RC Structural Design Handbook 2nd Edition - Khaled Sobhy

‫المقدمة‬
‫إن الحمد هلل ‪ ،‬والصالال و والمالال ى أشر خالال هللا اشذ ال ى ول ما نزل أشيه في كتاب العزيز‬
‫قولاله – تعالالر – ( ا ْق َرأْ ابِ ْ‬
‫سِِِِْ اب َر ابَِّذَ اخلِ اَ َ َ َ ( ممالا يحناالا أشر الثحالا والمال اك و والح ى أشر تح ى العشم‬
‫وتثميطه في الشكل ال ي يخدى المجتمع‪.‬‬
‫وأشر ال غم من وجود العديد من الكتب والم اجع العشيمة القيمة التر تااقش تصميم الماشآت الخ سانية‬
‫وفقا ً لشكود المص ي لتصميم وتافي الماشآت الخ سانية ‪ ،‬وحدينا ً يتم تطوي ه ه الم اجع وفقا ً لشامخة األحدث‬
‫واألاي و من ه ا الكود إال نه ال يوجد كتاب يُشخص تصميم ه ه العااص في صورو اطوات مختص و وميم و‪.‬‬
‫ومن ه ا الماطشذ ‪ ،‬فقد وفقاي في ه ا ال ُكتيّب ال ي ما هو إال أمل بميط وفقار فيه بأن قمت‬
‫بعمل اطوات مشخصة بتمشمل سشس لتصميم كافة القطاأات الخ سانية وذلك فر اطوات متتالية بالمعادالت‬
‫الممتخدمة فر كل اطوو ‪ ،‬وذلك وفقا ً لشامخة األحدث من الكود المص ي لتصميم وتافي الماشآت الخ سانية‬
‫(‪ )203-2018‬ليكون – بعون – م جعا ً لشمهادسين اإلنشائيين فر مع فة الخطوات المتتالية في تصميم كافة‬
‫العااص الخ سانية ومع فة العااص والمعطيات المؤث و فر تصميم كل أاص ‪ ،‬وبالتالر المماأدو في أمشية‬
‫التصميم ‪ ،‬وك لك المماأدو فر كتابة الاوتة الحمابية بحمابات يدوية م فقة بالمعادالت التصميمية‪.‬‬
‫وه ا ال يعار اإلسالالالتءاان أن الكتب والم اجع لفهم ةلية التصالالالميم ‪ ،‬بل يُاصالالال بالشجون إلر الم اجع‬
‫العشمية القيمة لفهم ةلية التصالالالميم لشماشالالالآت الخ سالالالانية ‪ ،‬ولكن ه ا ال ُكتيّب كما ذك نا ما هو إال دليل إرخالالالادي‬
‫لتصميم كافة العااص الخ سانية بحول ‪.‬‬
‫فر الجزن األول من ه ا ال ُكتيّب يتم مااقشالالالالة تصالالالالميم كافة العااصالالالال الخ سالالالالانية المختشفة ‪،‬‬
‫وفر الجزن النانر ناتقل لتصالميم جميع نوا الث اات الخ سالانية ‪ ،‬وفر الجزن النالا ناتقل لاشقي نظ و سال يعة‬
‫أشر هم المعادالت الممالالتخدمة فر تصالالميم نظمة التءطية الخ سالالانية المختشفة ‪ ،‬وفر الجزن ال ابع نتحدث أن‬
‫تصالميم األسالاسالات الةالحشة و العميقة ‪ ،‬كما نه قد تم إضالافة جزئين جديدين فر ه ه الامالخة النانية من ال ُكتيّب ‪،‬‬
‫ففر الجزن الخامس يتم خال تصالميم الخ سالانة سالابقة اإلجهاد ‪ ،‬واتاما ً فر الجزن المالاد يتم خال كيفية أمل‬
‫نموذج تصميمر وتصميم الماشأ بإستخداى ب امج خ كة ( ‪.) CSI‬‬
‫واتالامالا ً رجو ن يكون قالد وفقار فر هال ا ال ُكتيالّب ليكون م جعالا ً مفيالدا ُ لزم ئي المهاالدسالالالاليين‬
‫اإلنشالالالائيين ‪ ،‬و ود ن ُهدي ه ا ال ُكتيّب إلر صالالالحاب الفةالالالل أشر بعد و هما بي و مي ‪ ،‬ثم إلر سالالالتاذي‬
‫ومعشمي ‪ ..‬من جعشاي حب تصالالميم الماشالالآت الخ سالالانية و ح ى أشر اإلسالالتزاده من ه ا العشم ‪ ..‬إلر سالالتاذي‬
‫المهاد القدوو ياس الشيني ‪ ..‬جعل أمشه إبتءان م ضاته وإفاده لجميع المهادسين بإذن ‪.‬‬
‫ولر التوفيذ وهو يهدى المثيل‬ ‫و‬
‫ى‪ .‬االد صثحي إماى‬
‫نوفمث ‪ – 2019‬القاه و‬
‫‪engkhaled_sobhy94@yahoo.com‬‬
‫المراجع‬
‫الكود المص ى لتصميم وتافي الماشآت الخ سانية ( ‪.)203-2018‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬
‫الكود المص ى لحماب األحمال والقوى فر األأمال اإلنشائية و أمال المثانر ( ‪.) 201-2013‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬
‫المااهج الدراسية الخاصة بتصميم األساسات بكشية الهادسة – جامعة أين خمس‪.‬‬ ‫‪-3‬‬
‫كتاب تصميم الماشآت الخ سانية لشدكتور مشهور ُ‬
‫غايم‪.‬‬ ‫‪-4‬‬
Table of contents
Part (1)
1. Types of reinforcement bars used in Egypt …………………………………….... 1
2. Concrete strength for reinforced and prestressed concrete ………………………. 1
3. Load combinations ………………………………………………………………. 2
4. Behavior of beams under bending moment only ………………………………... 3
5. Design of beams using first principles …………………………………..……… 5
6. Design of beams using C1 & J chart …………………………………….……… 8
7. Short Columns ……………………………………………………………..…… 10
8. Composite Columns …………………………………………………..………... 10
10. Design of sections subjected to bending & compression normal force ………. 11
11. Design of sections subject to bending & tensile normal force (M&T) ……...... 12
12. Design for Bi-axial moment …………………………………………………... 13
13. Long Columns ………………………………………………………………… 14
14. Design of beams due to shear ………………………………………………… 17
15. Design of beams due to torsion ………………………………………………. 18
16. Check deflection ……………………………………………………………… 20
17. Check Crack Width …………………………………………………………… 23
Part (2)
18. Solid Slabs ……………………………………………………………………. 28
19. Flat Slabs ……………………………………………………………………… 30
20. Hollow Block Slabs …………………………………………………………… 33
21. Stairs …………………………………………………………………...……… 36
Part (3)
22. Joints …………………………………………………………………...……….. 38
23. Design of the real supports ……………………………………………………… 38
24. Design of Panelled Beams …………………………………………...…………. 40
25. Girders …………………………………………………………………………... 41
26. Cantilever frames ………………………………………...……………………... 41
27. Frames ……………………………………………………………………...…… 41
28. Polygon frames …………………………………………….……………..……. 42
29. Arch girder ………………………………………………....…………………… 42
30. Radial frames ………………………………………………..………..………… 42
31. Arch slabs …………………………………………………….……...…………. 43
32. Surface of revolution ………………………………………….………………… 44
Part (4)
33. Isolated footing ………………………………………………....………………. 47
34. Combined footing ………………………………………………...……………. 48
35. Isolated footings subjected to M & N …………………………………………. 50
36. Strap beam …………………………………………………...….……………… 51
37. Deep foundation ………………………………………………………………... 53
38. Retaining walls …………………………………………………………………. 57
39. Development length ……………………………………………………………. 58
Part (5)
40. Assume section and get its properties …………………………………………. 59
41. Calculate straining actions in transfer and working stages ……………………. 60
42. Check stresses in transfer and working stages ………………………………… 60
43. Check deflection ………………………………………………………………. 63
44. Check ultimate limit at flexure ………………………………………………… 64
45. Check ultimate limit at shear …………………………………………………... 65
46. Design of anchorage zone ……………………………………………………… 67
47. Max. limit of prestressing and non-prestressing steel in section ………………. 69
48. Min. non-PT steel should be in section ………………………………………… 69
49. Development length of PT tendons ……………………………………………. 70
50. Check punching ………………………………………………………………… 70
51. Design of corbel (Short Cantilever) ……………………………………………. 70
Part (6)
52. Calculate seismic load using equivalent method ………………………………. 72
53. Build ETABS model …………………………………………………………… 75
54. Check ETABS model …………………………………………………………... 81
55. Design of slabs using CSI SAFE ……………………………………………….. 88
56. Check long term deflection …………………………………………………….. 89
Appendix
Checklist for ETABS Model Review (A4)
Checklist for Slab SAFE Model Review (A4)
Checklist for Raft SAFE Model Review (A4)

RC Structural Design Handbook Eng. Khaled Sobhy Emam
1. Types of reinforcement bars used in Egypt
‫الحد األدنى إلجهاد‬

‫الحد األدنى للنسبة بين‬
‫الحد األدنى للنسبة‬
‫مقاومة الشد القصوى‬ ‫الخضوع أو إجهاد‬
‫المئوية لإلستطالة‬ ‫الرتبة‬ ‫درجة الممطولية‬ ‫نوع الحديد‬
‫إلى إج هاد الخضوع أو‬ ‫الضمان‬
‫بعد الكسر‬
‫الضمان‬ )N/mm2(
20 1.15 240 B240C-P *C
‫أملس‬
22 1.25 240 B240D-P D
B400C-R
14 1.15 400 *C
B400CWR
350 B350DWR ‫ذو نتوءات‬
**17
1.25 400 B400DWR D
**16 420 B420DWR
"B" Bars used in reinforced concrete.

"Number" Yield or Proofing strength in MPa.
"C or D" Ductility degree.
"-" Can't be welded.
"W" Can be welded.
"P" Smooth bars.
"R" Sharped bars.
"*" Can't be used in seismic resisted elements.
"**" In case of 32 mm bars or bigger; this value should be reduced by 2% for each 3
mm increasing in diameter by max. value 4%.
2. Concrete strength for reinforced and prestressed concrete
RC Grade (N/mm2) 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
Prestressed concrete Can't be
30 35 40 45 50 55 60
grade (N/mm2) used
1
3. Load combinations
D.L = Total acting dead loads.
SX= SPECX+0.3SPECY
SY=SPECY+0.3SPECX
U 1 = 1.4D .L + 1.6L .L
U 2 = 1.5(D .L + L .L )
U 3 = 1.4D .L + 1.6( E + L .L )
U 4 = 0.8(1.4D .L + 1.6L .L + 1.6W .L )
U 5−1 = 1.12D .L +  L .L + S X
U 5− 2 = 1.12D .L +  L .L + SY
 = 0.25 (Residual building)
= 0.5 (Public buildings, garage, markets, hospitals, ....)
= 1 (Tanks, storage areas, buses and trucks buses,.....)
U 6 = 0.9D .L
U 7 = 0.9D .L + 1.6E
U 8 = 0.9D .L + 1.3W .L
U 9−1 = 0.9D .L + S X
U 9− 2 = 0.9D .L + SY
U 10 = 0.8(1.4D .L + 1.6L .L + 1.4T )
U 11 = 1.4(D .L +T )
U 12 = 1.4D .L + 1.6L .L + 1.6K
2
W 1 = D .L + L .L
W 2 = D .L + L .L +W .L
L SX
W 3−1 = D .L + +
1.2 1.4
 L SY
W 3− 2 = D .L + +
1.2 1.4
W 4 = 0.9D .L
W 5 = 0.9D .L +W .L
SX
W 6−1 = 0.9D .L +
1.4
S
W 6− 2 = 0.9D .L + Y
1.4
Where;
D.L = Dead Load L.L= Live Load
E= from Earth Pressure W.L= Wind Pressure
T= Temperature difference, differential settlement or shrinkage effect
K= Dynamic load effect
4. Behavior of beams under bending moment only

