$'XDO$&DQG'&2XWSXW)O\EDFN&RQYHUWHU

/XRFKHQJ:DQJ Student Member, IEEE $OL0%D]]LMember, IEEE

$GYDQFHG3RZHU(OHFWURQLFVDQG(OHFWULF'ULYHV/DERUDWRU\ $GYDQFHG3RZHU(OHFWURQLFVDQG(OHFWULF'ULYHV/DERUDWRU\
8QLYHUVLW\RI&RQQHFWLFXW6WRUUV&786$ 8QLYHUVLW\RI&RQQHFWLFXW6WRUUV&786$
OXRFKHQJZDQJ#XFRQQHGX DOLED]]L#LHHHRUJ

Abstract—This paper presents a new flyback converter topology SRUWLRQ RI WKH F\FOH²µ2))¶>@*HQHUDOO\ LI DOO HQHUJ\ LV
with dual DC and AC outputs. In traditional flyback converters, UHOHDVHG WR WKH RXWSXW GXH WR D VKRUW 21 F\FOH DQG ORQJ 2))
usually there are multiple secondary windings that can be utilized F\FOH WKH IO\EDFN RSHUDWHV LQ GLVFRQWLQXRXV FRQGXFWLRQ PRGH
to construct few additional output ports. This new topology takes '&0ZKHUHWKHSULPDU\FXUUHQWUHDFKHV]HURFRPSDUHGWRWKH
advantage of one of additional secondary windings to generate
continuous AC voltage, accompanying with the conventional DC
output voltage. In this new topology, the DC output follows the
traditional configuration while the AC output is achieved by adding
an L-C filter to an additional secondary winding. This new dual-
output flyback converter integrates a standalone DC/DC converter
with DC/AC inverter which helps save space and switching devices.
The main purpose of the proposed dual-output flyback converter is
to cope with more general applications especially when both DC
and AC power are necessary, such as in rural solar-powered stand-
alone systems.
Keywords—flyback transformer; flyback converter topology;
DC/DC; DC/AC; discontinuous conduction mode (DCM); power
converter
, ,1752'8&7,21
3RZHU HOHFWURQLFV KDYH UHFHQWO\ VHHQ VLJQLILFDQW SHQHWUDWLRQ
DV HQHUJ\ FRQYHUVLRQ VWDJHV LQ GDLO\ DSSOLFDWLRQV UDQJLQJ IURP
JHQHUDWLRQ HJ UHQHZDEOH HQHUJ\ DSSOLFDWLRQV WR ORDGV HJ
HOHFWULF GULYHV DQG OLJKWLQJ EDOODVWV DQG GULYHUV (QHUJ\
FRQYHUVLRQ EHWZHHQ '& DQG $& IRUPV LV FULWLFDO DV HOHFWULFDO
ORDGVDQGJHQHUDWRUVFDQSURYLGHSRZHULQHLWKHUIRUP$SRZHU
HOHFWURQLFFRQYHUWHUWKDWFDQSURYLGHERWK$&DQG'&UHJXODWHG
SRZHU RXWSXWV LV WKXV RI PDMRU LQWHUHVW LQ YDULRXV DSSOLFDWLRQV
HVSHFLDOO\LQRQHVLQJOHFRQYHUWHU
,Q WKLV SDSHU D GXDORXWSXW IO\EDFN FRQYHUWHU WRSRORJ\ LV
SURSRVHGWRSURYLGHERWK'&DQG$&RXWSXWVIURPDVLQJOH'&
VRXUFH ZKLFK DFKLHYHV WKH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI '& DQG $& RQ RQH
VLQJOHFRQYHUWHU7\SLFDODSSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHSURSRVHGWRSRORJ\
ZRXOG EH LQ UXUDO HQHUJ\ V\VWHPV VXFK DV VWDQGDORQH VRODU
FRQWLQXRXVFRQGXFWLRQ PRGH &&0 ZKHUHWKHSULPDU\FXUUHQW
LVQHYHU]HUR
7KH SURSRVHG GXDORXWSXW IO\EDFN FRQYHUWHU WRSRORJ\ WDNHV
DGYDQWDJHV RI WKHVH IHDWXUHV WR FRQVWUXFW DQ DGGLWLRQDO KLJK
IUHTXHQF\ $& RXWSXW EHVLGHV WUDGLWLRQDO VWDEOH '& RXWSXW
