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KUMARACOIL
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS DEPARTMENT
DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. What are the constructional elements of a transformer?
The constructional elements of a transformer are core, high and low voltage
windings, cooling tubes or radiators and tank.
2. List the constructional elements of a dc machine.
The major constructional elements of a dc machine are stator, rotor, brushes and
brush holders. The various parts of stator and rotor are listed below,
Stator- Yoke (or) Frame Rotor - Armature core
- Field pole - Armature winding
- Pole shoe - Commutator
-Field winding
-Interpole
3. List the constructional elements of salient pole synchronous machine. The various
constructional elements of salient pole synchronous machine are,
Stator - Frame Rotar - Field pole
- Armature core - Pole shoe
- Armature winding - Field winding
- Damper winding
4. What are the constructional elements of cylindrical rotor synchronous machine?
The constructional elements of cylindrical rotor synchronous machine are,
Stator - Frame Rotor - Solid rotor
- Armature core - Field conductors
- Armature winding (or) bars
5. List the constructional elements of squirrel cage induction motor.
The constructional elements of squirrel cage induction motor are,
Stator - Frame Rotor - Rotor core
- Stator core - Rotor bars
- Stator winding - End ring
6. List the constructional elements of slip-ring induction motor.
The constructional elements of squirrel cage induction motor are,
Stator – Frame Rotor – Rotor core
- Stator core - Rotor bars
- Stator winding - Slip rings.
7. How the design problems of an electrical machine can be classified?
1. Electromagnetic design
2. Mechanical design
3. Thermal design
4. Dielectric design
8. What are the main dimensions of a rotating machine?
The main dimensions of a rotating machine are the armature diameter (or) stator
bore, D and armature (or) stator core length, L.
9. What is equation?
The equation describing the relationship between output and main dimensions (D
and L), specific loadings (Bav and ac) and speed (n) of a machine is known as output
equation.
10. List the factors that influences the separation of D and L of a dc machine.
In dc machines the separation of D and L depends on
1. Pore proportions 3. Peripheral speed
2. Moment of inertia 4. Voltage between adjacent segments
11. What are the factors to be considered for the separation of D and L of
synchronous machine?
In synchronous machine the separation of D and L depends on Peripheral speed,
number of poles and short circuit ratio.
12. What are the factors that affect the size of rotation machine?
The factors affecting the size of rotating machines are speed, specific electric and
magnetic loadings.
13. What re the factors that decide the choice of specific magnetic loading?
The value of magnetic loading is determined by
1. Maximum flux density in iron parts of machine.
2. Magnetizing current and
3. Core losses.
14. What is magnetic circuit?
The magnetic circuit is the path of magnetic flux. The mmf of the circuit creates fluz
in the path by overcoming the reluctance of the path. The equation which relates
flux, mmf and reluctance is given by,
Flux = MMF
Reluctance
15. What are the constituents of magnetic circuit in rotating machines?
The magnetic circuit of rotating machine consists of air-gap, stator and rotor cores,
stator and rotor teeth.
16. What is loss curve?
The loss curve is a graph showing the relation between iron loss and magnetic field
intensity, H. it is used to estimate the iron loss of the magnetic materials and it is
supplied by the manufacturers of stampings or laminations.
17. What is leakage flux?
The leakage flux is the flux passing through unwanted path. The leakage flux will
not help either for transfer or conversion of energy.
18. What is fringing flux?
The bulging of magnetic path at the air-gap is called fringing. The fluxes in the
bulged portion are called fringing flux.
19. What are the factors which modify the reluctance of air-gap?
The reluctance of air-gap is modified by slots, radial ventilating ducts and non-
uniform air-gaps.
68. What are the factors to be considered for estimating the length of air-gap in
induction motor?
The following factors are to be considered for estimating the length of air-gap.
1. Power factor 2. Overload capacity 3. Pulsation loss
4. Unbalanced magnetic pull 5. Cooling 6. Noise
69. List the undesirable effects produced by certain combination of rotor and stator
slots.
The following problems may develop in induction motor with certain combination
of rotor and stator slots.
1. The motor may refuse to start, (cogging)
2. The motor may run at subsynchronous speed (crawling)
3. Severe vibration may develop and the noise will be excessive.
70. What is crawling and cogging?
Crawling is a phenomena in which the induction motor runs at t speed lesser than
subsynchronous speed.
Cogging is a phenomena in which the induction motor refuses to start.
71. Explain the phenomena of cogging.
When the number of stator and rotor slots are equal, the speeds of all the harmonics
produced by stator slotting coincide with the speed of corresponding, rotor
harmonics. This harmonics of every order would try to exert synchronous torques
at their corresponding synchronous speeds and the machine would refuse to start.
This is known as cogging.
72. What are the methods adopted to reduce harmonic torques?
The methods used for reduction or elimination of harmonic torques are chording,
integral slot winding, skewing and increasing the length of air-gap.
73. What are the different types of windings used for rotor of induction motor?
The different types of windings employed in induction motor rotor are mush
winding the double layer bar type winding.
74. Name the two types of synchronous machines.
Based on construction the synchronous machines may be classified as,
1. Salient pole machines. 2. Cylindrical rotor machines.
75. What is runaway speed?
The runaway speed is defined as the speed which the primemover would have, if it is
suddenly unloaded, when working at its rated load.
76. What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific magnetic
loading?
The factors to be considered for the choice of specific magnetic loading are
1. Iron loss 2. Temperature rise 3. Voltage rating
4. Synchronous reactance 5. Stray load losses.
77. What are the two types of poles used in salient pole machines?
The two types of poles used in salient pole machines are Round poles and
Rectangular poles.
78. List the factors to be considered for the choice of number of slots are
1. Balanced winding 2. Cost 3. Host spot temperature in winging 4. Leakage
reactance 5. Tooth losses 6. Tooth flux density.
79. What is the limiting factor for the diameter of synchronous machine?
The limiting factor for the diameter of synchronous machine is the peripheral speed.
The limiting value of peripheral speed is 175 m/sec for cylindrical rotor machines
and 80m/sec for salient pole machines.
80. write the expression for air-gap length in cylindrical rotor machine.
Length of air-gap, lg = 0.5 (SCR)(ac) Kf x 10-6
KgBav
81. What is skewing?
Skewing is twisting either the stator or rotore core. The motor noise, vibrations,
cogging and synchronous cusps can be reduced or even entirely eliminated by
skewing.
In order to eliminate the effect of any harmonic, the rotor bars should be skewed
through an angle so that the bars lie under alternate harmonic poles of the same
polarity or in other words the bars much be skewed through two pitches.
82. What are the advantages and disadvantages of large air-gap length in induction
motor?
Advantage
A large air-gap length results in higher overload capacity, better cooling reduction
in noise and reduction in unbalanced magnetic pull.
Disadvantage