
Wb 11 kN
Wb 55 kN
Wc 220 kN
Wch 6 kN
(1-2)
( kN.m) M x ( kN) F
8-4
1.2 Wd 2 x 0.5 Wd 4 x 0.25 1.2 Σ Wd 1.2Wi 1.2Ww 7
1.2 x 7.5 x Wb 502.2 100 .8
(5-2) x
M cx p y S x 265 x 3460 x 103 917 kNm
(8-1)
8-5
F M
x 1
Ag p y M cx
4-7
8-6
pc pcx 109 N / mm 2
9
Ww
Wd1 ,W i
Wb
2.5
Wb B Wc ,Wd2 175.08=M B
2.5
0.25m 0.5m
Wb 240.12
Wd3
2.5
M0=66.48
Wb 338.16
2.5
Wb 469.20
Wd4
2.5
5 A
634.2=MA
Mb
B A B
5-2
LEy 0.85L1 0.85 x 10 8.5 m
LEy / ry 8.5 x 100 / 9.54 89
x D / T 368.2 / 23.8 15.5
u 0.9
/ x 5.93 (5-4) (v)
v 0.78 N 0.5
(5-5) (m)
8-7
m 1.0
(5-7) (n)
M B / M A 175 .08 / 634 .2 0.276
M A / M o 634 .2 / 66.48 9.5
n 0.71
5-7 LT
LT n u v 0.71 x 0.9 x 0.78 x 89 44.3
LT py 5-10 pb
pb 242 N / mm 2
5-6 Mb
3
M b pb S x 242 x 3460 x 10 837.32 kNm
8-2
3
F m Mx 364.8 x 10 1.0 x 634.2
0.9 1 o.k.
Ag pc Mb 226 x 100 x 109 837.32
8-8
Crane Girder
9-1
(9-2)
(9-1)
25%
9-1
BS 2573
10%
5%
(9-3)
(9-2)
9-2
1.4 1.6 f
(9-3)
Maximum load effects 9-2
(9-4)
F max W (2 aw / L) (9-1)
9-3
M max W L / 4 (9-2)
or M max 2 W ( L / 2 aw / 4) / L
2
(9-3)
Rmax W (2 aw / L) (9-4)
W
(9-4)
9-3
n
(m = n = 1) m
(5-7)
LT uv (9-5)
9-4
BS 5950 B 2.5 x
b1
t w , hw
t1
hW hs
t2 b2
(9-5)
45
xR 2( H R T ) (9-9)
T HR
9-5
9-1
43 6.5m
UB
Lc 15.0m
Wcb+Wcap aw 3.5m
ah
Lc=15.0m
ah 0.7m
a W =3.5m Wc 270 kN
Wcb 60 kN
W W Wcap 200 kN
L=6.5m
1.25
(1
W +W
cb cap
0.7
Lc=15.0
9-6
W1 200 (15 0.7) / (15 x 2) 95.3 kN
W3 270 / 4 67.5 kN
W4 W1 W2 W3 191.4 kN
f 1.6
Wv1 1.25 x 1.6 x 191.4 383 kN
f 1.4
Wv2 1.25 x 1.4 x 191.4 335 kN
10 %
f 1.4
Wh1 1.4 x 0.1 (200 60) /4 9.1 kN
5%
9-7
f 1.6 (W4 )
Wh2 0.05 x1.6 x 191.4 15.3 kN per wheel
(2
610 x305 x 179 UB
280 x20 mm
(0.36 kN / m)
0.25 kN / m
(3
9-8
M x1 M 2 Wd L / 8 664 21.8 x 6.5/8 682 kN m
9-9
Fv 2 Wv 2 (2 aw / L) 335 (2 3.5 / 6.5) 490 kN
Fy (kN) Fx (kN) M y ( kN m ) M x ( kN m )
571 682
Fy 13.3
Wh1 (2 501
aw / L) 15.8
9.1 (2 3.5 /599
6.5) 13.3 kN
(4
610 x 305 x 179 UB
D 620.2 mm , B 307.1 mm , t 14.1mm , T 23.6 mm,
r 16.5 mm , d 540 mm , AB 228cm2 , I xB 153000 cm4
I yB 11410 cm4 , rx 25.9 cm , ry 7.07 cm
Z xB 4935 cm3 , Z yB 743 cm3 , S xB 5547 cm3 ,
S yB 1144 cm3
9-10
Y Tp=20mm
X X
AP 280 x 20 x 102 56 cm2
Y
280
Bp=280mm
I xp 280 x 203 x 104 / 12 18.7 cm4
I yp 2020 x 2803 x 104 /12 3658 .7 cm4
EA
NA y na
dp
620.2
yna ( AB Ap ) AB D / 2 Ap ( D Tp / 2)
y ea
14.1
y na
D/2
d e yna D / 2
9-11
S x S xB td p2 Ap ( D / 2 T p / 2 d p )
5547 x 10 3 14.1 x 198 .6 2
56 x 100 (620 .2 x 0.5 20 x 0.5 198 .6) 6783 cm 3
I x I xB AB d e2 I xp Ap ( D Tp / 2 yna )
I x 153000 x 10 4 228 x 10 2 x 63.22 18.7 x 10 4
56 x 10 2 x (620.2 20 x 0.5 373.3) 2 199084 cm4
Z x I x / yna 199084 / 373.3 5333 cm3
9-12
(275 / 265)1/ 2 1.02
2-2 d / t 38.3 63 64
(6
9-13
M cx 1695 kN m M x 682 kN m o.k.
Fy 0.6 Pvy
M cy p y S yf 1.2 p y Z yf
Z yf وS yf
8-1
F=0
Mx My 599 15.8
1 0.43 1 o.k .
M cx M cy 1695 193
(8
(5-2)
9-14
LE 1.2 L 2 D
LE 1.2 x 6.5 2 (620.2 20) x 10 3 9.08 m
5-2 u 1
x 0.566 hs ( A / j )1 / 2
hs D T p - T / 2 - (T T p ) / 2
620.2 20 23.6 x 0.5 - (23.6 20) x 0.5 608.6 mm
9-6
A AB Ap 228 56 284 cm2
j ( bi t i3 hw t w3 ) / 3
j 2 x 307.1 x 23.63 280 x 203 (620.2 2 x 23.6) x 14.13
x 10 / 3 397.3 cm
-4 4
v 0.81
5-4 LT
LT uv 1 x 0.
9-5
py LT (5-11) pb
pb 119 N / mm 2
9-15
M b pb S x 119 x 6783 x 10 -3 807 kNm
(9-3)
M b 807 kNm
8-2
m Mx m My
.
Mb py Z y
Z y Z yf
1 x 599 1x1
807 265 x 60
9
Wv1 383 kN
75 mm
b1 2 x 75 150 mm
9-16
n1 D 2Tp 620.2 2 x 20 660.2 mm
2.5 d / t 2.50 x540/14.1 95
py 4-3c
pc 131 N/mm2
Pw (b1 n1 ) t pc
Pw (150 660.2) x 14.1 x 131 x 10 -3
Fx 571 kN
b1 70 mm
n1 D / 2 620.2 / 2
310.1 mm
9-17
45
(9-3)
x xR 2r
9-9
r 16.5 mm
xR 2( H R T Tb )
xR 2(75 23.6 20) 237 .2 mm
x 237 .2 2 x 16.5 270 .2 mm
b1 70 mm
n2 2.5 (T r )
5-13 2.5 (23.6 16.5) 100 mm
9-18
Pcw (b1 n2 ) t p yw
Pcw (70 100 ) x 14.1 x 265 x 10 -3
635 kN Fx 571 kN o.k .
