1424 2003 -

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5950
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30 1424 31 / 2003

Limit State Design

(1-1)

(1-1)

1-1

1 1

Ulimate limit states

1 1 1

Limit state of strength

(1-2)

(1-2)

f
1.4
1.0
1.2
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.2

1.6
1.4
1.2

1-2

Stability limit state

1 1 2

(1-2)

0.5

1-3

Deflection

80

(1-3)

1-4

1 2

(1-3)

180
360
200

300
300
600
500

1-5

Properties of Materials and Section Properties

2 1

Properties of steel

Ys

py

Us

py

0.84 U s
2 1

(2-1)

mm
p y N / mm 2

43
(S275)

50
(S355)

55
(S460)

16
40
63
80
100
16
40
63
80
100
16
40
63
80
100

275
265
255
245
235
355
345
335
325
315
460
440
430
410
400

2-1

E 205 kN / mm 2
0.3

12 x10- 6 per C
2 2

Section properties

2 2 1

Net area

(2-1)

sp2 t / 4 g

sp
(2-1)

t
g
g
(2-2)

2-2

(2-1)

(2-2)

2 2 2

Effective area at connection

Ke
43

K e 1.2

50

K e 1.1

55

K e 1.0
U
K e 0.75 s 1.2
Ys
2 3

Classification of cross sections

(2-3a)

(2-3b)

2y

2-3

10 y

(2-3c)

(2-3)
(2-4)

2-4

(2-4)

b/T )

Plastic

Mp
(2-2)

(2-5)

BS 5950

b/T

Compact

Mp

2-5

(2-5)

b/T
(2-2)

(2-5)

Semi Compact

My
(2-2)

b/T
Slender

My

2-6

(2-2)

py
(2-3)

(2-2)
(2-7)
d /t

d
120
41

and 13
t 1 1.5 R
R

d
120
41

and 2
t 1 1 .5 R
R

R
d
120

and 250
t
1 R 2

2-7

275 / p y

1/ 2

py

R
(2-6)

d/t

(2-6)

2-8

 ) 2-2 (

Limiting width to thickness ratios

Class Of section

(3) semi-compact

(2) compact

(1) Plastic

b
T
b
T
b
T
b
T
d
t

b
T
b
T
b
T
b
T
d
t

b
T
b
T
b
T
b
T
d
t

13
15
28
39
120

8.5
9.5
25
32
98

7.5
8.5
23
26
79

Type of section

Built up by welding

Type of element

Outstand element of compression flange

Rolled sections

Built up by welding

Internal element of compression flange

Rolled sections

All sections

Web, with neutral axis at mid-depth

2 3

d 98

d
79

t 0.4 0.6

d
28
t

d
28
t

d
28
t

Built up by welding

d
39
t

d
39
t

d
39
t

Rolled sections

All sections

Web, generally

2-9

Web, where whole section is subject to

compression

Limiting width to thickness ratios

b
d
and 15
T
T

b
9.5
T

b
8.5
T

and

and

and

d
9.5
T
b
9.5
T

d
8.5
T
b
8.5
T

bd
23
T
b
15
T

) 2-2 (

Rolled angle sections

Legs of single angle and double angle members

with components separated

Rolled angle sections

Outstand legs of double angle members with angles

in contact back to back

d
19
t

d
9.5
t

d
8.5
t

D
80 2
t

D
57 2
t

D
40 2
t

T Sections

Stems of T section

CHS or built up by welding
Circular tube subject to moment or axial
compression

2 yc / d , (275 / P y )1/ 2 ,

2 5

T, t, d, b

yc

d / t 63

2-10

.3

2 3
Strength reduction factors for slender elements

Stress reduction factor

10
b
3
T
11
b
4
T
21
b
7
T
31
b
8
T
The lesser of
11
19
,
d
(b d )
4
4
T
T
11
b
4
T

Type of section

Built up by welding

Outstand
flange

element

of

compression

Rolled sections

Built up by welding

Internal element of compression flange

Rolled sections

Rolled
sections

angle

Rolled
sections

angle

-
Outstand legs of double angle
members with angles in contact back
to back

T
Sections T

(275 / P y )1/ 2

Legs of single angle and double angle
members with components separated

14
d
5
t

Type of element

T
Stem of T section

, )2-5( b, d, t, T

2-11

2 7

2-12

Tension Members
3 -1

Tension Capacity
Pt Ae p y

3-2
(3-1)

3-1

py

(Design Strength of steel)

(2-1)

Us

Ys

Ae
Ke

Ke
Ke
Grade 40 or 43
Grade 50 or WR 50
Grade 55

1.2
1.1
1.0

Ke
K e 0.75 U s / Ys 1.2

Eccentricity

(3-2 )

3-3
of end connections
T

3-2

T
)(3-1-a,b

3a1
a2
Ae a1
3
a

a
1
2

)(3-3

a1
a2


T

)(b

)(c

)(a

)(3-1

)(3-1c

80

)(3-2

3-3

 5a1
a2
Ae a1
5a1 a2

(3-4)

a1
a2

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(3-2)

(3-3)

3-4

)(3- 4

)(lug angle
T

)(b

)(c

)(a

)(3-3

)(3-4

3-5

3-4
Combined bending and tension

My
M
F
x
1
Ae p y M cx M cy

(3-5)

Ae

F
py
My , Mx

M cy , M cx

x
3-6

y
3-7

py

2-3
M c p y S 1 .2 p y Z

M c py Z

M cx

(3-6)
(3-7)

M cy
M cx

M cy

3-6

(3-1)
AB
240 kN

144 kN
50

F 1.4 x 144 1.6 x 240 585.6 kN

50

16 mm
p y 355 N / mm 2

(2-1)

125X75X10 L

125 x 75 x 10

Ae

3 a1
Ae a1
a2
3 a1 a2
a1 120 x 10 1200 mm 2

3-7

a2 70 x10 700 mm 2
3 x 1200

Ae 1200
x 700 1786 mm 2

3 x 1200 700

(3-1)

Pt Ae p y

Pt 1786 x 355 x 10 3 634 kN 585.6 kN

o.k.

B
150 x 75 x 10

22 mm

150X75X10 L

Ae

3 a1
Ae a1
a2
3 a1 a2
a2 70 x10 700 mm2

a1net 1450 24 x 10 1210 mm2

3 x 1210

Ae 1210
x 700 1797 mm 2

3
x
1210

700

(3-1)

Pt Ae p y

Pt 1797 x 355 x 10 3 638 kN 585.6 kN

3-8

o.k.

(3-2) :
(3-1)

AB

50

75 x 50 x 8
8 mm

(2-1)

p y 355 N / mm 2

5 a1
a 2
Ae 2 x a1
5
a

a
1
2

a1 71 x 8 568 mm 2
a 2 46 x 8 368 mm 2

5 x 568
2
Ae 2 x 568
x 368 1788 mm
5 x 568 368

3-9

(3-1)

Pt Ae x p y 1788 x 355 x 10 3 635 kN 585.6 kN O.K .

*
80

3-10

Design of Columns and Struts

41

(4-1)

(4-1)

4-1

LE

4-3
BS 5950

180
250
350

180
1/100

4-2

*
*
*

Compressive resistance

4-2

BS 5950

Pc Ag pc

(4-1)

Ag

pc

(Compressive strength)

py
( 2-3 )

20 N / mm2

py

pc
(4-3a-d)

4-3

(4-2)

(4-3 a-d)

(4-3a-d)

( 4-1)

4-4

4-5

4-6

4-7

4-8

4-9

4-10

4-11

4-12

4-13

Effective lengths

LE

4-3

L
(4-4)
BS 5950

LE
LE
0.7 L
0.85 L
0.85 L
1.0 L
1.2 L
1.5 L
2.0 L

4-14

(4-4)

k LE / L

k LE / L

4-15

(4-2 a,b)

(4-2a)

k LE / L

4-16

(4-2b)

43-1

LE / L

)(4-3

k1

4-4 a,b

KL

KU

I/L

K TL K TR K BL K BR

I/L

4-17

k2
=k

(4-3)

I /L

KB

.
K B 0.5 I / L

K B 1.5 I / L

*
10 %

*
*

4-18

LE / L

4-19

(4-4a)

LE / L

(4-4b)
43-2
(4-5-9)

4-20

4-21

4-22

4-23

4-24

4-25

(4-1)
43

203 x 203 x 52 UC

3.6m

LE 0.1 L 3.6m

(4-4)
t 7.2mm , B 204.3 mm , d 160.8 mm , T 11 mm

A 66.4 cm 2 , b / T 8.17 , d / t 20.4 , ry 5.16 cm

LE / ry 360 / 5.16 70
p y 275 N/mm 2

(2-1)
(2-2)

275 / p y 1 / 2 1.0

T 16mm

b / T 8.17 15 15
d / t 20.4 39 39

(4-2)

pc

(4-3c)

pc 181 N/mm 2
Pc Ag p c

(4-1)

Pc 66.4 x 100 x 181 x 10 3 1201 kN

4-26

py

(4-3c)

(4-2)

50

(4-4)

30mm

15m

30mm

960mm

960mm

LE 1.0 L 15 m
Ag 2 x 30 960 900 111600 mm 2

I 960 x 9603 900 x 9003 / 12 1.61 x 1010 mm4

r 1.61 x 1010 / 111600

1/2

380 mm

LE /r 15000 / 380 39.5

p y 345 N / mm2

(2-1)

T 30 16 mm

275 / p y 1 / 2 0.9

b / T 960 2 x 30 / 30 30 28 28 x 0.9 25.2

(2-2)
(2-3)

(2-3)

py

py

21
b
7
T

4-27

21
0.8
900
7
30 x 0.9

20 N / mm2

p y 0.8 x 345 20 256 N/mm2

(4-2)

pc

(4-3b)
pc 230 N/mm 2

(4-3b)
Pc Ag pc 111600 x 230 x 10 3 25700 kN

(4-1)

(4-3)
254 x 254 x 89 UC
43

L=600 cm

B 255.9 mm , d 200.3 mm , T 17.3 mm

4-28

t 10.5 mm , rx 11.2 cm , ry 6.52 , A 114 cm 2

(4-4)
(2-1)

LEx LEy 1.0 L 6000 mm

p y 265 N / mm 2

T 17.3 mm

275 / p y 1 / 2 1.02

x LEx / rx 600 / 11.2 53.6 180

(4-1)

y LEy / ry 600 / 6.52 92 180

ok
ok

b / T 255.9 x 0.5 / 17.3 7.4 15 15 x 1.02 15.3

(2-2)

d / t 200.3 / 10.5 19.1 39 39 x 1.02 39.8

pcx
(4-2)

(4-3b)

pcx 223 N / mm2

(4-2)

pcy

(4-3c)

(4-3b)

py

py

(4-3c)

pcy 136 N / mm 2
pc pcy 136 N / mm 2

(4-1)

Pc Ag pc 114 x 100 x 136 x 10 3 1550 kN

4-29

(4-4)
(4-3)
x
L=600cm

300

300

(4-3)
LEx 1.0 L 600 cm
LEy 1.0 L / 2 300 cm

x LEx / rx 53.6
y LEy / ry 46
pcx 223 N / mm2

(4-3)
(4-2)

pcy

py

(4-3c)

pcy 220 N / mm 2
pc pcy 220 N / mm2

(4-3c)
Pc Ag pc 114 x 100 x 220 x 10 3 2508 kN

(4-1)

4-30

Design of Beams
51

(5-1)

5-1

(5-1)

Mc
Pv
Mb
Pw
Pcw

Mt

(3-2)

(1-2)
(2-1)

py

(2-3)

5-2

20 N / mm2

(4-2)

py

Shear capacity

5-2

Pv 0.6 p y Av

(5-1)

(5-1)

Av

tD
td

0.9 A

D / D B A
0.6 A

t
A

d / t 63

(5-1)
5-3

Moment capacity

5-3
5-3-1

60 %

Fv

Fv 0.6 Pv
M c p y S 1.2 p y Z

(5-2)

Mc py Z

(5-3)

(2-1)

py

(2-3)
Z

5-3-2

Fv 0.6Pv

60

M c p y S - Sv 1 1.2 p y Z

(5-4)

1 2.5 Fv / Pv 1.5
Av

Sv

5-4

Sv

Mc py Z

(5-5)
5-4

5-2

1.2
S 1.2 Z

Lateral torsional buckling

5-4

(5-2)

Z
Y

(5-2)

5-5

Lateral restraints

2.5 %

2.5 %

%1

5-6

5-4-1

(diaphragm)
Tortional restraints

5-4-2

(diaphragm)
(bearing stiffener)
1%

Destabilizing loads

5-4-3

Effective lengths of beams

5-4-4
LE

(a)

LE

(5-2)

LE

(b)
1.2

1.0 L

LE

5-7

(c)
(5-2)

(b)

Effevtive lengths of cantilevers

5-4-5

(5-4-4)
(5-3)

LE

5-5
buckling resistance

Lateral torsional

Mb

5-8

LE

LE / ry
ry

(x) torsional index

D/T
T

(u) buckling parameter

(warping)
1.0

0.9

(v) slenderness factor

/x

(5-4)
I tf I cf

BS5950

N I cf / I cf I tf

B.2.5

(n) slenderness correction factor

(5-5)
(5-6, 7, 8)

5-9

Mb
M b pb S x

(5-6)
Sx

(5 10,11)
LT

pb
py

LT n u v

(5-7)

M Mb

(5-8)
M

M mMA

(5-9)
MA :

(5-5)

(5- 8, 9)

L / rvv 100

M b 0.8 p y Z

(5-10)

180 L / rvv 100

M b 0.7 p y Z

(5-11)

300 L / rvv 180

M b 0.6 p y Z

5-10

(5-12)

Z
rvv

Web bearing and buckling

5-6

Web bearing

Pcw b1 n2 t p yw

(5-13)

5-3

5-11

5-6-1

b1

(5-3)

45
n2

1 / 2.5
(5-3)
t

p yw

Web buckling
Pw b1 n1 t pc

(5-14)

5-4

5-12

5-6-2

t
45

b1
n1

(5-4)
(4-3c)

pc

2.5 d / t

t,

n1 , b1

LE 0.7 d

LE d

5-13

5-14

5-15

5-16

5-17

5-18

5-19

5-20

5-21

5-22

(5-1)
50 mm
43
75mm
3250

3250
75
W

50

(1-2)

50

6500

Wd 40 kN

wd 15 kN / m

Wi 50 kN

wi 30 kN / m

fi

1. 6

fd

1 .4

w 1.4 x 15 1.6 x 30 69 kN / m

5-23

W 1.4 x 40 1.6 x 50 136 kN

L 6.5 m
M w L2 / 8 W L / 4
M 69 x 6.5 2 / 8 136 x 6.5 / 4 585 kNm

Fve wL W / 2 69 x 6.5 136 / 2 292 kN

Fvc Fve wL / 2 292 69 x 6.5 / 2 67.8 kN

533 x 210 x 92 UB
D 533.1 mm , B 209.3 mm , t 10.2 mm
T 15.6 mm , d 476.5 mm , I 55400 cm 4 , Z 2080 cm 3

S 2370 cm 3 , ry 4.51cm , r 12.7 mm

p y 275 N / mm 2

(2-1)

(2-2)

T 15.6 mm

275 / p y 1 / 2 1

b / T B / 2T 209.3 / 2 x 15.6 6.7 9.5 9.5

d / t 476.5 / 10.2 46.7 98 98

5-24

(5-2)

(5-2)

d / t 46.7 63 63
Av tD 10.2 x 533.1 5438 mm2
Pv 0.6 p y Av 0.6 x 275 x 5738 x 10 3

(5-1)

897 kN Fvc 67.8 kN

o.k.

Fvc 0.6 Pv
M c p y S 1 .2 p y Z

(5-2)

M c 275 x 2370 x 10 3 652 kN m

M c 652 kNm 1.2 x 275 x 2080 x 10 3 686 kNm
M c 652 kN m M 585 kN m
M c 652 kN m M 0
Pv 897 kN Fve 292 kN

o.k.

o.k.
o.k.

b1 50 mm , n2 2.5 x r T 2.5 x 12.7 15.6 70.8 mm

Pcw b1 n 2 t p yw

(5-13) Pcw 50 70.8 x 10.2 x 275 x 10 3 339 kN Fve 292 kN

5-25

o.k .