*LYHQ WKDW PDQ\ IO\EDFN WUDQVIRUPHUV KDYH PXOWLSOH RXWSXW
ZLQGLQJV ZKLFK DUH UDUHO\ XVHG FRQFXUUHQWO\ RQH RI WKHVH
ZLQGLQJV FDQ EH GHGLFDWHG WR WKH $& SRUW ,Q IDFW LW LV
VRPHWLPHV PRUH HFRQRPLFDO WR SXUFKDVH PDVVSURGXFHG PXOWL
ZLQGLQJ IO\EDFN WUDQVIRUPHUV HYHQ IRU D VLQJOHRXWSXW GHVLJQ
WKXV DGGLQJ WKH $& SRUW FRXOG FRPH DW PLQLPDO FRVW LQFUHDVH
7KLV SDSHU LV DQ LQWURGXFWLRQ WR WKH GXDORXWSXW IO\EDFN
FRQYHUWHU WRSRORJ\ LQFOXGLQJ WKH FLUFXLW KDUGZDUH SURWRW\SH
SRZHUHIILFLHQF\UHVXOWVDQGSUHOLPLQDU\PRGHOLQJ
DC DC Load
DC Source DC Dual-Output (e.g. Battery)
(e.g. PV Panel) Flyback Converter AC
AC Load
(e.g. Fluorescent light)
)LJ$SSOLFDWLRQGLDJUDPRISURSRVHGGXDORXWSXWIO\EDFNWRSRORJ\
,, 352326('7232/2*<
7KH SURSRVHG WRSRORJ\ LV VLPLODU WR WKH WUDGLWLRQDO IO\EDFN
FRQYHUWHU H[FHSW WKDW DQ $& RXWSXW LV DGGHG WR DQ DGGLWLRQDO
VHFRQGDU\ ZLQGLQJ RI IO\EDFN WUDQVIRUPHU 7KH $& RXWSXW
FRQGXFWV GXULQJ DOO SRUWLRQV RI D VZLWFKLQJ F\FOH IURP WKH
SULPDU\ VLGH WR JLYH D FRQWLQXRXV VLQXVRLGDO ZDYH 6LQFH WKH
FRXSOHGLQGXFWRULQKHUHQWO\EORFNV'&FXUUHQWIURPSURSDJDWLQJ
WRWKHVHFRQGDU\VLGHRQO\DQDGGLWLRQDOVHFRQGRUGHUORZSDVV
SKRWRYROWDLFV39SURYLGLQJHQHUJ\WRVLPSOH'&ORDGVVXFKDV ILOWHU /3) LV UHTXLUHG RQ WKH $& VLGH WR DFKLHYH FOHDQ KLJK
EDWWHULHVDQGKLJKIUHTXHQF\$&ORDGVVXFKDVIOXRUHVFHQWOLJKWV IUHTXHQF\$&RXWSXW7KHSURSRVHGWRSRORJ\LVVKRZQLQ)LJ
DV LOOXVWUDWHG LQ )LJ 7KH FKRLFH RI D IO\EDFN FRQYHUWHU VWHPV $V VKRZQ LQ )LJ  WKH WUDQVIRUPHU SULPDU\ PDJQHWL]LQJ
IURP LWV KLJK HIILFLHQF\ DQG LQKHUHQW $& FRQYHUVLRQ ZKLFK LV
XVXDOO\UHFWLILHGWRUHDFKD'&RXWSXW,WLVDOVRRQHRIWKHPRVW
FRPPRQFRQYHUWHUVLQVZLWFKPRGHSRZHUVXSSOLHVEHORZ:
>@ $QRWKHU IHDWXUH RI WKLV FRQYHUWHU LV LWV HOHFWULFDO LVRODWLRQ LV HVVHQWLDO WR UHGXFH WKH LQSXW YROWDJH ULSSOH DQG GLVVLSDWH WKH
EHWZHHQ WKH LQSXW DQG RXWSXW VLGHV WKURXJK D FRXSOHG LQGXFWRU
ZKLFKLVDOVRNQRZQDVWKHIO\EDFNWUDQVIRUPHU>@,WFDQRIIHU
VLQJOH RU PXOWLSOH LVRODWHG RXWSXW YROWDJHV DQG RSHUDWH RYHU D
UDQJH RI LQSXW YROWDJHV >@ 7KH FRXSOHG LQGXFWRU GRHV QRW
FRQGXFW FXUUHQW RQ ERWK VLGHV VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ GLIIHUHQW IURP
QRUPDO WUDQVIRUPHUV LW VWRUHV LQSXW HQHUJ\ E\ LQSXW FXUUHQW
VWRUHVHQHUJ\LQWRLWVDLUJDSGXULQJRQHSRUWLRQRIWKHVZLWFKLQJ
F\FOH²µ21¶ DQG UHOHDVHV LW WR WKH RXWSXWV GXULQJ WKH RWKHU
LQGXFWDQFH Lm LV FRQQHFWHG WR D '& LQSXW YROWDJH Vin DQG
IROORZHGE\DVZLWFKLQJ026)(7DWKLJKIUHTXHQF\7KLVLQSXW
VWDJHLVWKHVDPH ZLWKWUDGLWLRQDOWRSRORJ\7KHVQXEEHUFLUFXLW
UHPDLQLQJDLUJDSHQHUJ\DIWHUDVZLWFKLQJF\FOH>@:KLOHWKH
'& RXWSXW SRUW LV VLPLODU WR WKDW LQ WKH WUDGLWLRQDO IO\EDFN
FRQYHUWHUWKH$&RXWSXWSRUWRQWKHULJKWLVSURSRVHG²DVLPSOH
VHFRQGRUGHU /& ORZSDVV ILOWHU LV XWLOL]HG WR VKDSH Vs2 IURP D
]HURRIIVHWVTXDUHZDYHWRDVLQXVRLGDOZDYH7KH$&RXWSXWLV
FRQWLQXRXV DV ZHOO VLQFH Vs2 LV FRQWLQXRXV VTXDUH ZDYHV IURP
