Q ab EQ n atb EQ

a) they
a. b E →

Direct proof :

I et and b -
-

Pq with min , p q EIN

,

÷÷÷÷÷÷¥¥
↳ Then Iq
I
nmqI
ab -

- . =

EIN
p EIN →
m, m
p

- o
.

> Then at b I t
Pq I
-
-
=

my PETN → mt
p EIN
n
,q
EIN → n i
-

qe
Let ht p =
X and n tf y
EIN
Then at b
If with X
y
=
,

→ x
⇐ ⑦ → at be Q
Ty
D
 f EI att EI rateI for a
to
at Q n
→
t

Proof :
By contradiction
EI
=
Note that if at E #④ → att E att

\
at E ④ Is at I
/ HQ E
and if at
→

N
at EE I
Porto .

Let att E Q
*

This contradicts our assumption that t # Q

,

at EI
> Pwt
Cet at E Q

→ at Q
E
-a
→ to ④
assumption that EEIQ
This contradicts our

att E ④ and ate

Therefore

D
 I not closed under addition and multiplication
Ken
:
is

contradiction
poof By:

not closed
s tf is
Pantone :

Let st t E
I

cette I
a E with aE Q
Let s
-
=

→ SEI by part b
tf a t t t = a EQ
→ S
=
-

Stt # Q STE # I
'

Es
→ Stt E Q Es

that Stt EI
Thos contradicts our
assumption
St is not closed
Patty :

Let SEE I
Let s t = E ?
2
,

Tz =

if
=
rz
Then see

ZAI
assumption that SEE I
Thos contradicts our