D/2

D/2

45

b1

n2

50 70.8

r= 12.7
T=15.6

b1

n1

50

267

(5-6-2) b1 50 , n1 D / 2 533.1/ 2 266.6

2.5d / t 2.5 x 46.7 117
p y 275 N / mm2

(4-3c)

(5-14)

117

(4-3c)

p c 101 N mm 2

Pw b1 n1 t pc

Pw 50 266.6 x 10.2 x 101 x 10 3

326 kN Fve 292 kN

o.k .

wi 30 kN m , Wi 50 kN

lim L / 360 6.5 x 103 / 360 18.1 mm

5-26

1 5 wi L4 Wi L3

EI 384
48

E 205 kN / mm 2

5 x 30x 6.5 4 50 x 6.5 3

1
5

x 10
205 x 55400
384
48

8.66 mm lim 18.1 mm

o.k .

(5-2)
(5-1)

(5-1)
1 p y 275 N mm2

5-27

AB

AB
L E 1.2 L AB 0.85 L AB / 2

(5-44b,c)

L E 1.2 x 3.25 0.85 x 3.25 / 2 3.33 m

LE / ry 333 / 4.51 74
x D / T 533.1/ 15.6 34

(5-5)

u 0.9

(5-4)

/ x 74 / 34 2.17

N I cf / I cf I lf 0.5

(5-4)

v 0.95

(5-5)

(5-5)

n=1
LT

(5-7)

LT n u v 1 x 0.9 x 0.95 x 74 63

5-28

 LT

(5-10)

pb
py

pb 207 N / mm 2

(5-6)

M b pb S x 207 x 2370 x 10 3 490 kN. m

(5-5)
m 1.0

AB

(5-9)

M m M A 1.0 x 585 585 kN. m M b

5-29

Plate Girders

6-1

6-2

6-1

12

20

15 20

10 - 15

20 mm

120 cmm

10 mm
250 cm
d /t

d / t 63

(2-2)

d / t 63

(6-1)

6-2

63

T
1

d
A-A

(6-1)

BS 5950
t d / 250

ad

t d / 250
t d a / d 1 / 2 / 250

a d

BS 5950
t d / 250 p yf / 345

p yf

t d / 250 p yf / 345

a 1.5 d

t d / 250 p yf / 445 1 / 2

a 1.5 d

30 %

50 %

6-3

(2-2)
b / T 13

(panel)

a / d
1.2 1.6

a / d

0.6 1.0
Design of plate girders

6-3

BS 5950
(1
(2
(1)

(3
(2)

6-4

(1)

Moment capacity

6-3-1

Mc
M c p yf S xf

(6-1)

(2-1)

p yf
S xf

Shear capacity

6-3-2
(panels)

6-3-2-1
Design without using tension field action

Vcr qcr dt

(6-2)

6-5

(6-1a-d)

q cr

d /t

a/d
a/d

t, d, a
6-3-2-2

Design using tension field action

q cr

(6-1a-d)

a/d

(tension field)

(6-2a)
(6-2b)

(N)

(6-2a)

6-6

(N)

(6-2b)

(6-3)

(6-3)

(6-3a)

6-7

(6-3b)

(6-3c)
(sway collaps mechanism)

Vb qb q f

K f dt 0.6 p y dt

(6-3)

qcr

qb

(6-2a-d)

qb

d / t

a / d
qf

d / t

a / d

(6-3a-d)
Kf

K f M pf 1 f / p yf /4 M pw

(6-4)
M pf

M pf 2bT 2 p yf / 4

(6-5)
M pw

M pw td 2 p yw / 4

(6-6)

6-8

p yw , p yf

f
Kf

Pyf

H q 0.75 dt p y 1 qcr / 0.6 p y

BS 5950
1/ 2

(6-7)

(1
(6- 4- 2- 1)

Vcr

B
Rtf
Hq

M tf

(6-4)
Rtf 0.5 H q

(6-8)
(6-9)

M tf H q d / 10

M tf

6-9

A
B

Mtf

(6-4)

B
A

B
B
(2
(6- 4- 2- 2)

(6- 5,6)

2 M tf / 3

(6- 9)

6-10

M tf

M tf

Rtf

B
A,B
B

A
2

/3 Mtf

(6-5)

A,B
B

Mtf

(6-6)

f v qb

f v qcr / qb qcr

6-11

Hq

Rtf

f v , qcr , qb

Design of stiffeners

6-4

Load carrying stiffeners

6-4-1

(5-6-2)
20t
(6-7)
70 %

6-12

(4-3c)

pc

(2-1)
Fx

Px

40t

(6-7)

A
A 0.8 Fx / p ys

(6-10)
Fx

(2-1)

p ys

Bearing stiffeners

(5-6-1)
(5-13)

6-13

6-4-2

Intermediate transverse stiffeners

6-4-3

19 t s

(6-2)
13 t s

Is

ad 2

I s 0.5 dt 3

(6-11)

ad 2

I s 1.5 d 3t 3 / a 2

(6-12)
t d

ts

275 / p y 1 / 2

py

2 FD 3 /Et
M s D 2 /Et

F
Ms

(1)

6-14

Fq
Pq
Fq V Vs Pq

(6-13)
V
Vs

Vcr

Pq

70%
(2)
(6- 4- 1)
Fq Fx
Pq

Fx M s

1
Px M ys

(6-14)
Px
Ms

M ys

6-5

kN / mm

6-15

bs

mm

t 2 / 5 bs

mm

6-6

f ed
Ped

f ed

p ed

2 E
ped 2.75

a / d 2 d / t 2

(6-15)

2 E
ped 1.0

a / d 2 d / t 2

(6-16)

6-16

6-17

6-18

6-19

6-20

6-21

6-22

6-23

6-24

6-25

6-26

6-27

6-28

(6-1)

43

wi 40 kN / m

wd 20 kN / m

W1i 300 kN

W1d 200 kN

W2i 300 kN

W2d 200 kN

w 20 x 1.4 40 x 1.6 92 kN / m

(1-2)

W1 W2 200 x 1.4 300 x 1.6 760 kN

6-29

l / D

12

20
l / D 15

(6-2)

D l / 15 30000 / 15 200 mm
p y 255 N / mm 2
A f M max / D p y 17458 x 10 6 / 2000 x 255 34232 mm 2

0.3-0.5
50 mm

700 mm
35000 mm 2

10 mm
2500 mm

20 mm

1200 mm

t =14 mm
B 700 mm , T 50 mm , d 2000 mm , t 14 mm

6-30

(2-1)

T 50 mm p yf 255 N / mm 2 , 275/p yf

1/ 2 1.04

b / T B t / 2T 700 14 / 2 x 50 6.86
b / T 6.86 8.5 8.5 x 1.04 8.48

(2-2)
(2-1,2)

t 14 mm p yw 275 N / mm 2 , 275 / 275 1 / 2 1

d / t 2000 / 14 142.8 120 120

(6-2)

(6-2)

(6-2)

(6-1)

d / t 142.8 63 63

a d

t 14 mm d/250 2000 / 250 8 mm

a 1.5 d

t 14 mm d/250 p yf / 345

2000 / 250255 / 345 5.9 mm

M c p yf S xf

S xf A f x d T 35000 x 2000 50 71.75 x 10 6 mm3

M c 255 x 71.75 x 10 6 x 10 6 18296 kNm 17458 o.k.

6-31

AB
d 2000 mm , t 14 mm , d / t 2000 / 14 142.8
a / d 1850 / 2000 0.925 , p y 275 N / mm 2

(6-1b)
(6-1b)

(6-2)

qcr 94.2 N / mm2

Vcr qcr dt 94.2 x 2000 x 14 x 10 3 2637 kN
Vcr FvA 2140 kN

o.k.

AB

6-32

M tf

Rtf

BC
M tf H q d / 10 , Rtf 0.5 H q
(6-7,8,9)

H q 0.75 d t p y 1 qcr /(0.6 p y ) 1 / 2

H q 0.75 x 2000 x 14 x 275 1 94.2 /( 0.6 x 275) 1 / 2 x 10 3
3782.4 kN
Rtf 0.5 x3782.4 1891.2 kN

M tf 3782.4 x 2000 x10 -3 /10 756.5 kNm

AB

(5-1)

Pv 0.6 p yw Av , Av ta

Pv 0.6 x 275 x 14 x 1850 x 10 3 4273.5 kN Rtf

AB
M q I p y / y , y a / 2 1850 / 2 925 m
I t a 3 / 12 14 x 1850 3 / 12 738689.6 x 10 4 mm 4

M q 738689.6 x 10 4 x 275 x 10 6 / 925

2196 kN mm M tf

o.k .

I
AB

M tf

6-33

o.k.

Mq

BC
d 2000 mm , t 14 mm , d / t 142.8
a/t 2500 / 2000 1.25 , p y 275 N / mm 2

(6-2b)
qb 105.6 N / mm2

(6-3)

Vb qb d t 105.6 x 2000 x 14 x 10 3 2956 kN FvB 1970

(6-3)
A
Fb

Fm

M tf

Fb 2140 kN , Fm M tf / a 756.5 x 10 3 / 1850 409 kN

Fx Fb Fm 2140 409 2549 kN

240 mm
t s 22 mm

15 mm

(2-1)

t s 22 mm p ys 265 N / mm2 , 275 / 265 1 / 2 1.02

6-34

A 240 15 x 22 x 2 9900 mm 2
(6-10)

(6-4-3)

A 9900 mm 2 0.8 Fx / p ys 0.8 x 2549 x 10 3 / 265

7695 mm 2
19 t s

o.k .

bs 240 mm 19 t s 19 x 22 x 1.02 425 mm

o.k.
13 t s

bs 240 mm 13 x 22 x 1.02 291 mm

o.k.

(6-4-1)

22 x494 3
269 x14 3

22107.6 x 10 4 mm 4
12
12
AE 240 x 22 x 2 14 x 22 269 14634 mm 2

Iy

ry I y / AE

1/ 2 122.9 mm

Ls 0.7 d 0.7 x 2000 1400 mm

LE / ry 1400 / 122.9 11.4

6-35

(6-4-1)

(4-2)
p y 265 20 245 N / mm 2
py

(4-3c)

pc

pc 245 N / mm 2
Pq pc AE 245 x 14634 x 10 3 3585 kN
(4-1)

Pq 3585 kN Fx 2549 kN

(5-6)
Pcw b1 n 2 t p yw

n1

(5-13)

b1 0

1 / 2.5
n2 2.5 x 50 x 2 250 mm
Pcw 0 250 x 14 x 275 x 10 3 962.5 kN
Fx
FA Fx Pcw 2549 962.5 1586.5 kN
PA p ys A 265 x 9900 2623 kN FA

G, F, D, C, B

6-36

Pcw

o.k .

a 2825 mm d 2 2000 2 2828 mm

(6-12)
I s 1.5 d 3t 3 / a 2 1.5 x 20003 x 143 / 2500 2 526.8 x 10 4 mm4

80 x 13 mm
13 t s 13 x 13 x 1 169 mm 80 mm

I s 13 x 174 3 13 x 14 3 / 12
570 x 10 mm 526.8 x 10 4 mm 4
4

o.k .

(6-13)
Fq V Vs Pq

1970 kN

V s Vcr q cr d t Pq

(6-16)

(6-16)

q cr

a / d 2825 / 2000 1.41

d / t 2000 / 14 142.8 qcr 67.9 kN

p y 275

6-37

Vs 67.9 x 2000 x 14 1900 kN

Fq 1970 1900 70 kN

20 tW 20 x 14 280 m
A 160 x 13 2 x 280 x 4 9920 mm 2

I y 13 x 174 3 560 x 14 3 13 x 14 3 / 12 583.2 x 10 4 mm 4

ry I y / A

1/ 2 583.2 x 10 4 / 9920 1/ 2 24.25 mm

LE 0.7 d 0.7 x 2000 1400 mm

LE / ry 1400 / 24.25 57.7

2
(4-2) 20 N / mm

p y 275 20 255 N / mm 2

(4-3c)
pc 192.6 N / mm2

6-38

py

Pq p c A 192.6 x 9920 1910.6 kN Fq 70 kN

o.k .

E
B
13 x 80 mm

B
(6-13)
(6-13)

Fq V Vs Pq

1280 kN

Vs Vcr 1900 kN

Fq V Vs 1280 1900 0

E
Pq 192.6 kN

(6-13)
(6-14)
Fq Fx
(6-14)

Pq

Fx M s

1
Px M ys

Ms 0

Fx 760 kN

Fq

Fq Fx 0
Px Pq 1910.6 kN

6-39

760
1
1910.6

f ed ped

(6-6)

f ed w/t 92 / 14 6.57 N/mm 2

(6-15)

205000
2
ped 2.75
37.7 N / mm 2
2
2
2852 / 2000 2000 / 14

f ed 6.57 ped

6-40

7-1

L
r
L
Lv v

(1)
(7- 1)
2
2

7-1

80 %

(7-1)

c Lv v / rv v

50

Lv v
rv v

b 2m 2c

1.4 c
1/ 2

16 mm
Q
2.5 %
0.25 Q c

(3-2)

7-2

(7-1)

(3)

(7-1)

(4)

(7-1)

(5)

(7-1)

(6)
80 %

7-3

(7-1)

(7)

(7-1)

(8)

(7-1)

(7-1)

7-4

(9)

(10)

7-5

7-6

(7-1)
360 cm

L120 x 120 x 10 mm

43

Y
v

A 23.3 cm2 , rx ry 3.69 cm , ru 4.65 cm , rv 2.37 cm

(7-1)

(1)

v 0.85 Lv /rv 0.85 x 360 / 2.37 129

(7-1)

v 0.7 Lv /rv 15 0.7 x 360 / 2.37 15 121

v 129

x 1.0 Lx /rx 1.0 x 360 / 3.69 97.5

x 0.7 Lx /rx 30 0.7 x 360 / 3.69 30 98.3

x 98.3
y 0.85 Ly /ry 0.85 x 360 / 3.69 83

7-7

 y 0.7 Ly /ry 30 0.7 x 360 / 3.69 30 98.3

y 98.3

max v 129

x , y , v

p y 275 N / mm 2

T = 10 mm

(2-1) 275 / p 1/ 2 1
y

*
(2-2) b/T d/T 120 /10 12 15 15 x 1 15

b d / T 120 120 / 10 24
(2-3)

py

11/ d/T 4 11/ 120 /10 x 1 4 1.375

py

(2-3)

23 23 x 1 23

19 / b d / T 4

py

19 / 120 120 / 10 x 1 4 0.95

0.95 p y

p y 0.95 x 275 261 N / mm 2

(4-2)

pc
py

max

(4-3c)

pc 85 N / mm 2

(4-1)

Pc Ag pc 23.3 x 100 x 85 x 10 3 198 kN

7-8

Laced struts

7-2

(7-1)

Y1

Y
X

Y1

X
Y

Y
Y1

Y1

(7-1)

40
70
2

7-9

3
50

1.4c

180

70%

2.5 %

7-10

(7-2)
8m
43
y
x
Fc 910 kN

300

260

260

300

21.3

260

36

203x76
D 203 .2 mm , B 76.2 mm , T 11.2 mm , t 7.1 mm
d 152 .2 mm , rx 8.02 cm , ry 2.23 cm , I y 151 cm
A 30.3 cm 2

p y 275 N / mm 2

(2-1)

T 11.2 mm

275 / PY 1/ 2 1.0
LEx 0.85 L 0.85 x 800 680 cm

(4-4)

LEy 1.0 L 800 cm

7-11

b / T 76.2 / 11.2 6.8 15 15 x 1 15

(2-2) d / t 152 .2 / 7.1 21.5 39 39

y

I 2 151 30.3 15 - 2.13 10340 cm

I y 2 I y A 300 x 10 1 / 2 2.13

ry I y / A

1/ 2 10340 / 2 x 30.3 1/ 2 13.1 cm

x LEx / rx 680 / 8.02 84.8 180

y LEy / ry 800 / 13.1 61.1 180

(4-2)

pc

(4-3c)

(4-3c)

max x 84.8

pc 152 N / mm 2

Pc Ag pc 2 x 30.3 x 100 x 152 x 10 3 921 kN 910 o.k.

(4-1)

40x8 mm
45
l 2 X 260 520 mm
2

ll 260 2 368 mm
L

7-12

50
c l / ry 2 x 260 x 10 1 / 2.23 23.3 50

o.k.

1.4 c 1.4 x 23.3 32.6 max x 84.450

180
l L 260 2 368 mm

l LE 1.0l L 368 mm
rL t / 12 8 / 12 2.31 mm

L l LE / rL 368 / 2.31 159 180

o.k.