SULPDU\ ZLQGLQJ 7KH UHDO SRZHU WUDQVIHUUHG IURP WKH $&
3DSHU3 :RUNVKRSRQ&RQWURODQG0RGHOLQJIRU3RZHU(OHFWURQLFV&203(/ 
U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright
VHFRQGDU\ZLQGLQJWRWKHORDGDQGWKHILOWHULVLGHDOO\FRQVHUYHG ,,, (;3(5,0(17$/5(68/76
VLQFHWKHODWWHURQO\FRQWDLQVLQGXFWRUDQGFDSDFLWRUWKDWLPSDFW
$ SUHYLRXV SURWRW\SH QRW VKRZQ KHUH VXIIHUHG IURP ORZ
UHDFWLYH SRZHU :LWK H[LVWLQJ FRQWURO RI WKH '& VLGH WKH $&
SRZHU HIILFLHQF\ Ș DQG VLJQLILFDQW $& ZDYHIRUP GLVWRUWLRQ
WHUPLQDOJLYHVFRQWLQXRXVRXWSXWDWWKHVZLWFKLQJIUHTXHQF\,WLV
HYHQGXULQJORZSRZHURSHUDWLRQ7KHSURWRW\SHVKRZQLQ)LJ
LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW WKH HIIHFW RI WKH $& VLGH RQ '& RXWSXW
ZDVEXLOWZLWKPLQLPXPOHDGVZLUHVDQGDWZROD\HUSURWRW\SH
DQG SRZHU UHJXODWLRQ LV VKRZQ LQ WKH KDUGZDUH WHVWLQJ UHVXOWV
ERDUG WKXV UHGXFLQJ ERDUG SDUDVLWLF HIIHFWV 7KLV GXDORXWSXW
EXWVWLOOQHHGVEHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJIURPDPRGHOLQJSHUVSHFWLYH
IO\EDFN FRQYHUWHU LV RSHUDWHG LQ WKH GLVFRQWLQXRXV FRQGXFWLRQ
PRGH '&0 > @ ZKLFK DOVR HQKDQFHV Ș GXH WR OHVV SRZHU
GLVVLSDWHGLQWKHVQXEEHUFLUFXLWDQG026)(7
9DULRXV UHVLVWLYH ORDGV ZKHUH WHVWHG DW ERWK $& DQG '&
RXWSXW SRUWV 5HVXOWV IURP WKHVH WHVWV XQGHU YDULRXV LQSXW
YROWDJHV ZLWK RSHQORRS FRQWURO ZHUH UHFRUGHG :DYHIRUPV RI
RQH H[DPSOH ZKHUH Vin 9 DQG ERWK ORDGV EHLQJ ŸHDFK
DUH VKRZQ LQ )LJ  DG 7KH GXDORXWSXW YROWDJH DQG FXUUHQW
YDOXHVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH,,
7$%/(,,7HVWLQJUHVXOWVRIH[DPSOHVin 9Rdc Rac Ÿ
Input Stage DC Output Port AC Output Port Ș (%)
(rms value)
)LJ3URSRVHGGXDORXWSXW$&DQG'&IO\EDFNFRQYHUWHUWRSRORJ\ Iin Pin Vdc Idc Pdc Vac Iac Pac
$ : 9 P$ : 9 $ :
7KH H[SHULPHQWDO SURWRW\SH RI )LJ  LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  LQ
DGGLWLRQ WR WKH JDWH GULYH FLUFXLW DQG $& RXWSXW SRUW FXUUHQW         
VHQVLQJUHVLVWRU7KHFRQYHUWHUSURWRW\SHLVUXQXQGHURSHQORRS
FRQWURO ZKHUH D 3:0 VLJQDO LV SURYLGHG WR WKH JDWH GULYHU 6LQFH WKH $& RXWSXW LV D FRQWLQXRXV VLQXVRLGDO ZDYHIRUP
ZLWKRXWFORVHGORRSIHHGEDFN/RDGVRQWKH'&DQG$&RXWSXW WKH 506 YDOXHV RI LWV YROWDJH DQG FXUUHQW ZKLOH WKH PHDQ
SRUWV DUH VLPSOH UHVLVWRUV DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ  6HFWLRQ ,,, YDOXHV RI WKH '& RXWSXW DUH PHDVXUHG (IILFLHQF\ LV FDOFXODWHG
HODERUDWHVRQWKHWHVWLQJUHVXOWVIRUYDULRXVORDGV ZKLOH7DEOH, E\ DVVXPLQJ WKDW WKH WRWDO LQSXW SRZHU LV FRQVHUYHG DV ORVVHV
VKRZVWKHYDOXHVRUSDUWQXPEHUVRIWKHFRPSRQHQWVXVHG7KH SOXV WKH SRZHU GHOLYHUHG WR WKH '& DQG $& ORDGV ,Q WKH LGHDO
GXW\DLVVHWWRWKHVZLWFKLQJIUHTXHQF\fLVVHWWR VLWXDWLRQZLWKRXWDQ\RWKHUGLVVLSDWLRQRUKHDWWKHHQHUJ\LQWKH
N+]DQGWKHIO\EDFNWXUQVUDWLRNLVSHURXWSXWSRUW GXDORXWSXWIO\EDFNFRQYHUWHULVVXSSRVHGWREHFRQVHUYHG

