For quick evisim ot let

fotentio! V anE.% Scaove V,

EvdiFiele! Intensity
E =
Xxto Vector
Ne EdElectric clipote Pa
:
Equal &
OPPoslte charge ceproed by Gmal cštanee Moment 2l
REct 1POLE
on 2.-Eand
V
on Equitoriat :
Ilns 3. lorque on Dipole :
Aial Linei
V

E jenct
: at pt P on E En cas0+ Egtns Net For ee
since
Torque : Forte
xl istane
:2-2€acos0 (Be -12sin

t:2x : E(244) sino

e
E 2q2 P |T= PE sin =?xE
2pr
4nEo (r")? Tmax PE For G:q0*
P Work Done m Rotating Dipol
For Shert clipele T»l W=jtelo (l-toso) PE
( elivectien t) tr e)) FoT shen Dipale f paleiU=-PE cos
4NEo T
Divechion (b)++ Snegy
stable equilbrlwn 030.0=OE
n
unstable equititri
veo 9: 10e"
U
PE.

electne flux (to tal no.e tins.of fnces) emcg 1/a imes
tS
USs THE ORSM
.
70(al jron CIosest sface
$ Me to long Charcd wire:
Due to charatd Plang shcet: i3.2 Due chargsd Hallew Sphere
LIntas chae densty A=aE Surjaee change density aVolume c harge
Gaussin For nov Conucing pla dem sity P= /v
chnge iseonbothSige
IEds = 4Jko

For dsdsg -90

For cuved suTjae t 0 GausHo

.'. Efds /E 1JEdse lonsursou

E fer conducciny shutE=

2nt Eo 4Eor
*i imdependtnt of diston insidag
FroTn th 3ht.
,
APACLTOR: P= cV oT
0/v Faracd C clepemd! on cimensions. Enecgy cf capoæitor
C

Capecitance for poralts plale capoits 2. Nith plelectate

Surtou chnge Densit Energy sene done slab. int
Censtdeu plate capacltr wunN 4 tringing chavge Tt
Arere of rlate A.capacllancel : potentlal
Felldt =
nceie elw: Vxcd
.cd
and et bet plates d
+el

E = r chargect &hent fOtentlat Ve

Exl
|u-cu²qv
dieltetrie slab. Energy Densty (Erg? P

if elietcetrie usth ltelectrte corslant t b/k) AXD

VE(d-t Volumu AxD JoLe/r
Ku pied b'tusr thi plats. Now
C=4tkk) iU:e
E
 Master Cardforquicl: revision of d.Electromagnctic W'aves(3mark
Becquey
Microwaves
(Ritter)
Ultraviolet.106
(Nedt)Visible. (HerschelSx14
Radiowaves
Ratgen)X-rays
rays Gamma
Lnfrared
Máv
100:
light:x10o

-10-to
.10 10.to 10
to to to
10<10nin 109 107
10 10*::>

10"nmn
i 400 700
nm nmn
400-nt

nm
1
mm -1 0.1
mm
m
. 0.1
to to to. to to
m'·Rapid

Racdioactive
lectrors.
egyoms Inner owerfrom'onelightElecuors- Vibration
molecules
;tron Klystron ttons
Xray dcaccelerations

jevelmoving' valve.
tubes shell energy inaerials,

when acceleration

valve
to clccrons.
crergy,leve\,

in
decay,of
or a lrom
leve. theyatoms
of
lower åtoms

-(pagetan)
inner
or
shel!Photographic level
one
in noveemit
magne
*
'f
elèc:Receivers.aerials:

the: en to and
at aPhotsgraphic
and

ues,Photogr-phie

Photocells,
Human
tubes, InfcaredThermopiles,
Paint

onzation
lonization contact

eye,
photographic)Less

Photographic

Alm,
film hlm. Photocells, diodes?

By=Ex=f, chmbe chanber.

Boloeter,

Geiger
.
Giger
.
Bo
sm Similar
beionic(e)() (c) (b)()
S
Pheric

measured Relected
() (9) human
() () scale.
tion () atomic
(b) (4) adioDilferent
Cäuse CauseIanizePnetratè
CariAbsorbed Detected Useful
heahng Analysis
ir lattice
(kz-it)(Kz-ot)
to cause retina particles
of Sinoe

structure.
Radar
communiction.