2.5 %

Fc
FL 0.025 Fc / n Cos

n2

45
FL 0.025 x 910 / 2 Cos 45 16.1 kN

(2-1)

p y 275 N / mm 2

T 8 mm

(4-2 )

pc

(4-3b)

pc 67 N / mm 2

7-13

py

(4-3b)

o.k.


(4-1)

Pc Ag pc 40 x 8 x 67 x 10 3 21.4 kN FL 16.1 kN

(7-3)

7-14

Battened struts

7-3

(7-2)

(7-2)

7-15

2
50

1.4 c

b 2m 2c

1/ 2

1/50

3
180
4

6
2.5 %

7-16

(7-3)
(7-2)

260

300
260

1000

160

Y
SECTION A-A

203 x 76
(7-2)
(7-2)
p y 275 N / mm , 1.0 , LEx 680 cm , L Ey 800 cm
2

I y 10340 cm 2 , ry 13.1 cm , x 84.8 cm , y 61.1

pc 152 N / mm 2 , Pc 921 kN

100 cm

160 x 6 mm

260 x 6 mm
c l / ry 100 / 2.23 44.8 50

1.4 c

b 2m 2c

b
1/ 2

7-17

o.k.

50

m y 61.1

b 61.12 44.82 1/ 2 75.8 1.4c 1.4 x 44.8 62.7

x 84.8 b 75.8

x
1/50
t 260 / 50 5.2 mm

180
LE / r 180 , r t / 12
t / 12 LE / 180 t LE 12 / 180

t 260 12 / 180 5 mm

6 mm
b
b 0.5 30 0 - 2 x 2.13 x 10 129 mm

b 2 x 76.2 152 mm

b =160 mm
bE
bE 300 - 2 x 2.13 x 10 257 mm

bE 2 x 76.2 152 mm
bE 260mm

7-18

2.5%
Fq 0.025 Fc 0.025 x 910 22.8 kN
Fq

Fv

Fv

Fv Fq l / na

160

260

M Fq l / 2n

l 1000 mm
a 260 mm
n2
Fv 22.8 x1000 / 2 x 260 43.8 kN

M 22.8 x 1 / 2 x 2 5.7 kNm

)5-1(

)5-2(

Pv 0.6 p y Av

P 0.6 x 275 x 864 x 10 -3

Av 0.9 A 0.9 x 6 x 160 v

143 kN Fv
o.k .

864 mm 2

Fv 0.6Pv

)5-2(

M c p y S 1.2 p y Z

1.2 Z S

7-19

M c 1.2 p y Z

M c 1.2 x 275 x 256000 x 10 -6

Z 6 x 160 2 / 6 25600 mm 3 8.4 kNNm M 5.7 kNmo.k

)B.2-7 LT n x 2.8 ( LE d / T 2 )1/ 2

BS5950(

)5-5(

LE 0.85 x 260 221 mm

LE

d b 160 mm

t 6 mm

n 1.0

LT 1 x 2.8 x (221 x 160/6 2 )1/ 2 87.8

py

LT

(5-10)

pb

pb 148.4 N / mm 2

M b pb S 148.4 x 6 x 160 2 x 103 / 4 5.7 kNm

(5-9)

( 1.0)

m 0.43

M m M A 0.43 x 5.7 2.5 kNm Mb

7-20

o.k.

81

8-1
Wa
We

Wa

Wc
Whc

Each W

Wb
Wd

Whc Wc

Wd
We

8-1

8-1

82

Local capacity check

M
M
F
x y 1
Ag p y M cx M cy

(8-1)
F

My Mx

Ag

(2-1)
(5-3)
(5-3)

py

M cx

M cy

83

Overall buckling check

mM x mM y
F

1
Ag pc
Mb
py Z y

( 8-2)

8-2

 ) 4-3(

p c
Py

5-5

m
5-8,9

5-6

Mb
Zy

84

Members with biaxial

Moments

F
(8-1,2)
(8-1)
43
Ww
Wd1, Wi

Wb

7.5m

Wb

0.25m

Wb
Wb

W d1 50 kN

2.5m

Wc ,Wd2

Wd 2 20 kN

Whc

0.5m

Wd4
Wd3

Wd 3 10 kN
Wd 4 16 kN

10.0m

Wb

Wd 96 kN

Wb

Wi 78 kN

8-3

Ww - 90 kN

Wb 11 kN
Wb 55 kN

Wc 220 kN
Wch 6 kN

(1-2)

( kN.m) M x

( kN) F

1.4 x Wd 2 x 0.5 Wd 4 x 0.25

1.4 Wd 1.6Wi

8.4
1.0 x Wd 2 x 0.5 Wd 4 x 0.25

259 .2
1 x Wd 1.4Ww

30

1.4 x 7.5 x Wb 583.5

1.4 x Wd 2 x 0.5 Wd 4 x 0.25

1.4 Wd 1.6Wc

486 .4

1.6 Wc x 0.5 184.4

1.4 Wd 2 x 0.5 Wd 4 x 0.25

1.4 Wd 1.4Wc

442 .4

1.4 Wc x 0.5 1.4Wch x 10

246.4
1.2 Wd 2 x 0.5 Wd 4 x 0.25

1.2 Wd 1.6Wi 1.6Wc

592

1.6 Wc x 0.5 183.2

1.2 Wd 2 x 0.5 Wd 4 x 0.25

1.2 Wd 1.6Wi 1.4Wc

1.4 Wc x 0.5 Wch x 10

548

245.2

8-4

1.2 Wd 2 x 0.5 Wd 4 x 0.25

1.2 Wd 1.2Wi 1.2Ww

100 .8

1.2 x 7.5 x Wb 502.2

1.2 Wd 2 x 0.5 Wd 4 x 0.25

1.2 Wd 1.2Wc 1.2Ww

634 .2
1.2 Wd 2 x 0.5 Wd 4 x 0.25

1.2 Wd 1.2Wi 1.2Wc

1.2Wc x 0.5 1.2 x 7.5 x Wb

1.2Ww 364.8

634 .2

356 x 368 x 177 UC

B 372 .6 mm , T 23.8 mm , D 368 .2 mm

d 290 .2 mm , t 14.4 mm , Ag 226 cm 2
rx 15.9 cm , ry 9.54 cm , S x 3460 cm3
T 23.8 mm

p y 265 N / mm 2

275 / p y 1/2 1.02

(2-2)
b / T 372 .6 x 0.5/23.8 7.83 8.5 8.67
d / t 290 .2 / 14.4 20.2 79 80.58

py

(5-2)

271 .2

1.2Wc x 0.5 1.2 x 7.5 x Wb

(2-1)

x
M cx p y S x 265 x 3460 x 103 917 kNm

(8-1)

8-5

M
F
x 1
Ag p y M cx
F / Ag p y M x /Mcx

M x kNm

F kN

0.05
0.64
0.28
0.34
0.3
0.36
0.56
0.74
0.75

8.4
583.5
184.4
246.4
183.2
245.2
502.2
634.2
634.2

259.2
-30
486.4
442.4
592
548
100.8
271.2
364.8

4-7
LEx 1.5 x L 1.5 x 12.5 18.75 m

x LEx / rx 18.75 x 100 / 15.9 118

LEy 0.85 x L1 0.85 x 10.0 8.5 m

y LEy / ry 8.5 x 100 / 9.54 89

4-3c

4-3b

4-2
y

p y 265 N / mm 2 , x 118 pcx 109 N / mm 2

py 265 N/mm2 , y 89 pcy 141 N / mm2

8-6

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

pc pcx 109 N / mm 2

Wd1 ,W i

Wb

B Wc ,Wd2

Wb
Wb

0.25m

2.5
2.5

Wb
Wb

Wd4
5

175.08=M B

0.5m

Wd3

2.5

2.5

2.5

Ww

240.12
M0=66.48

338.16
469.20

634.2=MA

Mb

A B

5-2
LEy 0.85L1 0.85 x 10 8.5 m

LEy / ry 8.5 x 100 / 9.54 89

x D / T 368.2 / 23.8 15.5

u 0.9

/ x 5.93

(5-4)

(v)

v 0.78

N 0.5

(5-5)

(m)

8-7

m 1.0

(5-7)

(n)

M B / M A 175 .08 / 634 .2 0.276

M A / M o 634 .2 / 66.48 9.5
n 0.71

LT

5-7
LT n u v 0.71 x 0.9 x 0.78 x 89 44.3
LT

5-10

py

pb

pb 242 N / mm 2

5-6
M b pb S x 242 x 3460 x 10

Mb
3

837.32 kNm

8-2
3

m Mx
F
364.8 x 10
1.0 x 634.2

0.9 1 o.k.
Ag pc
Mb
226 x 100 x 109
837.32

8-8

Crane Girder

9-1
(9-2)

(9-1)

25%

9-1

BS 2573

10%
5%
(9-3)

(9-2)

9-2

1.4

1.6

(9-3)
Maximum load effects

9-2

(9-4)
F max W (2 aw / L)

9-3

(9-1)

M max W L / 4

or

M max 2 W ( L / 2 aw / 4) / L

(9-2)
(9-3)

Rmax W (2 aw / L)

(9-4)

(9-4)
9-3

n
(m = n = 1)

m
(5-7)

LT uv

(9-5)

9-4

BS 5950

B 2.5

x 0.566 hs ( A / j )1/ 2

(9-6)

(9-5)

hs

A
A bi ti hw t w

(9-7)
j

j ( bi t hw t ) / 3
3
i

3
w

(9-8)

t i , bi
t w , hw

b1
t1

hW

hs

t2

b2

(9-5)
45
xR 2( H R T )

(9-9)
T

9-5

HR

9-1
43

6.5m
UB

Lc 15.0m
ah

Wcb+Wcap

aw 3.5m

Lc=15.0m

ah 0.7m
Wc 270 kN

a W =3.5m

Wcb 60 kN
W

Wcap 200 kN

L=6.5m

1.25
(1
W +W
cb

cap

1
0.7

Lc=15.0
9-6

W1 200 (15 0.7) / (15 x 2) 95.3 kN

W2 60 (15 0.7) / (15 x 2) 28.6 kN
W3 270 / 4 67.5 kN
W4 W1 W2 W3 191.4 kN

f 1.6
Wv1 1.25 x 1.6 x 191.4 383 kN

f 1.4
Wv2 1.25 x 1.4 x 191.4 335 kN

10 %
f 1.4
Wh1 1.4 x 0.1 (200 60) /4 9.1 kN

5%

9-7

 f 1.6

(W4 )

Wh2 0.05 x1.6 x 191.4 15.3 kN per wheel

(2
610 x305 x 179 UB
280 x20 mm

(0.36 kN / m)

0.25 kN / m

Wd 1.4 x (1.79 0.36 0.25) x 6.5 21.8 kN

(3

M1 Wv1L/4 383 x 6.5 / 4 622.4 kN m

M 2 2 Wv1 ( L / 2 aw / 4)2 / L
2 x 383 (6.5 / 2 3.5 / 4)2 / 6.5 664 kN m

9-8

M x1 M 2 Wd L / 8 664 21.8 x 6.5/8 682 kN m

M 3 Wv 2 L/4 335 x 6.5 / 4 544 kN m
M 4 2 Wv 2 ( L / 2 aw / 4) 2 / L
2 x 335 (6.5 / 2 3.5 / 4) 2 / 6.5 581 k N m

M x 2 M 4 Wd L / 8 581 21.8 x 6.5/8 599 kNm

M 5 Wh1 L/4 9.1 x 6.5 / 4 14.7 kN m
M 6 2 Wh1 ( L / 2 a w / 4) 2 / L
2 x 9.1 (6.5 / 2 3.5 / 4) 2 / 6.5 15.8 kN m

M y M 6 15.8 kN m

Fv1 Wv1 (2 aw / L) 383 (2 3.5 / 6.5) 560 kN

Fx1 Fv1 Wd / 2 560 21.8 / 2 571 kN

9-9

Fv 2 Wv 2 (2 aw / L) 335 (2 3.5 / 6.5) 490 kN

Fy (kN)

Fx (kN)

M y ( kN m )

571

M x ( kN m )

682

Fx 2 Fv 2 Wd / 2 490 21.8 / 2 501 kN

Fy 13.3
Wh1 (2 501
aw / L) 15.8
9.1 (2 3.5 /599
6.5) 13.3 kN

(4
610 x 305 x 179 UB
D 620.2 mm , B 307.1 mm , t 14.1mm , T 23.6 mm,
r 16.5 mm , d 540 mm , AB 228cm2 , I xB 153000 cm4
I yB 11410 cm4 , rx 25.9 cm , ry 7.07 cm
Z xB 4935 cm3 , Z yB 743 cm3 , S xB 5547 cm3 ,
S yB 1144 cm3

9-10

Tp=20mm

X
Y

280

I xp 280 x 203 x 104 / 12 18.7 cm4

I yp 2020 x 2803 x 104 /12 3658 .7 cm4

EA
NA

y na

dp

620.2

Bp=280mm

AP 280 x 20 x 102 56 cm2

y na
D/2

y ea

yna ( AB Ap ) AB D / 2 Ap ( D Tp / 2)
14.1

228 x 10 x 620 .2 x 0.5 56 x 10 2 (620 .2 20 x 0.5)

23.6 56) x 10 2
(228
373.3 mm307.1

yna

d e yna D / 2

373.3 620.2 x 0.5

63.2 mm

dp
AB / 2 td p AB / 2 td p A p
d p A p / 2t 56 x 10 2 / 2 x 14.1 198.6 mm

yea d p D / 2 198.6 620.2 x 0.5 508.7 mm

9-11

S x S xB td p2 Ap ( D / 2 T p / 2 d p )
5547 x 10 3 14.1 x 198 .6 2
56 x 100 (620 .2 x 0.5 20 x 0.5 198 .6) 6783 cm 3

S yf (23.6 x 307.1 2 / 4 20 x 280 2 / 4) x 10 3 948 cm3

I x I xB AB d e2 I xp Ap ( D Tp / 2 yna )

I x 153000 x 10 4 228 x 10 2 x 63.22 18.7 x 10 4

56 x 10 2 x (620.2 20 x 0.5 373.3) 2 199084 cm4

Z x I x / yna 199084 / 373.3 5333 cm3

I y I yB I yp 11410 3658 .7 15068 .7 cm4

ry I y / A 15068 .7 / (228 56) 7.28 cm

I tf 23.6 x 307.13 /(12 x 104 ) 5690 cm3

I cf I tf 20 x 280 3 /(12 x 10 4 ) 9350 cm3

Z yf 2I cf / B 2 x 9350 / 30.71 609 cm3

(5
p y 265 N /mm2

T 23.6 mm

9-12

 (275 / 265)1/ 2 1.02

b / T B / 2T 307.1/ 2 x 23.6 6.5 9.5 9.7
d / t 540 / 14.1 38.3 98 100
b / Tp 280 / 20 14 25 25.5
2-1

2-2

d / t 38.3 63 64

(6
Pvx 0.6 p y A v Pvx 0.6 x 265 x14.1 x 620.2 x 10 -3

Av tD
Pvx 1390 kN Fx 571 kN o.k

Fx / pvx 0.41
Pvy 0.6 p y ( B x T b T p ) 0.6 x 265 307.1 x23.6 280 x 20 x 10 -3
2030 kN Fy 13.3 kN
5-1

o.k

Fy / pvy 0.1

(7
Fx 0.6 Pvx
M cx p y S x 1.2 p y Z x
M cx 265 x 6783 x 10 -3 1797 kN m

M cx 1.2 x 265 x 5333 1695 kN m

M cx 1695 kN m

9-13

M cx 1695 kN m M x 682 kN m

o.k.
Fy 0.6 Pvy

M cy p y S yf 1.2 p y Z yf

Z yf S yf
M cy 265 x 948 x 10 -3 251 kN m

M cy 1.2 x 265 x 609 x 10 -3 193 kN m

5-2

M cy 193 kN m

8-1
F=0
Mx My
599 15.8

0.43 1

1
1695 193
M cx M cy

o.k .