DC Output Port
Load
Flyback
Snubber
Transformer
Vin

MOSFET

GND

LC Filter
Sensing Resistor
Gate Drive
Power
Gete Drive PWM Load 
AC Output Port )LJD,QSXWYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWZDYHIRUPVZLWKVin 9Rdc Rac Ÿ

)LJ+DUGZDUHFLUFXLWRISURSRVHGGXDORXWSXWIO\EDFNFRQYHUWHUWRSRORJ\ )LJ D VKRZV WKH LQSXW YROWDJH DQG FXUUHQW ZDYHIRUP LQ
7$%/(,/LVWLQJVRISDUWLDOFRPSRQHQWVRIKDUGZDUHFLUFXLW
WKLVFDVH7KH'&LQSXWYROWDJHEOXHLVVOLJKWO\GLVWRUWHGE\WKH
VZLWFKLQJ VLJQDO 7KH LQSXW FXUUHQW UHG VKRZV WKDW FXUUHQW
Name Part Parameter LQFUHDVHV GXULQJ HYHU\ VZLWFKLQJ F\FOH RI µ21¶ DQG UHWXUQV WR
Lm —+&RLOFUDIW32()/ ]HUR EHIRUH HYHU\ VLQJOH HQG RI VZLWFKLQJ F\FOH ZKLFK YHULILHV
D1 9$RYHUVL]HG WKH'&0RIGXDORXWSXWIO\EDFNFRQYHUWHURSHUDWLRQ+RZHYHU
C —)(OHFWURO\WLF FRPSDULQJ GXDORXWSXW WR VLQJOHRXWSXW IO\EDFN FRQYHUWHU WKH
Lf —+ GXW\ UDWLR D LV DIIHFWHG DQG UHGXFHG IURP  DV VHW RQ WKH
Cf —)&HUDPLF 3:0 VRXUFH WR  Don LQ WKH KDUGZDUH WHVWLQJ 7KH
D2 9$RYHUVL]HG FRQYHUWHUWDNHVDURXQGRIRQHSHULRGIRUWKHLQSXWFXUUHQW
Cs —)9 WRUHWXUQWR]HURDoffDQGWKHUHPDLQLQJ]HURFXUUHQWSRUWLRQRI
Rs NŸ WKHVZLWFKLQJSHULRGLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\7KHUHDVRQZK\WKH
Rdc 3RZHU5HVLVWRUŸRUŸ GXW\ UDWLR GURSV IURP  WR DSSUR[LPDWHO\  LV VWLOO EHLQJ
Rac 3RZHU5HVLVWRUŸRUŸ LQYHVWLJDWHG

3DSHU3 :RUNVKRSRQ&RQWURODQG0RGHOLQJIRU3RZHU(OHFWURQLFV&203(/ 

 ŸUHODWLYHO\WKHVDPHDVWKHUHVLVWDQFHŸORDGUHVLVWRU
ZLWKHUURU
9DULRXVLQSXW YROWDJHVDQGIRXUGLIIHUHQW ORDGFRPELQDWLRQV
ZHUHWHVWHG ZKHUHRdc RacDW ŸRUŸRURdcRac ZKHUH
RQH LV Ÿ DQG WKH RWKHU LV Ÿ 7DEOHV ,,,9, SUHVHQW
PHDVXUHGLQSXWDQGRXWSXWYROWDJHVDQGFXUUHQWVDORQJZLWKWKH
WRWDO FRQYHUWHU HIILFLHQF\ 7KH DYHUDJH SRZHU HIILFLHQF\ LV
VKRZQ WR EH DERYH  DQG LQFUHDVHV DV WKH LQSXW YROWDJH
LQFUHDVHV 7KH IRXUWK DQG VL[WK FROXPQV RI 7DEOHV ,,, DQG ,9
VKRZ WKDW Vdc DQG Vac FRUUHODWH ZHOO DV WKH\ ERWK LQFUHDVH RU
 GHFUHDVH ZKHQ HDFK ORDG LQFUHDVHV RU GHFUHDVHV UHVSHFWLYHO\
7KH VDPH LQSXW YROWDJH SURYLGHV KLJKHU '& DQG $& RXWSXW
)LJE'&DQG$&RXWSXWZDYHIRUPVZLWKVin 9Rdc Rac Ÿ
YROWDJHV XQGHU WKH ORZORDGLQJ FRQGLWLRQ ERWK Ÿ ORDGV
)LJEVKRZVERWK'&DQG$&RXWSXWVZDYHIRUPVIRUWKH
H[DPSOH LQ 7DEOH ,, %RWK '& DQG $& YROWDJHV DUH FRQWLQXRXV
DQG VWDEOH WKXV ERWK '& DQG $& RXWSXW SRUWV IXQFWLRQ DV
H[SHFWHG IRU WKH SURSRVHG GXDORXWSXW IO\EDFN FRQYHUWHU '&
DQG $& YROWDJHV DUH PRUH FOHDU DQG VPRRWK WKDQ FXUUHQWV DV
FXUUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWVDUHPRUHVHQVLWLYHWRVZLWFKLQJWUDQVLHQWV
FRPSDUHGWRKLJKORDGLQJFRQGLWLRQZKHUHERWKORDGVDUHŸ
7KLV LV H[SHFWHG XQGHU RSHQORRS FRQWURO ZKHUH ERWK GXDO
RXWSXWYROWDJHVKDYHSRVLWLYHFRUUHODWLRQZLWKWKHORDGUHVLVWDQFH
$VH[SHFWHGWKHLQSXWFXUUHQWDVDQHJDWLYHUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKWKH
ORDGUHVLVWDQFHZKHUHWKHORDGFXUUHQWLQFUHDVHV%XWDGGLQJWKH
$&RXWSXWSRUWFKDQJHVWKHH[SHFWHG'&RXWSXWYROWDJHRQWKH
)LJ F VKRZV RQO\ WKH $& YROWDJH DQG FXUUHQW IRU WKH
H[DPSOH LQ 7DEOH ,, 7KH $& RXWSXW IUHTXHQF\ LV DW WKH
VZLWFKLQJ IUHTXHQF\ DQG D VLQXVRLGDO YROWDJH DW VZLWFKLQJ
IUHTXHQF\ LV DFKLHYHG 7KH $& RXWSXW FXUUHQW KDV VRPH SKDVH
ODJVLQFHWKHSRZHUUHVLVWRUVKRZVVRPHLQGXFWLYHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
DW N+] 7KH SRZHU UHVLVWRU ZDV FKDUDFWHUL]HG RQ D QHWZRUN
DQDO\]HU WR KDYH —+ LQGXFWDQFH LQ VHULHV ZLWK Ÿ
UHVLVWDQFHDWN+]ZKLFKJLYHDƒGHJUHHSKDVHODJWKDW
'& SRUW FRPSDUHG WR ZHOO NQRZQ HTXDWLRQV $ PHWKRG WR
WKHRUHWLFDOO\SUHGLFWWKH'&DQG$&RXWSXWYROWDJHVLVGLVFXVVHG
LQ6HFWLRQ,9
&RPSDULQJ 7DEOHV 9 DQG ,,, RU 7DEOHV 9, DQG ,9 WKH
REVHUYDWLRQVGLVFXVVHGDERYHVWLOOKROGHYHQ ZLWK³XQEDODQFHG´
ORDGV 7KH GLIIHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ YDOXHV RI HDFK URZ LQ HYHU\
VLQJOHFROXPQDUHH[SHULPHQWDOO\WKHVDPH&RQWURORIERWKWKH
'&DQG$&RXWSXWYROWDJHVLVH[SHFWHGWREHVLPXOWDQHRXVVLQFH
FDQEHLJQRUHGVLQFHWKHSRZHUIDFWRUFRVR§ RQO\ RQH FRQWURO VLJQDO LV DYDLODEOH DQG WKDW LV WR VZLWFK WKH
SULPDU\VLGH026)(7