X•rays
spacing
photoelectricfuoresence
gases
scatiered
all wavelengths'

for
communication.

and natter, wave =3x10-2

many
by 6)by
koecti
eluadating
of:
ditracted
. glass stimulating-nerve
finedetails
Çan usehil properties
than
and (eS, chemical

emission' cäuse m,

.
Nby radiography)
for
dHh4physthti visible
ind
useful
haze
(or crystàls reactions
chemical nolecqular
spedalised.

wavelength)

rom light on of
photography.
for molecular

macroscopic

endings demonstrå

enabling reaction.
metals.
by' structure.

layer atmos uses

and
to of.
in
 AL-TERNATING cURRENT
+TRANS fORMER
a device se. te -I
isA,C. Genevatoy- It isAdexnntng (uNIPrt i
Change a deice hich Convesdt De- Tovectn &
Ac vottage machanical eng4 into magnitude
Princile It iA based electical eneng. tirec.
A.c- Change in balh magnihude
en fsincibte and
mutnl snducion.
id Pxinible:
diection. It
on fsumcable of elecbo
hased
HALS- CYCL€
Comsbuuetioz- tuo
Vasg.
cel -nAgnetic incultion.
Vag
•tehup :Trces Constction:
and decoreOse 2matwe ceLl.
•sep den! docoeas tage (ö) Aeld maghet vo

(Kaand icveases uoert (i)

Sib sun Bushes.

Sthceun
N(LAE 21
2do
dt
LYp Np
i
Vaug
e BANOin+
inkut 27
emoo= BAN Vo (- c832n* con)-Ya (-1+)
.

Cucuit :
A.C. 27 23

Pxe Reaistie Cicut i(couuit contalning ge»istonce) • Root meam

SouSLe:
w
Resiatance is
indebendent
v'ems v
frequerey ofA ()
•Rune stesstieca bactkon cöcuit ( cicuit Conianing Vans= Vo 26
ahacto only)
d+ dt LP Sesies LCR CiCut

(12)°a (IR'+(IXL-IX:)"

|iz (,sin (0t +1/2)

•Paxe inducive ciCuit : vz V,

bin Wt

Va di +vdt
leads
= o cin
L R
di tdt tan¢- X-X¢
di - V (sint dt Vo
(-tos0t) R
 Reraction lhrouh a
Prlsn :
n quai lateae AMPN. By Smts Lans
LA+ 9o' 4
LP+ 96 36o
At96 t 180-(,+)+0 :% SnT
cmrgent
(2)
ray
sin ()
Crposite Amgus. At minimun cniation Sm
ite (1r2)t (*4y) For thum prism

ex euor Ls 20: A+ Sm
tqual -(3)

A:2T:. |Sm : (u-1)

(2)-4) A-Pism Anqe
M:Refractiw tndex.
Amqutat Disper sion: =
(ly - Ue) A
Ds perse Poue:
Sy

(Ray eigh) Dange signals ked.

SKy ppeny bue.
(RAYLEIGH LAW). Redetish apremce of Sun-LSe, 3LUIet
OPT1CAL INSTRU MENTS :

Simple Miostope :
Ccnvex Lens of Leo jo cal lemg anc high
th pOmer.
i). Lmaqe at D.
Objeetplacet blw
fotus and tems.

virtual entange
Image.
Magnifying Pones.
m= ngu madebyimate Object ploed on foces.
angt made byobju
Whm Kpt in posingn Magnity ng Pentee

Compound MicTOSCOpe: 0bjetive - ( onvex lens o

low soal lq th nd small apertue ).
Eyelems -( comvex lemy of high Socas
4ngth nd 1ange apentue ).
Fimat Vrtual mvuted tmage. 1) Imaqe at Imfinity oo
Pinat Emage a emini by

ue

Je

m= max me =
VeIt ) ( 1*P) Length 0f
tube L= Vo je
 4. EECTRO MAGAETIC INDUCTON,
The fhenomina of foacucing induced swvent due to change
in magnetic fux is
called 'electhêmagratic srduc tion.
focccay baus -) change in magnettc uux induces uswiert which
(i) ez -dø
dt Methad ehAraducirg e
LengA Laus- Dndcer uwvert ehþoses
which it
the dured.due t9 e-dp dBACOs9 A
dt dt
acc. to gauw of ConseMwat Induced uwoert /chasgei
e= -dø
-iom o en do -do
Rdt Ret
Motienal <m The emy
nduced due to mation et
a conducor in M.field R
Eddy. CuwMent i- The
dt
-dB·A dt Cocutating incuced cwoent
in a asclating metalllc
dt dt bock keht in nagnete field.
-BdA -Bldz

eBRL It can be secuced sirg y

Diection- Laminated ceve, ancutting
Anticlockuise 26/
slets in slock,
Ahlicatiom
fa-gvg? N
R memain same c Trductisn wuance.
l6ii) Dead
heat galanemetex,
Mucthnl-1nductien: when the
chamg in Chamge in unert uvoent
in imk No. o tusus is douhle sham
SelTnductiont-
wwbient a
án ced, indcecdsu cail inuces .
indutonce tacome Jost
uent in hxacduced whichin Sconday coil ines (L &n).
Opb@seA fhe change in same
coi. elcctical Resonamee :

Main wvtrt mlin uwtert pemi

Unit - Heray
,= farad
/5 PauJeN in A.c. cvcuit!