(8

(5-2)

9-14

LE 1.2 L 2 D
LE 1.2 x 6.5 2 (620.2 20) x 10 3 9.08 m

LE / ry 9.08 x 10 2 / 7.28 125

u 1

5-2

x 0.566 hs ( A / j )1 / 2

hs D T p - T / 2 - (T T p ) / 2
9-6

620.2 20 23.6 x 0.5 - (23.6 20) x 0.5 608.6 mm

A AB Ap 228 56 284 cm2

j ( bi t i3 hw t w3 ) / 3

j 2 x 307.1 x 23.63 280 x 203 (620.2 2 x 23.6) x 14.13

x 10 / 3 397.3 cm
-4

x 0.566 x 60.86 (284 / 397.3)1 / 2 29.12

(5-4)

/ x 125 / 29.12

N I cf / ( I cf I t

v 0.81

LT

5-4

LT uv 1 x 0.
9-5

py

LT

pb

(5-11)

pb 119 N / mm 2

9-15

M b pb S x 119 x 6783 x 10 -3 807 kNm

(9-3)

M b 807 kNm
8-2

m Mx m My
.
Mb
py Z y

Z y Z yf

1 x 599
1x1

807
265 x 60

Wv1 383 kN

75 mm
b1 2 x 75 150 mm

9-16

n1 D 2Tp 620.2 2 x 20 660.2 mm

2.5 d / t 2.50 x540/14.1 95

py

4-3c

pc 131 N/mm2

Pw (b1 n1 ) t pc
Pw (150 660.2) x 14.1 x 131 x 10

-3

1496 kN Wv1 383 kN

o.k.

Fx 571 kN

b1 70 mm
n1 D / 2 620.2 / 2
310.1 mm
704 kN Fx 571 kN o.k.

(10

9-17

45
(9-3)
x xR 2r
9-9

r 16.5 mm
xR 2( H R T Tb )
xR 2(75 23.6 20) 237 .2 mm
x 237 .2 2 x 16.5 270 .2 mm

Pcw xtpyw 270

1009 kN

5-13

b1 70 mm
n2 2.5 (T r )
2.5 (23.6 16.5) 100 mm

9-18

Pcw (b1 n2 ) t p yw
Pcw (70 100 ) x 14.1 x 265 x 10 -3
635 kN Fx 571 kN

o.k .

(11
(1-3)
v lim L / 600 6.5 x 10 3 / 600 10.8 mm

h lim L / 500 6.5 x 103 / 500 13 mm

v max

3
Wvs L3 3 a w L a w

1
6 E I x 8
L 2 L

Wvs

Wvs Wv1 / (1.6 x 1

E 205 kN / mm2
I x 199084 x 10 4 mm 4
aw 3.5 x 10 3 mm

L 6.5 x 10 3 mm

9-19

 v max

191.5 x
6 x 205 x 1

3.45mm

h max

Whs L3
6 E I cf

3 aw L aw 3

1 -
L 2 L
8

Whs Wh1 / 1.4 9.1/1.4 6.5 kN

I cf 9350 x 10 4 mm 4

h max

3 3.5 6.5 3.5 3

1
8 6.5 2 x 6.5
o.k.

6.5 x 6.53 x 109

6 x 205 x 9350 x 10 4

2.9 mm h lim

9-20

Design of Connections
10-1

Bolts
8.8

40 kg / mm2

4.6

4.6
0.6 x 40 24 kg / mm2

10-1

10-2

10-2-1
24 mm

2 mm
3 mm

D mm

D mm

d mm

d 5

d 2

d 22

d 6

d 2

d 24

d 8

d 3

d 24

2.5 d

t
t

200 mm

14 t

16 t

(10-1)
1.25 D
1.4 D
10-1

2D

10-2

1.4D
py

2D

11 t

(275 / p y )1/ 2

(10-1)
10-2-2
10-2

10-3

(10-2)
Shear capacity
Ps ps As

(10-1)
10-2

ps
As

At

A
(10-1)
Li

10-3
500mm

10-4

(1

 5500 Li
Ps ps As

5000

(10-2)

(10-1)
36

1020

33

30

27

24

22

20

16

12

856 706 573 453 380 314 201 113

mm

A mm 2
817

684 561 459 353 303 245 157 84.3

10-5

At mm 2

10-3
Tg

8d
Ps p s As
3 d Tg

(10-3)

Bearing Capacity

2
(a

Pbb d t pbb

(10-4)

10-6

10-2

pbb

(b

Pbs
Pbs d t pbs e t pbs / 2

(10-5)

10-

pbs

3
e
Tension Capacity

Pt
Pt pt At

(10-6)
At

10-2

pt

Combined shear and tension

Fs Ft

1 .4
Ps Pt

(4

(10-7)
Ft

Fs

10-3

(10-4)

10-7

(10-4)
10-3-1
R

10-4a
e

10-8

ri

Re

BA
......, x2 , y2 , x1 , y1

10-5

......, r2 , r1

(10-5)
A

Fm

Fm r2 / r1

Fm ri / r1

Re Fm r1 Fm

Fm Re

ri

N
F
r2
x r2 .......... .. m x ri2
r1
r1 i 1

r1
N

ri

(10-8)
2

i 1

10-9

Fm

r1
Fmh Fm sin Fm

y1
r1

(10-9)

Fmv Fm cos Fm

x1
r1

(10-10)

r i2 x i2 y i2

10-8

y1
I
x
Re 1
I

Fmh Re

(10-11)

Fmv

(10-12)

i 1

i 1

I xi2 y i2

(10-13)

10-3-2
R

10-6
e

R/N

Re

10-6

10-10

10-6
Ft

y1
Ft yi / y1

Re Ft y1 Ft

Ft Re

yi

F n
y2
x y 2 .......... .... t x y i2
y1
y1 i 1

(10-14)

y1
Ix

(10-15)
n

I x y i2
i 1

m
Ft Ft / m

(10-16)

10-11

10-4
Butt weld

10-4-1
(10-7)

V
U
BS 5135

BS 709

(10-7)
Fillet weld
(10-8)

10-12

10-4-2
120

60

)(10-8
)(10-8

)(s
)(a
BS 5135

)(10-4

)(10-4

0.7
0.65
0.6
0.55
0.5

60 to 90
91 to 100
101 to 106
107 to 113
114 to 120

10-13

L
(10-9)
2s
(10-9)

(10-9)
300 mm
t

24 t

16 t
pw

(10-5)

10-14

BS 639

10-5

(1010)

(10-10)

10-15

10-5-1
R

(10-11)

(10-11)

Fv

R
2 X 2Y

(10-17)

(10-3-1)
Fm

Re r
Ip

(10-18)
Fm

1
X 2 Y2
2

Ip
IP Ix I y

(10-19)

10-16


2 X

I x 2 Y 3 / 12 X Y / 2 2

Iy

/ 12 Y X / 2 2

(10-20 a)
(10-20 b)
(10-11c)

Fm
Y
2r
X
Fm cos Fm
2r

Fmh Fm sin Fm
Fmv

(10-18)
Fmh

Re Y
2Ip

(10-21)

Fmv

Re X
2Ip

(10-22)
Fr

Fv Fmv 2 Fmh 2

Fr

(10-23)

Fr
pw

(10-5)
10-5-2
R

(10-12)
e

10-17

Fv

Fv R / L

(10-24)
e

Ft

A
X

Fr

Fv
d

(10-12)
Ft
Ft

Red
2 Ix

(10-25)
x

Ix

Fr Fv2 Ft 2

(10-26)

Fr

pw

(10-5)

10-18

(10-1)

43
20 mm

4.6

(10-1)
Ps 2 p s A s
(10-1)

(10-2)

As 245 mm 2 Ps 2 x 160 x 245 x 10 3 78.4 k N

p s 160 N / mm 2

Fs 4 x Ps 313.6 kN

(10-4)

10-19

Pbb d t pbb
10-2

pbb

Pbb 20 x 16 x 460 x 10 -3 147.2 kN

2
460 N / mm

Fbb 4 x Pbb 4 x 147.2 588.8 kN

(9-5)
(10-3)

Pbs d t pbs
pbs

Pbs 20 x 16 x 460 147.2 kN

460 N / mm 2

Fbs 4 x 147.2 588.8 kN

F1 Fs 313.6 kN

T 16 mm
(2-1)

p y 275 N / mm 2
F2 p y Anet 275 x 150 2 x 22 x 16 x 10 -3 466.4 kN

313.6 kN

F2

F1

10-20

(10-2)
4.6

20 mm

43

(10-1)
Ps p s As
10-1

10-2

As 245 mm
Ps 39.2 k N
2
p s 160 N / mm
2

Fs 2 x 2 x 39.2 4 x 39.2 313.6 kN

(10-4)
Pbb d t pbb
pbb

Pbb 20 x 10 x 460 x 10 3 92 kN
2
460 N / mm

10-21

)10-2(

Pbb 20 x 7.8 x 460 x 10 3 71.76 kN

Fbb 2 x 92 4 x 71.76 471 kN

)10-5(
)10-3(

Pbs d t pbb
pbs

Pbs 20 x 10 x 460 x 10 3 92 kN
2
460 N / mm

Pbs 20 x 7.8 x 460 x 10 3 71.76 kN

Pbs 2 x 92 4 x 71.76 471 kN

F1 Fs 313.6 kN

(2-1)
t 7.8 mm

p y 275 N / mm 2

10-22

1137 mm2

22 mm
Anet 2 x 1137 4 x 22 x 7.8 1587 .6 mm 2
)3-1(

k e 1.2
Ae ke Anet 1.2 x 1587 .6 1905.12 mm 2

)3-1(

Pt1 Ae p y 1905 .12 x 275 x 10 -3 523.9 kN

pY 275 N/mm 2

16 mm
Anet 85 137 3 x 22 x 10 1560 mm 2
Ae 1.2 Anet 1872 mm 2
Pt2 Ae p y 1872 x 275 x 10 3 514 .8 k N

Pt1

F1

313.6 kN

10-23

Pt2

(10-3)

e 55 cm
43

W 462 kN

20 mm

(8.8 M

27 mm
27) 8.8

55

W
100

450

100
100

75

)5-2(
2-1)

75

M x 462 x 0.55 254 kNm

8 no.
29 dia. holes
for M27 bolts

Av 0.9 A 0.9 450 4 x 29 x 20 x 2 12020 mm 2

p y 265 N / mm 2
Pv 0.6 p y Av 0.6 x 265 x 12020 x 10 -3 1910 kN

5-1)

Fv / Pv W / Pv 462 / 1910 0.24 0.6

Mc py Z

5-3

I 2 20 x 450 3 / 12 2 x 20 x 29 x50 2 2 x 20 x 29 x150 2

I 24580 cm 4
Z I / 22.5 1090 cm 3
M c 265 x 1090 x 10 -3 289 kN M x 254 kN

10-24

o.k .

Fv 462 / 8 x 2 28.9 kN
(10-11,12)
(10-13)
8
8

I 2 xi2 yi2
i 1
i 1

I 2 8 x 75 2 4 x 50 2 4 x 150 2 290000 mm 2
10-11

10-12

We x y1 462 x 550 x 150

131 .43 k N
I
290000
We x x1 462 x 550 x 75

65.7 k N
I
290000

Fmh
Fmv

Fr

Fv Fmv 2 Fmh2

28.9 65.72 131.432

Fr 162 k N
(10-1)
Ps p s As
10-1)
10-2

3
As 459 mm
Ps 375 x 459 x 10 172 kN Fr o.k .

p s 375 N / mm 2
2

(10-4)

(10-2)

Pbb d t pbb

pbb 1035 N / mm

Pbb 27 x 20 x 1035 x 10 -3
559 kN Fr

10-25

o.k.

(10-5)

pbs 460 N / mm

Pbs 27 x 20 x 460 x 10 -3
243 kN Fr

o.k.

(10-4)
e 221.5 mm

W 462 kN

457 x 191 x 89 UB

43

22 mm
308.5

20

(8.8M22) 8.8

221.5

457

480

6 mm
3X100

(10-3)

Pbs d t pbs

D 463.4 mm B 191.9 mm, t 10.5 mm T 17.7 mm,

d 407.6 mm , b/T 5.42 d/t 38.8, Sx 2014 cm3
Fv W 462 kN
M x 462 x 221.5 x 10 --3 102 kN

10-26


)2-1(

T 17.7 mm

p y 265 N / mm 2

275 / p y 1.02

)2-2(

b / T 5.42 9.5 9.69

)5-2(

Av tD 10.5 x 463.4 4865.7 mm 2

)5-1(

Pv 0.6 p y Av 0.6 x 265 x 4865.7 x 10 -3

773.6 k N Fv 462 kN

o.k.

Fv 0.6 Pv
M c p y S x 265 x 2014 x 10 -3 533.7 kN M x

o.k.

190

420

428

L 4 x 190 2 x 420 1600 mm

Fv
464

)5-2(

d / t 38.8 98 99.96

Fv 462 x 10 3 /1600 289 N / m

Y

10-27

I x 2 x 420 3 /12 2 x 190 x 214 2 2 x 190 x 232 2

50.2 x 10 6 mm 3

)10-25(

Ft

)10-26(

Fr Fv2 Ft 2 289 2 4712 552.6 N/mm

M x D 102 x 463.4 x 10 6

471 N/mm
2I x
2 x 50.2 x 10 6

a 0.7s 0.7 x 6 4.2 mm

Fr
f r Fr / a 552.6 / 4.2 131.6 N/ mm2

)10-5(

f r pw 215 N / mm 2

Fv 462 kN

M 462 x 0.2215 0.02 112 kNm

Fs 462 / 8 57.8 kN

)10-1(
)10-2(

Ps p s As

-3
As 303 mm
Ps 375 x 303 x 10 113.6 k N

p s 375 N / mm 2
2

10-28

(10-15)
Ft
100
100

Ft

100

y1 72.85 3 x 100 372 .82 mm

72.85

M y1
Ix

I x yi2 72.85 172 .85 272 .85 372 .85

2

i 1

I x 248648 .5 mm 2
Ft

112 x 372 .85 x 10 3

167 .9 kN
248648 .5

Ft Ft / 2 84 kN
Pt pt At

At 303 Pt 450 x 303 x 10 -3 136 .3 kN

pt 450

(9-7)
Fs Ft
57.8
84

1.125 1.4
Ps Pt 113 .6 136 .3

10-29

o.k .

(10-5)
F 100 kN

6 mm

43
L1

43.2

100 kN
20.3

63.5

F1

)10-4(

F2
64X51X7.9L

L2

a 0.7 x 6 4.2 mm

1 mm

)10-5(

f s a pw 4.2 x 215 903 N / mm

F1 100 x 20.3 / 63.5 32 kN

L1 F1 / f s 2s 32 x 103 / 903 2 x 6 48 mm

L1

10-4-2

L1 63.5 2s 63.5 2 6 75.5 mm

F2 F F1 100 32 68 kN
L2 F2 / f s 2s 68 x 10 3 / 903 2 x 6 88 mm

10-30

(10-6)

43
200 kN

200 kN
292.9

250

300

Fv

X=57.1

B
200

Fm
FR

L 2 x 200 300 700 mm

AB
x 2 x 200 x 100 / 700 57.1
e 250 200 57.1 292.9 mm
I x 2 x 200 x 150 2 300 3 / 12 11.25 x 10 6 mm3

I y 300 x 57.12 2 x 200 3 / 12 2 x 200 x 42.9 2

3.02 x 10 6 mm3
I p I x I y 14.27 x 10 6 mm3

)10-17(

Fv R / L 200 x 10 3 / 700 285.7 N

10-31


)10-18(

Fm Re r / I p

2
2
r 150 200 57.1 207 .17 mm

3
Fm 200 x 10 x 292 .9 x 207 .17 / 14.27 x 10 6 850 .5 N
cos 200 57.1 / 207 .17 0.69
sin 150 / 207 .17 0.724
Fmh Fm sin 850.5 x 0.724 615.7 N

Fmv Fm cos 850.5 x 0.69 586.8 N

)10-23)

)10-5(

Fr 615.7 2 285.7 586.8 1067 .9 N

2

a Fr / pw 1067.5 / 215 4.96 mm

s a / 0.7 7.09 mm
8 mm

10-32

11 - 1
(11-1)

(11-1)

Clading
(11-2)

11-1

11-2

98.5 %

125
150
180
200

Min (g/m2)

Max (g/m2)

381
458
550
610

455
548
608
762

(11-2)

11-2

(11-3)

(11-3)

11-3

Double shell cladding

11-2-1

(11-4)
0.7 mm
0.4 mm
0.44 W/m2 C
80 mm

(11-4)
Z
(11-4)
4

11-4

Composite panels
(foam)

(11-5)

(11-5)

11-5

11-2-2

Secondary elements

11-3

(11-1)

1.2 2 m
(11-6)
Z

(11-6)

11-6

Primary frames

11-4

(11-7)

(11-7)

10m

(11-8)

(11-8a-c)

11-7

(11-8)

(Portal frame)

(11-9)

11-8

(11-8d, 9)

(Portal frame)

(60m)
I

(6 8m)
(6 15m)

11-9

Dead loads

(kN/m3)