7$%/(,,,9DULRXVLQSXWYROWDJHVIRUWKHEDODQFHGORDGRdc Rac Ÿ
Input Stage DC Output AC Output Output Ș
Vin Iin Pin Vdc Idc Vac Iac Power (%)
9 $ : 9 $ 9 $ (W)
        
        
        
        

 
7$%/(,99DULRXVLQSXWYROWDJHVIRUWKHEDODQFHGORDGRdc Rac Ÿ
)LJF$&RXWSXWYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWZLWKVin 9Rdc Rac Ÿ
Input Stage DC Output AC Output Output Ș
Vin Iin Pin Vdc Idc Vac Iac Power (%)
9 $ : 9 $ 9 $ (W)
        
        
        
        


7$%/(99DULRXVLQSXWYROWDJHVIRUWKHXQEDODQFHGORDGRdc ŸRac Ÿ
Input Stage DC Output AC Output Output Ș
Vin Iin Pin Vdc Idc Vac Iac Power (%)
 9 $ : 9 $ 9 $ (W)
        
)LJG'&RXWSXWYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWZLWKVin 9Rdc Rac Ÿ
        
)LJ G VKRZV RQO\ '& YROWDJH DQG FXUUHQW IURP 7DEOH ,,         
        
ZKLFKDUHVLPLODUWRWKRVHLQDWUDGLWLRQDOIO\EDFNFRQYHUWHU'&
RXWSXW 7KH UDWLR EHWZHHQ '& RXWSXW YROWDJH DQG FXUUHQW LV 


3DSHU3 :RUNVKRSRQ&RQWURODQG0RGHOLQJIRU3RZHU(OHFWURQLFV&203(/ 

 7$%/(9,9DULRXVLQSXWYROWDJHVIRUWKHXQEDODQFHGORDGRdc Ÿ ZKHUHIpeak LVWKHSHDNYDOXH RIWKHLQSXWFXUUHQW²EDVLFDOO\WKH
Rac Ÿ
YDOXH DW WKH HQG RI HYHU\ VZLWFKLQJ µ21¶ SHULRG DQG Io
Input Stage DC Output AC Output Output Ș UHSUHVHQWV WKH UHWXUQLQJ LQSXW FXUUHQW YDOXH DW WKH HQG RI HYHU\
Vin Iin Pin Vdc Idc Vac Iac Power (%) VZLWFKLQJ F\FOH %HFDXVH WKH SURSRVHG IO\EDFN FRQYHUWHU
9 $ : 9 $ 9 $ (W)
WRSRORJ\ LV RSHUDWHG LQ '&0 WKH LQSXW FXUUHQW UHWXUQV WR ]HUR
        