vnt> L= 1. Hensg H
fomuta+ L=
CmA
D-

P Vams!ams
Solenoid: hz Li
o= BAN (M,NiA)N
nme .n. n

AL
 6.RAY OPTLCS 8.
Reflect fon of Light: i=, Magniigatin - Aeal neted
Convex Muuo t5.m«1 amd negatie
Coneanve Musior - m>1 (eru aLg ed) me!
m>l. <, both t d - (Smal)
Resraclion of Liqht :

Totl IntunaL Reflecion () Dense Rare ü) isic sinie =(i)

Mirror Formu lc i Thin ens Formula : Refrackion througt Sphecalurtou
DSSUMPrLON:
1), Smal Apertue
2). Point se objeet
Objtct AG inye n' Dysmell's tauw
-R
P8' Sinr (sincs i r auvery)
PN PE AMPE
-
6mall
aNB'F
AA'0'F AMFP PM i: ur
MI D COM
=L+Y
-()
Stom tq-|) and (). BCIM
FAom eg (1) amd (2)
By sign conventien uivijae -ve.
4': (u-4) (v-s )
PM
Smce u -ve sign (onvenhe R

-
Vf (-u)v (-u)f
Diielinq by uv
V{ -
UVt uf
uvs uv =
uf-v§
Dliing by uvt
-J: (u-J)
R.
m: o = -Vu u
Lens MaKer Formula : Combined Focat Length :

Muiplyeng by
()

Dy Reyactien thaogh fist susgace adding eqti)2 (1). fst lens jem image 1'ofO
)

R, t
acts s
obj ect toL tecon ny
I' acts as m obect fosecond u9) (-) mcl
finae mage is fomeel
at I, So fot seeons lens.
Supact to hat unal imagu 2

fomed at t, sO ye cecond Pouver of Lens:

aeace. eq
loo Diopte. Aeuny c1)4(12
3m)
R2
 Iroperties of.Magnet : MAGNE TES M 5.
i): Moqnus have pou amd so uth pole. 2). Angle os
Dedination: Angte bjuo geogr
noth
2). L RLs poles epe 4 like attract cachothu. aphica mniian & mag. menidia a
3). FAuly suspenct magnet aests in N-s cuiection. a pount u catledt hngtu of Dectinatien.
4). Mo no pcu do net exiss. 3). Horiz0ntal Intensity ef Earth Mag.fld
s). Mag umgtt j eq- w 0.84 timus eb thuis geomtne agih Theherigcntal compomunt of to- Eanth'mag
Magnete Dépole Moment :
N(24))$ Held at amy poimt is calecl ho igcndal
M= M2l Unit :
A.m' tntensity
BU
M Pole Stremg th. BsunŠ. -tam& ,6(o HN)
BH
M. Due to Current boop When uuuent u B -JBH ?4Gvi
passeel hioug h a locp
it, behawes tike a magnet.
(M =in ) : ent xArea MNiA Magneue Fietd ef Earth:
(n4): (Geoqraphi cal
Meridion 5 (Maqntic Sott)
Maqnetie Dipole Movement of a Magne)
Kevolvinge:
M:
i (6toqraphieat
(a) : evr ( for Equater)
eV 2^Y/t)
Magnetie Field
Intens9-2x4YAm
to (Magneic (Magnetic Equator)
due Maqnett
Dipole : Herth)
1) On Axial line: (Gecgraphical ) Pou
2m
r3 Maqnetic Mateual :
2). Dn Eguatcrial Lüne: Paramsgnatie Dinaanetie| Ferromegnati
B= Mo
)Odd no. ofen 1) Evem mo: ef€ ) t consuts of
outer most orb and pesss demaln eprated.
Tbrgue Acting on Dlpole in Ma. feldiposes nt die nes epeu mo doman isa y
: MB 2Lsm : M24Bsint momert.
MBsn 2) ltigns Il to |2) Alliqn 1 to |2). shreng frmn
Torque i5 L
0 mag. :.T: MBSine Hetd qet utak
et.
&

feld. of foromantim
fed amd mg9. cipcle momunl()-y magneiseel
Tmax - MO -(süno1) ,9:90' retat aleng
Due to Torque cxt.jeld.NS
Tmm
=
mohon o linca
- 3).Mag-fetd pass ) Mag- fietc 3) Temp. ateshieh
horkdone in Rotoatinq the Dipole
thioggubstana repeau ect bysubs Teomagnetie
W: MB [coso, - os O2] tnnc. Sub. beeoes
Panamagnetie
Permanent Magnets are Made up OF
Steel
IncieaK WLH 4). lnneast
|4). Callel cie
Deeueast íntemp incLear in uis
4ystesLs Loop
Cune: ht graph plotted b|u emtee! kmal Tempe) ats.
ftetd (H) & mag. incluetion (6) tallia "BH
or Hystelses Locp.
Cuive" Clectro maqnes: re
prepand k passins
eluctiie cuuint inasouncid. The mag nehism
Energy Loss :
Workaone (energy Loss) n nag nutiati last ill thu eLLELLmt pased.
ane It can be inereseed by:
tn.
no. of
Elements of Earths Maqnetic :
fetd 2). Ineung Cuemt
D Angte of Dip: Ange byus horigontat une &
mog 3). Usig soft ien tore.
mevidicn as a
theyy supen led Tmag net.
 Force 0n Charge in Electrie field Magnette fteld
( both for sestdmotion)
F4€ F: qvbsuno (Ony for change n Hoiong