12 - 1

(kg/m3)
77

7850

23.7

2420

20 23
14-18

2000 2300
1400-1800

5 9

500 900
Imposed loads

12-1

12-2

(kN/m2)
1.5
5 2.5
3.0
4.0
2.4
5

1996

1.5 kN / m

BS 6399: Part 1

10

1.8 kN

(300 mm)

30

0.75 kN / m
2

0.9 kN
12-2

(300 mm)

75 30

75

0.75 kN / m

0.9 kN

Wind loads

12-3

Vs
q
1
Vs2
2

(12-1)

1.226 kg / m3

15c
76 cm
(12-1)
(12-2)

q 0.613 V

N / m
2

2
s

(m / s)

12-3

Vs

12-3-1
Vs V S1 S 2 S3

(12-3)
V

10 m
S1
(12-1)
S1

12-1

S1
1.1

(a

0.9

(b

1.0

(b)

(a)

(c
S2

12-4

2
3

10 m
4

25m

A
B
50m
C

12-5

(12-2)

S2

S2

CP3: Chapter V: Part 2

S3

12-3-2

p C pe C pi q

(12- 4)
C pe

(12-4,5-8)

(12-3)

C pi

12-6

(Leeward)

(Windward)

(12-1a)
(12-1b)

Wind

Inflow
+ ve pressure

- ve pressure
(suction)

Wind

Inflow

Outflow

Outflow
(a)

(b)

(12-1)

(12-2)

C pi -0.3

C pi -0.3

(12-2)

12-7

C pi -0.3

C pi 0.2

12 - 4
F
Cf

Ae

F C f q Ae

(12-5)
(12-9)

Cf
Cf

Frictional drag
F

12- 5
12-3,4
4

d /h

d /b

F
hb

F C f qb d 4h C f q2h d 4h

(12-6)

hb

F C f qb d 4b C f q2h d 4b

(12-7)

Cf

12-8

Cf

0.01
0.02
0.04
(12-6 , 12-7)
q

Cf

12-9

12-10

12-11

12-12

12-13

12-14

12-15

12-16

12-17

(12-1)
6m

90x37m
5.71
45m/s

1.85 m
1.85 m
4.80 m

37.0 m

S1 1
S3 1

(12-2)
3
5-10m
12-2

S2 0.69

12-18

50m

q 0.613 Vs2 0.613 x 312 x10 -3 0.59 kN / m 2

(12-4)

(12-3)

h / w 6.65 / 37 0.18 1 / 2
3 / 2 l / w 90 / 37 2.43 4

5.71

(12-2)

0.177

3.54

0.05

-0.10

-0.65

1.0

-0.3
0.6

0.354

2.3

0.3

(A)

0.3

0.25

-0.40

kN/m
-0.95

2.12

4.07

0.8

1.59

1.77

0.45

-0.60

+0.2

-1.15

0.6

0.5

12-2

Vs V S1 S 2 S3 45 x 1 x 1 x 0.69 31 m / s

0.7

12-3

kN/m
0.8

C pe

C pi

C pe+ Cpi

12-19

(B)

1.77

1.0

1.77

kN/m
(C)
0.2

0.5

3.54

3.54

0.5

2.48

-0.63

0.7

+0.2

0.7

-1.00

0.1

2.48

0.5

-0.80
-0.43

0.71

0.7

0.71

0.2

-0.13

0.2

-0.50
-0.3

kN/m
(D)

0.3

(12-2)

4.8 1.85 6.65 m

S 2 0.63 Vs 28.4 m / s q 0.49 kN / m 2

(12-9)
12-9

12-5

Cf

l / w 90 / 37 2.43

b / d 90 / 37 2.43 C f 1.04
h / b 6.65 / 90 0.07

F C f q Ae 1.04 x 0.49 x 6 x 6.65 20.3 kN

12-20

6.65 1.85 / 2 7.57 m

q 0.59 kN / m 2

Cf
l / w 2.43
12-9

b / d 37 / 90 0.4 C f 0.72
h / b 7.57 / 37 0.2

F C f q Ae 0.72 x 0.59 x 37 x7 .57 119 kN

d / h 90 / 8.5 10.5

d / b 90 / 37 2.43

(12-5)
C f 0.04
12-6

F C f b d 4h1 q1 2h2 d 4h2 q2

q1 0.59 kN / m 2
q2 0.49 kN / m 2

h1 8.5 m
h2 6.65 m

12-21

F 0.04 37 90 4 x 8.50.59 2 x 6.65 90 4 x 6.65 0.49

65.4 kN

d / b 37 / 90 0.41 , d / h 37. / 8.5 4.4

(12-5)
C f 0.01
F C f b d 4h1 q1 2h2 d 4h2 q2

h1 8.5 m
h2 7.57 m

F 0.01 90 37 4 x 8.50.59 2 x7.57 37 4 x7.57 0.49

2.1 kN

12-22

Purlins and side rails

13 - 1

(11-6)

Design requirments

(13-1)

13-1

13 -2

(13-1)

(sagrods)
(13-2)

12 m

13-2

(13-2)

(13-1)
43
20

6.0 m
0.15 kN / m 2
0.75 kN / m 2
0.40 kN / m2

152 x 76 x 17
D 152 .4 mm , B 76.2 mm , t 6.4 mm , T 9.0 mm
b/T 8.47 , d/t 16.6 , A 22.8 cm 2
I x 852 cm 4 , I y 114 cm 4 , rx 6.11 cm , ry 2.23 cm
Z x 112 cm 3 , Z y 21.0 cm 3 , S x 130 cm 3 , S y 41.2 cm 3

13-3

 275 / p y 1 / 2 1
(2-2)

T 16 mm
p y 275 N / mm 2

43

b / T 8.47 8.5
d / t 16.5 79

2.0 x 6.0 x 0.15 1.8 kN

6.0 x 0.18 1.08 kN
Wd 2.88 kN
Wi 2.0 cos 20 x 6.0 x 0.75 8.46 kN

Ww 2.0 x 6.0 x - 0.4 4.80 kN

20

Wdx , Wix

dy

, Wiy

y-y
x-x

x-x
y-y
Wdx 2.88 cos 20 2.71 k N , Wdy 2.88 sin 20 0.99 k N
Wix 8.46 cos 20 7.95 k N , Wiy 8.46 sin 20 2.89 k N

y-y

13-4

Wwx 4.80 kN

1-2

Wx 1.4 Wdx 1.6Wix 1.4 x 2.71 1.6 x 7.95 16.5 kN

Wy 1.4 Wdy 1.6Wiy 1.4 x 0.99 1.6 x 2.89 6.0 kN
Wx 1.0 Wdx 1.4Wwx 1.0 x 2.71 1.4 x - 4.8 - 4.01 kN

1-2

Wy 1.0 Wdy 1.0 x 0.99 0.99 kN

x-x
M x 16.5 x 6.0 / 8 12.4 kNm
Fx 16.5 / 2 8.3 kN

y-y
M y 6.0 x 6.0 / 8 4.5 kNm
Fy 6.0 / 2 3 kNm
Avx Dt 152.4 x 6.4 975 mm 2
5-2

Pvx 0.6 p y Avx 0.6 x 275 x 975 x 10 -3 161 kN Fx

Avy 0.9 Ao 0.9 x 2 BT 0.9 x 2 x 76.2 x 9.0 1234 mm 2

5-1

Pvy 0.6 p y Avy 0.6 x 275 x1234 x 10 -3 204 kN Fy

60%

13-5

M cx p y S x 1.2 p y Z x
5-2

M cx 275 x 130 x 10 -3 35.8 kNm

M cx 1.2 x 275 x 112 x 10 -3 37.0 kNm

M cx 35.8 kNm
M cy p y S y 1.2 p y Z y

S y 1.2 Z y

1.2
5-3

Wy / Wdy Wiy 6.0 / 0.99 2.89 1.55

y-y
M cy 275 x 41.2 x 10 -3 11.4 kNm
M cy 1.55 x 275 x 21.0 x 10 -3 9.0 kNm
M cy 9.0 kNm

8-1

M x M y 12.4 4.5

0.85 1
M cx M cy 35.8 9.0

o.k.

x-x
y-y
(5-4)

13-6

M x 4.01 x 6.0 / 8 - 3.01 kNm

M y 0.99 x 6.0 / 8 0.75 kNm
My

Mx

Mx

LE 1.0 x 6.0 6.0 m

LE / ry 6.0 x 10 3 / 22.3 268 max 350

5-7

LT n u v
u 0.9

5-4
5-7

x D / T 152.4 / 9.0 17
/ x 15.8
v 0.52
N 0.5
0.0 , 0.0 n 0.94

LT 0.94 x 0.9 x 0.52 x 268 118

13-7

5-10

p y 275
2
pb 98 N / mm
LT 118
M b pb S x 98 x 130 x 10 -3 12.74 kNm

m = 1
5-5

8-2

mM x mM y

Mb
py Z y

1 x 3.01
1x 0.75

0.37 1
12.74
275 x 21.0 x 10 -3

o.k .

Fx

(1-3)
lim L / 200 6000 / 200 30 mm
x

5 Wix L3
5 x 7.95 x 6000 3

12.8 mm lim
384 E I x 384 x 205 x 852 x 10 4

13-8

o.k .

(13-2)
(13-1)

152 x 76 x 17

1 , p y 275 N / mm 2

Wy kN

Wx kN

6.0
0.99

16.5
- 4.01

13-9

(1)
(2)

M x 16.5 x 6.0 / 8 12.4 k Nm

Fx 0.625 x 16.5 10.4 k N
M y 6.0 x 6.0 / 8 4.5 k Nm
Fy 0.625 x 6.0 3.8 k N

Pvx 161 kN , pvy 204 kN

Pyx Fy , pvx Fx
M cx 35.8 kNm , M cy 9.0 kNm

8-1

M x M y 12.4 4.5

0.85 1
M cx M cy 35.8 9.0

o.k.

B
AC
LE 1.0 LAC 600 cm

600 / 2.24 268

M 0 16.5 x 6.0/8 12.4 kNm

5-7

M A / M0 1.0
n 0.66
Mc / MA 0.0

13-10

m 1.0
5-3
5-4
5-7
5-10

u 0.9 , x D / T 152.4 / 9 17
/ x 15.8
v 0.52
N 0.5

LT n u v 0.66 x 0.9 x 0.52 x 268 82.8

pb 158 N / mm2

M b pb S x 158 x 130 x 10-3 20.54 kNm

5-6

m M x m M y 1.0 x 12.4
1 x 4.5

0.997 1 ok.
Mb
py Z y
20.54
275 x 21 x 10 -3

(13-3)
43
2.0 m

5.0 m

0.18 kN/m 2
0.8 kN/m2

125 x 75 x 10
I x 303 cm 4 , I y 82.5 cm 2
Z x 36.7 cm3 , Z y 14.4 cm3
ry 2.08 cm

13-11

T 16 mm

275 / p y 1 / 2 1 , p y 275 N / mm 2

2-2

43

b / T 75 / 10 7.5 15
d / t 125 / 10 12.5 15
b d / T 75 125 / 10 20 23

(13-2)

Ww 2.0 x 5.0 x 0.8 8.0 kN

Wx 1.4 Ww 1.4 x 8.0 11.2 kN
M x 11.2 x 5.0 /8 7.0 kNm
Fx 11.2 / 2 5.6 kN

5-2
5-1

Avx 0.9 dt 0.9 x 125 x 10 1125 mm 2

Pvx 0.6 Av p y 0.6 x 1125 x 275 x 10 -3 186 kN Fx

(5-5)

13-12

M cx p y Z x 275 x 36.7 x 10 -3 10.0 kN M x

o.k.

lim L / 200 5000 / 200 25 mm

x

5 Ww L3
5 x 8 x 5000 3

21 mm lim
384 E I x 384 x 205 x 303 x 10 4

13-13

o.k .

Design of Trusses
14 - 1

(14-1)

8 m

(14-1)
(14-2)
(14-3)

14-1

(14-2)

(14-3)
Loading and analysis

14-2

(1-2)

14-2

2
W L/6
W

Slenderness of members

14 - 3

(7-1)
T

14-3

(7-1)
T
s2

s 2 / rmin

(14-4)
3

(4-4)

(4-1)
/50/
/100/

(14-4)
Tension capacity

14 - 4

(3-2)
Pt Ae p y

(14-1)

(2-1)

py

14-4

(3-2)

Ae

(3-3)
Compression resistance

14 - 5

(4-2)
Pc Ag pc

(14-2)
Ag

py

pc

(4 - 3a, b, c, d)
20 N / mm2

(2-3)

Connections

(14-5)

b x t

(14-6)

14-5

14 - 6

(14-5)

(14-6)

14-6

(14-1)
4m

16 m
21.8
43

0.12 kN / m2

8 kN
0.11 kN/ m
0.75 kN / m 2
0.68 kN / m 2

0.7 0.2 x 0.68 0.61 kN / m 2

14-7

4 x 2 x 0.12 0.96 kN
4 x 0.11 0.44 kN
8 / 10 0.8 k .N
2.2 k .N
4 x 2 x 0.75 cos21.8 5.56 kN

4 x 2 x - 0.61 4.88 kN

( k N)
8.6 x 2.2 / 2 9.48
8.6 x 5.56 / 2 24.0

8.6 x 4.88 / 2 21.0

Wd 9.48 / 4 2.37 kN
Wi 24.0 / 4 6.0 kN
Ww 21.0 / 4 5.25 kN

14-8

kN
Fd
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

22.4
21.4
20.6
19.7
- 20.7
- 17.8
- 11.9
2.2
- 3.0
4.4
- 2.9
2.2
- 5.9
- 8.9

1 . 4 Fd

1.0 Fd

Fi

Fw

1.6 Fi

1.4 Fw

56.6
54.3
52.1
49.9
- 52.5
- 45.0
- 30.0
5.6
- 7.5
11.1
- 7.4
5.6
- 15.0
- 22.5

- 46.7
- 46.7
- 46.7
- 46.7
42.8
35.4
20.7
- 5.3
6.8
- 10.5
6.8
- 5.3
16.0
22.8

121.9
116.8
112.2
107.4
- 113.0
- 96.9
- 64.7
12.0
- 16.2
23.9
- 15.9
12.0
- 32.3
- 48.5

- 43.0
- 44.0
- 44.8
- 45.7
39.2
31.8
17.1
- 5.2
6.5
- 10.3
6.6
- 5.2
16.5
23.0

1.2 Fd Fi Fw

(14-2)
M WL / 6
W 1.4 0.96 0.44 1.6 x 5.56 10.9 kN

14-9

1.4 Fd 1.4 FW

L 2.15 x cos 21.8 1.99 m

M 10.9 x 1.99 / 6 3.6 kN m

Ft

Fc

Fc 121.9 kN , Ft 45.7 kN

L1 8.62 / 4 2.155 m
2L 80 x 60 x 8

L1/4 2.155/4 0.54 m

A1 10.6 cm 2 , I a 65.8 cm 4
I b 31.5 cm 4 , I v 17.1 cm 4
Z a 12.1 cm3 , Z b 7.09 cm3
ra 2.49 cm , rb 1.72 cm
rv 1.27 cm
A 2 A1 21.2 cm 3 , I x 2 I a 131 .6 cm 4 , Z x 24.2 cm 3

I y 2 I b A1 cb 0.4

2 31.5 10.6 1.56 0.4 144 .44 cm 4

2

rx 2.49 cm , ry I y / A

1/ 2

2.61 cm

14-10

43

(2-1)

p y 275 , 275 / p y

1/ 2

t 8 mm 16

b / t 80 / 8 10 15 15
(2-2)

b d /t 80 60 / 8 17.5

23

py

(8-1)

M
F
x 1
Ag p y M cx

F Fc 121.9 kN , M x 3.6 kN m
M cx p y Z x 275 x 24.2 x 10 3 6.655 kN m
121 .9
3.6

0.71 1
21.2 x 275 x 10 1 6.655

(8-2)

(7-1)

mM x
F

1
Ag pc
Mb

x L1 / rx 215.5 / 2.49 86

x 0.7L1 / rx 30 90
x 90 min 50

14-11

o.k .

c L / 4 / rv 54 / 1.27 42

y L1 / ry 2 2c
(7-1)

215.5 / 2.6
1/2

42 2

1/ 2

92

y 92 1.4 c 59

(4-2)
y

pc 139 N / mm 2

(5-10)

py

(4-3c)

Mb

100
M b 0.8 p y Z x 0.8 x 275 x 24.2 x 10 3 5.33 kN m

m 1
121 .9
1 x 3.36

1
1
5.35
139 x 21.2 x 10

Ft
Fc 39.2 kN

Ft 113.0 kN
2L 75 x 50 x 6

45 cm

14-12

Fc

s1 0.5L 45 0.5 x 232 45 71 cm

A1 7.22 cm2 , I a 40.9 cm4

I b 14.6 cm4 , I v 8.48 cm4
rx 2.38 cm , ry 1.42 cm
rv 1.08 cm
Z a 8.1 cm 3 , Z b 3.87 cm 3

A 2 A1 14.44 cm 3 , I x 2 I a 81.8 cm 4
Z x 2 Z a 16.2 , rx ra 2.38

I y 2 14.6 7.22 1.21 0.4

ry 66.63 / 14.44

1/ 2

66.63 cm

2.15 cm

22 mm
Anet A 2 x 2.2 x 0.6 11.8 cm2

Gr 43
(3-2)

(3-1)

Ae 1.2 x Anet 14.16 cm2 A 14.44 cm2

Pt Ae p y 14.16 x 275 x 10 -1 389.4 kN Ft 113 kN

14-13

o.k.

x L / rx 232 / 2.38 97.5

x 0.7L / rx 30 98
x 98 min 50

c s1 / rv 71 / 1.08 65.7

s2 4.64 m

(7-1)
(4-1)

y s2 / ry 2 2c

1/ 2

464 / 2.15 65.7

2

2 1/ 2

225

y 225 max 250

(4-2)
y

pc 33 N / mm 2

(4-1)

py

(4-3c)

Pc Ag pc 14.44 x33 x 10 -1 47.6 kN Fc 39.2 kN

10

Fc 23.9 kN , Ft 10.3 kN
L 60 x 60 x 6

14-14

o.k.