(11
(1-3)
v lim L / 600 6.5 x 10 3 / 600 10.8 mm
h lim L / 500 6.5 x 103 / 500 13 mm
Wvs L3 3 a w L a w
3
v max 1
6 E I x 8 L 2 L
Wvs
Wvs Wv1 / (1.6 x 1
E 205 kN / mm2
I x 199084 x 10 4 mm 4
aw 3.5 x 10 3 mm
L 6.5 x 10 3 mm
9-19
191.5 x
v max
6 x 205 x 1
3.45mm
Whs L3 3 aw L aw 3
h max 1 -
6 E I cf 8 L 2 L
9-20
Design of Connections
10-1
Bolts 10-2
8.8 4.6
40 kg / mm2 4.6
0.6 x 40 24 kg / mm2
10-1
10-2-1
24 mm 2 mm
3 mm
D mm D mm d mm
d 5 d 2 d 22
d 6 d 2 d 24
d 8 d 3 d 24
2.5 d
t 14 t
t 200 mm 16 t
(10-1)
1.25 D
1.4 D
10-1 D
2D
10-2
1.4D 2D
py (275 / p y )1/ 2 11 t
t
(10-1)
10-2-2
10-2
10-3
(10-2)
Shear capacity (1
Ps ps As (10-1)
10-2 ps
At As
A
(10-1)
Li
10-3
500mm
10-4
5500 Li
Ps ps As (10-2)
5000
(10-1)
36 33 30 27 24 22 20 16 12
mm
1020 856 706 573 453 380 314 201 113
A mm 2
817 684 561 459 353 303 245 157 84.3
At mm 2
10-5
10-3
Tg
8d
Ps p s As (10-3)
3 d Tg
Bearing Capacity 2
(a
Pbb d t pbb (10-4)
10-6
t d
10-2 pbb
Pbs (b
Pbs d t pbs e t pbs / 2 (10-5)
10- pbs
3
e
Tension Capacity 3
Pt
Pt pt At (10-6)
At
10-2 pt
Fs Ft
1 .4 (10-7)
Ps Pt
Ft Fs
10-3
(10-4)
10-7
(10-4)
10-3-1
R N 10-4a
e
10-8
ri Re
BA
......, x2 , y2 , x1 , y1
10-5 ......, r2 , r1
(10-5)
Fm A
Fm r2 / r1 B
Fm ri / r1 ri
r2 F N
Re Fm r1 Fm x r2 .......... .. m x ri2
r1 r1 i 1
r1
Fm Re N
(10-8)
ri 2
i 1
10-9
r1 Fm
y1
Fmh Fm sin Fm (10-9)
r1
x1
Fmv Fm cos Fm (10-10)
r1
r i2 x i2 y i2 10-8
y1
Fmh Re (10-11)
I
x
Fmv Re 1 (10-12)
I
N N
I xi2 y i2 (10-13)
i 1 i 1
10-3-2
R N 10-6
e
R/N Re
10-6
10-10
e
10-6
Ft
i y1
Ft yi / y1 yi
y2 F n
Re Ft y1 Ft x y 2 .......... .... t x y i2 (10-14)
y1 y1 i 1
y1
Ft Re (10-15)
Ix
n
n I x y i2
i 1
Ft Ft / m (10-16)
10-11
10-4
(10-7)
V
U
BS 5135
BS 709
(10-7)
10-12
s a
)(10-8
)(10-8 )(s
)(a
)(10-4 BS 5135
طول عنق اللحام بداللة الزاوية بين السطحين الملحومين )(10-4 الجدول
10-13
L
(10-9)
2s
(10-9)
(10-9)
300 mm
t 24 t 16 t
pw
(10-5) BS 639
10-14
10-5
(10-
10)
(10-10)
10-15
10-5-1
R (10-11)
e
(10-11)
R
Fv (10-17)
2 X 2Y
(10-3-1)
Re r
Fm (10-18)
Ip
Fm
1
r X 2 Y2 r
2
Ip
IP Ix I y (10-19)
10-16
I x 2 Y 3 / 12 X Y / 2 2 (10-20 a)
Iy 2 X 3
/ 12 Y X / 2 2 (10-20 b)
r Fm (10-11c)
Y
Fmh Fm sin Fm
2r
X
Fmv Fm cos Fm
2r
(10-18)
Re Y
Fmh (10-21)
2Ip
Re X
Fmv (10-22)
2Ip
Fr
10-5-2
R (10-12)
e
10-17
Fv L
Fv R / L (10-24)
e R
A Ft
A
Fr
X X Fv
(10-12)
Ft
Red
Ft (10-25)
2 Ix
x Ix
Fr Fv2 Ft 2 (10-26)
a Fr
pw
(10-5)
10-18
(10-1)
43
20 mm 4.6
(10-1)
Ps 2 p s A s
(10-1)
(10-2) As 245 mm 2 Ps 2 x 160 x 245 x 10 3 78.4 k N
p s 160 N / mm 2
Fs 4 x Ps 313.6 kN
(10-4)
10-19
Pbb d t pbb
2
Pbb 20 x 16 x 460 x 10 -3 147.2 kN
10-2 pbb 460 N / mm
(9-5)
Pbs d t pbs
(10-3) Pbs 20 x 16 x 460 147.2 kN
pbs 460 N / mm 2
F1 Fs 313.6 kN
T 16 mm
(2-1) p y 275 N / mm 2
10-20
(10-2)
4.6 20 mm 43
(10-1)
Ps p s As
10-1 As 245 mm 2
Ps 39.2 k N
2
10-2 p s 160 N / mm
(10-4)
Pbb d t pbb
2
Pbb 20 x 10 x 460 x 10 3 92 kN
pbb 460 N / mm
10-21
Pbb 20 x 7.8 x 460 x 10 3 71.76 kN
)10-2(
F1 Fs 313.6 kN
(2-1)
p y 275 N / mm 2 t 7.8 mm
10-22
1137 mm2
22 mm
Anet 2 x 1137 4 x 22 x 7.8 1587 .6 mm 2
)3-1( k e 1.2
pY 275 N/mm 2
16 mm
10-23
(10-3)
e 55 cm W 462 kN
43 20 mm
(8.8 M 27 mm
55
27) 8.8
W
100
100
450
100
75 75
8 no. M x 462 x 0.55 254 kNm
29 dia. holes
for M27 bolts
الفقرة
)5-2( Av 0.9 A 0.9 450 4 x 29 x 20 x 2 12020 mm 2
p y 265 N / mm 2
2-1)
I 2 20 x 450 3 / 12 2 x 20 x 29 x50 2 2 x 20 x 29 x150 2
I 24580 cm 4
Z I / 22.5 1090 cm 3
M c 265 x 1090 x 10 -3 289 kN M x 254 kN o.k .
10-24
Fv 462 / 8 x 2 28.9 kN
(10-11,12)
(10-13)
8 8
I 2 xi2 yi2
i 1 i 1
I 2 8 x 75 2 4 x 50 2 4 x 150 2 290000 mm 2
We x y1 462 x 550 x 150
Fmh 131 .43 k N
10-11 I 290000
We x x1 462 x 550 x 75
Fmv 65.7 k N
10-12 I 290000
(10-4)
Pbb d t pbb
الجدول Pbb 27 x 20 x 1035 x 10 -3
2
(10-2) pbb 1035 N / mm
559 kN Fr o.k.
10-25
(10-5)
Pbs d t pbs
الجدول 2
Pbs 27 x 20 x 460 x 10 -3
pbs 460 N / mm
(10-3)
243 kN Fr o.k.
(10-4)
e 221.5 mm W 462 kN
457 x 191 x 89 UB
22 mm 43
308.5
20
221.5 (8.8M22) 8.8
6 mm
3X100
457
480
Fv W 462 kN
M x 462 x 221.5 x 10 --3 102 kN
10-26
الجدول p y 265 N / mm 2 T 17.7 mm
)2-1(
275 / p y 1.02
الفقرة
)5-2( Av tD 10.5 x 463.4 4865.7 mm 2
العالقة
Pv 0.6 p y Av 0.6 x 265 x 4865.7 x 10 -3
)5-1(
773.6 k N Fv 462 kN o.k.
Fv 0.6 Pv
العالقة
)5-2( M c p y S x 265 x 2014 x 10 -3 533.7 kN M x o.k.