         EHIRUHWKHHQGRIDVZLWFKLQJF\FOHDQGWKXVIo LVDOZD\V]HURT
         LV RQH SHULRG WLPH RI VZLWFKLQJ F\FOH T f Don LV WKH GXW\
         UDWLRRIWKH026)(7VZLWFKLQJVLJQDOZKHUHWKHIinLQFUHDVHVWR
IpeakGXULQJDonTZKLOH DoffUHSUHVHQWVWKHSRUWLRQRIT GXULQJ Iin
&RQVLGHULQJWKHUDWLRĮEHWZHHQWKH$&RXWSXWSRZHUDQGWKH
GHFD\VIURPIpeakWR]HUR$VPHQWLRQHGHDUOLHUDonLVURXJKO\
WRWDORXWSXWSRZHUUHIOHFWVWKHVKDUHRIWKH$&SRUWRIWKHWRWDO
UDWKHUWKDQDQGDoffLVURXJKO\(TXDWLRQFDQWKHQ
RXWSXW SRZHU $V VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH 9,, Į LV DOPRVW FRQVWDQW IRU
EHUHZULWWHQDV
GLIIHUHQW LQSXW YROWDJHV XQGHU WKH VDPH ORDGLQJ FRQGLWLRQV ,Q
 V
WKH EDODQFHG ORDG UHVLVWRU FDVHV WKH $& RXWSXW SRUW WDNHV XS Ein = Vin  in DonT  Don + Doff T 
PRUH RXWSXW SRZHU WKDQ WKH '& RXWSXW SRUW ZLWK Į§  Lm
+RZHYHULQWKHXQEDODQFHGORDGUHVLVWRUFDVHVWKLVUDWLRPRYHV
LQ DV H[SHFWHG DERYH DQG EHORZ WKH  UDWLR WR  ZLWK D ZKHUH WKH LQSXW HQHUJ\ RQO\ GHSHQGV RQ WKH LQSXW YROWDJH RQ
KLJK$&ORDGFROXPQVL[LQ7DEOH9,,DQGZLWKDORZ$& DQG RII GXW\ UDWLRV Lm DQG WKH VZLWFKLQJ SHULRG DV VKRZQ LQ
ORDGFROXPQHLJKWLQ7DEOH9,, HTXDWLRQ  ZKLFK LV VLPLODU WR WKDW RI FRQYHQWLRQDO IO\EDFN
FRQYHUWHUV7KHVXPRIWKH'&DQG $&RXWSXWSRUWV¶HQHUJ\ LV
7DEOH9,,5DWLRRI$&RXWSXWSRZHUWRWRWDORXWSXWSRZHUĮ VXSSRVHGWRHTXDOWRWKLVLQSXWHQHUJ\YDOXHEHFDXVHRIHQHUJ\
Rdc=Rac=50.4Ÿ Rdc=Rac=101Ÿ Rdc=101Ÿ, Rdc=50.4Ÿ, FRQVHUYDWLRQ DQG DVVXPLQJ DQ LGHDO FRQYHUWHU 7KH WRWDO RXWSXW
Rac=50.4Ÿ Rac=101Ÿ HQHUJ\EHFRPHV
Vin Į Vin  Į Vin Į Vin Į
9 9 9 9 Vac  V 
Etotal = T + dc T 
        Rac Rdc
       
        &RPELQLQJHTXDWLRQVDQG
       
Vin  V  V 
Don  Don + Doff T  = ac T + dc T 
,9 0$7+(0$7,&$/02'(//,1*  Lm Rac Rdc
0RGHOLQJ LV HVVHQWLDO WR EHWWHU XQGHUVWDQG WKH SURSRVHG &DQFHOLQJRQHTIURPERWKVLGHVRIHTXDWLRQ
WRSRORJ\LQFOXGLQJLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHLQSXWDQGRXWSXWDQG
EHWZHHQ WKH '& DQG $& RXWSXW SRUWV ,Q WKLV VHFWLRQ RQO\ WKH Vin  V  V 
LGHDO FRQYHUWHU LV FRQVLGHUHG FRPSDUHG WR WKH QRQLGHDO Don  Don + Doff T = ac + dc 
 Lm Rac Rdc
H[SHULPHQWVSUHVHQWHGLQ6HFWLRQ,,,,WLVDVVXPHGWKDWERWKWKH
'& DQG $& RXWSXW SRZHUV DUH FRPSOHWHO\ GLVVLSDWHG LQ WKH ZKHUH ULJKW VLGH RI HTXDWLRQ  LV WKH FRPELQHG '& DQG $&
UHVLVWLYHORDGVZKHUHRWKHUUHVLVWLYHHOHPHQWVHJFDSDFLWRU(65 RXWSXWSRZHU(TXDWLRQVDQGDUHFUXFLDOWRWKHSURSRVHG
DUH LJQRUHG 7KH VQXEEHU FLUFXLW LV DOVR QHJOHFWHG VLQFH XQGHU GXDORXWSXWIO\EDFNFRQYHUWHUEXWWKHSUHVHQFHRIWZRYROWDJHV
LGHDOFRQGLWLRQVDOOHQHUJ\VWRUHGLQWKHIO\EDFNWUDQVIRUPHUDLU LQ  UHTXLUHV IXUWKHU UHVHDUFK LQWR KRZ WKH\ FRUUHODWH IRU
JDSLVUHOHDVHGWRWKHGXDORXWSXWSRUWVLQ'&0 FRQWURODQGDSSOLFDWLRQSXUSRVHV
7KURXJKWKHDYHUDJHLQSXWYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWZDYHIRUPVLQ 7KH/&ORZSDVV ILOWHUDOWHUV WKHFRQWLQXRXVVTXDUH ZDYHDW
)LJ D DQG DSSUR[LPDWLQJ WKH FXUUHQW QRQ]HUR SRUWLRQ DV D
WULDQJOHVKRZQLQ)LJ
WKH WUDQVIRUPHU VHFRQGDU\ LQWR D VLQXVRLGDO ZDYH ZLWK ]HUR
RIIVHWDWWKH$&RXWSXWSRUW0RUHVSHFLILFDOO\WKH/&ORZSDVV
ILOWHU EORFNV KLJK IUHTXHQF\ FRPSRQHQWV DQG NHHSV WKH
IXQGDPHQWDOFRPSRQHQWLQWKH)RXULHUVHULHVRIWKHVTXDUHZDYH
:LWKWKH)RXULHUVHULHVRIWKHVTXDUHZDYHEHLQJ
∞
 