A 6.95 cm2 , Ia I b 23.2 cm4 , I v 9.64 cm4

Z x Z y 5.39 cm3 , rx ry 1.83 cm , rv 1.18 cm
p y 275 , 275 / p y

1/ 2

t 6 16 mm

b/T 60 / 6 10 15

b d / T 60 60 / 6 20

23

v 1.0 Lv / rv 1.0 x 172 / 1.18 146

7-1

v 0.7 Lv / rv 15 0.7 x 172 / 1.18 117

v 146

a b 1.0 La / ra 1.0 x 172 / 1.83 94

a b 0.7 La / ra 30 0.7 x 172 / 1.83 30 96

a 96

146
(4-2)
4-1

pc 71 N / mm 2

(4-3c)

Pc Ag pc 6.95 x 71 x 10 -1 49.3 kN Fc

14-15

o.k.

13, 10, 7, 6

4.6

20 mm

8 mm

F 32.3 kN

13
7

32.2 kN

6
7
96.9 kN

10-2

6
(6)

Fs 2 Ps 2 ps As 2 x 160 x 245 x 10 -3 78.4 kN

Fbb 2Pbb 2dt pbb 2 x 20 x 6 460 x 10 -3 110.4 kN

10-4

Fbs 2Pbs 2 x 2dt pbs 2 x 20 x 6 x 460 x 10 -3 110 kN

10-5

Fbs et pbs / 2 40 x 6 x 460 x 10 -3 / 2 55.2 kN

Fbs 55.2 kN 32.3 kN

o.k.

(14-6)

14-16

(14-6)

32.3x10 3

115 N / mm 2
bt

t
47
x
6
b 60 / cos 30 22 47 mm

t 115 N / mm p y 275 N / mm 2

14-17

o.k.

Bracing systems
15 - 1
(14.3)

(1-1-2)
Multi storey bracing

15 2

15 -1

(14-3)

(15-1)

(15-1)

(15-2)
(15-2b,c)

15 -2

(15-2)
Single storey bracing

(14-3)

(15-3)

15 -3

15 - 3

(15-3)

15 -4

(15-1)
43
12.5 m

6.0m
5.0m

f 1.4

15 -5

Member

Factored member force (kN)

Pressure
Suction
184
-147
299
-239
338
-270
-215
172
111
-89
-133
106
69
-55
-46
37
48
-38
-184
147
-299
239

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
(3)

338 kN

254 x 146 x 37 UB
D 256 mm , B 146.4 mm , t 6.4 mm , T 10.9 mm
b/T 6.72 ,D/t 34.2 , rx 10.8 cm , ry 3.47cm , A 47.4cm2

(3)
LEx 0.85 L 0.85 x 500 425 cm x LEx /rx 39
(4-4)

LEy 1.0 L 500 cm y LEy / ry 144

p y 275 N / mm 2 , 275 / p y

1/ 2

(2-1)

T 10.9 16 mm

b / T 6.72 15 15
(2-2)

D / t 34.2 39 39

(4-2)

pc

15 -6

pc 80 N / mm 2

(4-1)

py

(4-3b)

Pc Ag pc 47.4 x 100 x 80 x 10 -3 379.0 kN 338 kN o.k.

(11)
239 kN
203 x 133 x 30 UB
D 206.7 mm , B 134 mm , t 6.3 mm , T 9.6 mm
b/T 6.72 ,D/t 27.3 , rx 8.71 cm , ry 3.18 cm , A 38 cm2

(11)
(4-4)

LEx 0.85 L 0.85 x 500 425 cm x LEx /rx 48.8

LEy 1.0 L 1.0 x 500 500 cm y LEy / ry 157

p y 275 N / mm 2 , 275 / p y

1/ 2

1.0 T 9.6 16 mm

b / T 6.97 15 15
D / t 9.6 39 39

(4-2)

pc

pc 68 N / mm 2

py

(4-3b)

Pc Ag pc 38 x 100 x 68 x 10 -3 258 kN 239 kN

(11)
26 mm

15 -7

o.k.

Anet 38 4 x 2.6 x 0.96 2 x 2.6 x 0.63 24.74 cm2

(3-2)

(3-1)

Ae 1.2 Anet 1.2 x 24.74 29.7 cm2 A 38 cm2

Pt Ae p y 29.7 x 100 x 275 x 10 -3 816 kN 299 kN

o.k.

(4)
172 kN
215 kN
203 x 133 x 30 UB

LEy 1.0 L 1.0 x 583 583 cm y LEy / ry 183

(4-2)

pc
pc 52 N / mm 2

py , y

(4-3b)

Pc Ag pc 38 x 100 x 52 x 10 -3 197.6 kN 172 kN

816 kN
215 kN
203 x 133 x 30 UB

15 -8

o.k.

(15-2)
93 kN

43
12.0 kN

F 1.4 x 93 130 kN

F 1.2 x 93 1.2 x 12 126 kN

F 130 kN

(kN)

130

- 188

130

- 188

- 135

135

270

15 -9

(4)

(2)

Ft 188 kN

100 x 65 x 7
22 mm
p y 275 N / mm 2 t 7 mm
3-3)

Ae a1 3 a1 a2 / 3 a1 a2
a1 100 7 / 2 x 7 22 x 7 522 mm 2
a2 65 7 / 2 x 7 431 mm2

Ae 522 3 x 522 x 431 / 3 x 522 431 860 mm 2

(3-1)

Pt Ae p y 860 x 275 x 10 -3 237 kN 188

o.k.

(3)
Fc 130 kN

203 x 133 x 125 UB

D 275 mm , B 101.9 mm , t 6.1 mm , T 8.4 mm
b/t 6.07 , D/t 36.9 , rx 8.54 cm , r y 3.1 cm
A 32.2 cm 2

275 / p y 2 1.0 , p y 275 N / mm 2 T 8.4 mm 16

(2-1)

LE 1.0 x L 1.0 x 600 600 cm y LR / ry 194

15 -10

(4-2)

pc

pc 46 N / mm 2

py

(4-3b)

Pc Ag pc 32.2 x 100 x 46 x 10 -3 149 kN 130 kN o.k.

(1)
(5, 6, 7)

15 -11

Column bases
16 - 1

(16-1,2)

(16-1)

16-1

(16-2)

16 2
F
Ae
(16-3)
c

(16-3)
(16-3)

Ae
Ae 2 B 2 c 2 c T D 2T 2c 2 c t

(16-3)

t, T, D, c, B

16-2

(16-1)

Ae

fb 0.5 f c
f c

28
F
0.5 f c
Ae

(16-2)

(16-2)

(16-1)

Ae
1 mm
c

1
w c 2 p yp Z p
2

(16-3)

p yp

270 N / mm2
Z p t 2p / 6

1 mm
tp

(16-3)

t p c 3 w / pyp

Zp

1/ 2

(16-4)

(16-4)

16-3

(16-4)

16 3

16 - 3 -1
M

(16-5)
Dp

Bp

(16-5)

16-4

f min

F M

0
A Z

(16-5)

e , M Fe , Z Bp Dp2 / 6 , A Bp Dp
(16-5)
F
Fe

0 e Dp / 6
B p D p B p D p2 / 6

(16-6)

f c

f b 0.5 f c

28
f max

F M

fb
A Z

(16-7)

(16-6)
(16-7)

1 mm

f max

M s
M s 1.2 p yp Z p

(16-8)

16-5

p yp

270 N / mm 2
Z p t 2p / 6

1 mm

tp

tp

6 Ms

1.2 p
yp

1/ 2

(16-9)

F
M

F f M / D T

(16-10)

16 - 3 -2

eM/F
(16-6)

16-6

(16-6)

(16-7)

t d x

(16-11)
c
x
t ft / Es , c fc / Ec
f c , c , Ec
f t , t , Es
Bp
(16-7)

16-7

(16-11)
ft m fc

fc

d-x
x

(16-12)

m Es /Ec 15

Fc

1
Bp x f c
2

(16-13)

Ft At f t m At f c

d-x
x

(16-14)

d-x
1
F Fc Ft f c
B p x m At
x
2

(16-15)

D
D

x
M Fc p Ft p n
2 3
2

(16-14)

(16-16)

(16-13)

Dp x
D
d x

m At f c p n

2 3
2
x
1
D
D
d x
x
M f c B p x p m At p n

2 3
2
x
2
M

1
B p x fc
2

x , fc

(16-17)

(16-15)

x3 3 d - d1 x 2 A1 x - A1 d 0

16-8

(16-17)

(16-18)

A1 6 m At d1 /Bp , e M/F , d1 0.5 d-n e

(16-15)

(16-18)
(16-12)

x
ft

fc

fb 0.5 fc

pt

16 9

16 3 1

(16-8)
c
x
0.003

d c t 0.003 f t / Es
Es 0.2 x 106 N / mm2
x

(16-8)

16-9

600
d
600 f t

(16-19)

y 0.85 x

510
d
600 f t

(16-20)

Fc Bp y f b

(16-21)

Ft At ft

(16-22)

Bp
F Fc Ft Bp y fb At f t

(16-23)

D
D

y
M Fc p Ft p n
2 2
2

(16-24)

pt
(16- 19,20)
f t pt
600
510
xb
d , yb
d
600 pt
600 pt

(16- 25,26)

xb
(16-23)

Fb Bp yb f b - At pt

16-10

(16-27)

Fb F
f t pt

xb x

(16-19,25)

f t pt

(16-23)
y

1
Bp f b

F At

pt

(16-28)

(16-24)
D
D
y
At pt p - n
M u B p y fb p 2
2
2
M

Mu

A , D
t

pt f t

xb x

(16-29)

, B p , n

Fb F
(16-19)

f t 600

d-x
0.85d y
600
x
y

(16-23)

(16-30)

ft

( Bp fb ) y 2 (600 At - F ) y - 510 At d 0

(16-31)

(16-24,30)

D
y
M u B p y fb p 2
2

D
At f t p - n

16-11

(16-32)

M Mu
1 mm

fb

M s
M s p yp S p

(16-33)

p yp

270 N / mm

S p t 2p / 4

1mm

tp
1/ 2

4 Ms

tp
p
yp

(16-34)

16 3 1

16-12

Bp , Dp , n , At
yb 16-26
Fb 16-27
Yes

Fb F

No

y 16-28

y 16-31

M u 16-29

f t 16-30
M u 16-32

Mu M

Yes
t p

16-13

No

(16-1)

Areq F / f b 4300 x 10 3 / 15 286.7 x 10 3 mm 2

Ae 2 B 2 c 2 c T D - 2 T - 2 c 2 c t
16 1

Ae 2 308 .7 2c 2c 21.7

320 .5 - 2 x 21.7 - 2c 2c 13.8

16-14

4 c2 1.82 x 103 c - 269.3 x 103 0 c 117.6 mm

D - 2 T / 2 320.5 - 2 x 21.7 / 2 138.5

D 2 c 320.5 2 x 117 .6 555.7 mm D p 600 mm

B 2 c 308.7 2 x 117 .6 543.9 mm B p 600 mm
t p c 3 fb /pyp

1/ 2

16-4

117 .6 3 x 15 / 255

1/ 2

49.4 mm 50 mm

50 mm

lew 2 l - 2 s 2 100 - 2 x 8 168 mm

(10-5)
pw 215 N /mm

Pw pw lewa 215 x 168 x 0.7 x 8 x 10-3

202.3 kN Q 100 kN

16-15

o.k.

(16-2)

Areq F / f b 9000 x 103 / 15 600 x 103 mm2

(16-1)

16-1

Ae 2 321 .8 2 c 2 c 44.1

365 .1 - 2 x 44.1 - 2 c 2 c 26.9

16-16

4 c2 1.94 x 103 c - 564 x 103 0 c 204.5 mm

D - 2 T / 2 365.1 - 2 x 44.1 / 2 138.4 mm

Ae D 2 c B 2 c

Ae 365.1 2 c 321.8 2 c

4 c 2 1374 c - 482510 .82 0 c 215.7 mm

D 2 c 365.1 2 x 215.7 796.5 mm Dp 800 mm
B 2 c 321.8 2 x 215.7 753.2 mm Bp 800 mm

16-4

t p c 3 fb / p yp

1/ 2
95 mm

21

p yp 245 N/mm 2 270

1/ 2

3 x 15
t p 215.7

245

92.5 mm 95 mm

16-17

o.k.

o.k.

lew 2 l - 2 s 2 150 - 2 x 8 268 mm

(10-5)
pw 215 N /mm2

Pw pw lew a 215 x 268 x 0.7 x 8

322.7 kN Q 150 kN

16-18

o.k.

(16-3)
43

e M / F 100 x 10 3 / 2300 43.5 mm D p / 6 117 mm

16-7

f max

F
6M
2300 x 10 3 6 x 100 x 10 6

B p D p B p D p2 700 x 700
700 x 700 2

f max 4.69 1.75 6.44 N f b 8 N / mm 2

16-19

o.k.

f min

F
6M

4.69 - 1.75 2.94 N / mm2

2
Bp Dp Bp Dp

f1 6.44 - 6.44 - 2.94 x 180 / 700 5.54 N / mm2

1 mm

1
1
1
1
f 1 l12
f max l12 x 5.54 x 180 2 x 6.44 x 180 2
6
3
6
3
3
99.5 x 10 N mm

Ms

1/ 2

16-9
2-1

6 Ms

tp
1.2 p
yp

p yp 255 N / mm2

1/ 2

6 x 99.5 x 10 3

t p

1.2 x 255

44.2 mm 50 mm

40 mm t p

16-20

o.k

F
M

16-10

Ff

M
100 x 10 3

324 kN
D - T 339 .9 - 31.4

Pw p w l ew a

10-5

p w 215 N / mm

Pw 756 k N F f
l ew 2 B 2 x 314 .1 628 mm
a 0.7 s 0.7 x 8 5.6 mm
2

o.k .

Pw p w l ew a

p w 215 N / mm

l ew 2 d 2 x246.6 Pw 593 .5 k N Q 40 k N

493 mm

a 5.6 mm

16-21

o.k .