190
420
10-27
I x 2 x 420 3 /12 2 x 190 x 214 2 2 x 190 x 232 2
50.2 x 10 6 mm 3
العالقة
)10-26( Fr Fv2 Ft 2 289 2 4712 552.6 N/mm
a 0.7s 0.7 x 6 4.2 mm
Fr
f r Fr / a 552.6 / 4.2 131.6 N/ mm2
الجدول
)10-5(
f r pw 215 N / mm 2
Fv 462 kN
M 462 x 0.2215 0.02 112 kNm
Fs 462 / 8 57.8 kN
الجدولين Ps p s As
)10-1(
)10-2( As 303 mm 2
Ps 375 x 303 x 10 113.6 k N
-3
p s 375 N / mm 2
10-28
(10-15)
Ft
100
100 M y1
Ft
100
Ix
72.85
y1 72.85 3 x 100 372 .82 mm
4
I x yi2 72.85 172 .85 272 .85 372 .85
2 2 2 2
i 1
I x 248648 .5 mm 2
112 x 372 .85 x 10 3
Ft 167 .9 kN
248648 .5
Ft Ft / 2 84 kN
Pt pt At
At 303 Pt 450 x 303 x 10 -3 136 .3 kN
pt 450
(9-7)
Fs Ft 57.8 84
1.125 1.4 o.k .
Ps Pt 113 .6 136 .3
10-29
(10-5)
6 mm F 100 kN
43
L1
F1
43.2
63.5
100 kN
20.3
F2
L2
64X51X7.9L
الجدول a 0.7 x 6 4.2 mm
)10-4(
1 mm
الجدول f s a pw 4.2 x 215 903 N / mm
)10-5(
L1 F1 / f s 2s 32 x 103 / 903 2 x 6 48 mm
L1 10-4-2
F2 F F1 100 32 68 kN
L2 F2 / f s 2s 68 x 10 3 / 903 2 x 6 88 mm
10-30
(10-6)
43
200 kN 200 kN
292.9
250 Y
Fv Fm
300
X X FR
X=57.1
B
200 Y
10-31
العالقة Fm Re r / I p
)10-18(
r 150 200 57.1 207 .17 mm
2 2
Fm 200 x 10 x 292 .9 x 207 .17 / 14.27 x 10 6 850 .5 N
3
العالقة
Fr 615.7 2 285.7 586.8 1067 .9 N
2
)10-23)
الجدول
)10-5(
a Fr / pw 1067.5 / 215 4.96 mm
s a / 0.7 7.09 mm
8 mm
10-32
11 - 1
(11-1)
(11-1)
Clading 11-2
(11-2)
11-1
98.5 %
(11-2)
11-2
(11-3)
(11-3)
11-3
Double shell cladding 11-2-1
(11-4)
0.7 mm
0.4 mm
0.44 W/m2 C
80 mm
(11-4)
(11-4)
4
11-4
Composite panels 11-2-2
(foam)
(11-5)
(11-5)
11-5
Secondary elements 11-3
(11-1)
1.2 – 2 m
(11-6)
(11-6)
11-6
Primary frames 11-4
(11-7)
(11-7)
10m
(11-8) 6
(11-8a-c)
T T
11-7
I
(11-8)
11-8
(11-8d, 9) (Portal frame)
(60m)
I
(6 – 8m)
(6 – 15m)
11-9
Dead loads 12 - 1
(kN/m3) (kg/m3)
77 7850
23.7 2420
20 23 2000 2300
14-18 1400-1800
5 9 500 900
12-1
(kN/m2)
1.5
5 – 2.5
3.0
4.0
2.4
5
10
1.5 kN / m
2
30
0.75 kN / m
2
0.9 kN
12-2
(300 mm)
75 30 75
Vs
q
1
q Vs2 (12-1)
2
15c 1.226 kg / m3
76 cm
(12-1)
q 0.613 V s
2
(12-2)
N / m
2
q (m / s) Vs
12-3
12-3-1
Vs V S1 S 2 S3 (12-3)
10 m
S1
(12-1)
S1 12-1
S1
1.1 (a
0.9 (b
S2
12-4
1
10 m
4
25m
B
50m
B C
12-5
(12-2) S2
S2
12-3-2
p C pe C pi q (12- 4)
C pe
(12-4,5-8) (12-3)
C pi
12-6
(Leeward) (Windward)
(12-1a)
(12-1b)
Inflow Outflow
Wind Wind - ve pressure
+ ve pressure (suction)
Inflow
Outflow
(a) (b)
(12-1)
(12-2)
12-7
12 - 4
F
Cf Ae q
F C f q Ae (12-5)
(12-9) Cf
Cf
F 12-3,4
b h 4 d /h d /b
d
F
Cf
12-8
Cf
0.01
0.02
0.04
(12-6 , 12-7)
q Cf
12-9
12-10
12-11
12-12
12-13
12-14
12-15
12-16
12-17
(12-1)
6m 90x37m
5.71
45m/s
1.85 m
1.85 m
4.80 m
37.0 m
S1 1
S3 1
(12-2)
3
5-10m C 50m
12-2
S2 0.69
12-18
Vs V S1 S 2 S3 45 x 1 x 1 x 0.69 31 m / s
12-3
12-2 q 0.613 Vs2 0.613 x 312 x10 -3 0.59 kN / m 2
(12-4) (12-3)
h / w 6.65 / 37 0.18 1 / 2
3 / 2 l / w 90 / 37 2.43 4
5.71
(12-2)
2.3 0.354
0.3
-0.3
-0.10
-0.65
0.05
0.177
3.54
1.0
0.6
kN/m
0.3
(A)
-0.95
-0.40
0.25
0.7
4.07 2.12
0.8
0.6
+0.2
-0.60
-1.15
0.45
1.59
1.77
0.5
kN/m
(B)
0.8
C pe + C pi = C pe+ Cpi
12-19
1.0 1.77 1.77
-0.50
-0.13
0.71
0.2
0.2
-0.3
0.71
0.7
kN/m
-0.80 (C)
0.2
-0.43
0.5
-1.00
0.1
-0.63
2.48
+0.2
0.7
0.7
2.48
kN/m
(D)
0.3
12-20
6.65 1.85 / 2 7.57 m
Cf q 0.59 kN / m 2
l / w 2.43
12-9 b / d 37 / 90 0.4 C f 0.72
h / b 7.57 / 37 0.2
d / h 90 / 8.5 10.5
d / b 90 / 37 2.43
(12-5)
C f 0.04
q1 0.59 kN / m 2
q2 0.49 kN / m 2
h1 8.5 m
h2 6.65 m
12-21
F 0.04 37 90 4 x 8.50.59 2 x 6.65 90 4 x 6.65 0.49
65.4 kN
(12-5)
C f 0.01
h1 8.5 m
h2 7.57 m
12-22
Purlins and side rails
13 - 1
(11-6)
Design requirments 13 -2
(13-1)
13-1
(13-1)
(sagrods)
(13-2)
12 m
13-2
(13-2)
(13-1)
43
20 6.0 m
0.15 kN / m 2
0.75 kN / m 2
0.40 kN / m2
152 x 76 x 17
D 152 .4 mm , B 76.2 mm , t 6.4 mm , T 9.0 mm
b/T 8.47 , d/t 16.6 , A 22.8 cm 2
I x 852 cm 4 , I y 114 cm 4 , rx 6.11 cm , ry 2.23 cm
Z x 112 cm 3 , Z y 21.0 cm 3 , S x 130 cm 3 , S y 41.2 cm 3
13-3
T 16 mm
275 / p y 1 / 2 1 p y 275 N / mm 2 43
20
Wdx , Wix
y-y
W dy , Wiy x-x
x-x
y-y
Wdx 2.88 cos 20 2.71 k N , Wdy 2.88 sin 20 0.99 k N
Wix 8.46 cos 20 7.95 k N , Wiy 8.46 sin 20 2.89 k N
y-y
13-4
Wwx 4.80 kN
x-x
M x 16.5 x 6.0 / 8 12.4 kNm
Fx 16.5 / 2 8.3 kN
y-y
M y 6.0 x 6.0 / 8 4.5 kNm
Fy 6.0 / 2 3 kNm
Avx Dt 152.4 x 6.4 975 mm 2
Pvx 0.6 p y Avx 0.6 x 275 x 975 x 10 -3 161 kN Fx
5-2
Avy 0.9 Ao 0.9 x 2 BT 0.9 x 2 x 76.2 x 9.0 1234 mm 2
5-1
Pvy 0.6 p y Avy 0.6 x 275 x1234 x 10 -3 204 kN Fy
60%
13-5
M cx p y S x 1.2 p y Z x
5-2
M cx 275 x 130 x 10 -3 35.8 kNm
M cx 1.2 x 275 x 112 x 10 -3 37.0 kNm
M cx 35.8 kNm
M cy p y S y 1.2 p y Z y
1.2 S y 1.2 Z y
5-3
M x M y 12.4 4.5
0.85 1 o.k.