Fctr = 0.6 f cu (MPa)
Fctr = Max. tension strength in concrete
E c 1 = 4400 f cu (MPa)
Ec 1 = Modules of elasticity of concrete before cracking
E s = 2x 105 (MPa)
E s = Modules of elasticity of steel
Es
n= 10 (Before cracking)
Ec b
15 (After cracking)
n = Modules ratio t N.A
Before cracking: Ig = Igross As yt
After cracking: Icrack = Inv
Before cracking
3
Before cracking
Av = bxt + (n − 1)xA s
t
bxtx + (n − 1)xA s xc + (n − 1)xA s ' x (t − d ' )
yt− = 2
Av
bxt 3 t
Ig = + bxtx ( − y t − ) 2 + (n − 1)xA s x (c − y t − ) 2 + (n − 1)xA s ' x [(t − d ' ) − y t − ) 2
12 2
n = 10
After cracking b
S nv above = S nv below
S nv = Area x distance (First moment of area) z
N.A
t d
For R-sections:
if A s '  0.2A s .....Neglect the compression RFt. As
from S nv above = S nv below
 Z = .......
bxz 3
 I nv = + nxA s (d − z ) 2
3
n = 15
Now, we can get the following ….
1) Cracking moment
f ctr xI g
M cr =
yt−
2) Working moment Mw
Bigger of { Mwc & M ws }
f c xI nv
M wc = (for R-section)
z
2
xf c xI nv
=3 (for T-section) f c = allowable stress for concrete
z
f
( s )xI nv
Mws = n fs = allowable stress for steel
d −z
4
Concrete strength fcu 20 25 30

ecc. Bending fc 8 9.5 10.5
St. 240 140 140 140
St. 350 200 200 200
fs
St. 400 220 220 220
St. 420 230 230 230
5. Design of beams using first principles
600
cb = xd
600 + f y
2
1)c max = xcb
3
2
2)amax = 0.8x cb
3
3)amin = 0.1d
4)A s max =  max xbxd
5) A s min = max{0.15%bxd
f cu
min{0.225 x xbxd
fy
1.3A s req
6) A 's max = 0.4A s
2 f cu a
7)M U .Lmax = xamax xb (d − max )
3 c 2
2 f cu a
8)from ; M U .L = xaxb (d − )
3 c 2
a = ......
5
If MU.Lmax > MU.L ………. No need to use compression RFt.
9) a
if a  0.1d if a  0.1d
 a = 0.1d
−Get A s from
−Get A s from
fy 2 f cu fy
MU .L = As x (d −
0.1d
) xaxb = A s x
s 2 3 c s
−Check A s  A s min .
−Check A s  A s min .
b
R-section T-section L-section
6
fy
if MU .L  M U .Lmax  M = A s ' (d − d ' )
s
A s = ..........
'
A s = A s max + A s '
 c = 1.5
in T-sections
 s = 1.15
2 f cu t
M flange = Bxt s (d − s )
3 c 2
Number of bars in one raw
b − 25
n=
 + 25
If tbeam – ts ≥600mm ….. Use shrinkage bars 2T10/300 mm
In case of T or L sections … replace (b) in all equations by (B) as (B) is as following;
For T-sections:
C.Lslab → C .Lslab K=1

B = 16t s + b min.
K=0.8
L
k +b
5
K=0.7
For L-sections:
C.Lbeam → C .Lslab
B = 6t s + b min.
L
k +b
10
Note
2
A 's max = max xbxd
3
K=0.15 K=0.3 K=2
For inverted beams
7
Steel grade Cmax / d ųmax

240 0.5 8.56x10^(-4) fcu
350 0.45 5.28x10^(-4) fcu
400 0.42 4.31x10^(-4) fcu
420 0.41 4.01x10^(-4) fcu
6. Design of beams using C1 & J chart

M U .L
d = C1
f cu xb
M U .L
As =
Jxf y xd
Best economic section: R-sec: C1=3.5 J=0.78
T,L sec: C1=6 J=0.826
If C1 ≥ 4.85 Take J=0.826
If C1 < 2.78 we have to increase dimensions or use As' (for R-sec. only)
To get dmin. Take C1 = 2.78
Empirical moment values:
In order to use this values should the spans and loads on them are equal or with
max. variation of 20%.
wL2 wL2 wL2

24 10 12
2 2
wL2
wL wL
16
12 16
wL2
wL2
9
24
2 wL2
wL
11 8
11
C1 J C1 J
2.65 0.696 3.8 0.796
2.69 0.703 3.85 0.798
2.78 0.717 3.9 0.8
2.83 0.723 3.95 0.802
2.9 0.732 4 0.804
2.95 0.738 4.05 0.806
3 0.743 4.1 0.807
3.05 0.748 4.15 0.809
3.1 0.753 4.2 0.81
3.15 0.757 4.25 0.812
3.2 0.761 4.3 0.813
3.25 0.765 4.35 0.815
3.3 0.768 4.4 0.816
3.35 0.772 4.45 0.817
3.4 0.775 4.5 0.818
3.45 0.778 4.55 0.82
3.5 0.781 4.6 0.821
3.55 0.784 4.65 0.822
3.6 0.787 4.7 0.823
3.65 0.789 4.75 0.824
3.7 0.791 4.8 0.825
3.75 0.794 4.85 0.826
wL2
In case there is no +ve bending moment … min. RFt. for shall be carried.
16
9
7. Short Columns
To be a column not a wall, should be:
t  5b & h  5b t
A s min = 0.8% Ac
4% b
A s max = 5% Ac
6%
For columns with individual spirals:
Pu = 0.35f cu (Ac − A s ) + 0.67f y A s  Pact
For columns with individual spirals:
Pu = min. 0.35f cu ( A k − A s ) + 0.67f y A s + 1.38f ypV sp
0.4f cu (Ac − A s ) + 0.76f y A s  Pact
 A sp D k
V sp =
P
‫ = مساحة حديد التسليح الطولي بالعمود‬As
‫ = مساحة القطاع الخرساني‬Ac
‫ = مساحة قلب القطاع الخرساني المحصور بدائرة محور الكانة‬Ak
‫ = إجهاد الخضوع للكانات الحلزونية‬fyp
‫ = نسبة حجم حديد التسليح الحلزوني للدورة الواحدة للكانات و يُحسب من المعادلة السابقة‬Vsp
‫ = قطر قلب القطاع الخرساني المحصور داخل محور الكانة الحلزونية‬Dk
‫ مم‬30:80 ‫ = خطوة الكانة الحلزونية و تتراوح من‬P
‫يشترط أال تقل نسبة حجم كانات التسليح الحلزونية إلى حجم قلب القطاع الخرساني المحدد بدائرة الكانة‬
:‫الحلزونية عن القيمة التالية‬
f A
sp  0.36( cu )[( c − 1]
f yp A k
V sp
sp =
Ak
8. Composite Columns
(1) Steel members inside the concrete columns
Pu = 0.35f cu (A k − Ass − As ) + 0.67f ys As + 0.67f yss Ass  Pact
Spiral :
Pu = 0.35f cu (Ac − Ass − As ) + 0.67f ys As + 0.67f yss Ass + 1.38f ypV sp  Pact
10
.‫ مم‬8 ‫يجب أن تمتد الكانات العادية حول قطاعات الصلب و بحد أدنى قطر‬
.‫ مم‬16 ‫ من أكبر بُعد للقطاع المركب و بحد أقصى‬50/1 ‫يجب أال يقل قطر الكانات عن‬
‫ مرة قطر أصغر‬15 ‫يجب أال تزيد المسافات بين الكانات العرضية في اإلتجاه الطولي للعمود على‬
.‫سيخ طولي‬
.‫ مم‬70:250 ‫يجب أن تتراوح المسافة بين األسياخ الطولية بين‬
9. Ties
TU .L
As = Ac = (20 : 40)A s
fy
s
T cr = f ctr (Ac + nA s ) Tension for crack
Tw = f s A s Max. working tensile force
T ult = f y A s Max. failure tensile force
fy
TU .L = As
s
10. Design of sections subjected to bending & compression normal force (M&P)
(1) Get dimensions
M U .L
b = .........  d = C 1 = .......  t 1 = d + cov er
f cu xb
from PU .L = 0.35f cu (Ac − A s ) + 0.67f y A s  Ac = ......  t 2 = .......
t 0 = bigger of t1 & t 2 t = (1.1 → 1.3)t 0
(2) Check normal
PU .L
k =
f cu xbxt
if k  0.04  Neglect P and get new dimensions for bending only
>0.04  Design due to M,P
M U .L
e=
PU .L
e
if  0.05  Neglect M U .L  Design as a column on normal only
t
11
e e
 0.5  Small ecc.  0.5  Big ecc.
t t
Design using I.D Design using es
Design as a column Design as a beam
Compression failure Tension failure
t − 2c M U .L
1) = 1)e =
t PU .L
t
2)Use suitable chart according to 2)e s = e + −c
2
 ,f y  3)M s = PU .L xe s
Ms P
−if   1   = 1 4) A s = − U .L
Jxf y xd fy
s
−if we need to use A s   = 0.2 : 0.4
'
5) check A s min
6)for buckling use 2T12/250mm
11. Design of sections subject to bending & tensile normal force (M&T)
M U .L
b = ......  d 0 = C 1  d = (0.9 → 1)d  t = d + c
f cu xb
e
if  0.05  Neglect M U .L  Design as a tie
t
12
e e
 0.5  big eccentricity  0.5  small eccentricity
t t
t
1)e s = e − + c 1)T = T 1 + T 2
2
2) M s = TU .L xe s T 1 at moment side
Ms
3) d = C 1 2)Take moment about A s 2
f cu xb
As2
C 1 = ..........  J = .......... T 1 (a + b ) = Txb
Ms T T2
4) A s = + U .L T 2 = T −T1 b
Jxf y xd fy
s e
+
T T
5)check A s min As 1 = 1 a
fy As1
s
T2 T1
As 2 =
fy
s
7 (e / t )
 c = 1.5[ − ]  1.5
6 3
7 (e / t )
 s = 1.15[ − ]  1.15
6 3
12. Design for Bi-axial moment

Method one (Using Bi-axial diagrams)
P
R b = U .L
f cu xbxt
t − 2c
 = 0.9
t
f y = .........
A stotal
A stotal = .........  A s side =
4
A s min = 0.8% xbxt
13
Method two (Using I.D diagrams for iniaxial moment)

PU .L
Rb =
f cu xbxt Mx
Rb
 = 0.9 − 0.6    0.8
2
Mx My a
if   M x' = M x +  M y a My
a b b
My Mx b
if   M y' = M y +  M x
a b a
A s min = 0.8%xbxt b
13. Long Columns

KH 0 KH 0
1)bin = bout =
t b
KH 0
Circular column: b =
D
H 0  Clear height
Braced Columns
‫حالة الطرف السفلي‬ ‫حالة الطرف‬
3 2 1 ‫العلوي‬
0.9 0.8 0.75 1
0.95 0.85 0.8 2
1 0.95 0.9 3
Unbraced Columns
‫حالة الطرف السفلي‬ ‫حالة الطرف‬
3 2 1 ‫العلوي‬
1.6 1.3 1.2 1
1.8 1.5 1.3 2
- 1.8 1.6 3
- - 2.2 4
14
case 1  fixed "t b  t c or foundation"

case 2  partial fixed "t b  t c or flat slab"
case 3  Real hinge
case 4  free joint
We can design the columns without increasing their dimensions although it increase the
buckling limits in the following cases:
Rectangular Columns
Column condition ‫גּ‬ Puact /Pu
Braced 35 0.5
25 0.5
Unbraced
30 0.3
Cirecular Columns
Column condition ‫גּ‬ Puact /Pu
Braced 28 0.5
20 0.5
Unbraced
23 0.3
ts
tb
tc
15
2)Buckling limits of long columns