S t  = ¦
π n = n
VLQnπft  

ZKHUHStLVWKHVTXDUHZDYHZLWKDPSOLWXGHDQG]HURRIIVHWf
LV LWV IUHTXHQF\ ZKLFK LV WKH VZLWFKLQJ IUHTXHQF\ LQ WKLV
WRSRORJ\7KHIXQGDPHQWDOFRPSRQHQWEHLQJVacZLWKn LV

Vac t  = A Vin VLQπft  
)LJ0RGHOLQJDQDO\VLVRILQSXWFXUUHQWZDYHIRUP
π

WKHDYHUDJHLQSXWHQHUJ\LQWRWKHIO\EDFNFRQYHUWHULV ZKHUHALVDQXQNQRZQFRHIILFLHQWUHODWHGWRWKHORDGUHVLVWDQFH
 DQG HTXDWLRQ  VKRZV WKH $& RXWSXW YROWDJH LQ WKH WLPH
Ein = Vin  I peak + I o  Don + Doff T  GRPDLQ7KHUHIRUHWKH506YDOXHRIWKH$&RXWSXWYROWDJHLV

3DSHU3 :RUNVKRSRQ&RQWURODQG0RGHOLQJIRU3RZHU(OHFWURQLFV&203(/ 
  
Vac = A Vin 
π
$&.12:/('*0(17
5HSODFLQJ Vac LQ HTXDWLRQ  E\ HTXDWLRQ  DQG UHDUUDQJLQJ
7KHDXWKRUVZRXOGOLNHWRDFNQRZOHGJHWKHFRQWULEXWLRQRI
WHUPV\LHOGVVdcDV
-XOLR<HODDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI&RQQHFWLFXWIRUKLVHDUO\HIIRUWRQ
Don  Don + Doff T A  WKLVWRSLFZKLFKKHOSHGLGHQWLI\VRPHFKDOOHQJHV
Vdc = Vin   Rdc −   Rdc 
 Lm Racπ  5()(5(1&(6
1RWH WKDW HTXDWLRQ  LV D SRVLWLYH UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK WKH LQSXW
YROWDJHDQGWKHUHVLVWLYHORDG
&RPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ WKHRUHWLFDO DQG H[SHULPHQWDO YDOXHV RI
VdcLVSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH9,,,7KHRUHWLFDOYDOXHVDUHFDOFXODWHG
>@ 6L\DQJ =KDR -XQPLQJ =KDQJ DQG <DQJ 6KL $ ORZ FRVW ORZ SRZHU
)O\EDFN FRQYHUWHU ZLWK D VLPSOH WUDQVIRUPHU LQ Proc. International
Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC) 
SS
>@ ;LDQJMXQ =KDQJ +DQNXL /LX DQG= ;X $QDO\VLV DQG GHVLJQ RI WKH
XVLQJHTXDWLRQVDQGH[SHULPHQWDOYDOXHVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKH
7DEOH ,,, /DUJH HUURU LV REVHUYHG DW ORZ Vin ZKHUH WKH SRZHU
HIILFLHQF\LVDOVRORZHUWKDQRWKHUFDVHVDQGWKXVQRQLGHDOLWLHV
DUHPRUHGRPLQDQWLQWKHFLUFXLW7KHUHIRUHWKH'&RXWSXWSRZHU
LV OHVV WKDQ WKDW IURP WKH SURSRVHG PRGHO OHDGLQJ WR D ORZHU
H[SHULPHQWDOYROWDJH%HFDXVHRIXQGHILQHGFRHIILFLHQWALQWKH
IO\EDFN WUDQVIRUPHU LQ Proc. Annual Conference of the IEEEIndustrial
Electronics Society (IECON),SS
>@ 1 9D]TXH] + /RSH] & +HUQDQGH] DQG + &DOOHMD 0XOWLSOHRXWSXW
'&WR'& EDVHG RQ WKH IO\EDFN FRQYHUWHU LQ Proc. IEEE International
Power Electronics Congress, SS
>@ &.+XDQJ++1LHQ6.&KDQJFKLHQ&+&KDQDQG&.&KHQ$Q
RSWLPDO GHVLJQHG 5&' VQXEEHU IRU '&'& FRQYHUWHUV LQ Proc.
International Conference onControl, Automation, Robotics and Vision,
HTXDWLRQ  H[SHULPHQWDO YDOXHV RI Vac DUH XVHG LQ WKH SS
WKHRUHWLFDO FDOFXODWLRQV 0RUH GHWDLOHG FRPSDULVRQV DUH >@ :0F0XUUD\6HOHFWLRQRI6QXEEHUVDQG&ODPSVWR2SWLPL]HWKH'HVLJQ
SUHVHQWHGLQWKHIXWXUHZRUN RI 7UDQVLVWRU 6ZLWFKLQJ &RQYHUWHUV LQ IEEE Transactions onIndustry
ApplicationsYRO,$QRSS-XO\
7DEOH9,,,7KHRUHWLFDOYDOXHVDQGH[SHULPHQWDOYDOXHVRI'&RXWSXWYROWDJH >@ *1 :RRGLQJ DQG $6 'H %HHU 7KH HIIHFW RI OHDNDJH LQGXFWDQFH DQG
ZLWKEDODQFHGORDGRdc Rac Ÿ VQXEELQJ RQ HOHFWURPDJQHWLF LQWHUIHUHQFH JHQHUDWHG E\ D IO\EDFN
FRQYHUWHULQProc.AFRICONSS
Input Voltage Vdc Error
>@ /0. -RKQ\ DQG 7.- 6HEDVWLDQ $ IO\EDFN '&0 '&$& FRQYHUWHU
Vin 9 7KHRUHWLFDO9 ([SHULPHQWDO9 IRU 39 DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ Proc. Annual International Conference
    onEmerging Research Areas and 2013 International Conference on
    Microelectronics, Communications and Renewable Energy,SS
>@ 6 +RZLPDQSRUQ DQG&%XQODNVDQDQXVRUQ 3HUIRUPDQFH FRPSDULVRQ RI
    FRQWLQXRXV FRQGXFWLRQ PRGH &&0 DQG GLVFRQWLQXRXV FRQGXFWLRQ PRGH
    '&0 IO\EDFN FRQYHUWHUV LQ Proc. International Conference on Power
Electronics and Drive Systems(PEDS)SS
)XUWKHU PRGHOLQJ UHVHDUFK LV QHFHVVDU\ WR EHWWHU XQGHUVWDQG
WKHG\QDPLFVRIWKHSURSRVHGFLUFXLWLWVFRPSRQHQWVL]LQJDQG
LWVFRQWUROVWUDWHJLHV)LQGLQJWKH$&RXWSXW YROWDJHFRHIILFLHQW
ALVDOVRHVVHQWLDO