(16-4)

43
4.6

2M20

n 50 mm d 470 mm, l1 D p - D / 2 99.85 mm

e M / F 85 x 10 3 / 450 189 mm D p / 6 86.7mm

16-22

(16-18)

d1 0.5 d - n e 0.5 470 - 50 189 399 mm

A1 6 m A t d 1 / B p
A1 6 x 15 x 490 x 399 / 520

m 15

33.8 x 10 3 mm 2
.
At 2 x 245 490

(16-18)
x 3 - 3 470 - 399 x 2 33.8 x 10 3 x - 33.8 x 10 3 x 470 0

x 3 - 213 x 2 33.8 x 103 x - 15886 x 103 0 x 288 mm

(16-15)

x
fc

450 x 10 3 f c 0.5 x 520 x 288 - 15 x 490 470 - 288 / 288

f c 6.4 N/mm2 f b 8 Nmm2

(16-12)

16-12

o.k.

fc

f t 15 x 6.4 x 470 - 288 / 288 60.7 N/mm2

Ft 60.7 x 245 x 10 -3 14.9 kN

Fs Q / 4 60 / 4 15 kN

f1

f1 6.4 288 - 99.85 / 288 4.18 N / mm2

1 mm

16-23

1
1
1
1

M s f1 f c l12 x 4.18 x 6.4 99.85 2

3
3
6
6

28215 N mm
1/ 2

16-9
2-1

6 Ms

tp
1.2 p
yp

p yp 265 N / mm2

t p 22 mm

16-10

1/ 2

6 x 28215
23.1 mm
tp
1.2 x 265

t p 25 mm

F f M / D - T 85 x 10 3 / 320.3 - 21.7 284.7 kN

Pw p w l ew a

10-5

-3
p w 215 N / mm 2
Pw 215 x617.4 x5.6 x10

743 k N F f o.k .
l ew 2 B 2x308 .7 617 .4 mm
a 0.7 s 0.7 x 8 5.6 mm

Pw p w l ew a

10-5

p w 215 N / mm 2

l ew 2 d c 2 x246.5 Pw 593 .5 k N Q 60 k N o.k .

493 mm

a 5.6 mm

16-24

Ps p s As

p s 160 N / mm Ps 39.2 kN

As 245 mm 2

10-2

Pt pt At
10-2

pt 195 N / mm2 Pt 47.7 kN

At 245 mm 2

(10-7)
Fs Ft
15 14.9

0.7 1.4
Ps Pt 39.5 47.7

16-25

o.k.

(16-5)
(16-3)

2M 20 Gr 4.6
At 490 mm 2 , p t 195 N / mm2
f b 8 N / mm 2 , d 700 - 50 650 mm

16-25

xb

600
x 650 490 .5 mm
600 195

yb 0.85 xb 417 mm

16-26

16-27

Fb 700 x 417 x 8 - 490 x 195 x 10 -3 2239.5 kN

f t pt

16-31

Fb F

f b y 2 600 At F y - 510 At d 0

700 x 8 y 2 600 x 490 - 2300 x 103 y - 510 x 490 x 650 0

y 2 - 358.2 y - 29006 0 y 426 mm

16-30

16-32

f t 600 0.85 x 650 - 426 / 426 178 N / mm2 pt

700 426
700

M u 700 x426x8
- 50 x10 6
490 x178x
2
2
2

353 kNm M 100 kN

o.k.

Ms

1 mm
M s 8 x 180 2 / 2 129600 N mm

p yp 255 N / mm 2 t p 40 mm
1/ 2

16-34

4 x 129600
t p

255

45 mm

(16-3)

16-27

Ft f t At / 2 178 x 490 / 2 x 10 -3 43.6 kN / bolt

Fs Q / 4 40 / 4 10 kN / bolt
Ps p s As
10-2

-3
p s 160 N / mm 2
Ps 160 x 245 x 10 39.2 k N

As 490 / 2 245 mm 2
Pt p t At / 2

pt 195 N / mm Pt 195 x 245 x 10 -3 47.7 k N

At / 2 245 mm 2
2

10-2

(10-7)

10-7

Fs Ft
10
43.6

1.17 1.4
Ps Pt 39.2 47 .7

16-28

o.k.

(16-6)
(16-4)

600
x 470 354.7 mm
600 195
y b 0.85 xb 301 .5 mm

16-25

xb

16-27

Fb 520 x 301.5 x 8 - 490 x 195 x 10 -3 1158.7 kN

f t pt

16-29

Fb F 450 kN

16-28

16-32

1
(450 x 103 490 x 195 ) 131.1 mm
520 x 8

520 131.1
520

M u 520 x131.1x 8
- 50 x10 6
490 x195
2
2
2

126 kNm

Mu 126 kN m M 85 kN m

o .k.

1mm
Ms

8 x 99.85 2
39880 Nmm
2
1/ 2

16-34
2-1

4 Ms

tp
p
yp
p yp 265 N / mm2

t p 22 mm

1/ 2

4 x 39880

24.5 mm

p
265

t p 25 mm

(16-4)
Ft pt At / 2 195 x 245 x 10 -3 47.7 kN
Fs Q / 4 60 / 4 15 kN
Pt 47.7 kN Ps 39.2 kN

(16-4)

( 10 -7 )
Fs Ft
15
47.7

1.38 1.4
Ps Pt 39.5 47.7

16-30

o.k .

Portal Frame Design

17-1

(17-1)

BS 5950

17-1

(17-1)

17-2

Elastic design

Ww

Wi

17-2

Wd

1.4 Wd 1.6 Wi

(17-2)
1.2 Wd 1.2 Wi 1.2 Ww
1.0 Wd 1.4 Ww

(1-1-2)

(17-2)
30 40%

17-3

(17-1c)

Effective lengths

17-2-1

(17-3)
10
(4-4b)
k1

I c / Lc
I c /Lc I R /LR

k2 1.0
IR
LR

Ic
Lc

10
k c LEc / Lc 2.0 0.45

I c / Lc
I R /L R

(17-1)

LEc

17-4

kR

2 Lc
LER
kc
( LR / 2)
LR

Fc I R
FR I c

(17-2)

FR

Fc

LER

(17-3)

(17-2)

17-5

(stay)

(eaves beam)
(17-1c)

(17-4)

(17-4)
(17-2)

(17-4)
17-2-2

17-6

(8-1)
(8-2)
10%
(17-2)

17-2-3

(17-5)

(17-5)

17-7

(8-1)
(8-3)
LE

F
M

1
Pc M b

(17-3)

F M

pb
A Sx

(17-4)

M , F

Sx , A

(4-2)

Pc

Tc y , L/ry

(17-5a,b)

1 ( 2a/hs )2
y
2
2
1 ( 2a/hs ) 0.05 ( / x)

(17-6)

L
ry

(9-5)

hs

17-8

D/ T

(9-6)

(A-A)

(17-6)

(B-B)

(17-6)
Mb
M b pb S x p y Z x

(17-7)

(2-1)

py

Zx
(5-10,11)

pb

TB

py

TB nt u vt c

(17-8)

4 a / hs
vt
2
2
1 ( 2 a / hs ) 0.05 ( / x)
c 1

2
1
3
( R-1) 3 q 2
x9

(17-9)

(17-10)

17-9

(warping)

1.0

0.9

1.0
1.0

nt

1 N
N
3 N 2 4 N3 3 N 4 N5
N
nt 1

2( s - E )
M3
M4 M5
Ms ME
12 M 1 M 2

(17-11)

N5 , ...... , N1

(17-7)
M 5 , ...... , M1

N5 , ...... , N1
M i p y Z xi

(17-12)

Zx

M
M i p y Sxi

N4 / M 4

(17-13)

N3 / M 3

N2 / M 2

Ns / M s

N5 / M 5
N1 / M1
N
N
( s - E )
Ms ME

NE / M E

17-10

(17-7)

M
M mt M A

(17-14)

MA

1.0
y

mt

(17-1)
t

(17-6)
t

t -1

t - 1.0

(17-8)

17-11

(17-8)

Plastic design

17-3
BS 5950

2-5
20%

17-12

D/ 2

17-3-1

Plastic analysis of uniform frames

" M.R. Horne "

" Plastic theory of structures "

(17-9)

(17-9b,c)

17-13

(17-9)
(17-10)

17-14

(17-10)
X
(17-11a)
g h1 (2 h2 /L) x

(17-15)

X
M x w L x / 2 w x2 /2

(17-16)

X B
M p RH h1 M x RH g

17-15

(17-17)

(17-

dRH / dx 0

Mp

RH

17)
Mp

Wr L
1
8 (1 k / 2) (1 k )1 / 2

(17-18)

Wr (1.4wd 1.6wi ) L

(17-19)

wd , wi

k h2 / h1

(17-11)

(17-11b)
(17-12,13)

17-16

Mp

(17-12)

17-17

(17-13)

17-18

17-3-2
Plastic analysis of hunched and nonuniform frames

(17-14)

F / A M / Z py

(17-20)

M,F
Z,A

(17-14)
(17-3-1)
(17-17)

17-19

M pc RH e

(17-21)

M pb q M pc M x - RH g q RH e

(17-22)

(17-16)

(17-15)

Mx , g
M pb , M pc

0.6 0.7
x

dRH / dx 0

M pb , M pc

RH

(17-21,22)
Section design
(17-15)
F

I
M prx

(17-15)

17-20

17-3-3

M px

(17-15b)

F
F
(17-16b)

(17-16)
F

M prx

(17-16c)

(17-15c)
(17-15d)

(17-16d)
F

M prx

F 2 a t py

(17-23)

M prx M px - t a 2 p y

(17-24)

(17-15)
Pp A py

17-21

n F / Pp

(17-23)
a n A / ( 2 t)

(17-25)
(17-24)

M prx Srx py

(17-26)

Srx Sx - (A2 / 4 t) n2

(17-27)
(17-27)
(17-28)

a D/ 2 -T

(17-25)

n n1 (D 2 T) t / A

(17-29)

F
M prx

F A 2 ( D / 2 a) B p y

(17-30)

M prx ( D / 2 a) B py ( D / 2 a)

(17-31)

n F / Pb

(17-30)

a 0.5 D - ( 1 n) A/B

(17-32)
(17-31)

M prx Srx py

(17-33)

A2
2 BD
S rx
(1 n) (
- 1 n )
4B
A

(17-34)

17-22

(17-17)

( y y)

F 2 a D py

(17-35)

a nA/2D

(17-36)

M pry Sry p y

(17-37)

Sry S y (A2 / 4 D) n2

(17-38)

(17-17)
(17-38)

a t / 2 n n2 D t / A

(17-39)

F A - 4 T ( B / 2 - a ) py

(17-40)

17-23

a 0.5 B - ( 1 - n ) A / 2T

(17-41)

M pry Sry p y

(17-42)

A2
4 TB
Sry
(1 n) (
-1 n )
8T
A

(17-43)

Sr S (1 n2 )

(17-44)
n

Sr

(17-18)

(17-18)

S rx

n2

n1
n

Sr S

S ry
(17-45)

2%

17-24

17-2

y y

xx

0 .3 n 1

0 n 0.3 0.1 n 1

2.04 (1 n) (0.4 n)

0 .2 n 1

0 n 0.2 0.1 n 1

1.56 (1 n) (0.6 n)

0 n 0.1

0.27 (1 n) (4 n) 1

UB
(I )

0 n 0.1

0.156 (1 n) (7 n) 1

UC
(H )

Sway stability

17-3-4

(1-1-2)

h / 1000

Lb
44 L

D
h 4 Lr / L
Lr L / cos , Wr / Wo

275

(17-46)
p yb

, (2 I c / I r ) ( L / h)
p yb

Lh

Lb L Lh

17-19

Lb

2D

Lh

17-25

Ic

Ir
Wr

(17-19)
Wo

16 M pb / L

Lr

(17-19)
Restraints and member stability

17-26

17-3-5

(17-20)
10%

AB

(17-20)
AB

(17-21)

17-27

(17-21)

D/2

BS 5950
D
(17-4)
S3
Lm

Lm

38 ry

c / 130 p y / 275

2 x / 362 1 / 2

17-28

17-21

(17-47)

fc
ry

ry

Lm
x

(17-48,49)

(17-2-1)
(17-21)

S4

S3
S3

Ls

(17-47)
Ls

17- 19
(17-22)

17-29

ry

Gr 43

Ls

K1 ry x

72 x

- 10 4

(17-48)

1/ 2

Gr 50

Ls

K 2 ry x

94 x

- 10

(17-49)

4 1/ 2

(17-47)

ry , x

K2

17-3
K2

K1

645
515
465

620
495
445

1
2
3

(17-48,49)
UB

17-30

K1

Lm

Lm

(17-22)

(17-47)

(17-22)
Design of eaves joint

17-3-6
(17-23)

V d / 2 M pc Ta 0 T (M pc V d / 2) / a

17-31

(17-50)

C
C T H

(17-51)

F C / cos

(17-52)

Ft T/ 4

Fs V / 8

(17-53a,b)

(17-23b)

We
We T b / 8

(17-54)
Wi

Wi 4 m (c e) m v (1 cos ) (m b / c) (b 0.5 v sin )

(17-55)

m
(17-33)
(5-2)
t (4 m / p y )1 / 2

F py

(17-56)

x
C

17-32

(17-23)

17-33

Design of ridge joint

17-3-7
(17-24)

(17-24)

T
T ( M - Hh ) / g

(17-57)

(17-24)

17-34

(17-1)
40 20
6m
45 m/s
5m
Gr 43

0.25 kN / m2

0.04 kN / m
0.03 kN / m2

1 .5 m

457 x 191 x 67 UB

0.13 kN / m2
0.75 kN / m2
30

21.8

17-35

wd (0.25 0.03 0.13) x 5 x 10.77/10 2.21 kN / m

wd1 (0.25 0.03 0.13) x 5 x 6 12.3 kN
wi 0.75 x 5 3.75 kN / m2

w 1.4 wd 1.6 wi 1.4 x 2.21 1.6 x 3.75 9.09 kN / m

(1-1-2)

H 0.5 x 0.005x (9.09x 20) 0.45 kN

(12-2)

S2

3
B
(12-3)

50 m

Vs
S1 S3 1

(12-2)
(12-3,4)
S2

Vs
m /sec

kN/m

33.3

0.68

c pe
c pe

q
2

=0

= 90

(m)
wind ward
10
6

0.74
0.67

30.2

0.56

17-36

- 0.33
+ 0.7

Lee ward
- 0.4
- 0.25

- 0.7
- 0.5

ww 5 q ( c pe - c pi )
0.3

0.2

c pi

(12)

17-37

kN

kN
kNm
90.9
91.18

kNm
- 214.55

1.4 wd + 1.6 wi +H

- 217.25
- 5.6

71.4

1.4 wd + 1.6 wi

39.1

1.0 wd + 1.4 wwa

1.2 (wd+ wi+ wwb)

- 184.76

D
M 217.25 kN m , F 91.18 kN

17-38

UB 457 x 152 x 60
Gr 43

D 454 .6 mm , B 152 .9 mm , d 407 .6 mm , t 8.1 mm , T 13.3 mm

b/T 5.75 , d/t 50.3 , Z x 1122 cm 3 , Sx 1287 cm 3 , A 76.2 cm 2
rx 18.3 cm , ry 3.23 cm
p y 275 N/ mm 2 , (275 / p y )1 / 2 1.0

T 13.3 mm 16

(2-1)

b / T 5.75 8.5

91.18 x 103
8.1 x 275
40.9 m m

d1t p y F d1

(2-2)

yc (d d1) /2 224.25mm 2 yc / d 2 x 224.25/ 407.6 1.1

d
79
79 x 1
50.3

74.5
t
0.4 0.6 0.4 0.6 x 1.1

ED
x

(5-2)

M cx p y Sx 1.2 p y Z x
M cx 275 x 1287 x 10 -3 1.2 x 275 x 1122 x 10 -3
M cx 353 .9 kN m

370.2 kN m

M cx 353 .9 kN m

17-39

(8-1)

Mx
F

1
Ag p y M cx

91.18
217 .25

0.66 1
76.2 x 275 x 10 -1 353 .9

o.k .

x-x

(17-1)

LEcx / Lc 2.0 0.45 (2 x 10.77/ 6) 3.62

(4-4a)
1/ 6
( k1
0.782 , k 2 1 ) LEcx / Lc 3.5
1/ 6 1/ 21.54

LEcx 3.62 x 600 2172 cm x LEcx / rx 2172 / 18.3 118.7

LEcy 300cm y LEcy / ry 300/ 3.23 92.9

x 118.7 , p

(4-3a)

y 92.9 , p y 275 N / m m2 pcy 154 N / m m2

(4-3b)

pc pcx 121 N / m m2

17-40

 y 92.9
u 0.9

x D/T
454.6 / 13.3 34.2

/ x 2.7
(5-4)
(5-9)

v 0.92

108.625/ 217.25 0.5 m 0.76

N 0.5

n 1 .0
(5-5)
(5-7)
(5-10)

(5-6)

(8-2)

LT n u v 1.0 x 0.9 x 0.92x 92.9 77

LT 77 , p y 275 N / mm2 pb 172 N / mm2
M b pb S x 172 x 1287x 10-3 221.3 kN m

m Mx
F

Ag pc
Mb

1.0

0.76 x 217.25 m M x
91.18

0.85 1.0
221 .3
76.2 x 121 x 10 -1

17-41

o.k .