1-Rectangular columns
Unbraced  10<b  23
Braced  15<b  30
2 − Circular columns
Unbraced  8<b  18
Braced  12<b  25
3 − for any other shape t'
KH 0 I
i = i=
i A
Unbraced  35<i  70
Braced  50<i  100
(b ) 2 x resisting width of moment
3) =
2000
( ) 2 xt ' '
for any other shape:  = i t  bigger width in moment direction
30000
4) M add = Px  P  Normal force
5)Add M add to the acting moment in its direction knowing that
M add act at the mid length of the column  braced columns
M add act at the end length of the column  unbraced columns
6)for Rectangular and circular columns:
0.25 + 0.052max
A s min = xAc
100
for any other shape:
0.25 + 0.015max
A s min = xAc
100
if ‫גּ‬in=‫ גּ‬out …Design for any case and distribute RFt. Uniformly at the four sides
7) to know if the building is braced or unbraced in case of using shear walls:
N
 = Hb
 EI
H b  Total building height from top of foundation
16
N = nxW ave xA
W ave 12KN / m 2 A  Area of the floor n  no. of floors
E = 4400 f cu x 103 (KN/m2 )
if n  4    0.6 → braced
 0.6 → Unbraced
14. Design of beams due to shear

f cu f cu
1)qcu (cracked ) = 0.12 qcu (uncracked ) = 0.16
c c
if there is a compression normal force on the element; increase qcu by:
 Pu   Pu 
c = 1 + 0.07    1.5 ;   → N / mm
2
 c
A  c
A
if there is a tension normal force on the element; decrease qcu by:
 Pu 
c = 1 − 0.30  
 Ac 
f cu
q max = 0.7  4.4MPa
c
Qu
2)qu = ;Qu  Ultimate shear force
bxd
Qu is the shear force at distance = d/2 from the face of the column.
3)
0.4
−if qu  qcu  Use min. RFt. of max of  min =
fy
0.15% (smooth steel)
0.10% (H.T.S)
5ø8mm/m '
−if qu  q max  Increase dimensions
fy
nxA s x
s
if q cu  qu  q max  q s = qu − q cu =
bxs
17
n … number of branches )2branches if b<400mm, otherwise … 4branches(

b … beam width
fy …. Yield strength of stirrups
Then get As and get the number of stirrups/meter
4) Check spacing between stirrups (s) must be : 100mm≤ S ≤ 200mm
In case of variable depth:
Q Mx tan 
qu = u 
bxd bxd 2
If M & d increase or decrease together .. use –ve sign.
-In case a beam is rested on another beam, additional stirrups should be added
on the rested beams according to the following equation:
 h  fy
Ru = n 1 − 0  xA h x
 h1  s
Ru = ‫قوة القص بالكمرة المرتكزة‬
Ah = ‫إجمالي مساحة مقطع الكانة الواحدة المقاومة للقوى المرتكزة‬
n=‫عدد كانات التعليق في النطاق المبين بالشكل بكمرة اإلرتكاز‬
h1= ‫عمق كمرة اإلرتكاز‬
h2= ‫عمق الكمرة المرتكزة‬ h2
h1
h0= h1 – h2 h2/4
45o
15. Design of beams due to torsion
Aoh = x . y Ao = 0.85Aoh Aoh  Internal area of sttirup
x = (b − 80)mm y = (t − 80) mm x
A
Ph = 2(x + y ) t e = oh
Ph Aoh
M tu
1)q tu = y
2Ao xt e
M tu  Torsional moment from analysis
M tu ( x + y )
For R-sec.  q tu =
0.85x 2 . y 2
18
b
for box sec.  if tw   Ph → stirrups parimater is enternal & external stirrups
6
b
if tw   Ph → stirrups parimater is enternal stirrups only
6
f cu f cu f cu
2)qt min = 0.06 qcu = 0.12 qu max =0.7
c c c
3)if qtu 2 + qu 2  qu max  Increase dimension
if qu + qtu  qu max  Increase dimension (for box sections)
if qu  qcu & qtu  qt min  Design for torsion only
Assume diameter and get spacing between stirrups from the following equation, and should use 5:10 stirrups/m '
M tu xS t
 Astr =
f 
2 Ao  y 
 s 
Longitudinal bars:
A str xPh  f y str 
 A sL =  
S t  f y L .B 

A sL
A s / side = ø min = 12 / 300mm
4
4)if qu  qcu & qtu  qt min  Design for shear & torsion
S 
A str = .......(S ) & A s = .......   assume S,n and get A souter as
n
A souter = A str + A s  113mm (ø=12) b
Otherwise  Decrease spacing (S)
Check ; tw
S .b
1)(2A str + A s )  0.4x
f y str
f cu
0.4 Acp
c A str .Ph  f y str 
2)A sl min = − x 
fy S  f
 y 
s
Acp  Total area of the section
A str 1 b
3)  x
S 6 f y str
19
S ≤ 200mm & Ph/8
ØL.B ≥ 12mm & S/15
intial estimation for depth of beam

Mu
t = bigger of 3.5
f cu xb
3M t
1.6xb 2
16. Check deflection

1) Immediate Deflection
It can be calculated by the equations of theory of elasticity using
effective ineria (Ie )
M 
3
  M 3 
 I e =  cr  xI g + 1 −  cr   xI cr
 Ma    M a  
Icr= moment of inertia of the section after fully cracking.
Ig= moment of inertia of the full section before cracking (neglect the Rft. bars).
Ma= maximum moment acting on the section during calculating deflection.
Mcr= The required moment value to make cracks.
f ctr xI g
M cr = & f ctr = 0.6 f cu N / mm 2
yt
In case of continuous beams, we can calculate the effective moment of inertia
using the following equations:
I e = 0.70I e ( mid −span ) + 0.15(I e 1 + I e 2 )  Continoues from two spans
I e = 0.85I e ( mid −span ) + 0.15I e 1  Continoues from one spans
Ie1 Ie(mid-span) Ie2
20
Ig Icr
2)Long − term Deflection

Immediate deflection shall be increased by a factor which represent
the effect of creep and shrinkage in concrete, and its value effected by
the quantity of the reinforcement in compression zone, this factor is 

=
1 + 50  '
 '  RFt. ratio in compression at mid-span of beams and slabs
and at fixation for cantilevers.
 = 2  after 5 years or more
 = 1.4  after 12 months
 = 1.2  after 6 months
 = 1  after 3 months
3)Total Deflection
 Immediate deflection + Long-term deflection
Allowable deflection values:
L
 for one-way & two-way beams and slabs
250
L
 for cantilevers
450
L
 for immediate deflection due to L.L for beams and slabs with
360
non-structural elements
21
taking into consideration that the immediate deflection due to L.L:

L = D +L − D
 D + L  immediate deflection due to D.L&L.L using (I e ( D +L ) )
 D  immediate deflection due to D.L using (I e ( D ) )
L
Total Deflection after full construction and finishing 
480
Total Deflection after full construction and finishing :
 incr . = [ D +  LS ][(1 −  2 )] + [( L −  LS )]
 incr .  Additional total deflection occure after finishing and partitions
 LS  Immediate deflection for the permenant part of L.L
1  Deflection factor with the total period
 2  Deflecion factor after construction of non-structural elements
L= span of beams, one-way slabs and cantilevers and short span in two-way
slabs and long span in flat slabs.
-We can neglect calculating the deflection of beams with rectangular sections
and one way slabs if L.L<5 KN/m2 and their spans<7m, and cantilevers with
spans ≤ 2m if their total depth ≥ the following values:
Simple Continuous from Continuous from

one-side two-sides Cantilever
Solid Slabs L/25 L/28 L/31 L/10

Ribbed slabs L/25
& embedded L/20 L/23 L/24 L/8

beams L/25
Rigid L/12 L/14 L/16 L/5

beams L/25 L/25 L/25 L/25
-The upper values are valid for steel with yield strength = 420 N/mm2, and for
other steel; the upper values should be divided by: 0.40+fy/700
22
- In case of two way slabs with spans < 7m and with L.L ≤ 5 KN/m2; we can
neglect calculating the deflection of it if its thickness is bigger than the
following values:
t  100mm
fy
a (0.85 + )
1600
25
15 + + 10  p
(b / a )
a  short span of slab
b  Long span of slab
 p  Ratio between the continous edges of slab to its total perimeter length
-In case of beams with span ≥ 8m or slabs with span ≥ 6m ; make a camber
of L/300 in formwork
-In case of cantilever beams or slabs with span ≥ 1.5m; make a camber of
L/150 in formwork for beams or L/100 for slabs.
17. Check Crack Width
Crack Width  w k =  .s rm . sm  w k max

 ø 
s rm =  50 + 0.25k 1k 2 
  r 
fs  f  
2
 sm =  1 − 1 2  sr  
Es   f s  

ø  Average used bar diameter in the studied section (mm)
  a factor represent the relation between the ave. and design value of crack width
 =1.7 → Cracks due to loads
 =1.3 → Cracks due to restrain of sections with width or depth  300 mm
 =1.7 → Cracks due to restrain of sections with width or depth >800 mm
for dimensions between 300:800 mm → use linear relationship to get 
1 = 0.8 → Deformed bars
0.5 → Smooth bars
23
 2 = 1 → for short term loading

0.5 → for permanent loading or cycling loading
k 1 = 0.8 → Deformed bars
1.6 → Smooth bars
-In case of Imposed Deformation due to restrain, replace k 1 by kk 1 as following
k = 0.8 → restrain due to tensile stresses if depth  300 mm
k = 0.5 → restrain due to tensile stresses if depth  800 mm
k = 1 → tensile stresses due to restraint of extrinsic deformations.
k 2 = 0.5 → case of bending only
k 2 = 1 → case of eccentric tension only
1 +  2
k2 = → in case of bending and tension
21
1 &  2  max. & min. tensile strain respectively in cracking stage.
As
r =
Acef
A s  Area of steel bars in tension side
t −C
Acef = bxt cef ;t cef = 2.5C 
3
f s  stress in steel at tension side
f sr  stress at steel at tension side at first crack occuring.
concrete cover (mm)

Exposure All elements except walls
Walls and solid slabs
Stage and solid slabs
fcu ≤ 25MPa fcu > 25MPa fcu ≤ 25MPa fcu > 25MPa
First 25 20 20 20
Second 30 25 25 20
Third 35 30 30 25
Fourth 45 40 40 35
24
‫‪RC Structural Design Handbook‬‬ ‫‪Eng. Khaled Sobhy Emam‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪Concrete cover should not be less than the max. diameter of used bars‬‬
‫‪in reinforcement.‬‬
‫‪Stage‬‬ ‫‪First‬‬ ‫‪Second‬‬ ‫‪Third‬‬ ‫‪Fourth‬‬

‫)‪Wkmax (mm‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪0.1‬‬
‫درجة تعرض سطح الشد للعوامل البيئية‬ ‫القسم‬