Straight Line. Parabo c Parabolc Straight ins. HeLi cal

ireckon- FLMR /RHgalmwle
Lorentg Force :
F: 98 t 9VBsine =
9(E+ VGsüno
GYCLoTRON : Used to accelerate chage Gurrent Sensivily: Dejtection pe it eueLnt
Pastlcles. Radian
.þrinclple: he Apeeteet motlon of changed C
Ampeue
partlees um mag. &elec. felel Voltaqe Senstlvity: Deflectiom pe wnit vottage.
oceelerntes
t. Cf. providžs enugy
thil Racian
M.f. chamges ciection. CR

•Constructlon : Dees,so ee, M.F. Limltotion : Dnly charqed pantiey ean be aecteaatel
light panticus canint be acceleuats
ikce
R.P. Oslator
Workingt Max Ke , mvne (qV8 m

=
|T
2M
S
m :. Frequene kevoution f
Force B/w. 2 Parallet Current 21m.
Carying Dire: Application: For nueean uacion & Othun eyn
Fovte aeting on Q due to P. TESCArh Puupose.
a
Torque Experienced By Current loop tnuniform!

T:fxl. dus tame For N Tum

F= (4) 2ii yor (F: Basino) t, BiL x bsme
unit Lengh
By flenings LHR foru of attraeion fot Conversion of 6alvanomete Into Ammeter:
s ame diueetlomn ef
wnt amd fore ot
Repusion foe oppoe dection of cun. S=
tunF= 2%10*? N.

Resttanee of mA >A (
SK)
Movinq cotl Galvarnomcter Conversion Into oltrmeter i
Deice to cetect & m easuu eletc cerunt.
Oy conncting high ustamce in sees
brinclple: cusent loop enyeuere r
torque Un uni tom
M...
• Con carse mag.
Construclion: pous radia hek {Fer tdeoal
Ugnt caiu. Voltmete,e-o
{for tdtal Anmetet Re0}.
•Theony : Deflectin4 forque Res toring fonu (oque)
Fore cm
cuent Cams condutar
Binasin o: cø
(D:9o) as kiedt a0dial :.BinA : cp
 Master Card for quick revision of 3. Magnetic effect of current (8marks)
Magneue Held : Procueed by magmet,
moing chaxge. Veetor quamtity
-
Unit Tesla (webu/n'), Gas (maxetu/m) 1T = J0 G1

Oested Experiment :
Cuent cauying conducto produes magrotic
'etd.
Bio Savort aw:
t ques mif. Amperek Ciruttal lao: B.dL =lo i
t a pont aownd cwnt The
ine ntegrat o magntlo g'eeBasur
cugng tonductor. Qny cosec ciuit
i equal to do tims the
tuuent i Huealimg thuoug h tus closect
cius
D. Due to Inflnitely long iire:
- Peumeabiliny of furspac
Mo Magneie tiea at P eluee to we
Dicetion of D: Peupenetiuua to dl andr.
1
B:0 tf sinO 0 ie on conducto6 b[ dl =
uoi
to wue. Bo 2

VECIOR FORM
Direcklon: Righd Hond fhumb Rule
Cuvy fnqe ges fleld di ectton

{Mag. Fleld At Centre of Cotl:

tthurntb of rignt hamd pounu uen

2
B. elye To Solenoid :

N- TotaTun

4K

o
B= i OR
2Y
Diretion: Right Hamd. Thumb Ruute. M-fines
Qutsic
(0:0') (0:96(eutsid ) (0: 90')
Plame of B.L
omt
Papu. Tuun pa writ
clockuuse Antioleuye,
On Axts os Coil :

dBos B. Due to Toroid: (closed solenoi)

X=Jay
B.cu UoNi
Hoi(2na),a dRsine

{sins-} ab cose
B= Lonia'
2(a'+ r*)2 P
=oni-at
B
 For quick revisin of Jest

clipole. Vector unit

cm,
OPPoslte ch079e 6epraed by Gmau clútance Moment 24l o
1POLE :
&
qual
REct on Aial binei: 2. Eamd on Equitorial
line:3.V orque on Dipole :
E nct
V