8-1 M cx M cy 35.8 9.0
x-x
y-y
(5-4)
13-6
M x 4.01 x 6.0 / 8 - 3.01 kNm
M y 0.99 x 6.0 / 8 0.75 kNm
My Mx
Mx
5-7
LT n u v
u 0.9
x D / T 152.4 / 9.0 17
/ x 15.8
v 0.52
5-4 N 0.5
β 0.0 , 0.0 n 0.94
5-7
LT 0.94 x 0.9 x 0.52 x 268 118
13-7
p y 275
pb 98 N / mm
2
5-10 LT 118
mM x mM y
8-2 1
Mb py Z y
1 x 3.01 1x 0.75
0.37 1 o.k .
12.74 275 x 21.0 x 10 -3
Fx
(1-3)
13-8
(13-2)
(13-1)
152 x 76 x 17
1 , p y 275 N / mm 2
Wy kN Wx kN
13-9
M x 16.5 x 6.0 / 8 12.4 k Nm
Fx 0.625 x 16.5 10.4 k N
M y 6.0 x 6.0 / 8 4.5 k Nm
Fy 0.625 x 6.0 3.8 k N
M x M y 12.4 4.5
8-1
0.85 1 o.k.
M cx M cy 35.8 9.0
B
AC
LE 1.0 LAC 600 cm
600 / 2.24 268
M 0 16.5 x 6.0/8 12.4 kNm
M A / M0 1.0
n 0.66
5-7 Mc / MA 0.0
13-10
m 1.0
5-3 u 0.9 , x D / T 152.4 / 9 17
/ x 15.8
v 0.52
5-4 N 0.5
LT n u v 0.66 x 0.9 x 0.52 x 268 82.8
5-7
pb 158 N / mm2
5-10
M b pb S x 158 x 130 x 10-3 20.54 kNm
5-6
(13-3)
43
2.0 m 5.0 m
0.18 kN/m 2
0.8 kN/m2
125 x 75 x 10
I x 303 cm 4 , I y 82.5 cm 2
Z x 36.7 cm3 , Z y 14.4 cm3
ry 2.08 cm
13-11
T 16 mm
275 / p y 1 / 2 1 , p y 275 N / mm 2 43
b / T 75 / 10 7.5 15
2-2 d / t 125 / 10 12.5 15
b d / T 75 125 / 10 20 23
(13-2)
Fx 11.2 / 2 5.6 kN
13-12
M cx p y Z x 275 x 36.7 x 10 -3 10.0 kN M x o.k.
13-13
Design of Trusses
14 - 1
(14-1)
8 m
(14-1)
(14-2)
(14-3)
14-1
(14-2)
(14-3)
(1-2)
14-2
1
W L/6
L W
Slenderness of members 14 - 3
(7-1) 1
T
14-3
(7-1) 2
T
s2
s 2 / rmin
(14-4)
(4-4) 3
(4-1)
/50/
/100/
(14-4)
Tension capacity 14 - 4
(3-2)
Pt Ae p y (14-1)
(2-1) py
14-4
(3-2) Ae
(3-3)
Compression resistance 14 - 5
(4-2)
Pc Ag pc (14-2)
Ag
py pc
(4 - 3a, b, c, d)
20 N / mm2 (2-3)
Connections 14 - 6
(14-5)
(14-6) b x t
14-5
(14-5)
(14-6)
14-6
(14-1)
4m 16 m
21.8
43
0.12 kN / m2
8 kN
0.11 kN/ m
0.75 kN / m 2
0.68 kN / m 2
14-7
4 x 2 x 0.12 0.96 kN
4 x 0.11 0.44 kN
8 / 10 0.8 k .N
2.2 k .N
4 x 2 x 0.75 cos21.8 5.56 kN
4 x 2 x - 0.61 4.88 kN
( k N)
8.6 x 2.2 / 2 9.48
8.6 x 5.56 / 2 24.0
8.6 x 4.88 / 2 21.0
Wd 9.48 / 4 2.37 kN
Wi 24.0 / 4 6.0 kN
Ww 21.0 / 4 5.25 kN
14-8
kN
1 . 4 Fd 1.0 Fd
Fd Fi Fw 1.6 Fi 1.4 Fw
1 22.4 56.6 - 46.7 121.9 - 43.0
2 21.4 54.3 - 46.7 116.8 - 44.0
3 20.6 52.1 - 46.7 112.2 - 44.8
4 19.7 49.9 - 46.7 107.4 - 45.7
5 - 20.7 - 52.5 42.8 - 113.0 39.2
6 - 17.8 - 45.0 35.4 - 96.9 31.8
7 - 11.9 - 30.0 20.7 - 64.7 17.1
8 2.2 5.6 - 5.3 12.0 - 5.2
9 - 3.0 - 7.5 6.8 - 16.2 6.5
10 4.4 11.1 - 10.5 23.9 - 10.3
11 - 2.9 - 7.4 6.8 - 15.9 6.6
12 2.2 5.6 - 5.3 12.0 - 5.2
13 - 5.9 - 15.0 16.0 - 32.3 16.5
14 - 8.9 - 22.5 22.8 - 48.5 23.0
(14-2)
M WL / 6
W 1.4 0.96 0.44 1.6 x 5.56 10.9 kN
14-9
L 2.15 x cos 21.8 1.99 m
Ft Fc
Fc 121.9 kN , Ft 45.7 kN
L1 8.62 / 4 2.155 m
2L 80 x 60 x 8
A1 10.6 cm 2 , I a 65.8 cm 4
I b 31.5 cm 4 , I v 17.1 cm 4
Z a 12.1 cm3 , Z b 7.09 cm3
ra 2.49 cm , rb 1.72 cm
rv 1.27 cm
rx 2.49 cm , ry I y / A 2.61 cm
1/ 2
14-10
43
p y 275 , 275 / p y
(2-1)
1 t 8 mm 16
1/ 2
b / t 80 / 8 10 15 15
(2-2) b d /t 80 60 / 8 17.5 23
py
F M
x 1
(8-1) Ag p y M cx
F Fc 121.9 kN , M x 3.6 kN m
M cx p y Z x 275 x 24.2 x 10 3 6.655 kN m
121 .9 3.6
0.71 1 o.k .