‫العناصر التي أسطح الشد بها محمية و تشمل‪:‬‬ ‫األول‬
‫‪ -1‬جميع العناصر الداخلية المحمية في المنشآت العادية كالمباني‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬العناصر المغمورة كليا ً بصفة دائمة في المياه التي ال تحتوي على مواد ضارة أو‬
‫في حالة جفاف دائم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬األسقف النهائية المعزولة جيدا ً ضد الرطوبة و األمطار‪.‬‬
‫العناصر التي أسطح الشد بها غير محمية و تشمل‪:‬‬ ‫الثاني‬
‫‪ -1‬جميع المنشآت في العراء مثل الكباري و األسقف غير المعزولة عزالً جيداً‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬منشآت القسم األول المجاورة للشواطيء‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫‪ -3‬العناصر المعرضة أسطحها للرطوبة نظرا لعدم إمكان إبعادها عن تأثيرها مثل‬
‫الصاالت المفتوحة أو الجراجات‪.‬‬
‫العناصر التي أسطح الشد بها معرضة لعوامل ضارة و تشمل‪:‬‬ ‫الثالث‬
‫‪ -1‬العناصر المعرضة لنسبة رطوبة عالية‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬العناصر المعرضة إلى حاالت متكررة من التشبح بالرطوبة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬خزانات المياه‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬المنشآت المعرضة ألبخرة و غازات و مواد كيميائية ذات تأثير غير شديد‪.‬‬
‫العناصر التي أسطح الشد بها معرضة لعوامل ذات تأثيرات مؤكسدة و ضارة تسبب صدأ‬ ‫الرابع‬
‫الصلب و تشمل‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬العناصر المعرضة لعوامل ذات تأثير مؤكسد ضار يسبب صدأ الصلب بما في ذلك‬
‫األبخرة و الغازات التي تحتوي على كيماويات و غيرها‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬الخزانات األخرى و المجاري و المنشآت المعرضة لماء البحر‬
‫‪Cases that we can ignore calculating the crack width of the tension side‬‬
‫‪1- Traditional buildings in category 1&2 with L.L in the following cases:‬‬
‫‪a) Solid slabs with thickness ≤ 160 mm.‬‬
‫‪b) Beams with L or T section in tension side, taking into consideration that‬‬
‫‪the ratio between the width of flange to the width of web not be less than‬‬
‫‪1:3.‬‬
‫> ‪2- Elements acting on them bending moment plus eccentric compression force‬‬
‫‪0.2fcuAc at working stage.‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
3- If the tensile stress at steel at working stage is less than values in the
following tables with respect to the diameter of bars.
4- If the theory of elasticity we can neglect the calculation of crack width if we
multiply fy by 𝛽cr in the following tables with respect to bar diameter.
working stress 𝛽 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3&4

of steel (Mpa) St. 240 ø (mm) ø (mm) ø (mm)
140 1 28 20 16
120 0.84 32 22 20
100 0.69 - - 32
𝛽
working stress Category 1 Category 2 Category 3&4
of steel (Mpa) St. 350 St. 420
ø (mm) ø (mm) ø (mm)
220 1 0.92 18 16 10
200 0.93 0.83 22 20 12
180 0.85 0.75 25 22 18
160 0.75 0.67 32 25 22
140 0.65 0.58 - 28 28
120 0.56 0.5 - - 32
In order to design and check the tensile stress on a section:

Mw
1)t o = (mm)
0.3xb
2) if N=Compression → t = t o − 30
if N=tension → t = t o + 30
N M . y 6M
3)f ct ( N ) = f ct ( M ) = = (Rectangular section)
A I bxt 2
 f ct 
4)tv = t 1 + ( N ) 

f ct ( M ) 

26
5)f ctr = 0.6 f cu

f
6)Check ; f ct = f ct ( N ) + f ct ( M )   ctr

1
M U .L
7) d = C 1 C 1 = ......  J = ......
f cu xb
1 M U .L N
A sreq = x  U .L
cr Jxf y xd fy
s
8)A s min = 0.15%xbxt  t  200mm
0.30%xbxt  t  600mm
if 200  t  600mm  Use interpolation
tv (mm) 1
≤ 100 1
100:200 1.2
200:400 1.3
≥ 600 1.4
27
Part (2): Slabs

18. Solid Slabs
1- One-Way Solid Slabs

1) choose t s
ts=Lc/10 Cantilever slab
ts=L/30 tS=L/35 tS=L/40

t min = 120mm
2)W s = 1.4(t s  c + F .C ) + 1.6( L .L )
3)Take a strip of 1m width in the load direction and get the B.M.D.
4)Design the slab using C1 & J /m ' ..... (B=1000 mm).
 0.6 
5)A s min = max of  Ac ......0.15% Ac 
 f y 
- min. RFt./m ' = 5ø 6 / m '
− If t s  160mm  Put top RFt. mesh of 5ø8/m ' ..not less than 20%Bottom mesh.
WL2/8 WL2/12
WL2/10
WL2/10 WL2/10 WL2/12 WL2/16
-We can use the previous value of moments if the different in spans or loads
not be more than 20%, and L.L ≤ 2D.L.
2- Two way Solid Slabs
1) Choose t s
ts=Ls/35 tS=Ls/40 tS=Ls/45
28
Ls Span of the short direction
2)W s = 1.4(t s  c + F .C ) + 1.6L .L

3)Calculate r, ,
m .L
r=
m ' .L s
m = 1  Simple Span
0.87  Continous from one-side
0.76  Continous from two-sides
if r >2  One-way solid slab
r <1  Change span rug with span denominator and still use  at the rug.
0.35
If L.L  5KN/m 2   =0.5r − 0.15 =
r2
If L.L>5KN/m 2  Use values in Grashofe table
4)Take a strip of 1m in each span and draw B.M.D
5) Design the slab in the two directions using C1 & J
Note Manual analysis for two-way solid slabs is more accurate than the
F.E.M analysis. We can get the B.M.D using the following equations:
(1)Simple span
 .w .L s 2  .w .L 2
Ms =+ ...... M L = +
8 8
(2)One-sided slab
 .w .L s 2  .w .L 2
Ms = ...... M L = 
10 10
(3)Two-sided slab
 .w .L s 2  .w .L 2
Ms = ...... M L = 
12 12
29
r 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

0.5 0.6 0.67 0.74 0.8 0.83 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.93 0.94
𝛽 0.5 0.41 0.33 0.26 0.2 0.17 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.06
If L.L>5 KN/m2
3- Walls in the load direction
1)S 1 = bwall + t s
2)Take a strip under the wall with width=B max
A s sec.
B max = S 1 + ( ).m .L
A s main
A s sec.
( ) = 20% L  span in wall direction
A s main
3)Make a strip in wall direction far of the wall and get (A s 1 / m )
4)W =W s xB max + O .W wall O.Wwall = b .h . w  w = 18KN / m 3
 Make a strip in wall direction under the wall and get (A s 2 /Bmax )
5)  A sadd =A s 2 -A s 1xB max (Amount of RFt. under the wall in distance=Bmax )
B max B
-if L<  B max1 = max +L ,and design using B max1
2 2
L
19. Flat Slabs

L1  Long span L 2  Short span
L2
Column strip width= centered from the columns raw
2
Field strip width= Remainig width between the two column strips
Steps Of Design
30
1)Get the concrete dimensions (t s , bcol , t D for drop panel -if any-)
H
bcol = H  Height of the floor
15
L1
L1  Long span of slab
20
300 mm
Without drop panel With drop panel
L1 L1
external panel  ts = ts =
32 36
L L
internal panel  t s = 1 ts = 1
36 40
L L L L
The drop panel is a square shape with dimension from ( 1 x 1 ) to ( 2 x 2 )
3 3 2 2
ts
with drop under the slab  t d 
4
2) Calculate W s
without drop panel W s = 1.4(t s  c + F .C + walls ) + 1.6 L .L
with drop panel W s = 1.4(t s ave  c + F .C + walls ) + 1.6L .L
t s ave
td
ts + walls=
 total walls weight
4 area of slab
3)Check punching
q pcu  allowable stress
  .d  f
q pcu 1 = 0.8  + 0.2  cu
 o
b  c
 = 4 → Internal column , = 5 → Edge column , = 5 → Corner column
 a f
q pcu 2 = 0.316  0.5 +  cu
 b  c
f cu
q pcu 3 = 0.316
c
q pcu 4 = 1.7 MPa
q pu  Effective stress
Q pu
q pu = x
bo .d
Q pu → punching load, load carried by the column from the slab
 =1.15 → Internal column , =1.3 → Edge column , =1.5 → Corner column.
bo → punching perimeter = offset from the column face with value d/2
if q pu  q pcu  SAFE PUNCHING
Otherwise  UNSAFE PUNCHING
 In this case we can make [Drop panel (or) Column head (or) use punching RFt. if t s  250 mm )
31
- In case of using (drop panel) increase thickness of the slab by the drop
thickness and recheck punching around the column and around the drop panel.
- In case of using (column head ) check punching around the column head
with the same procedure.
- If ts ≥ 250 mm We can use punching RFt. as following:
1 − Choose the stirrups (n,A s , S ) and check punching @ d/2
f cu nxA s x (f y /  s ) f cu
 q pcu 1 = 0.12 +  0.45
c bo xS c
Q pu
q pu 1 = x d/2
bo 1xd
If q pu 1  q pcu 1  Increase n or A s or decrease S.
Otherwise  follow the following step.
2- Choose a distance to cut off the stirrups X&Y ,and determine the critical
section same as previous and get q pu 2
Q pu
q pu 2 = x
bo 2 xd
  .d  f
q pcu = 0.8  + 0.2  cu
 bo  c
 a f
q pcu = 0.316  0.5 +  cu
 b  c
f cu
q pcu = 0.316
c
q pcu = 1.7 MPa
if q pu 2  q pcu  UNSAFE PUNCHING
→ Increase X or Y (or) increase t s (or) use drop panel (or) use column's
head (or) increase the dimensions of the column
Otherwise  SAFE
x
32
3- Draw B.M.D
4- Design in the two directions using C1 & J
5 − A smin = 5T 12 / m '
Openings in flat slabs
For marginal beams Ref. (1) – Page (6-36)

t b  3t s
 B design = b + 3t s
Design it for moment, shear and torsion
20. Hollow Block Slabs

ts=5,6,7 cm hblock=15,20,25 cm (or according to the manufacture)
Rib width S=e+b )b=10 cm if e<40cm … otherwise b=15 cm(
Load is always at the ribs direction.
33
One Way Hollow Block

1)e  700mm
b  bigger of 100 mm ts
t
t h
3 e
t s  bigger of 50mm b
t
10
for t 
ts=L/20 tS=L/25 tS=L/28

t = h + ts
2)w rib = slabs + ribs + blocks
w rib = [1.4(t s x  c + F .C ) + 1.6L .L ](S ) + 1.4bxhx  c
1000mm
1.4(block − weight ) = .....KN / m .s
a
3)Take a strip and draw B.M.D
4)Design for B=S using C1 & J and get RFt. of rib=2T.../rib
-Top RFt. between solid slab and hollow block slab should be an even number not
less than 6 bars/m.
-Cross rib should take the same RFt. of the main ribs, and its top RFt. = 0.5 its
bottom RFt.
-If L.L ≤ 3 KN/m2 & Ls> 5m Use one cross rib
2
-If L.L> 3 KN/m & Ls> 7m Use three cross ribs
-Upper slab RFt. mesh is 4T10/m in ribs direction x 5T10/m in other direction.
Two Way Hollow Block

Condition: L/Ls ≤ 4/3
34
2)w ribT = [1.4(t s x  c + F .C ) + 1.6L .L ]x (sxs ) + 1.4bxhx  c x (2S − b )

e
+1.4(w block )x = ......KN / sxs
a
w ribT
w rib = = .....KN / sxm
s
3)Calculation of r ,  , 
mxL
r=
m ' xL s
0.35
-if L.L  5KN/m '   = 0.5r − 0.15 =
r2
r4 1
-if L.L  5KN/m '   = =
1+ r 4
1+ r 4
-To get the dimension of solid part  max. of 0.25 m
Xm
X m  The min. width to resist the -ve B.M (M R )
f cu
M R = R max x xbxd 2 R max → from table
c
Steel grade Cmax / d Rmax
240 0.5 0.214
350 0.45 0.198
400 0.42 0.187
420 0.41 0.184
Design Of Beams Carrying H.B

For Projected Beams
W 
1)W beam = O .W +  rib  B
 S 
M U .L
2)d = C 1 → C 1 = ...... B = x1 + x 2
f cu xB
X1 X2
M U .L
3)A s = = ......
Jxf y xd
35
For embeded beams

1) Calculate x1 & x 2
M U .L
2)C 1 = 3 → d = C 1  B = ......
f cu xB
3) Check shear
f cu
q cu (uncracked ) = 0.16
c
Qu
qu = Qu → Max. shear force acting on the beam
Bxd
if qcu (uncracked )  qu  O .K
Otherwise  UNSAFE ... increase (B)
4) If B > x1 + x 2  Take B = x1 + x 2
M U .L
 As =
Jxf y xd
5) Calculate number of blocks and exact solid parts
Cases not recommended to use Hollow Block Slabs