?
at pt Pon Net Force
tqe -4E =0
since
Torque Force xl distane
-2£cos® [Bc2sin
48E,(-) E
2x : QE
2 sime
: E(24) sne
E 24,i
2pr PE For G:90°
=
Tmax
P Work Done tn otating Dipol
: 2F For shent elipe le »l
For shen Dipade W=stle -
Ene vgy
(-coSo) PE
of DipaleiU=-PEcos q

y=VA t
Vs 1 stable equilbrlwn Oz0
V: VatVo .0=7E
unstabte equititnn
V:o O: 106 U: PE.
.
Ii imes
S

Wss THE O26 M

70tal electne Slux (total no. C
lins,oS forees) emcrg3 Jromm cIOSes Sijace
e
to long thnTed wire: T2 Due to charatd PLane shcek:5, Due charpsa HalLu Sphere
LIntas chasyje cdensty
=

Gaussien
ae d1

For no
e
Surjaee hange. density
conducting Pla
a
Volume chargt.
density P= /
surjae chige is onbothide SEds = 4leo
=

For dsi dss =90

ds, |
2fEds /e
For curvcd surjace do
Gaso
1JEdse lonsursou
E
4
Dsid
E
4 For condttinyshtE
E=D as 0

4Ei imdeptndtnt of distanu insida,t

Fron sheat. h

,
'A POCLTOR.: P: Cv Farad C depemds on cirnensons.
Capecitance for poralel plate cgpocity 2. Nith Deleckatc slab Energy cf capocito 3.

Censtdee plate capactr teih

Il
Surfou chnye Densiy Energy = doe injt
ehargea
ert
Aree of riate A. capacftonce c =
elw Vxd .cd
and lt bet Plates d
+el-+

POtential V= Exc
D
tor swfaes charg elersiby u-cv²=Qv
dieleeticslab. Energy Densty (Eng un"y
VOua,

.. AxD
if
sth eiclectde costant
cLietectrte VE (d-t t t/k) =
Ku fued b'tueor tht plats. Now Volum AxD Jole/m
C==4tkk)
 Master Card for quick revision of ZU

Eletic rrrtnt - i-, uit- Ampee Salar

Drift reloctty
Vetal
it u=o e= RA
(to-H) I=neA VI
m

m
V= IR

neTA

Temperahe depedene ef Rerishily

Colour Cot

anucko Televa
Cnneans)
Uut Iksh
Numas
Temperahe
Seto Comomatin o Reonee ReR+R, nt ame

ext. Reistane hih

T+nR

WHEATSTO NÊ METRE BRIDGE;

BRIDGE

unkuan Reote

o balance
-cnl
oPol t aß Ane at null pt
Can loe inerchanged at uup
POTENTIOMÊTER 3
panunk
pefenet oer volmel
K
Sensty ineesd by

neiea Langeh
decr
ez kl
ehen
when
. tua..
k
insete
 Force 0n Charge in Electrie field Magnette fteld
( both for sestdmotion)
F4€ F: qvbsuno (Ony for change n Hoiong

Straight Line. Parabo c Parabolc Straight ins. HeLi cal

ireckon- FLMR /RHgalmwle
Lorentg Force :
F: 98 t 9VBsine =
9(E+ VGsüno
GYCLoTRON : Used to accelerate chage Gurrent Sensivily: Dejtection pe it eueLnt
Pastlcles. Radian
.þrinclple: he Apeeteet motlon of changed C
Ampeue
partlees um mag. &elec. felel Voltaqe Senstlvity: Deflectiom pe wnit vottage.
oceelerntes
t. Cf. providžs enugy
thil Racian
M.f. chamges ciection. CR

•Constructlon : Dees,so ee, M.F. Limltotion : Dnly charqed pantiey ean be aecteaatel
light panticus canint be acceleuats
ikce
R.P. Oslator
Workingt Max Ke , mvne (qV8 m

=
|T
2M
S
m :. Frequene kevoution f
Force B/w. 2 Parallet Current 21m.
Carying Dire: Application: For nueean uacion & Othun eyn
Fovte aeting on Q due to P. TESCArh Puupose.
a
Torque Experienced By Current loop tnuniform!

T:fxl. dus tame For N Tum

F= (4) 2ii yor (F: Basino) t, BiL x bsme
unit Lengh
By flenings LHR foru of attraeion fot Conversion of 6alvanomete Into Ammeter:
s ame diueetlomn ef
wnt amd fore ot
Repusion foe oppoe dection of cun. S=
tunF= 2%10*? N.