9 &21&/86,21$1')8785(:25.
7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVDQHZWRSRORJ\RIDGXDORXWSXWIO\EDFN
FRQYHUWHUSURYLGLQJ$&DQG'&YROWDJHV(YHQWKRXJKLWFRXOG
EH DSSOLFDEOH LQ YDULRXV DSSOLFDWLRQV WKH WDUJHW DSSOLFDWLRQ LV
UXUDOUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\ZKHUHKLJKIUHTXHQF\$&YROWDJHFDQEH
XVHG IRU IOXRUHVFHQW OLJKWLQJ LQ DGGLWLRQ WR WKH UHJXODU '&
YROWDJHIRUHOHFWURQLFORDGV:KLOHRWKHUOLJKWLQJRSWLRQVVXFKDV
/('V FDQ UHSODFH WKH $& OLJKWLQJ LQ WKH ORQJ UXQ WKH ODWWHU LV
VWLOO PRUH FRVWHIIHFWLYH HVSHFLDOO\ LQ XQGHUGHYHORSHG DUHDV
5HVXOWV VKRZ D SURRIRIFRQFHSW RI WKH SRVVLEOH XWLOL]DWLRQ RI
ERWK$&DQG'&YROWDJHVIURPRQHIO\EDFNWRSRORJ\7KH\DOVR
VKRZH[SHFWHGFRUUHODWLRQWRORDGLQJFRQGLWLRQV8QGHUVWDQGLQJ
WKHRSHUDWLRQDQGPRGHOLQJLVSUHVHQWHGKHUHDQGWKHFRQYHUWHU
HIILFLHQF\ LV VKRZQ WR EH KLJK HVSHFLDOO\ LI FRPSDUHG WR
WRSRORJLHVZKHUHGFGFDFFRQYHUVLRQLVFDVFDGHG7KHSURSRVHG
PRGHOLQJDSSURDFKVKRZVORZHUURUVEHWZHHQWKHWKHRUHWLFDODQG
PHDVXUHG'&RXWSXWYROWDJH)XWXUHZRUNZLOOLQFOXGHIRFXVRQ
GHYHORSLQJDQRQLGHDOPRGHOHVWDEOLVKLQJDFORVHGORRSFRQWURO
VWUDWHJ\ IRU '& DQGRU $& RXWSXW YROWDJHV IRUPDOL]LQJ WKH
FDSDFLWRU DQG LQGXFWRU VL]LQJ SURFHGXUH DQG DSSO\LQJ WKH
SURSRVHG WRSRORJ\ LQ VHYHUDO DSSOLFDWLRQV DW KLJKHU SRZHU
UDWLQJV
3DSHU3 :RUNVKRSRQ&RQWURODQG0RGHOLQJIRU3RZHU(OHFWURQLFV&203(/