1-Bathrooms. 2- Final floors (due to weak isolation).
3-Structures with dynamic effect. 4- Spans with –ve moment only on them.
4-If L.L+F.C > 10 KN/m2 6- Cantilevers.
Case of using Hollow Block with double blocks

b= 160 mm t = ts + 2h
2
It's used if the panel area > 100 m
21. Stairs
By default …. Slope of the stair = 2:1
Stairs are one-way solid slabs and should be solved as inclined one-way solid
slabs.
36
W sh = 1.4(t s x  c + F .C ) + 1.6(L .L )
W si = 1.4(t save x  c + F .C ) + 1.6(L .L )x cos( )
t save = t s + 7cm  = 26.565o (By default)
-If column width > 1 m or there is a shear wall rest part of the slab; then part
of the load will carried by the column directly, and if the slab is carried
directly by the column; then B.M of the slab will transfer directly to the
column and the RFt. of this slab will extend by Ld inside the wall.
Spring stairs
In this case, slab of the stair will be carried by another slab.
W=R/X
X Ws
Distributed support
R
Saw tooth stair S

S = 30cm (Going) b = 15cm (Rise)
. = Ax  c
1)A = b (t + S − b )  O W
2)W = 1.5(O .W + ( F .C + L .L ) xS )
M U .L
3)d = C 1
S 
f cu x  
2
M U .L S
 As = = ....... /
Jxf y xd 2
RFt. = 2T...../step
37
Part (3): Systems

22. Joints
-If the width of the building > 40 m; expansion joint with thickness = 2 cm
shall be made to avoid the thermal expansion effect, or we should assign a
temperature difference of ± 20o to the slabs and beams and design the
elements on it too.
-In case of making an expansion joint to the high rise building; the distance
between the two buildings ≥ d s 12 + d s 12
ds= displacement of the building due to the seismic force = 0.7xRxde
de= displacement of the system using response spectrum analysis.
R = reactions reduction factor
-In case that each parallel two slabs are at the same level; we can reduce the
calculated distance in the previous point to be 70% of it.
-If the horizontal plan is non-symmetry; we should make structural joint to
avoid torsion on the building with min. distance 2 cm.
-If there are two buildings with different in height > 10 m; we should make
structural joint to avoid the differential settlement with min. distance 2 cm.
PLAN ELEVATION
23. Design of the real supports
T
Allowable stress for steel bars in tension  As =
f y / s
P
Allowable stress for steel bars in compression  As =
0.6f y /  s
38
Q
Allowable stress for steel bars in shear  As =
0.6f y /  s
t t
Take the dimension of the plate (bx ) → (bx )
3 2
(bxt )  the dimensions of the column at its joint with footing
v 1) Design of the neoprane plate:
X
As = X  Horizontal reaction of the column
fy
0.6
s
A s min = 2T 20
2) Design of the cross bars hinge:
1- Draw X,Y reactions to scale for this support.
2-Draw their equivalent factor (R).
3-Draw a work line with the same angle you choose to set the cross bars in the
two directions (may you choose 𝜃 =45o , 𝜃 = 30o:60o).
4-From the point of their intersection, bold their factor lines.
5-Measure F1,F2 and calculate their value from your scale.
6-To get the required reinforcement:
F1 F2
As 1 = = 3T ..... As 2 = = 3T .....
fy fy
0.6 0.6
s s
Checks:
1) Check bearing:
2 f cu Y U .L
Fball = 3 Fact =
3 c A plate
If Fact  Fball  SAFE
2) Calculations of stirrups:
f y stirrups Y U .L fy
T = 2nxA s x  = nx A s x stirrups
s 12 s
39
t t
assume As  n = .....  Use ....T..../  (dividing by )  Use ....T..../m '
2 2
and use this stirrups at the first lowe meter of the column to resist splitting force
24. Design of Panelled Beams

-Used for the large slab areas > 15x15 m.
-Make the main slab dimensions, L/Ls ≤ 4/3 ; to get almost equal stiffness for
all beams.
Steps of design
Ls
1- Get t  t =
16
2 − Get W ave W ave =

weight =W slabs +W beams
area
1.4(t − t s )x (total length of panelled beams)xb 
= 1.4(t s x  c + F .C ) + 1.6( L .L )  +  
 LxL s 
r4 1
3- Calculate  ,   = =
1+ r 4 1+ r 4
4- Put the loads on the beams
Wave x a x  Wave x b x 
Ls L
5- Draw the B.M.D and get the reduction factor:
sin  x
R .F = , = x 90
sin 90 L /2
x  It's the normal distance on the beam from the begin of the grids.
6- Design of the beams using C 1 & J L
7- Check shear for the grid beams
a = long span of slab a

Ls
b= short span of slab Ls b
40
25. Girders
Recommended for spans = 4:12 m
t=L/10 t=L/12
b = bigger of 0.3 m
L/20
26. Cantilever frames

Recommended for spans = 3:6 m
Lc
t =
5
If span > 7.5m use post or tie as additional support
And take  tie into consideration.
Lc
For the cantilever frame with link member t =
7→8
For the cantilever frame support another system at its edge
Lc
t =
2.5
27. Frames
L = 2:15 m and up to 24m L = 12 to 22 m L = 12 to 24 m
L L L
t= t= t=
10 12 → 14 14 → 16
Recommended for weak soil Recommended for medium Recommended for
(clay soil). soil. hard (rock) soil.
41
In case of (Heavy frames) which can carry other frames:
L
L = 12 → 24m ,t = , b = 0.5m
8 → 10
Posts & hangers

It’s recommended to use the post if its height ≤ 4 m, otherwise; it’s recommended
to use hangers to resist the buckling effect.
Min. dimensions of the posts and hangers are ( 250 x 250 ) mm.
28. Polygon frames

-Its concept is to convert the B.M to normal force at the polygon elements.
Mo
P =T =
h
Mo = the B.M at the projection of the frame to the polygon.
-The load must be one-way load and be carried directly by the secondary
beams which are concentrated at the main polygon frame.
-Triangular polygon frame L = 12:16 m
-Trapezoidal polygon frame L = 12:24 m
L
t frame =
20 → 25
fy Mo
xL
s
tie = E s = 2.1x 105 MPa
ES
29. Arch girder
-Recommended to be used at spans up to 40 m.
-Distance between joints of the arch girder = 3:6m.
L
t arch =
20 → 25
30. Radial frames

2x  xr3
-number of frames : n = (even number)
8
42
r1 = 1 → 3m & L = 6 → 12m
L
t frame =
6→8
2 r L
for ring beams  L =  t = + 200mm &b = 0.25 : 0.3m
n 12
wx 2 r
Reaction of frame  R =
n
Design the ring beam for moment, shear and torsion.
For inner ring beam; design for normal only as;
H =
X X  Reaction of frame
2 r1
 P = Hxr1
L = r3 – r1 L r1
r3
31. Arch slabs

L H
h= ,t s = 120mm t col =
6→8 10 → 12
- Reactions:
W xL W s xL 2
Y = s &X =
2 8h
 P = X 2 +Y 2
 Design the arch slab for normal compression force only

- Design of arch slab:
PU .L = 0.35f cu (Ac − A s ) + 0.67f y xA s ; Ac = 1000xt s
- Drawing of the arch slab:
Ws
4h
y = 2 xX 2
L x (0,0)
h
y
43
32. Surface of revolution

T1 Meridian force (KN/m’)
T2 Ring force (KN/m’)
+ve sign = Compression force & -ve sign = Tension force
‫ = هي الزاوية بين محور الدوران و العمودي على المماس للنقطة المدروسة‬Ø
Axis of Revolution ( A.O.R) ‫ = لو خارج بعيدا ً عن الـ‬+ve ‫ = نصف قطر اإلنحناء‬R1
Axis of Revolution ( A.O.R) ‫ = لو داخل للـ‬-ve
‫ = هو البُعد العمودي على المماس للنقطة المدروسة‬R2

‫ = هو نصف قطر الدائرة األفقية عند النقطة المدروسة‬r
r = R2 sin ø
g = t s x  c + F .C
P = L .L R1
r
Water weight =  w xV ol .
R2
.‫ = هو مجموع األوزان الرأسية المحسوبة عند المستوى األفقي للنقطة المدروسة لسطح معين‬Wø
W ø D . L = gxS .A S.A = Surface area of surface

W ø L . L = PxP .A P.A =  .r 2
- If Wø is compression  +ve sign
If Wø is tension  -ve sign
- Z  dead load → Z = g .cos 
Live load → Z = P .cos 2 
Water → Z =  w .h
- If Z is towards A.O.R  +ve sign
If Z is far from A.O.R  -ve sign
44
Wø
T 1 =
2 r .sin ø
T1 T 2
+ =Z
R1 R 2
S .A = Lcurve x 2 rc .g & V ol . = Area x2 rc .g
R .sin 
arc length = 2R  &y' =

Special cases:
- For cone  R1 =   T 2 = R 2 .Z
at cone vertex  T 1 = T 2 = Zero
- For dome  R1 = R 2 = R  T 1 +T 2 = R .Z
R .Z
at dome vertex  T 1 = T 2 =
2
Steps of design
1) assume t s = 120 :140mm
2) Check compression stress:
T max
1- Working  actual compression stress =
1000t s
Fco
allowable compression stress =
2
T max → Bigger of T1 & T2 compression only
1.5T max
2- Ultimate  actual compression stress =
1000t s
0.35f cu
allowable compression stress =
2
Reinforcement
1) If T1 & T2 are compression use double mesh 5T10/m’
TU . L
2) If T1 or T2 is tension TU.L = 1.5 x T As = (Double mesh)
f y / s
45
-Additional RFt. Mesh of 5T10/m should be put at edges to resist -ve moment and
increase the thickness of the surface to be 1.4ts.
-If there is a surface rested on another surface; horizontal force (H) will develop,
so; a horizontal beam should be made to resist it with width = 3ts , and design it as
following:
1) If normal force is compression 
PU .L = Hxrx 1.5 = 0.35xf cu x (Ac − A s ) + 0.67 A s xf y
 A s = ......
2) If normal force is tension 
TU . L
TU .L = Hxrx 1.5  A s =
f y / s
Surface areas
r
L
h
h r
Cylinder: S .A = 2 rh Cone: S .A =  Lr
L h
r
b
46
Part of cone: S .A =  (a + b ).L Dome: S .A = 2 Rh
Part (3): Foundations
33. Isolated footing

if t P .C  20cm  P.C footing will resist the stress with its area
Otherwise  R.C footing will resist the stress with its area
1) Get horizontal dimensions
LR.C
Pworking
A P .C = = B P .C xL P .C ....... eqn. (1)
q all net
C
a − b = L P .C − B P .C ........ eqn. (2) C
BR.C a
 Get ( L P .C & B P .C & L R .C & B R .C )
b
2) Depth
PU .L C2
q act =  M U .L = q act xB R .C x
A R .C 2
M U .L
d = C 1 ,assume C 1 = 5
f cu xB R .C
d min. = 330mm
 t = d + 70mm  Bigger of (400mm & bcol )
3) Check shear
Qsu = q act x (C − d )x 1m
Q su f
 q su =  qcuuncracked = 0.16 cu
dx 1m c
If unsafe → Increase the footing depth and recheck
47
4) Check punching [at perimeter with offset d/2 from the column's edge]
Q PU = Pcol − q act x (a + d )(b + d )
Q pu a f
q pu =  q pcu = 0.316(0.5 + ) cu MPa  1.7MPa
bo xd b c
If unsafe → Increase the footing depth and recheck
5) RFt.
M U .L
As = = .....mm 2 / B = ......mm 2 / m '
Jxf y xd
Check; A s  A s min = 1.5xd ( mm )
5T12/m '
Min. shrinkage bars area = 0.1%Ac
If t  1m  Use upper RFt. for shrinkage.
34. Combined footing