Resttanee of mA >A (
SK)
Movinq cotl Galvarnomcter Conversion Into oltrmeter i
Deice to cetect & m easuu eletc cerunt.
Oy conncting high ustamce in sees
brinclple: cusent loop enyeuere r
torque Un uni tom
M...
• Con carse mag.
Construclion: pous radia hek {Fer tdeoal
Ugnt caiu. Voltmete,e-o
{for tdtal Anmetet Re0}.
•Theony : Deflectin4 forque Res toring fonu (oque)
Fore cm
cuent Cams condutar
Binasin o: cø
(D:9o) as kiedt a0dial :.BinA : cp
 Iroperties of.Magnet : MAGNE TES M 5.
i): Moqnus have pou amd so uth pole. 2). Angle os
Dedination: Angte bjuo geogr
noth
2). L RLs poles epe 4 like attract cachothu. aphica mniian & mag. menidia a
3). FAuly suspenct magnet aests in N-s cuiection. a pount u catledt hngtu of Dectinatien.
4). Mo no pcu do net exiss. 3). Horiz0ntal Intensity ef Earth Mag.fld
s). Mag umgtt j eq- w 0.84 timus eb thuis geomtne agih Theherigcntal compomunt of to- Eanth'mag
Magnete Dépole Moment :
N(24))$ Held at amy poimt is calecl ho igcndal
M= M2l Unit :
A.m' tntensity
BU
M Pole Stremg th. BsunŠ. -tam& ,6(o HN)
BH
M. Due to Current boop When uuuent u B -JBH ?4Gvi
passeel hioug h a locp
it, behawes tike a magnet.
(M =in ) : ent xArea MNiA Magneue Fietd ef Earth:
(n4): (Geoqraphi cal
Meridion 5 (Maqntic Sott)
Maqnetie Dipole Movement of a Magne)
Kevolvinge:
M:
i (6toqraphieat
(a) : evr ( for Equater)
eV 2^Y/t)
Magnetie Field
Intens9-2x4YAm
to (Magneic (Magnetic Equator)
due Maqnett
Dipole : Herth)
1) On Axial line: (Gecgraphical ) Pou
2m
r3 Maqnetic Mateual :
2). Dn Eguatcrial Lüne: Paramsgnatie Dinaanetie| Ferromegnati
B= Mo
)Odd no. ofen 1) Evem mo: ef€ ) t consuts of
outer most orb and pesss demaln eprated.
Tbrgue Acting on Dlpole in Ma. feldiposes nt die nes epeu mo doman isa y
: MB 2Lsm : M24Bsint momert.
MBsn 2) ltigns Il to |2) Alliqn 1 to |2). shreng frmn
Torque i5 L
0 mag. :.T: MBSine Hetd qet utak
et.
&

feld. of foromantim
fed amd mg9. cipcle momunl()-y magneiseel
Tmax - MO -(süno1) ,9:90' retat aleng
Due to Torque cxt.jeld.NS
Tmm
=
mohon o linca
- 3).Mag-fetd pass ) Mag- fietc 3) Temp. ateshieh
horkdone in Rotoatinq the Dipole
thioggubstana repeau ect bysubs Teomagnetie
W: MB [coso, - os O2] tnnc. Sub. beeoes
Panamagnetie
Permanent Magnets are Made up OF
Steel
IncieaK WLH 4). lnneast
|4). Callel cie
Deeueast íntemp incLear in uis
4ystesLs Loop
Cune: ht graph plotted b|u emtee! kmal Tempe) ats.
ftetd (H) & mag. incluetion (6) tallia "BH
or Hystelses Locp.
Cuive" Clectro maqnes: re
prepand k passins
eluctiie cuuint inasouncid. The mag nehism
Energy Loss :
Workaone (energy Loss) n nag nutiati last ill thu eLLELLmt pased.
ane It can be inereseed by:
tn.
no. of
Elements of Earths Maqnetic :
fetd 2). Ineung Cuemt
D Angte of Dip: Ange byus horigontat une &
mog 3). Usig soft ien tore.
mevidicn as a
theyy supen led Tmag net.
 Reraction lhrouh a
Prlsn :
n quai lateae AMPN. By Smts Lans
LA+ 9o' 4
LP+ 96 36o
At96 t 180-(,+)+0 :% SnT
cmrgent
(2)
ray
sin ()
Crposite Amgus. At minimun cniation Sm
ite (1r2)t (*4y) For thum prism

ex euor Ls 20: A+ Sm
tqual -(3)

A:2T:. |Sm : (u-1)

(2)-4) A-Pism Anqe
M:Refractiw tndex.
Amqutat Disper sion: =
(ly - Ue) A
Ds perse Poue:
Sy

(Ray eigh) Dange signals ked.