M 217.25 kNm , F 66.9 kN

(17-2)
(17-2)

kR

3.62 x 2 x 6
21.54

99.5
2.84
50.1

LERx 2.84 x 10.77 30.58 m x LERx / rx 167 180

3.0 m
3.0 m

LERy 300cm y LERy / ry 92.9

(4-3a)

( x 167 , p y 275) pcx 65.7 N / mm2

( y 92.9 , p y 275) pcy 154 N / mm2

(4-3b)

pc pcx 65.7 N / mm2

17-42

 y 92.9 , u 0.9 , x D / T 34.2

/ x 2 .7
(5-4)

N 0 .5

v 0.92

M o 9.09 ( 3 x 10/10.77) 2 / 8 8.82kN m

(5-6)
(5-7)
(5-10)
(5-6)

- 217.25 / 8.82 - 24.6

n 0.74
38.6 / 217.25 0.18

LT u n v 0.74 x 0.9 x 0.92x 92.9 57

( LT 57 , p y 275) pb 221 N / mm2

M b pb S x 221x 1287x 10-3 284.4 kN m

m 1 .0

(5-5)

(8-2)

m Mx
F

1.0
Ag pc
Mb
66.9
1.0 x 217.25

0.9 1.0 o.k .

-1
284.4
76.2 x 65.7 x 10

17-43

(17-2)
(17-1)

0.45m

1.5m
M pb 0.75 M pc

M pc

(1.4 wd 1.6 wi )

17-21

17-22

17-15

17-16

M pc RH e 5.55 RH

(1)

M pb 0.75 M pc M x - R H g
M 0.75 M
pb
pc

g 6 0 .4 x
90.9 x - 9.09 x 2 /2

- R H (6 0.4 x)

M x 90.9 x - 9.09 x 2 /2

(2)

(2)

(1)

90.9 x 4.55 x 2
10.16 0.4 x
dRH / dx 0 x 2 50.7 x 507.4 0 x 8.56 m
RH

(1)

(3)

(3)

RH 32.7 kN , M pc 181.5 kN m , M pb 0.75 M pc 136.1 kN m

17-44

1.2 (wd wi Wwb )

(a)
(b)

17-45

x
M x 57.24 66.5 x1 3.52 x

(4)

M pc 5.55 RH 0.168 x 5.552 / 2 5.55 RH 2.59

(5)

M pb 0.75 M pc M x RH (6 0.4 x)

(6)

(6)

(5)

(4)

0.75 (5.55RH 2.59) 57.24 66.5 x 3.52 x RH (6 0.4 x)

2

RH

55.29 66.5 x 3.52 x 2

10.16 0.4 x

M pc

RH

(7)
(5)
RH

17-46

dRH / dx 0 1.408 x 2 71.53 x 653.52 0 x 7.9 m

(5)

(7)

RH 27.1 kN , M pc 153kN m , M pb 114.75 kN m

(c)

H
M pc 181.8 kN m

F 92.2 kN

5-2

S req M pc / p y S req 181.8 x 103 /275 661.1 cm3

UB 406 x 140 x 46

S 888 cm

, A 59 cm

, I x 15600 cm 4 , rx 16.3 cm

r y 3.02 cm , D 403 .2 mm , B 142 .2 mm , d 360 .4 mm

t 6.8 mm , T 11.2 mm , b / T 6.35 , d / t 53
2-1
2-2

T 11.2 mm 20 p y 275 N / mm2 , (275/p y )1 / 2 1.0

b / T 5.75 8.5
d1

17-47

d1t p y F d1

2-2

92.2 x 103
49.3 mm
6.8 x 275

yc (d d1 ) / 2 204.8 mm

2 yc / d 1.137
d
79
53
73
t
0.4 0.6

2-2

n
17-2

17-45

F
F
92.2 x 10 3

0.057 1.0
Pp A p y 59 x 10 2 x 275

S r S 654cm3 S req

M pb 136.1 kN m

F 35.2 kN

5-2

Sreq M pb / p y 136.1x 103 /275 494.9 cm3

UB 356 x 127 x 39

S 654 cm 3 , A 49.4 cm 2 , I x 10100 cm 4 , Z x 572 cm 3

rx 14.3 cm , ry 2.69 cm , D 353 .4 mm , B 126 mm
t 6.6 mm , T 10.7 mm , d 311 .6 mm , b / T 5.89 , d / t 47.2
2-1
2-2

T 10.7 mm 20 p y 275 N / mm2 , (275/p y )1 / 2 1.0

b / T 5.89 8.5
d1

d1t p y F d1

35.2 x 10 3
19.4
6.6 x 275

17-48

yc (d d1 ) / 2 (311.6 19.4) /2 165.5 2 yc / d 1.06

2-2

d
79
47.2
76
t
0.4 0.6

F
F
35.2 x 10 3

0.026 1.0
Pp A p y 49.4 x 10 2 x 275

17-2

17-45

Sr S 654cm3 Sreq

M 96.9 kN m , F 59.5 kN
17-20

F M
59.5 x 10 3 96.9 x 10 6

181 .4 N / mm 2 p y 275 N / mm 2
A Z x 49.4 x 10 2 572 x 10 3

(17-4)
Lm

17-47

Lm

( f

38 x r y
c

/ 130 ) ( p y / 275) 2 ( x / 36)

2 1/ 2

f c F / A 92.2 x 10 / 59 15.63 N / mm 2
p y 275 N / mm 2 , r y 30.2 mm
x D / T 36

1.0m

17-49

Lm 1285 mm

1.55m

Lm

MG 148.8 kN m , M F 98.1 kN m , FG 95.1kN

17-50

17-1

kc 2.0 0.45

15600 / 6.0
4.49
10100 / 21.54

LEcx kc Lc 4.49 x 600 2694 cm x LEcx / rx 165.3

4-3a

( p y 275 N / mm2 , x 165.3 ) pcx 67 N / mm2

GF
4-4

LEy 1.0 L 1.55 m y LEy / ry 155 / 3.02 51.3

( p y 275 N / m m2 , y 51.3 ) p cy 235 N / m m2

4-3b

p c p cx 67 N / m m2

y 51.3 , u 0.9 , x D / T 36
/ x 1.425
5-4

5-9

N 0.5

v 0.972

M F / MG 98.1/ 148.8 0.66 m 0.83

n 1 .0

5-5

5-7

5-10

5-6

8-2

LT n u v 1.0 x 0.9 x 0.972x 51.3 45

( p y 275 N / mm2 , LT 45 ) pb 250 N / mm2

M b pb S x 250 x 888 x 10-3 222kN m

m Mx
F

1.0
Ag pc
Mb
95.1
0.83 x 148.8

0.8 1.0
222
59 x 67 x 10 -1

17-51

o.k .

(b)

A ( D 2 T ) t 2 BT 58.33 x 0.65 2 x 12.6x 1.07 64.9cm2

S x 0.25 BD 2 0.25 ( B t ) ( D 2 T ) 2
0.25 x 12.6 x 60.47 2 0.25 (12.6 0.65) x 58.33 2 1353 cm 3

I y 2 x T B3 / 12 2 x 1.07 x 12.63 / 12 356.7 cm4

ry (I y /A)1/ 2 2.35 cm

9-6

9-8

9-5

3
3
4
J 2 x 1.07 x 12.6 0.65 x 58.33 / 3 15.6 cm x 68.6

hs 58.33 1.07 59.4 cm

x 0.566 hs ( A / J )1/2

( c)
559.5 mm

17-3

559.5
1.58 k1 546
353.4
( L5 )

17-52

17-48

Ls

k1 ry x
(72 x 10 )
2

4 1/ 2

546 x 2.35 x 68.6

1535 mm
(72 x 68.6 2 - 10 4 )1 / 2

(5)

(1)

(5)

(1)

17-53

353.4

416.2

479

541.9

604.7

D mm

358

356.7

356.7

356.7

356.7

I c cm4

49.4

52.6

56.7

60.8

64.9

2.69

2.6

2.5

2.42

2.35

A cm2
ry cm

654

800

971.6

1156.4

1353

s x cm3

179.8

220

267.2

318

372

M p y S x kN m

92.4

112.5

132.5

153.7

175.7
N kN m

141.3

140.6

136.3

132.9

129.8

N / Sx N / mm2

0.514

0.511

0.496

0.483

0.472

N /M

pb

L / ry 150 / 2.35 63.8

x D / T 353.4 / 10.7 33
hs D T 353.4 10.7 342.7mm

a a D / 2 60 353.4 / 2 236.7mm
1/2

17-9

4 x 236.7/ 342.7
vt
2
2
1 ( 2 x 236.7/ 342.7) 0.05( 63.8/ 33 )

604.7
1.71
353.4
q 1
R

17-10

0.945

(1.71 1) 2 / 3 1.1
c 1
33

1/ 2

17-11

N
N
1 N1 3 N2 4 N3 3 N4 N5

nt

2 ( s - E )

M3
M 4 M5
Ms ME

12 M1 M 2

17-54

NS / MS 0.511

N4 / M4 , N3 / M3 , N2 / M2

N E / M E 0.514

N5 / M 5 , N1 / M1

Ns / Ms - NE / ME - 0.03 0.0 Ns / Ms - NE / ME 0
1/ 2

1
0.472 3 x 0.483 4 x 0.496 3 x 0.511 0.514
nt
12

0.7

u 1 .0

TB nt u vt c 0.7 x 1.0 x 0.945x 1.1x 63.8 46.4

17-8

( py 275 N / mm2 , TB 46.4 ) pb 225 N / mm2

5-11

F
M

A
Sx

17-4

pb

(5)
F 59.5 kN

59.5 x 10
141.3 153.3 N / mm 2 pb 225 N / mm 2
49.4

(17-46)
(5)

(1)
Lb L 20 m

17-55

(2)

o.k .

 2(

Ic
L
15600 20
) ( ) 2x
x 10.29
Ir
h
10100 6

Lr L / cos 20/ cos 21.8 21.54 m

Wo 143.9 k N
Wo 16 M pb / L

Wr / Wo 1.26

M pb 654 x 275 x 10 -3 179 .9 k N m

Wr 9.09 x 20 181 .8

17-46

Lb
44 L

275

(
) (
)
D
h 4 Lr / L
p yb
20000
44
20
10.29
26.6
x
(
) 79.4
353 .4
1.26
6 4 10.29 x 21.54 / 20

T ( 181.8 90.9 x 0.403/ 2 ) / 0.6 272.5kN

Ft T / 4 68.13 kN
Fs V / 6 90.0 / 6 15.15 kN
Gr 8.8

20 mm

10-6

Pt pt At 450 x 245 x 10-3 110 kN

10-1

Ps ps As 375 x 245 x 10-3 91.9 kN

17-56

10-7

Ft Fs 68.13 15.15

0.78 1.4
pt ps
110
91.9

o.k .

(17-55)

(17-54)

272 .5 x 10 x 80
4 m (36.3 31.6 ) - m x 22 ( 1 cos 51.7 )
8
m x 80

( 80 - 0.5 x 22 sin 51.7 )

31.6

m 6537.9 N mm/ mm
17-56

t (4 x 6537.9/ 275)1/2 9.75 mm

11 .2 mm

12 mm

5-1

Fv 0.6 x p y Dt 0.6 x 275 x 402.3 x 6.9 x 10 -3

458.8 kN T 272.8 kN

17-57

o.k.

 ( ) A

Section Properties

A -1

A -2

A -3

A -4

A -5

A -6

A -7

A -8

A -9

A -10

A -11

A -12

A -13

A -14

A -15

A -16

A -17

A -18

44
A -19

A -20

A -21

A -22

A -23

A -24

A -25

A -26

A -27

A -28

A -29

A -30

A -31

British Standard Code of Practive : CP3 : Chapter V: Part

2 1972.

BS 5950 : PART 1 : Code of Practice for Design Rolled

and Welded Sections, 1998.

Design of Structural Steelwork ; by W.M.C. Mckenzie,

pub. MACMILLAN Press Ltd, 1998.

Handbook of Structural Steelwork; Design Examples &

ultimate Loads to BS 5950 part 1; by : A.D. Weller & P.H.
Allen; Published by: British Constructional Steelwork
Association,1991.

Joints in Simple and Construction; Volume 1+2, Published

by: British Constructional Steelwork Association, 1994.

Lateral Stability of Steel Beams and Columns; by : D.A.

Nethercot & R.M. Lawson; Published by: the Steel
Construction Institute,1992.

Plastic Design of Low Rise Frames ; by M.R. Horne &

L.J. Morris ; pub. Collin, 1985.

Plastic Theory of Structures ; by M.R. Horne , pub.

Pergamon Press, 1979.

Steel DesignersManual; edited by: G.W. Owens & P.R.

Knowles; Published by: Blackwell Science, 2000.

Steelwork Design ; Guid to BS 5950 : part 1, Volume 1+2;

Published by : the Steel Construction Institute, 1997.

Structural Steelwork Design to BS 5950; by : L.J. Morris

&D.R. Plum; Published by : Longman Scientific &
Technical, 1990.

Structural Steelwork ; Design to Limit State Theory ; by

TJ Mac Ginley & c Ang ; pub. Butterworth Heinmann,
1992.

The Behaviour and Design of Steel Structures to BS

5950, by: N.S. Trahair & M.A. Bradford & D.A.
Nethercot; Published by: Spon Press, 2001.


:
1-1
1-1-1
1-1-2
1-2

1-2
1-2
1-3
1-4

:
2-1
2-2
2-2-1
2-2-2
2-3

2-1
2-2
2-2
2-3
2-3

:
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
(3-1) :
(3-2) :

3-1
3-1
3-2
3-6
3-7
3-9

:
41
4-2
4-3
43-1
43-2
(4-1) :
(4-2) :
(4-3) :
(4-4) :

4-1
4-3
4-14
4-18
4-21
4-27
4-28
4-29
4-31

 :
5-1
5-2
5-3
5-3-1
5-3-2
5-4
5-4-1
5-4-2
5-4-3
5-4-4
5-4-5
5-5
5-6
5-6-1
5-6-2
-1)(5 :
(5-2) :

5-1
5-3
5-4
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7
5-7
5-7
5-7
5-8
5-8
5-11
5-11
5-12
5-23
5-27

:
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-3-1
6-3-2
6-3-2-1
6-3-2-2
6-4
6-4-1
6-4-2
6-4-3
6-5
6-6
(6-1) :

6-1
6-1
6-4
6-5
6-5
6-5
6-6
6-12
6-12
6-13
6-14
6-15
6-16
6-29

 :
7-1 T
(7-1) :
7-2
(7-2) :
7-3
(7-3) :

7-1
7-7
7-9
7-10
7-15
7-17

:
81
82
83
84

(8-1) :

8-1
8-2
8-2
8-3
8-3

:
9-1
9-2
9-3
)9-1( :

9-1
9-3
9-4
9-6

:
10-1
10-2
10-2-1
10-2-2
10-3
10-3-1
10-3-2
10-4
10-4-1
10-4-2
10-5

10-1
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-7
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-12
10-12
10-15

 10-5-1
10-5-2
(10-1) :
(10-2) :
(10-3) :
(10-4) :
(10-5) :
(10-6) :

10-16
10-17
10-19
10-21
10-24
10-26
10-30
10-31

:
11-1
11-2
11-2-1

11-2-2
11-3
11-4

11-1
11-1
11-4
11-5
11-6
11-7

:
12-1
12-2
12-3
12-3-1
12-3-2
12-4
12-5
(12-1) :

12-1
12-1
12-3
12-4
12-6
12-8
12-8
12-18

:
13-1
13-2
(13-1) :
(13-2) :
(13-3) :

13-1
13-1
13-3
13-9
13-11

 :
14-1
14-2
14-3
14-4
14-5
14-6
(14-1) :

14-1
14-2
14-3
14-4
14-5
14-5
14-7

:
15-1
15-2
15-3
(15-1) :
(15-2) :

15-1
15-1
15-3
15-5
15-9

:
16-1:
162
163
16-3-1
16-3-2
(16-1) :
(16-2) :
(16-3) :
(16-4) :
(16-5) :
(16-6) :

16-1
16-2
16-4
16-4
16-6
16-14
16-16
16-19
16-22
16-26
16-29

17-1

17-1

17-2-1
17-2-2

17-1
17-3
17-4
17-6

 17-2-3
17-3
17-3-1
17-3-2
17-3-3
17-3-4
17-3-5
17-3-6
17-3-7

( ) A

17-7
17-12
17-13
17-19
17-20
17-25
17-26
17-31
17-34
A-1