1) Horizontal dimension
P2 x (S ) = Rx (x )
P2 → Bigger load & x → distance between the resultant and smaller load
R
A P .C = = L P .C xB P .C P1
R
P2
q all net
x
b
L P .C = 2(X + + (0.5 → 1m ) + t P .C  B P .C = ...... S
2
 L R .C = ...... & B R .C = ....... LR.C
2)Depth
(1) For longitudinal direction
BR.C
R
W U 1 = U .L xB R .C
A R .C
- To know point of zero shear  W U 1 (X o ) = P1U  X o = .......
 Draw B.M.D & S.F.D P1 P2
qact 48
M max
d = C 1 ,C 1 = 5  t = d + 70mm
f cu xB R .C
3) Check shear
Q su = Q max −W u 1xd
Q su f
q su =  qcu = 0.16 cu
B R .C xd c
4) Check punching [ for C1 & C 2 independently]
R
q act =
A R .C
 Q PU 1 = PU 1 − q act (a + d )(b + d )
Q PU 1  a f
q pu 1 =  q pcu = 0.316  0.5 +  cu
bo xd  b  c
Make same for column no. (2)
(2) For transver direction

Make 2 hidden beams as shown
for b(1) LR.C
2
Pu 1 C
q act 1 =  M U .L = q act xL1x
B R .C xL1 2 C
d
Mu BR.C
d = C1  Check; C 1  2.78
f cu xL1 B(1) B(2)
for b(2) .... same as b(1) L1 L2
5)RFt .
for longitudinal direction  get A stop & A sbottom for B.M.D
for transver direction  get A s for b(1) & A s for b(2)
Other zones  put A s min. = bigger of (0.15%Ac & 5T 12 / m ' )
Main Rule: c.g of the column is on c.g of the footing
49
35. Isolated footings subjected to M & N

Permanent moment
We get LR.C & BR.C as isolated footings, then make eccentricity between the center
of column and center of footing by value = e.
M
e=
N
Check
L R .C b
e + e
2 2
Temporary moment
1) Horizontal dimensions
Pcol 6M
A P .C = + = B P .C xL P .C
q all net q all net xPcol
a − b = L P .C − B P .C
 L P .C = ........ & B P .C = .........
Check ;
N 6M
f1 = +  q all net
A P .C B P .C xL 2P .C
N 6M
f2 = −  Zero (No tension on soil)
2) Depth
1.5xN 1.5x 6M
f1 = +
1.5xN 1.5x 6M f2 f1
f2 = −
Sec.(1 − 1)
f2
f +f f4 fave f1
Get f 3  f ave . = 1 3
2
C2 M U .L 1
 M U .L 1 = f ave .xB R .C x  d1 = C1
2 f cu xB R .C
50
Sec.(2 − 2)
f1 +f 2
f ave 2 =
2
C2 M U .L 2
M U .L 2 = f ave 2 xL R .C x  d 2 = C1  d 2 = ......
2 f cu xL R .C
 d = Bigger of ( d 1 & d 2 & d min )
3) Check shear
f1 +f 4
Get f 4 at distance (d) from the face of the column  f ave =
2
Q su f
Q su = q ave (C − d )  q su =  q cu = 0.16 cu
Bxd c
4) Check punching
f1 +f 2
q act =  Q pu = PU .L − q act (a + d )(b + d )
2
Q pu a f
q pu =  q pcu = 0.316(0.5 + ) cu
bo xd b c
5)RFt.
Get RFt. in both directions using C1 & J from sec. (1-1) & sec. (2-2)
36. Strap beam

-It’s used if the isolated footing isn’t suitable for the neighbor’s column.
-The main rule of the strap beam is; the footing get its all load from the beam
and no relation between the footing and the column in the load transfer.
1) Horizontal dimensions
assume e = ( 0.1 → 0.2) S  get R 1 & R 2 from structural analysis
for F1 P1 P2
S
R1
A P .C = = L P .C xB P .C
q all net e
L P .C = 2(e + D )  B P .C = ........ & L P .C = ........ R1 R2
51
for F2 LR.C
R2
A P .C = = B P2 .C  B P .C = ......
q all net +
e
Checks ; D
Length
1- for F1  2
W idth
L L
2−X  1 & 2 X → clear distance between the two working footings
2 2
Otherwise  use combined footing
2)Design of beam
- Draw B.M.D & S.F.D
M max
d = C1 ; Bbeam = bigger of ( 40 cm, biggest column width)
f cu xB beam
d min = 330mm
− Check shear for beam
Q su = Q max − (W 1 or W 2 )xd
Q su f
check ; q su =  q cu = 0.12 cu
B beam xd c
R1U .L R 2U .L
Otherwise  get the required stirrups W1 = W2 =
B1 B2
nxA s x (f y /  s )
q su − qcu =
B beam xS
assume n = 4, ø and get (S)
3) Design of footing
1- F1
R1u C2
q act =  M U .L = q act x 1mx
A R .C 2
C
d = ......
52
- Check shear
Q su f
Q su = q act (C − d )x 1m  q su =  qcu = 0.16 cu
bo xd c
2- Make same for F2
5) RFt.
Get the required RFt. for beam, F1 and F2 using C 1 & J
For F1 & F2  design it as one-way slabs rested on the strap beams
37. Deep foundation

Pile capacity
1) Compression on pile:
** Geotechnical capacity
Qult = Qb + Q s
q = CxN c + qxN q
C → Cohesive stress of soil at base , Nc = 9
q → effective stress at pile tip , Nq → according to ø ' where;
ø + 40
ø' = → Driven piles & ø ' → bored piles
2
 Qb = qxAbase
Ø’ 25 30 35 40
Nq 15 30 75 150
Q s = Fs xA side (for each layer of soil)

A side =  xdxL (for circular pile at each layer of soil)
Fs = C a + K HC xPo X tan 
2
C a = 0.35C → bored & C a = 0.5 : C → Driven
3
K HC = 1 → Driven & K HC = 0.7 → bored
Po → effective stress at the half of the calculated layer of soil
53
3
 = ø → concrete piles &  =20 → steel piles
4
Qult
 Q all 1 = , we can take F.O.S = 3
F .O .S
** Structural capacity
Q all 2 = f co xA pile ; f co = 5MPa
Q all = min of [ Q all 1 & Q all 2 ]
2) Tension piles
** Geotechnical capacity
. pile + Q s
Qult = O W
Q all = O W
. pile +
Q s
F .O .S
** Structural capacity
Q all = nxFs xA s ,n → number of RFt. bars & A s → area of steel bar
Fs = 140MPa → St .37 & Fs = 160MPa → St .52
note
for stiff soil & very soft caly soil + Cu  25KPa  Take (-Q s ) for this soil ( tension on it)
SPT test
1)Driven piles
**Compression piles
Q all = 90N b xAbase + N ' xA side
N b → average values of SPT values at zone ( d under pile tip: 3d above pile tip)
N ' → average of SPT values at all pile length
Qult = 2.5Qb + 2Q s
**Tension piles
T all = N ' xA side + O W
.
2) Bored piles
1
Q all = (Q all for driven piles)
2
1
T all = (N ' xA side ) + O W
.
2
d
3d
d
54
Pile load test

Draw relation between load (P) & deflection of pile (); then
for service load state  @ all → Q all = ......
Qult
for ultimate load state  Q all =
F .O .S
Dynamic formula (for driven piles in cohesive soil only)
W xHx 
Rult =
C
S+
2
W → hammer weight (KN) H → height of its drop down
 → dynamic machine efficiency S → pile penetration in soil
C → total deformation
Rult
Q all =
F .O .S
Arrangement of piles
1) Normal force only (N)
1.15Pcol
n piles =
Q all pile
2) N,M x , M y
1.15Pcol Mx My
n piles = x (1 + e x )(1 + e y ) ; ex = &ey =
Q all pile N N
1.15Pcol M x xy i M y xX i
check ; Q max = + +  Q all
n piles  yi2 X i2
1.15Pcol M x xy i M y xX i
Q min = − −  Zero
n piles  yi2 X i2
S e
e = 1.5d & 3d  S  6d
yi
Xi
55
T col (uplift )
case of tension piles  n piles =
T all
Settlement of pile group
1) Cohessionless soil
1
Sg = x  xH L
E
E  modules of elasticity of soil
  stress at mid. of soil layer
H  height of soil layer B
(or)
B
S g = So
d
S o  settlment of single pile
B  min. dimension of pile group in plan
d  pile diameter
2) Cohesive soil
L pile
calculate settelment ( ) at height = from the pile tip
3
then use the same previous equations to calculate settlement of pile group
Group action
Sg
group action = 1
So
Check group efficiency
Qult g
Ge =
n pile xQulto
- for end bearing piles  G e = 1
- for skin friction piles  Qult g = The smallest of [ Qult g 1 & Qult g 2 ]
Qult g 1 = CxN c xAb + C a xA s
56
Nc =9 , Ab = LxB (for pier) ,A s = 2(L + B )xL pile

Qult g 2 = nxQulto
Qulto → capacity of single pile
38. Retaining walls

Lateral earth pressure:
1 − sin ø 1
Ka = Kp =
1 + sin ø Ka
 v =   eff xh + q q = stress due to L.L
  a = K a x  v − 2C K a
 p = K p x  v + 2C K p
1) Check stress
Take strip ( BP .C x 1m )
N = W
o
M =  moment @ c.g of P.C footing
−N 6M c.g
 f1 =   Bearing Capacity
B p .c B p .c 2
> zero (No tension)
2) Check overturning
M o =  moment due to lateral force @ point o
M R =  moment due to vertical loads @ point o
MR
 F .O .S =  1.5
Mo
3) Check sliding
N =  lateral forces
R =  [vertical loads] x tan( )
57
2
 = ø soil
3
R
F .O .S =  1.5
N
39. Development length
fy = 400 or 350 Mpa

fcu
Tension Compression
20 60ø 40ø
25 55ø 40ø
30 50ø 40ø
35 45ø 40ø
40 42ø 40ø
 40 40ø 40ø
58
Part (5) : Prestressing Concrete

Steps of design
1- Assume section and get its properties.
2- Calculate straining actions in transfer and working stage.
3- Check stresses in transfer and working stage.
4- Check deflection.
5- Check ultimate limit at flexure.
6- Check ultimate limit at shear.
7- Check crack limits for category C & D.
8- Design the end block.
Category A “full prestressing “: Sections are uncracked & there is no tension.