21.2 x 275 x 10 1 6.655
F mM x
1
(8-2) Ag pc Mb
(7-1)
x L1 / rx 215.5 / 2.49 86
x 0.7L1 / rx 30 90
x 90 min 50
14-11
c L / 4 / rv 54 / 1.27 42
y
y L1 / ry 2 2c 215.5 / 2.6
1/2 2
42 2
1/ 2
92
(7-1)
y 92 1.4 c 59
(4-2)
pc 139 N / mm 2 y py (4-3c)
(5-10) Mb
100
Ft Fc
Fc 39.2 kN , Ft 113.0 kN
2L 75 x 50 x 6
45 cm
14-12
s1 0.5L 45 0.5 x 232 45 71 cm
A 2 A1 14.44 cm 3 , I x 2 I a 81.8 cm 4
Z x 2 Z a 16.2 , rx ra 2.38
I y 2 14.6 7.22 1.21 0.4
2
66.63 cm 4
22 mm
Anet A 2 x 2.2 x 0.6 11.8 cm2
Gr 43
Ae 1.2 x Anet 14.16 cm2 A 14.44 cm2
(3-2)
14-13
x L / rx 232 / 2.38 97.5
x 0.7L / rx 30 98
x 98 min 50
c s1 / rv 71 / 1.08 65.7
y s2 4.64 m
(7-1)
y s2 / ry 2 2c
1/ 2
464 / 2.15 65.7
2
2 1/ 2
225
y 225 max 250
(4-1)
(4-2)
pc 33 N / mm 2 y py (4-3c)
Fc 23.9 kN , Ft 10.3 kN
L 60 x 60 x 6
14-14
A 6.95 cm2 , Ia I b 23.2 cm4 , I v 9.64 cm4
Z x Z y 5.39 cm3 , rx ry 1.83 cm , rv 1.18 cm
p y 275 , 275 / p y 1 t 6 16 mm
1/ 2
b/T 60 / 6 10 15ε
b d / T 60 60 / 6 20 23ε
14-15
13, 10, 7, 6
4.6 20 mm 8 mm
F 32.3 kN 13
32.2 kN 7 6
7 6
96.9 kN (6)
(14-6) (14-6)
14-16
F
t 32.3x10 3
bt t 115 N / mm 2
47 x 6
b 60 / cos 30 22 47 mm
14-17
Bracing systems
15 - 1
(14.3)
(1-1-2)
15 -1
(14-3)
(15-1)
(15-1)
(15-2)
(15-2b,c)
15 -2
(15-2)
(14-3)
(15-3)
15 -3
(15-3)
15 -4
(15-1)
43
12.5 m 6.0m
5.0m
f 1.4
15 -5
Member Factored member force (kN)
Pressure Suction
1 184 -147
2 299 -239
3 338 -270
4 -215 172
5 111 -89
6 -133 106
7 69 -55
8 -46 37
9 48 -38
10 -184 147
11 -299 239
(3)
338 kN
254 x 146 x 37 UB
D 256 mm , B 146.4 mm , t 6.4 mm , T 10.9 mm
b/T 6.72 ,D/t 34.2 , rx 10.8 cm , ry 3.47cm , A 47.4cm2
(3)
LEx 0.85 L 0.85 x 500 425 cm λ x LEx /rx 39
(4-4) LEy 1.0 L 500 cm λ y LEy / ry 144
p y 275 N / mm 2 , 275 / p y T 10.9 16 mm
1/ 2
(2-1)
b / T 6.72 15 15
(2-2)
D / t 34.2 39 39
pc (4-2)
15 -6
pc 80 N / mm 2 y py (4-3b)
(11)
239 kN
203 x 133 x 30 UB
D 206.7 mm , B 134 mm , t 6.3 mm , T 9.6 mm
b/T 6.72 ,D/t 27.3 , rx 8.71 cm , ry 3.18 cm , A 38 cm2
(11)
LEx 0.85 L 0.85 x 500 425 cm λ x LEx /rx 48.8
(4-4)
LEy 1.0 L 1.0 x 500 500 cm λ y LEy / ry 157
p y 275 N / mm 2 , 275 / p y 1.0 T 9.6 16 mm
1/ 2
b / T 6.97 15 15
D / t 9.6 39 39
pc (4-2)
pc 68 N / mm 2 y py (4-3b)
26 mm
15 -7
Anet 38 4 x 2.6 x 0.96 2 x 2.6 x 0.63 24.74 cm2
15 -8
(15-2)
93 kN 43
12.0 kN
F 1.4 x 93 130 kN
F 1.2 x 93 1.2 x 12 126 kN
F 130 kN
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(kN) 130 - 188 130 - 188 - 135 135 270 0
15 -9
(4) (2)
Ft 188 kN
100 x 65 x 7
22 mm
p y 275 N / mm 2 t 7 mm
3-3)
Ae a1 3 a1 a2 / 3 a1 a2
a1 100 7 / 2 x 7 22 x 7 522 mm 2
a2 65 7 / 2 x 7 431 mm2
Ae 522 3 x 522 x 431 / 3 x 522 431 860 mm 2
(3)
Fc 130 kN
203 x 133 x 125 UB
D 275 mm , B 101.9 mm , t 6.1 mm , T 8.4 mm
b/t 6.07 , D/t 36.9 , rx 8.54 cm , r y 3.1 cm
A 32.2 cm 2
15 -10
pc (4-2)
pc 46 N / mm 2 y py (4-3b)
(1)
(5, 6, 7)
15 -11
Column bases
16 - 1
(16-1,2)
(16-1)
16-1
(16-2)
16 – 2
F
Ae
(16-3)
c
(16-3)
(16-3) Ae
Ae 2 B 2 c 2 c T D 2T 2c 2 c t (16-1)
(16-3) t, T, D, c, B
16-2
Ae F
fb 0.5 f c
f c
28
F
w 0.5 f c (16-2)
Ae
c
c (16-2) (16-1)
Ae
1 mm
c
1
M w c 2 p yp Z p (16-3)
2
p yp
270 N / mm2
1 mm Z p t 2p / 6
tp
(16-3) Zp
t p c 3 w / pyp
1/ 2
(16-4)
(16-4)
16-3
(16-4)
16 – 3
16 - 3 -1
M F (16-5)
Dp Bp
(16-5)
16-4
F M
f min 0 (16-5)
A Z
e , M Fe , Z Bp Dp2 / 6 , A Bp Dp
(16-5)
F Fe
0 e Dp / 6 (16-6)
B p D p B p D p2 / 6
e
f c f b 0.5 f c
28
F M
f max fb (16-7)
A Z
(16-6)
(16-7)
1 mm
f max
M s
M s 1.2 p yp Z p (16-8)
16-5
p yp
270 N / mm 2
1 mm Z p t 2p / 6
tp
1/ 2
6 Ms
tp (16-9)
1.2 p
yp
F
M
F f M / D T (16-10)
T D
16 - 3 -2
eM/F
(16-6)
16-6
(16-6)
(16-7)
t d x
(16-11)
c x
t ft / Es , c fc / Ec
f c , c , Ec
f t , t , Es
Bp
(16-7)
16-7
(16-11) fc
d-x
ft m fc (16-12)
x
m Es /Ec 15
1
Fc Bp x f c (16-13)
2
d-x
Ft At f t m At f c (16-14)
x
1 d-x
F Fc Ft f c B p x m At
x
(16-15)
2
D x D
M Fc p Ft p n (16-16)
2 3 2
(16-14) (16-13)
1 Dp x D d x
M B p x fc m At f c p n
2 2 3 2 x
1 D x D d x
M f c B p x p m At p n (16-17)
2 2 3 2 x
x , fc (16-17) (16-15)
x3 3 d - d1 x 2 A1 x - A1 d 0 (16-18)
16-8
A1 6 m At d1 /Bp , e M/F , d1 0.5 d-n e
(16-15) (16-18) x
(16-12) ft fc
pt fb 0.5 fc
16 9
16 3 1
(16-8)
x c 0.003
d c t 0.003 f t / Es
600
x d (16-19)
600 f t
(16-8)
16-9
510
y 0.85 x d (16-20)
600 f t
Fc Bp y f b (16-21)
Ft At ft (16-22)
Bp
F Fc Ft Bp y fb At f t (16-23)
D y D
M Fc p Ft p n (16-24)
2 2 2
pt
(16- 19,20) f t pt
600 510
xb d , yb d (16- 25,26)
600 pt 600 pt
xb
(16-23)
Fb Bp yb f b - At pt (16-27)
16-10
Fb F
f t pt (16-19,25) xb x
(16-23) f t pt
y
1
F At pt (16-28)
Bp f b
(16-24)
D y D
M u B p y fb p - At pt p - n (16-29)
2 2 2
M Mu
A , D
t p , B p , n
pt f t xb x Fb F
(16-19)
d-x 0.85d y
f t 600 600 (16-30)
x y
(16-23) ft
D y D
M u B p y fb p - At f t p - n (16-32)
2 2 2
16-11
M Mu
1 mm
fb
M s
M s p yp S p (16-33)
p yp
2
270 N / mm
1mm S p t 2p / 4
tp
1/ 2
4 Ms
tp (16-34)
p
yp
16 3 1
16-12
افرض معطياث القاعدة
Bp , Dp , n , At
No Yes
Fb F
No
Mu M
Yes
انتهى
16-13
(16-1)
Ae 2 B 2 c 2 c T D - 2 T - 2 c 2 c t
16 1 Ae 2 308 .7 2c 2c 21.7
320 .5 - 2 x 21.7 - 2c 2c 13.8
16-14
4 c2 1.82 x 103 c - 269.3 x 103 0 c 117.6 mm
16-15
(16-2)
16-16
4 c2 1.94 x 103 c - 564 x 103 0 c 204.5 mm
Ae D 2 c B 2 c
Ae 365.1 2 c 321.8 2 c
16-4
t p c 3 fb / p yp 1/ 2
95 mm
2–1
p yp 245 N/mm 2 270
1/ 2
3 x 15
t p 215.7 92.5 mm 95 mm o.k.