SKy ppeny bue.
(RAYLEIGH LAW). Redetish apremce of Sun-LSe, 3LUIet
OPT1CAL INSTRU MENTS :

Simple Miostope :
Ccnvex Lens of Leo jo cal lemg anc high
th pOmer.
i). Lmaqe at D.
Objeetplacet blw
fotus and tems.

virtual entange
Image.
Magnifying Pones.
m= ngu madebyimate Object ploed on foces.
angt made byobju
Whm Kpt in posingn Magnity ng Pentee

Compound MicTOSCOpe: 0bjetive - ( onvex lens o

low soal lq th nd small apertue ).
Eyelems -( comvex lemy of high Socas
4ngth nd 1ange apentue ).
Fimat Vrtual mvuted tmage. 1) Imaqe at Imfinity oo
Pinat Emage a emini by

ue

Je

m= max me =
VeIt ) ( 1*P) Length 0f
tube L= Vo je
 Master Card for quicl: revision of .Electronngnctie Waves (3mark

Radiowaves"10

Rntgen)
(Ritterylraviolet.10 (Nectoy)
Visible. (Hers
Gamma
Xrays Infrared10to: Micowaves
Márcon
rays

.
ight:x10N chelj

108to
10 "Sx104 10'.to

to to to
10 109 107 10: 10*:::>

.<10nm

1 400 700 I
20 nm 400,nm.:
700 mm -l 0.1,
nm nai mm
Tm nm 21 01
to to. to
m'Rapid

to lo.
:

Ridioacive
nucdeus..
elecrons. Kay ergy
ömsInner
Lower
from
Electors- nolecules.Vibration

ton
-Klystron
tronsdeaccelerations

evel valve.
ubes noving shel energy inaeiali:

acceleration
hen
valve
to cectrons
in
decay.o
qr a from atoms
of
inner
lower cve átoms
or
(mpagtion) one ve:to nag 'yf
shel!Photographic level
in emit
and
elec:Recolvers.aerials:

the at
oveHujan
and:
a

ues, Photogrphic tubes, Photocells, Photgraphic

flm..Infrared
Thermoples,

Point

lonization Ionizstion

conthd

eye,
photographic'()

Photographic

ilm.Photocells. diodes!
Alm, ilm, Bolometer,(e)

chanber,
chnbr.
Geiger
Geiger .
.2n

Sinilar
beianic() () (c) () () (4) human
() oheahng-4beet
tion
Scale.,
() atomic
(5) () iadio DIHerent
measured Reflected
Cáuse Cause Ionize Penetrat
Absorbed
Detected LessUseful Since2=3x10 Analysis Radar
lattice
of communication.

to
X-rays, photoelectic luorescence
gases
cause
retina
scatiered
rides-usefül
al
structure.

communication.

spacing
and mater,
for wave wavelengths

many
by (6)by eluadating of
dilfraced-by
stimulating
glass.. Çan propezies
fingdetails

than
and (es, chemical
cause
emission
m,
N radiography)
dhpfot visible
ind
useful
haze
molecular-structure.

(or
.
chemical
spedalised.uscs
nerve
crystàls
wavelength)
reactions
light on of
from Pholsic molecular

macroscopic
for
endings demonstrå

enabling
metals.
reaction.
by
atmos
ayer and
to of. in
 4. EECTRO MAGAETIC INDUCTON,
The fhenomina of foacucing induced swvent due to change
in magnetic fux is
called 'electhêmagratic srduc tion.
focccay baus -) change in magnettc uux induces uswiert which
(i) ez -dø
dt Methad ehAraducirg e
LengA Laus- Dndcer uwvert ehþoses
which it
the dured.due t9 e-dp dBACOs9 A
dt dt
acc. to gauw of ConseMwat Induced uwoert /chasgei
e= -dø
-iom o en do -do
Rdt Ret
Motienal <m The emy
nduced due to mation et
a conducor in M.field R
Eddy. CuwMent i- The
dt
-dB·A dt Cocutating incuced cwoent
in a asclating metalllc
dt dt bock keht in nagnete field.
-BdA -Bldz

eBRL It can be secuced sirg y

Diection- Laminated ceve, ancutting
Anticlockuise 26/
slets in slock,
Ahlicatiom
fa-gvg? N
R memain same c Trductisn wuance.
l6ii) Dead
heat galanemetex,
Mucthnl-1nductien: when the
chamg in Chamge in unert uvoent
in imk No. o tusus is douhle sham
SelTnductiont-
wwbient a
án ced, indcecdsu cail inuces .
indutonce tacome Jost
uent in hxacduced whichin Sconday coil ines (L &n).
Opb@seA fhe change in same
coi. elcctical Resonamee :

Main wvtrt mlin uwtert pemi

Unit - Heray
,= farad
/5 PauJeN in A.c. cvcuit!

vnt> L= 1. Hensg H
fomuta+ L=
CmA
D-

P Vams!ams
Solenoid: hz Li
o= BAN (M,NiA)N
nme .n. n

AL
 Master Card for quick revision of 3. Magnetic effect of current (8marks)
Magneue Held : Procueed by magmet,
moing chaxge. Veetor quamtity
-
Unit Tesla (webu/n'), Gas (maxetu/m) 1T = J0 G1