Category B “Uncracked state “: Sections are uncracked & ft < fctr .
Category C “Transition state “: It’s a transition state between cracked and
uncracked sections & fctr < ft ≤ 0.9√𝑓 𝑢 .
Category D “Partial prestressing “: Sections are cracked as ft > fctr and we neglect
RFt. And cracks during calculating section properties.
f py
= 0.8 → for deformed bars.
f pu
= 0.85 → for normal relaxation stress - relieved strands, wires and smooth bars.
= 0.9 → for low relaxation stress - relieved strands, wires.
40. Assume section and get its properties
For rectangular sections, we can assume section by calculating Z as,

M max bxt 2
Z = =
f cw 6
Assume b  t =.......
Take t =1.1 tcalc.
. = bxtx  c
OW
A= bxt
59
bxt 2
Z = (for rectangular section)
6
I I
Ztop = top & Z bot . = bot . (for any other section)
Y top Y bot .
For category (D) … calculate Z for the cracked section during check stress on steel
and full section during check stresses in concrete.
41. Calculate straining actions in transfer and working stages

Draw the B.M.D in (transfer stag) due to own weight ONLY as it’s the only acting
load during the whole life of the element.
Draw B.M.D in (working stage) due to all dead and live loads and make any
required cases of loading in order to get maximum +ve moment, and maximum
-ve moment.
42. Check stresses in transfer and working stages
Allowable stresses
1) Transfer stage  f ci = 0.48f cui & f ti = 0.22 f cui
f ci = Allowable compression stress in transfer stage
f ti = Allowable tensile stress in transfer stage
f cui = concrete characteristic strength at the time of transfer
2) Working stage  for category A&B → f cw = 0.4f cu
for category C&D → f cw is not required
f cu = concrete characteristic strength at service load
f cw = Allowable compression stress in working stage
Category (A) → f tw  zero
Category (B) → f tw  kxf ctr where, k = 0.75 for flat slabs & k = 1 for all other cases
Category (C) → f ctr  f tw  0.9 f cu
Category (D) → f tw  0.9 f cu
1 2
60
Tendon e2
t
e1
Assume e1 = t/2 – cover

Pi = PJ – initial losses
Pe = PJ – final losses
sec.(1 − 1) Transfer stage
− Pi Pi xe1 M O .W
f top = + −  f ti
A Z top Z top
Equation is function in (Pi )  Pi  ......
f bot = − +  f ci (f ci is -ve value)
A Z bot Z bot
 Pi  ......
Working stage
1 − final losses
Pe = Pi x
1 − initial losses
− P P xe M working
f top = i + i 1−  f cw  Pi  ......
A Z top Z top
− Pi Pi xe1 M working
f bot = − +  f tw  Pi  ......
A Z bot Z bot
 from all previous four equations
Pi = ........  PJ = .........
61
Check stresses
sec.(1 − 1) Transfer stage
f top = + −  f ti
A Z top Z top
f bot = − +  f ci
A Z bot Z bot
Working stage
− Pe Pe xe1 M working
f top = + −  f cw
A Z top Z top
− Pe Pe xe1 M working
f bot = − +  f tw
A Z bot Z bot
Make same check for sec. (2-2) and you know now the value of PJ .. make trial and
errors to get the value of e2 which make check stresses for this section SAFE.
Design of prestressing steel

fpj ≤ 0.9fpy & 0.75fpu
assume f pj = 0.75xf pu = 0.75x 1860
PJ
A ps = = ......
f pj
 no. of strands = ...... ø .....
 PJ final = A ps final x f pj
Losses
1)Short term losses:
1- Anchorage losses = in post tension construction, when the jack is released; a
small amount of tendon shortening occurs because of the anchorage fitting and
movement of the wedges.
2- Elastic shortening losses = when the prestressing force is transferred to the
concrete, the concrete shorten and part of the prestressing is lost.
3- Friction losses = these losses occur due to the friction between the tendons
and the surrounding ducts.
62
2)Long term losses

1- Shrinkage losses = it’s losses in tendon stress due to shrinkage in prestressed
member because of many factors like; amount of mixed water, relative humidity,
…… etc.
2- Creep losses = it’s occurs as deformations under constant longitudinal
prestressing force for long period.
3-Steel relaxation losses = It’s the losses of stress under constant strain, and it’s
occurs under constant loading due to elongation of the tendons with time.
Short term losses Long term losses

Pj Pi Pe
43. Check deflection
1) Immediate deflection
For category A&B&C ……. Use Ig
For category D …………… Use Ie & Mcr
- Upward deflection due to prestressing
e2
e1
eeff = e1 − e 2
w eq xL 2
Pi xeeff = ............w eq = .....
8
4
5 w eq xL
c = x 
384 ExI
imm . = C  −O .W 
63
2) Service load deflection

Same calculations as immediate deflection, but use Pe instead of Pi during
calculating Weq for deflection due to prestressing.
44. Check ultimate limit at flexure

1) Exact method
The total strain in prestressing steel  ps =pe + ce + pc
pe → Strain in tendons due to prestressing force.
ce → Strain in concrete due to prestressing force at level of A ps
pc → Strain in prestressing steel after decompression
Pe
1− pe =
A p xE p
f ce Pe (Pe xe )xe
2− ce = f ce = + & E c = 4400 f cu
Ec A I
 d p −c 
3− C = T p assume f ps = 0.9f pu → a = ..... →pc = 0.003  
 c 
from prestressing stress strain curve @ pc = .....  f ps
Check f pscalc . = f ps assumed
Ref. (1) – Page (5-4)
64
Check;
fy a f ps a fy a
M U .L = A s (d − ) + A ps (d p − ) + As ' ( − d ' )  M acting
s 2  ps 2 s 2
2) Approximate method to calculate fps
Pe
Condition  f pe =  0.5f pu
A ps
  
+ ( −  ' )  
f pu d
 f ps = f pu 1 −  p   p
  0.8f dp 
 cu 
f b
 p = 0.68 → 0.8  py  0.85
f pu d’
f py As’
=0.5 → 0.85   0.9
f pu dp d
t
f py
=0.35 →  0.9
f pu Asp
As
A ps
p =
bxd p
A  f  As '  f y 
= s x y   =
'
x 
bxd  0.8f cu  bxd  0.8f cu 
In order to take As’ into consideration during calculating Mu; the following two
conditions must be valid;
 
+ ( −  ' )   0.17
f pu d
1)   p 2)d '  0.15d p
 0.8f dp 
 cu 
45. Check ultimate limit at shear

Qu
qu = Qu → Due to D.L & L.L
bxd p *
d p * → bigger of [ d p or 0.8t ]
65
f cu
Check ; qu  qu max = 0.75  4.5MPa
c
The concrete shear strength
a) Approximate method
f cu 3.6Qu .d p
qcu = 0.045 +
c Mu
Condition
f cu f cu
1) 0.16  qcu  0.375
c c
Qu .d p
2) 1
Mu
Where; Mu is the ultimate B.M at the critical studying shear section.
b) Exact method
q cuuncracked = smaller of [ q ci & q cw ]
f cu  M cr  f cu
(1)q ci = 0.045 + 0.8  q d + q i   0.16 (MPa)
c  M max  c
Qd
where; q d = → shear stress due to dead load only
b .d p
q i = qu − q d & M max = M u − M d (for critical section in shear)
I 
M cr = 0.45 f cu + f pce − f cd 
yt 
Pe Pe .e Md
f pce = + & f cd =
A Z Z
yt
 f 
(2)qcw = 0.16  cu + f pcc  + q pv
 c 
f pe xA p
q pv =  shear stress due to prestressing equivelant load
 ps xAc
66
Pe
f pcc =
A
Imp. In case of sections with grouted ducts with diameter ø > bw /8 …..
bw eff. = bw -0.5∑ ø ; ∑ ø for all grouted ducts.
if qu  qcuuncracked  Use shear stirrups as
fy
nxA s x
s
q su = qu − q cucracked =
bxs
 f cu  M cr  f cu
where ; q cucracked = min. of 0.0225 + 0.4  q d + q i    0.12
 c  M max  c
 f 
0.12  cu + f pcc  + q pv
  
 c 
46. Design of anchorage zone
Anchorage zone
Local zone General zone
It’s the zone around It’s the zone at which the

concrete around the fixed stress transfer uniformly to
equipment. concrete.
Local
zone
General
h zone
67
Design of local zone
1) assume a square plate ( a x a )

2) A1 = axa A 2 = bxt
1.2PJ
3)f bu =
A1
f b = bigger of [ f b 1 & f b 2 ]
2 f cu A1
f b1 =
3 c A2
 A 
2 f 8xf yp x sp   D 2 2f
s
f b 2 =  cui +  k
 cui A1
 3 c D k xP  4 c
 
 
Check ; f bu  f b
Where; fyp = for spiral stirrups
Asp = Area of spiral stirrups cross section
Dk = Diameter of spiral stirrups
P = Pitch of spiral stirrups
**Vertical stirrups
a T
Tvl = 0.25PJu (1 − )  A strvl = vl
t f y / s
x = 0.5[t − 2e ] ; distribute vertical stirrups at distance = 2x
** Horizontal stirrups
a T
T HZ = 0.25PJu (1 − )  A strHZ = HZ
b f y / s
x = 0.5[b − 2e ]
68
0.02x 1.2xPJ
− We must use min. RFt. mesh in local zone =
f y / s
Design of general zone
Design it using strut and tie model method.
− We must use min. RFt. mesh in end zone to prevent splitting force in HZ. &VL.
0.02x 1.2xPJ
direction =
f y / s
47. Max. limit of prestressing and non-prestressing steel in section
 A ps  f ps
p =   x  0.28
 bxd  0.8f
 p  cu
In case of PT and non-PT steel
p +
d
dp
( −  ' )  0.28
48. Min. non-PT steel should be in section
In case of two-way slabs and flat slabs with constant depth

f ct ,eff
min =  k
fy
 = 0.2 f ct ,eff = 0.3 f cu
k = 0.8 for t  300mm
= 0.5 for t  800mm
Above the column
Asmin = 0.00075 Ac
This RFt. Should be distributed above the column in distance ≤ 1.5 ts in the two
sides of the column with RFt. Length ≥ 0.2 L. where; L is span of slab
Imp. In prestressing beams … side bars must be used as )2bars / 300 mm(.
0.2L
69
49. Development length of PT tendons

 2 ø
Ld =  f ps − f pe  (mm)
 3 7
Distance between tendons ≤ bigger of { 6t or 1.5 m } ;as t is the slab thickness.
50. Check punching

We can calculate the punch strength according to the following equation:
f cu
q pcu −uncracked =  p + 0.2f pcc + q pv
c
 d p 
Where;  p = min of 0.8  + 0.15 
 bo 
0.275
Pe f pe  A p
f pcc = & q pv = "at mid section of slab x-sec"
A  ps xbo xd
Conditions to use the previous equation
1- Use this equation for internal columns only.
2- fcu ≤ 40 MPa. “use fcu = 40 MPa in calculations for bigger fcu than 40”
3- 0.9 MPa ≤ fpcc ≤ 3.5 MPa.
For unsafe punch

We can use punching RFt. If t > 200 mm.
51. Design of corbel (Short Cantilever)

1)Check ; a  d
Qu
Qu a
2)Check ;  4MPa & 0.15f cu Nu
bxd
2/3 d ≥ 𝑑/2
Nu = 0.2 Qu
70
3) main RFt. Bigger of An + Af

2
A n + A sf
3
f
0.03 cu bxd
fy
Nu Mu Qu N
W here ; A n = & Af = & A sf = + u
f y / s Jxf y xd f fy
x y
s s
 = 1.2  for monotholic concrete
4) Hz. stirrups: A Hz = 0.5( A s − A n )
0.4
5) VL. stirrups: Avl = xbxS
fy
71
Part (6): Modeling of a building

using CSI software
52. Calculate seismic load using equivalent method

w
1) Calculate the base shear force  Fb =  Sd
g
Type (1): for all zones in Egypt
Subsoil Class S TB TC TD
A 1 0.05 0.25 1.2
B 1.35 0.05 0.25 1.2
C 1.5 0.1 0.25 1.2
D 1.8 0.1 0.3 1.2
E 1.6 0.05 0.25 1.2
Type (2): for coastal areas on the Mediterranean

Subsoil Class S TB TC TD
A 1 0.15 0.4 2
B 1.2 0.15 0.5 2
C 1.15 0.2 0.6 2
D 1.35 0.2 0.8 2
E 1.4 0.15 0.5 2
T1 = C t xH 0.75
C t = 0.085  for moment resisting steel frames
= 0.075  for concrete frames and moment resisting steel frames with bracing
= 0.05  for all other structures
72
Zone ag
First zone 0.10g
Second zone 0.125g
Third zone 0.15g
Fourth zone 0.20g
Fifth zone (A) 0.25g
Fifth zone (B) 0.30g
Imp. group Structure Imp. factor

The important structures that must work with their
I full capacity during earthquakes such as; 1.40
hospitals, fire stations, police stations, …. etc.
Important structures that their failure will cause
II lose of souls such as; schools, masjeds, storages, 1.20
clubs, ….. etc.
Ordinary buildings that aren’t matched with any
III 1.0
other group
Not important structures such as; temporary
IV 0.80
buildings, agricultural buildings, ….. etc.
73
 2 T  2.5 2  
0  T  T B  S d (T ) = ag  1S  +  − 
 3 T B  R 3 
2.5
T B  T  T C  S d (T ) = ag  1S
R
2.5 T C 
T C  T  T D  S d (T ) = ag  1S  0.20ag  1
R  T 
2.5 T CT D 
T D  T  4sec  S d (T ) = ag  1S   0.20ag  1
R  T 2 
W=D.L+ L.L
= 0.25 for residual buildings
= 0.5 for offices, schools, hospitals, ……. etc.
=1 for storage structures, parking, ……. etc.
 = 0.85  T 1  2T C
 = 1  T 1  2T C
2)Distribute base shear force over each floor:

Wi Zi F1
Fi = Fb W i  Weight of the floor
W i Z i F2
Conditions to use the equivalent static method
1- Building is regular in both horizontal F3
Z1
and vertical directions.
2- T1 ≤ 4Tc Z2 F4
Z3
≤ 2 sec. Z4
3)Check over turning: B
B
M R =W tot x M o =  Fi Z i
2
M
 F .O .S = R  1.2
Mo
4(Find center of mass “CM” & center of rigidity “CR”
C.M = It’s the c.g of the floor.
74
C.R =
X =
I X = I w w3 .X 3 + I w 4 .X 4
I w Iw 3 + Iw 4
e
(1)
Y =
I Y = I w w2. y 2 + I w 1.y 1 (3) C.R
+
C.M
+ (4)
I w Iw 2 + Iw 1
(2)
Fi
Distribute of seismic force on walls

Iw
Fw ' = Fi x (Direct force)
 Iw
M t xI w xX
Fw tor . =
 I w xX 2
M t = Fi xe d e d = e + 0.05L
Where L is the perpendicular length on Fi
 Fw = Fw ' + Fw tor .
Neglect Fw tor . if it's opposite in direction to Fw ' for the studying wall
53. Build ETABS model

1- Define material
4400 (fcu)^0.5 (MPa)
0.8fcu
75
2- Define elements properties and edit the stiffness modifiers according to

following:
Columns: I2, I3 = 0.7
Beams: I2, I3 = 1 (for T sections) & =0.5 (for rectangular sections)
Torsional constant= 1 )for computability torsion “real torsion”
= 0.01 (for equilibrium torsion)
Floors: M11, M22, M12 = 0.25
Walls: F11, F22, F12, M11, M22, M12 = 0.7 (for uncracked sections)
= 0.35 (for cracked sections)
For columns;
To get the required RFt. percentage

76
3- Define diaphragms as individual diaphragm for each floor
For accurate solution
4- Define function … Response spectrum … choose “Eurocode 8-2004”
(ag/g) x I
Type (1) = 2
Type (2) = 1
5- Define mass source
For planted
elements only
77
6- Define P-Delta option
7- Define modal cases
After checking the model is

stable we can change it to
RITZ to rapid running time
with approximate solution
78
8- Define load patterns
EX
Ct x H0.75
EY
79
9- Define load cases
gxI
80
10- Define load combinations according to topic no. (3) in this handbook.
11- Assign (sections – loads – diaphragms – restrains) to the model.
12- Analyze set load cases to run
13- Analyze (Automatic mesh settings for floor &

Automatic rectangular mesh settings for wall) use suitable value for
meshing with respect to your project size and your pc abilities.
14- Analyze Check model optimize your model till getting the
following message
15- Run your model.
54. Check ETABS model
81
16- Analyze last analysis run log…

Check the model is O.K and you don’t see a text of “the model is unstable
or ill condition” … or you need to check your model again and repair the
problem that make it unstable.
17- Check model participating mass ratio and time period (ctrl+t)
82
Must be less than T1 = Ct H0.75

At least one modal should be
≥ 0.9 in sum UX & sum UY
If time period isn’t as required; we need to increase the structure stiffness by

using shear walls or frames.
If sum UX or sum UY doesn’t reach 0.9; unlock the model and check each joint
connect a structural element and including it’s including in meshing. We can do
that by unlocking the model … then select all model assign joint
joint floor meshing option include selected joint objects in mesh
18- Check max. story drift (ctrl+t)
83
de = 0.7 x R x max drift

dr = different between de for each two following floors
drv = dr x v
Importance factor I II III IV
Reduction factor (v) 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5
Limitations of interstorey drift

0.005h for structures which contain brittle elements like bricks.
0.0075h for structures that have non-structural ductile elements.
0.01h for structures have non-structural elements preventing interlocking
between elements during drifting movement.
19- Check base reactions (ctrl+t)
84
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑋 𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑦 𝑀𝑎𝑥

Check for FX = 𝐸𝑥1
Check for FY = 𝐸𝑦1
As Fx & Fy < 0.85 …… we need to increase the scale factor of specX & specY to
reach the required value “0.85” … that’s which we do in raw )correction(
20- Check overturning

Display story responses plot
85
And same for specY and get max. of specX & specY
In this project max. is overturning moment due to specX = 3590 KN.m
Resisting moment = working base reaction (Fz) x B/2
= 8995 x 8.3 = 74659 KN.m
F.O.S = 74659/3590 = 20.8 SAFE
21- Design beams according to moment, shear, and torsion “if any”
22- Design of columns
Design concrete frame design
View/revise preferences
86
Select all columns … view/revise overwrites
Select design combinations
87
Start design/check
As there is no column with red color; then all columns’ sections are safe; so
we can know the required rebar percentage required for each column,
unlock the model, go to define frame elements, and select reinforcement
button for columns sections and set the exact reinforcement then “Check”
the columns design after running the model again.
55. Design of slabs using CSI SAFE

Exporting the floor from ETABS to SAFE
Attention … ETABS model must be locked.
File export Story as SAFE V12 f2k. file
88
Used in case of
exporting (base story) to
SAFE to design raft or
combined footing
Needed load pattern in
SAFE for design (only
gravity loads)
In SAFE
1- File import SAFE f2k file
2- Safe the model
56. Check long term deflection
3- Define material
0.6√𝑓 𝑢
𝑒𝑡𝑎
89
4- Edit interactive database editing
90
5- Define load cases Add new three cases
91
6- Define load combinations
92
7- Design Design preferences
8- Design Design combinations
For check
punching
9- Run Automatic slab mesh options
93
10- Run Advanced modeling options
In case of raft
modeling
11- Run Cracking analysis options
It’s the ratio of the bottom RFt. mesh And top

RFt. mesh Respectively in one meter section of
the slab
12- Run
13- Now we can show deformed shape for )L.T.D( case … and check
long term deflection.
14- Check punching using the punching button.
15- Now we can make a copy of the model … change the stiffness modifiers
and design the slab for flexure.
94
Checklist For ETABS Model Review
1- Identical structural plan with architectural plan
2- Define material : fcu= fy=
3- Define slab properties: thickness type material stiffness modifiers
4- Check frame elements:

5- Check wall elements:
6- Check Diaphragms: Rigid Semi-rigid
7- Response spectrum: Code: ag/g= Ground type= R=

8- Vertical response spectrum –if any- : ag/g= Ground type= R=
9- Check mass source:
10- Check P-DELTA option:
11- Check model case: EIGEN RITZ
12- Load pattern: EX EY T= Code =
WX WY Code =
13- Define load cases: SPECX SPECY
14- Define load combinations: ULT. WORKING
15- Assign loads: (story – load pattern – value – usage )
16- Assign diaphragms:
17- Assign pier labels:
18- Set load cases to run: calculate diaphragm centers of rigidity
19- Check automatic option
20- Check walls automatic option
21- RUN
22- Check last run analysis log
23- Check first mode shapes time period < 1.2T = 1.2x Ct x H0.75 =
24- Check model participating mass ratio > 90% SUM UX & SUM UY
25- Check max. story drift: x-direction y-direction allowable
26- Check base reactions dynamic / static > 0.85

27- Check design of beams
28- Check design of columns
29- Check design of walls

Checklist For Slab SAFE Model Review
1- Identical structural plan with architectural plan Level =
2- Define material : fcu= modules of rupture = fy=
3- Define slab properties: thickness type material
4- Check beams: Mat prop.

5- Check columns: Mat prop. AutoRigid
6- Check walls: Mat prop. AutoRigid
7- Loads on slab: Load pattern Value Usage
8- Load cases for deflection:

Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
9- Load comb. for long term deflection = case 1 – case 2 + case 3

10- Check auto slab mesh
11- Check cracking analysis option
12- Advanced modeling option: Add rigid diaphragm constraint
13- Critical max. L.T.D Allowable deflection
14- Ult. load combinations for design:
15- Check property modifier

16- Design preferences: Code min. slab cover
17- Design comb.:

18- Check punching
19- Check RFt. in M11 (+ve)

Check RFt. in M11 (-ve)
Check RFt. in M22 (+ve)
Check RFt. in M22 (-ve)
Checklist For Raft SAFE Model Review
1- F.L = γS = Ground water= Replacement soil =
2- Define material : fcu= fy=
3- Define slab properties: thickness type material Thick plate ?!
4- Define soil pressure: Name subgrade modulus compression only
5- Load patterns:
6- Load combinations for check:
7- Design preferences: Code min. slab cover
8- Design comb.:
9- Advanced modeling options:

2D plate
Add rigid diaphragm constraint
10- Check soil pressure

Allowable bearing capacity =
Load comb. Max. soil pressure corresponding settlement
11- Max. bending moment

Load comb. max. +ve moment max. –ve moment

RC Structural Design Handbook 2nd Edition - Khaled Sobhy

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‫المقدمة‬

Checklist for Slab SAFE Model Review (A4)

Checklist for Raft SAFE Model Review (A4)

1. Types of reinforcement bars used in Egypt

‫الحد األدنى إلجهاد‬

"B" Bars used in reinforced concrete.

2. Concrete strength for reinforced and prestressed concrete

4. Behavior of beams under bending moment only

Concrete strength fcu 20 25 30

5. Design of beams using first principles

If MU.Lmax > MU.L ………. No need to use compression RFt.

If tbeam – ts ≥600mm ….. Use shrinkage bars 2T10/300 mm

In case of T or L sections … replace (b) in all equations by (B) as (B) is as following;

C.Lslab → C .Lslab K=1

For inverted beams

Steel grade Cmax / d ųmax

6. Design of beams using C1 & J chart

Empirical moment values:

wL2 wL2 wL2

12. Design for Bi-axial moment

Method two (Using I.D diagrams for iniaxial moment)

13. Long Columns

case 1  fixed "t b  t c or foundation"

2)Buckling limits of long columns

14. Design of beams due to shear

n … number of branches )2branches if b<400mm, otherwise … 4branches(

S ≤ 200mm & Ph/8

ØL.B ≥ 12mm & S/15

intial estimation for depth of beam

16. Check deflection

Ie1 Ie(mid-span) Ie2

2)Long − term Deflection

Allowable deflection values:

taking into consideration that the immediate deflection due to L.L:

Simple Continuous from Continuous from

Solid Slabs L/25 L/28 L/31 L/10

& embedded L/20 L/23 L/24 L/8

Rigid L/12 L/14 L/16 L/5

17. Check Crack Width

Crack Width  w k =  .s rm . sm  w k max

 2 = 1 → for short term loading

concrete cover (mm)

‫‪Stage‬‬ ‫‪First‬‬ ‫‪Second‬‬ ‫‪Third‬‬ ‫‪Fourth‬‬

‫درجة تعرض سطح الشد للعوامل البيئية‬ ‫القسم‬

working stress 𝛽 Category 1 Category 2 Category 3&4

In order to design and check the tensile stress on a section:

5)f ctr = 0.6 f cu

Part (2): Slabs

1- One-Way Solid Slabs

ts=L/30 tS=L/35 tS=L/40

WL2/10 WL2/10 WL2/12 WL2/16

2- Two way Solid Slabs

ts=Ls/35 tS=Ls/40 tS=Ls/45

Ls Span of the short direction

2)W s = 1.4(t s  c + F .C ) + 1.6L .L

r 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

19. Flat Slabs

For marginal beams Ref. (1) – Page (6-36)

20. Hollow Block Slabs

One Way Hollow Block

ts=L/20 tS=L/25 tS=L/28

Two Way Hollow Block

ts=Ls/35 tS=Ls/40 tS=Ls/45

2)w ribT = [1.4(t s x  c + F .C ) + 1.6L .L ]x (sxs ) + 1.4bxhx  c x (2S − b )