245
16-17
lew 2 l - 2 s 2 150 - 2 x 8 268 mm
(10-5)
pw 215 N /mm2
16-18
(16-3)
43
F 6M 2300 x 10 3 6 x 100 x 10 6
f max
16-7 B p D p B p D p2 700 x 700 700 x 700 2
f max 4.69 1.75 6.44 N f b 8 N / mm 2 o.k.
16-19
F 6M
f min 2
4.69 - 1.75 2.94 N / mm2
Bp Dp Bp Dp
1 mm
1 1 1 1
Ms f 1 l12 f max l12 x 5.54 x 180 2 x 6.44 x 180 2
6 3 6 3
99.5 x 10 N mm
3
6 Ms
1/ 2
1/ 2
6 x 99.5 x 10 3
tp
t p
16-9 1.2 p
yp 1.2 x 255
p yp 255 N / mm2 44.2 mm 50 mm o.k .
2-1
40 mm t p
16-20
F
M
M 100 x 10 3
16-10
Ff 324 kN
D - T 339 .9 - 31.4
Pw p w l ew a
10-5 p w 215 N / mm 2
Pw 756 k N F f o.k .
l ew 2 B 2 x 314 .1 628 mm
a 0.7 s 0.7 x 8 5.6 mm
Pw p w l ew a
p w 215 N / mm 2
l ew 2 d 2 x246.6 Pw 593 .5 k N Q 40 k N o.k .
493 mm
a 5.6 mm
16-21
(16-4)
43
4.6 2M20
16-22
(16-18)
d1 0.5 d - n e 0.5 470 - 50 189 399 mm
A1 6 m A t d 1 / B p
A1 6 x 15 x 490 x 399 / 520
m 15
33.8 x 10 3 mm 2
At 2 x 245 490
.
(16-18)
x 3 - 3 470 - 399 x 2 33.8 x 10 3 x - 33.8 x 10 3 x 470 0
x 3 - 213 x 2 33.8 x 103 x - 15886 x 103 0 x 288 mm
(16-15) x
fc
450 x 10 3 f c 0.5 x 520 x 288 - 15 x 490 470 - 288 / 288
f c 6.4 N/mm2 f b 8 Nmm2 o.k.
(16-12) fc
16-12
f t 15 x 6.4 x 470 - 288 / 288 60.7 N/mm2
16-23
1 1 1 1
M s f1 f c l12 x 4.18 x 6.4 99.85 2
6 3 6 3
28215 N mm
6 Ms
1/ 2
tp
6 x 28215
1/ 2
1.2 p tp 23.1 mm
16-9 yp
1.2 x 265
p yp 265 N / mm2
2-1
t p 22 mm t p 25 mm
Pw p w l ew a
p w 215 N / mm 2 Pw 215 x617.4 x5.6 x10
-3
10-5
l ew 2 B 2x308 .7 617 .4 mm 743 k N F f o.k .
a 0.7 s 0.7 x 8 5.6 mm
Pw p w l ew a
p w 215 N / mm 2
10-5
l ew 2 d c 2 x246.5 Pw 593 .5 k N Q 60 k N o.k .
493 mm
a 5.6 mm
16-24
Ps p s As
p s 160 N / mm Ps 39.2 kN
2
10-2
As 245 mm 2
Pt pt At
10-2 pt 195 N / mm2 Pt 47.7 kN
At 245 mm 2
(10-7)
Fs Ft 15 14.9
0.7 1.4 o.k.
Ps Pt 39.5 47.7
16-25
(16-5)
(16-3)
2M 20 Gr 4.6
At 490 mm 2 , p t 195 N / mm2
f b 8 N / mm 2 , d 700 - 50 650 mm
600
xb x 650 490 .5 mm
16-25 600 195
yb 0.85 xb 417 mm
16-26
16-27
Fb 700 x 417 x 8 - 490 x 195 x 10 -3 2239.5 kN
f t pt Fb F
1 mm Ms
M s 8 x 180 2 / 2 129600 N mm
p yp 255 N / mm 2 t p 40 mm
1/ 2
4 x 129600
t p 45 mm
16-34 255
(16-3)
16-27
Ft f t At / 2 178 x 490 / 2 x 10 -3 43.6 kN / bolt
Fs Q / 4 40 / 4 10 kN / bolt
Ps p s As
p s 160 N / mm 2 Ps 160 x 245 x 10 39.2 k N
-3
10-2
As 490 / 2 245 mm 2
Pt p t At / 2
10-2
pt 195 N / mm Pt 195 x 245 x 10 -3 47.7 k N
2
At / 2 245 mm 2
(10-7)
Fs Ft 10 43.6
10-7 1.17 1.4 o.k.
Ps Pt 39.2 47 .7
16-28
(16-6)
(16-4)
600
xb x 470 354.7 mm
16-25 600 195
y b 0.85 xb 301 .5 mm
16-29
1
y (450 x 103 490 x 195 ) 131.1 mm
16-28 520 x 8
520 131.1 520
M u 520 x131.1x 8 - 490 x195 - 50 x10 6
16-32
2 2 2
126 kNm
Mu 126 kN m M 85 kN m o .k.