Oested Experiment :
Cuent cauying conducto produes magrotic
'etd.
Bio Savort aw:
t ques mif. Amperek Ciruttal lao: B.dL =lo i
t a pont aownd cwnt The
ine ntegrat o magntlo g'eeBasur
cugng tonductor. Qny cosec ciuit
i equal to do tims the
tuuent i Huealimg thuoug h tus closect
cius
D. Due to Inflnitely long iire:
- Peumeabiliny of furspac
Mo Magneie tiea at P eluee to we
Dicetion of D: Peupenetiuua to dl andr.
1
B:0 tf sinO 0 ie on conducto6 b[ dl =
uoi
to wue. Bo 2

VECIOR FORM
Direcklon: Righd Hond fhumb Rule
Cuvy fnqe ges fleld di ectton

{Mag. Fleld At Centre of Cotl:

tthurntb of rignt hamd pounu uen

2
B. elye To Solenoid :

N- TotaTun

4K

o
B= i OR
2Y
Diretion: Right Hamd. Thumb Ruute. M-fines
Qutsic
(0:0') (0:96(eutsid ) (0: 90')
Plame of B.L
omt
Papu. Tuun pa writ
clockuuse Antioleuye,
On Axts os Coil :

dBos B. Due to Toroid: (closed solenoi)

X=Jay
B.cu UoNi
Hoi(2na),a dRsine

{sins-} ab cose
B= Lonia'
2(a'+ r*)2 P
=oni-at
B
 AL-TERNATING cURRENT
+TRANS fORMER
a device se. te -I
isA,C. Genevatoy- It isAdexnntng (uNIPrt i
Change a deice hich Convesdt De- Tovectn &
Ac vottage machanical eng4 into magnitude
Princile It iA based electical eneng. tirec.
A.c- Change in balh magnihude
en fsincibte and
mutnl snducion.
id Pxinible:
diection. It
on fsumcable of elecbo
hased
HALS- CYCL€
Comsbuuetioz- tuo
Vasg.
cel -nAgnetic incultion.
Vag
•tehup :Trces Constction:
and decoreOse 2matwe ceLl.
•sep den! docoeas tage (ö) Aeld maghet vo

(Kaand icveases uoert (i)

Sib sun Bushes.

Sthceun
N(LAE 21
2do
dt
LYp Np
i
Vaug
e BANOin+
inkut 27
emoo= BAN Vo (- c832n* con)-Ya (-1+)
.

Cucuit :
A.C. 27 23

Pxe Reaistie Cicut i(couuit contalning ge»istonce) • Root meam

SouSLe:
w
Resiatance is
indebendent
v'ems v
frequerey ofA ()
•Rune stesstieca bactkon cöcuit ( cicuit Conianing Vans= Vo 26
ahacto only)
d+ dt LP Sesies LCR CiCut

(12)°a (IR'+(IXL-IX:)"

|iz (,sin (0t +1/2)

•Paxe inducive ciCuit : vz V,

bin Wt

Va di +vdt
leads
= o cin
L R
di tdt tan¢- X-X¢
di - V (sint dt Vo
(-tos0t) R
 6.RAY OPTLCS 8.
Reflect fon of Light: i=, Magniigatin - Aeal neted
Convex Muuo t5.m«1 amd negatie
Coneanve Musior - m>1 (eru aLg ed) me!
m>l. <, both t d - (Smal)
Resraclion of Liqht :

Totl IntunaL Reflecion () Dense Rare ü) isic sinie =(i)

Mirror Formu lc i Thin ens Formula : Refrackion througt Sphecalurtou
DSSUMPrLON:
1), Smal Apertue
2). Point se objeet
Objtct AG inye n' Dysmell's tauw
-R
P8' Sinr (sincs i r auvery)
PN PE AMPE
-
6mall
aNB'F
AA'0'F AMFP PM i: ur
MI D COM
=L+Y
-()
Stom tq-|) and (). BCIM
FAom eg (1) amd (2)
By sign conventien uivijae -ve.
4': (u-4) (v-s )
PM
Smce u -ve sign (onvenhe R

-
Vf (-u)v (-u)f
Diielinq by uv
V{ -
UVt uf
uvs uv =
uf-v§
Dliing by uvt
-J: (u-J)
R.
m: o = -Vu u
Lens MaKer Formula : Combined Focat Length :

Muiplyeng by
()

Dy Reyactien thaogh fist susgace adding eqti)2 (1). fst lens jem image 1'ofO
)

R, t
acts s
obj ect toL tecon ny
I' acts as m obect fosecond u9) (-) mcl
finae mage is fomeel
at I, So fot seeons lens.
Supact to hat unal imagu 2

fomed at t, sO ye cecond Pouver of Lens:

aeace. eq
loo Diopte. Aeuny c1)4(12
3m)
R2