1mm
8 x 99.85 2
Ms 39880 Nmm
2
4 Ms
1/ 2
tp
4 x 39880
1/ 2
p 24.5 mm
p
16-34 t
yp
265
p yp 265 N / mm2
2-1
t p 22 mm t p 25 mm
(16-4)
16-30
Portal Frame Design
17-1
(17-1)
BS 5950
17-1
(17-1)
17-2
Elastic design 17-2
Ww Wi Wd
1.4 Wd 1.6 Wi
(17-2)
(1-1-2)
(17-2)
30 – 40%
17-3
(17-1c)
(17-3)
10
(4-4b)
I c / Lc
k1
I c /Lc I R /LR
k2 1.0
IR Ic
LR Lc
10
I c / Lc
k c LEc / Lc 2.0 0.45 (17-1)
I R /L R
LEc
17-4
LER 2 Lc Fc I R
kR kc (17-2)
( LR / 2) LR FR I c
FR Fc
LER
(17-3)
(17-2)
17-5
(stay) (eaves beam)
(17-1c)
(17-4)
(17-4)
(17-2)
(17-4)
17-2-2
17-6
(8-1)
(8-2)
10%
(17-2)
17-2-3
(17-5)
(17-5)
17-7
(8-1)
(8-3)
LE
F M
1 (17-3)
Pc M b
F M
pb (17-4)
A Sx
M , F
Sx , A
(4-2) Pc
y 2
(17-6)
1 ( 2a/hs ) 0.05 ( / x)
2
L
ry
(9-5) hs
17-8
D/ T x
T D (9-6)
(A-A) a
(17-6) (B-B)
(17-6)
Mb
M b pb S x p y Z x (17-7)
(2-1) py
Zx
(5-10,11) pb
TB py
λ TB nt u vt c λ (17-8)
1
4 a / hs 2
vt 2
(17-9)
1 ( 2 a / hs ) 0.05 ( / x)
2
3
c 1
2 1
( R-1) 3 q 2 (17-10)
x9
17-9
q
(warping) u
1.0 H I 0.9
1.0
1.0 nt
1
1 N 3 N 2 4 N3 3 N 4 N5 N N
2
nt 1 2( s - E ) (17-11)
12 M 1 M 2 M3 M4 M5 Ms ME
N5 , ...... , N1
N (17-7)
N5 , ...... , N1 M 5 , ...... , M1
M i p y Z xi (17-12)
Zx
M
M i p y Sxi (17-13)
N4 / M 4 N3 / M 3 N2 / M 2 Ns / M s
N5 / M 5 N1 / M1 NE / M E
N N
( s - E )
Ms ME
17-10
(17-7)
M
M mt M A (17-14)
MA
1.0 mt
y (17-1)
t (17-6)
t
t -1 t - 1.0 (17-8)
(17-8)
17-11
Plastic design 17-3
BS 5950
2-5
20%
17-12
D/ 2
(17-9)
(17-9b,c)
17-13
(17-9)
(17-10)
17-14
(17-10)
X
(17-11a)
g h1 (2 h2 /L) x (17-15)
M x w L x / 2 w x2 /2 (17-16)
X B
M p RH h1 M x RH g (17-17)
17-15
(17- x dRH / dx 0 Mp RH
17)
Wr L 1
Mp (17-18)
8 (1 k / 2) (1 k )1 / 2
Wr (1.4wd 1.6wi ) L (17-19)
wd , wi k h2 / h1
(17-11)
(17-11b)
(17-12,13) Mp
17-16
(17-12)
17-17
(17-13)
17-18
17-3-2
Plastic analysis of hunched and nonuniform frames
(17-14)
F / A M / Z py (17-20)
M,F
Z,A
(17-14)
(17-3-1)
(17-17)
17-19
M pc RH e (17-21)
M pb q M pc M x - RH g q RH e (17-22)
(17-16) (17-15) Mx , g
M pb , M pc
0.6 – 0.7 q
x dRH / dx 0 M pb , M pc RH
(17-21,22)
(17-15) I
F M prx M px
(17-15)
17-20
(17-15b) F
F
(17-16b)
(17-16)
M prx F
(17-16c) (17-15c)
(17-15d) (17-16d)
F
F M prx
F 2 a t py (17-23)
M prx M px - t a 2 p y (17-24)
(17-15)
Pp A py
17-21
n F / Pp
(17-23)
a n A / ( 2 t) (17-25)
(17-24)
M prx Srx py (17-26)
F F
M prx
F A 2 ( D / 2 a) B p y (17-30)
M prx ( D / 2 a) B py ( D / 2 a) (17-31)
(17-30) n F / Pb
a 0.5 D - ( 1 n) A/B (17-32)
(17-31)
M prx Srx py (17-33)
A2 2 BD
S rx (1 n) ( - 1 n ) (17-34)
4B A
17-22
I
(17-17) ( y y)
F 2 a D py (17-35)
a nA/2D (17-36)
M pry Sry p y (17-37)
(17-17)
(17-38)
a t / 2 n n2 D t / A (17-39)
F A - 4 T ( B / 2 - a ) py (17-40)
17-23
a 0.5 B - ( 1 - n ) A / 2T (17-41)
M pry Sry p y (17-42)
A2 4 TB
Sry (1 n) ( -1 n ) (17-43)
8T A
Sr S (1 n2 ) (17-44)
I n Sr (17-18)
(17-18)
S rx n2 n1
n S ry
Sr S (17-45)
2%
17-24
17-2
y y xx
0 .3 n 1 0 n 0.3 0.1 n 1 0 n 0.1 UB
2.04 (1 n) (0.4 n) 1 0.27 (1 n) (4 n) 1 (I )
0 .2 n 1 0 n 0.2 0.1 n 1 0 n 0.1 UC
1.56 (1 n) (0.6 n) 1 0.156 (1 n) (7 n) 1 (H )
h / 1000 (1-1-2)
h
Lb 44 L 275
(17-46)
D h 4 Lr / L p yb
Lr L / cos , Wr / Wo , (2 I c / I r ) ( L / h)
p yb
D h L
L Lb
Lh Lb L Lh 17-19 2D
Lh
17-25
Ic
Ir
Wr
(17-19)
Wo
16 M pb / L L
Lr
(17-19)
Restraints and member stability 17-3-5
17-26
I
(17-20)
10%
AB
(17-20)
AB (17-21)
17-27
(17-21)
D/2 BS 5950
D
(17-4)
S3
Lm 17-21
38 ry
Lm
f 2 x / 362 1 / 2
(17-47)
c / 130 p y / 275
17-28
fc
ry
ry
Lm
x ry
K (17-48,49)
(17-2-1)
(17-21) S4 S3
S3
Ls
(17-47) 17- 19
Ls (17-22)
17-29
Gr 43
K1 ry x
Ls (17-48)
72 x 2
- 10 4 1/ 2
Gr 50
K 2 ry x (17-49)
Ls
94 x 2
- 10
4 1/ 2
(17-47) ry , x
K2 K1
17-3
K2 K1
645 620 1
515 495 2
465 445 3
(17-48,49)
UB
17-30
Lm (17-22) Lm
(17-47)
(17-22)
T X
V d / 2 M pc Ta 0 T (M pc V d / 2) / a (17-50)
17-31
C
C T H (17-51)
F C / cos (17-52)
Ft T/ 4 , Fs V / 8 (17-53a,b)
(17-23b)
We
We T b / 8 (17-54)
Wi
Wi 4 m (c e) m v (1 cos ) (m b / c) (b 0.5 v sin ) (17-55)
m
(17-33)
(5-2)
t (4 m / p y )1 / 2 (17-56)
F py x
C
17-32
T
(17-23)
17-33
Design of ridge joint 17-3-7
(17-24)
(17-24)
Z T
T ( M - Hh ) / g (17-57)
H M
(17-24)
17-34
(17-1)
40 20
6m
45 m/s
5m
Gr 43
0.25 kN / m2
0.04 kN / m
0.03 kN / m2 1 .5 m
457 x 191 x 67 UB
0.13 kN / m2
0.75 kN / m2
30
21.8
17-35
wd (0.25 0.03 0.13) x 5 x 10.77/10 2.21 kN / m
(12-2) S2
3
B 50 m
(12-3) Vs
q S1 S3 1
(12-2)
(12-3,4) c pe
S2 Vs q c pe
= 90
2
m /sec kN/m =0
(m)
wind ward
10 0.74 33.3 0.68
Lee ward
- 0.33 - 0.4 - 0.7
6 0.67 30.2 0.56 + 0.7 - 0.25 - 0.5
17-36
ww 5 q ( c pe - c pi )
0.3 0.2 c pi
(12)
17-37
D B
kN kN
kNm kNm
90.9 - 214.55 1.4 wd + 1.6 wi
M 217.25 kN m , F 91.18 kN
17-38
UB 457 x 152 x 60
Gr 43
D 454 .6 mm , B 152 .9 mm , d 407 .6 mm , t 8.1 mm , T 13.3 mm
b/T 5.75 , d/t 50.3 , Z x 1122 cm 3 , Sx 1287 cm 3 , A 76.2 cm 2
rx 18.3 cm , ry 3.23 cm
b / T 5.75 8.5
91.18 x 103
d1t p y F d1
8.1 x 275
40.9 m m
ED
x
M cx p y Sx 1.2 p y Z x
(5-2)
M cx 275 x 1287 x 10 -3 1.2 x 275 x 1122 x 10 -3
M cx 353 .9 kN m 370.2 kN m
M cx 353 .9 kN m
17-39
D
x-x
x 118.7 , p
(4-3a)
17-40
y 92.9
u 0.9
x D/T
/ x 2.7
v 0.92
(5-4) N 0.5
108.625/ 217.25 0.5 m 0.76
(5-9)
n 1 .0
(5-5)
LT n u v 1.0 x 0.9 x 0.92x 92.9 77
(5-7)
F m Mx
(8-2) 1.0
Ag pc Mb
91.18 0.76 x 217.25 m M x
0.85 1.0 o.k .
76.2 x 121 x 10 -1 221 .3
17-41
M 217.25 kNm , F 66.9 kN
(17-2)
3.62 x 2 x 6 99.5
kR 2.84
(17-2) 21.54 50.1
3.0 m
3.0 m
17-42
y 92.9 , u 0.9 , x D / T 34.2
/ x 2 .7
(5-4) v 0.92
N 0 .5
F m Mx
1.0
(8-2) Ag pc Mb
66.9 1.0 x 217.25
-1
0.9 1.0 o.k .
76.2 x 65.7 x 10 284.4
17-43
(17-2)
(17-1)
0.45m 1.5m
M pb 0.75 M pc M pc
(1.4 wd 1.6 wi )
17-21
M pc RH e 5.55 RH (1)
17-22
M pb 0.75 M pc M x - R H g
M 0.75 M
pb pc
g 6 0 .4 x 90.9 x - 9.09 x 2 /2 (2)
17-15
- R H (6 0.4 x)
M x 90.9 x - 9.09 x 2 /2
17-16
(2) (1)
90.9 x 4.55 x 2
RH (3)
10.16 0.4 x
dRH / dx 0 x 2 50.7 x 507.4 0 x 8.56 m
(1) (3) x
RH 32.7 kN , M pc 181.5 kN m , M pb 0.75 M pc 136.1 kN m
17-44
1.2 (wd wi Wwb )
(a)
(b)
17-45
x
M x 57.24 66.5 x1 3.52 x 2
(4)
17-46
dRH / dx 0 1.408 x 2 71.53 x 653.52 0 x 7.9 m
(5) (7) x
RH 27.1 kN , M pc 153kN m , M pb 114.75 kN m
(c)
H
F 92.2 kN M pc 181.8 kN m
UB 406 x 140 x 46
S 888 cm 3
, A 59 cm 2
, I x 15600 cm 4 , rx 16.3 cm
r y 3.02 cm , D 403 .2 mm , B 142 .2 mm , d 360 .4 mm
t 6.8 mm , T 11.2 mm , b / T 6.35 , d / t 53
T 11.2 mm 20 p y 275 N / mm2 , (275/p y )1 / 2 1.0
2-1
b / T 5.75 8.5
2-2
d1
17-47
92.2 x 103
2-2 d1t p y F d1 49.3 mm
6.8 x 275
yc (d d1 ) / 2 204.8 mm
2 yc / d 1.137
d 79
53 73
2-2 t 0.4 0.6
F F 92.2 x 10 3
n 0.057 1.0
17-2
Pp A p y 59 x 10 2 x 275
S r S 654cm3 S req
17-45
F 35.2 kN M pb 136.1 kN m
d1
35.2 x 10 3
d1t p y F d1 19.4
6.6 x 275
17-48
yc (d d1 ) / 2 (311.6 19.4) /2 165.5 2 yc / d 1.06
d 79
47.2 76
2-2 t 0.4 0.6
F F 35.2 x 10 3
17-2 n 0.026 1.0
Pp A p y 49.4 x 10 2 x 275
M 96.9 kN m , F 59.5 kN
F M 59.5 x 10 3 96.9 x 10 6
17-20 181 .4 N / mm 2 p y 275 N / mm 2
A Z x 49.4 x 10 2 572 x 10 3
(17-4)
Lm
38 x r y
Lm
17-47
( f c / 130 ) ( p y / 275) 2 ( x / 36)
2 1/ 2
f c F / A 92.2 x 10 / 59 15.63 N / mm 2 Lm 1285 mm
p y 275 N / mm 2 , r y 30.2 mm
x D / T 36
1.0m G H
17-49
1.55m F Lm
G
G F
17-50
15600 / 6.0
kc 2.0 0.45 4.49
17-1 10100 / 21.54
LEcx kc Lc 4.49 x 600 2694 cm x LEcx / rx 165.3
GF
LEy 1.0 L 1.55 m y LEy / ry 155 / 3.02 51.3
4-4
( p y 275 N / m m2 , y 51.3 ) p cy 235 N / m m2
4-3b
p c p cx 67 N / m m2
y 51.3 , u 0.9 , x D / T 36
/ x 1.425
v 0.972
5-4
N 0.5
n 1 .0
5-5
F m Mx
1.0
8-2 Ag pc Mb
95.1 0.83 x 148.8
0.8 1.0 o.k .
59 x 67 x 10 -1 222
17-51
(b)
x 0.566 hs ( A / J )1/2
9-6
9-8
4
J 2 x 1.07 x 12.6 0.65 x 58.33 / 3 15.6 cm x 68.6
3 3
hs 58.33 1.07 59.4 cm
9-5
( c)
559.5 mm
17-52
k1 ry x 546 x 2.35 x 68.6
17-48 Ls 1535 mm
(72 x 10 )
2 4 1/ 2
(72 x 68.6 2 - 10 4 )1 / 2
(5) (1)
(5) (1)
17-53
5 4 3 2 1
pb
604.7
R 1.71 3
353.4 c 1 (1.71 1) 2 / 3 1.1
17-10
33 9
q 1
1/ 2
1 N1 3 N2 4 N3 3 N4 N5 N N
nt 2 ( s - E )
17-11
12 M1 M 2 M3 M 4 M5 Ms ME
17-54
N4 / M4 , N3 / M3 , N2 / M2 NS / MS 0.511
N5 / M 5 , N1 / M1 N E / M E 0.514
Ns / Ms - NE / ME - 0.03 0.0 Ns / Ms - NE / ME 0
1/ 2
1
nt 0.472 3 x 0.483 4 x 0.496 3 x 0.511 0.514 0.7
12
u 1 .0
TB nt u vt c 0.7 x 1.0 x 0.945x 1.1x 63.8 46.4
17-8
( py 275 N / mm2 , TB 46.4 ) pb 225 N / mm2
5-11
F M
pb
17-4
A Sx
(5)
F 59.5 kN
59.5 x 10
141.3 153.3 N / mm 2 pb 225 N / mm 2 o.k .
49.4
(17-46)
(5) (1)
Lb L 20 m (2)
17-55
Ic L 15600 20
2( ) ( ) 2x x 10.29
Ir h 10100 6
Wr 9.09 x 20 181 .8
Wo 143.9 k N
Wo 16 M pb / L
Wr / Wo 1.26
M pb 654 x 275 x 10 -3 179 .9 k N m
Lb 44 L 275
( ) ( )
17-46 D h 4 Lr / L p yb
20000 44 20 10.29
26.6 x ( ) 79.4
353 .4 1.26 6 4 10.29 x 21.54 / 20
Ft T / 4 68.13 kN
Fs V / 6 90.0 / 6 15.15 kN
Gr 8.8 20 mm
17-56
Ft Fs 68.13 15.15
10-7 0.78 1.4 o.k .
pt ps 110 91.9
(17-55) (17-54)
3
272 .5 x 10 x 80
4 m (36.3 31.6 ) - m x 22 ( 1 cos 51.7 )
8
m x 80
( 80 - 0.5 x 22 sin 51.7 )
31.6
m 6537.9 N mm/ mm
17-56
t (4 x 6537.9/ 275)1/2 9.75 mm
11 .2 mm
12 mm
5-1
Fv 0.6 x p y Dt 0.6 x 275 x 402.3 x 6.9 x 10 -3
458.8 kN T 272.8 kN o.k.
17-57
ملحق ( ) A
جداول بخصائص المقاطع الفوالذية
Section Properties
A -1
A -2
A -3
A -4
A -5
A -6
A -7
A -8
A -9
A -10
A -11
A -12
A -13
A -14
A -15
A -16
A -17
A -18
44
A -19
A -20
A -21
A -22
A -23
A -24
A -25
A -26
A -27
A -28
A -29
A -30
A -31
:المراجـــع
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