12th Maths Important 5, 3 & 1 Mark Q & A EM Nithish Publication

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Important Five, Three and One Mark Questions and Answers 1

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CHAPTER 1. APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
Exercise 1.1 ⎡ 5 10 10 ⎤ ⎡ 8 − 6 2⎤
(adj A) = ⎢ 10 20 20 ⎥ ⎢⎢ − 6 7 −4⎥
⎥
Note: ⎣ 10 20 20 ⎦ ⎢ 2 − 4 3 ⎥⎦
⎡ 11 − 11 11 ⎤ ⎣
(i) adj A = [Aij]T [Aij] = ⎢⎢ − 11 ⎥ ⎡ 40 − 60 + 20 − 30 + 70 − 40 10 − 40 + 30 ⎤
11 − 11 ⎥
⎢ 11 − 11 = ⎢⎢ 80 − 120 + 40 − 60 + 140 − 80 20 − 80 + 60 ⎥⎥
1 11 ⎥⎦
(ii) A− 1 = adj A ⎣ ⎢ 80 − 120 + 40 − 60 + 140 − 80 20 − 80 + 60 ⎥
|A| ⎣ ⎦
⎡0 0 0⎤
(iii) If K [A] then |A| = kn |A| and |adj A| = kn − 1 |adj A| =⎢0 0 0⎥=0
(iv) If adj A Given then ⎣0 0 0⎦ ...(3)
1 Hence A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I3 is verified.
A=± adj (adj A)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
|√adj A|
1 ⎡−8 1 4⎤
A− 1 = ± adj A 1⎢ ⎥ −1 T
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ |adj ⎯A| 2. If A =
n
4 4 7 ⎥ prove that A = A .
9 ⎢⎢
(v) If AB = C then A = CB− 1, If A × B = C then 1 −8 4⎥
l.i
⎣ ⎦
X = A− 1 ⋅ C ⋅ B− 1 ⎡−8 1 4⎤ Note:
1
(vi) Orthogonal matrices If AAT = AT A = I A = ⎢⎢ 4 ⎥
| kA | = kn | A |
da
4 7⎥
9⎢ ⎥
(vii) If |A| = 0 then A has no inverse ⎣ 1 −8 4⎦
3
1
|A| = ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ [ − 8 (16 + 56) − 1 (16 − 7) + 4 (− 32 − 4) ]
ka
⎡ 8 −6
⎢
2⎤
⎥ ⎝9⎠
1. If A = ⎢ − 6 7 − 4 ⎥ verify that 1
= [− 8 (72) − 1 (9) + 4 (− 36)]
vi
⎢ 2 −4 3⎥ 9×9×9
⎣ ⎦
A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I3 1
al
= [− 576 − 9 − 144]
9×9×9
⎪ 8 −6 2⎪
|A| = ⎪⎪ − 6 ⎪
.k
7 −4⎪ 1
= (− 729) = − 1 ≠ 0
⎪ 2 −4 3 ⎪⎪ 729
⎪
w
∴ A− 1 exists
= 8 (21 − 16) + 6 (− 18 + 8) + 2 (24 − 14)
T
w
= 40 − 60 + 20 = 0 ⎡ (16 + 56) − (16 − 7) (− 32 − 4) ⎤

1 ⎢ ⎥
∴ |A| I3 = 0 ...(1) adj A = − (4 + 32) (− 32 − 4) − (64 − 1) ⎥
81 ⎢⎢
w
T (7 − 16) − (− 56 − 16) (− 32 − 14) ⎥

⎡ (21 − 16) − (− 18 + 8) (24 − 14) ⎤ ⎣ ⎦
⎢
adj A = ⎢ − (− 18 + 8) ⎥
(24 − 4) − (− 32 + 12) ⎥
T
⎡ 72 − 9 − 36 ⎤
⎢ (24 − 14) − (− 32 + 12) (56 − 36) ⎥ 1 ⎢ ⎥
⎦ = − 36 − 36 − 63 ⎥
⎣ 81 ⎢⎢
T −9 72 − 36 ⎥
⎡ 5 10 10 ⎤ ⎡ 5 10 10 ⎤ ⎣ ⎦
= ⎢ 10 20 20 ⎥ = ⎢ 10 20 20 ⎥ T
⎡−8 −1 −4⎤
⎣ 10 20 20 ⎦ ⎣ 10 20 20 ⎦ 9 ⎢ ⎥
= −4 −4 −7⎥
⎡ 8 −6 2 ⎤ ⎡ 5 10 10 ⎤ 81 ⎢⎢
−1 8 −4⎥
A (adj A) = ⎢⎢ − 6 ⎥
7 − 4 ⎥ ⎢ 10 20 20 ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
T
⎢ 2 −4 3 ⎥ ⎣ 10 20 20 ⎦ ⎡ 8 −4 −1⎤
⎣ ⎦ 1
adj A = ⎢⎢ − 1 − 4 ⎥
8⎥
⎡ 40 − 60 + 20 80 − 120 + 40 80 − 120 + 40 ⎤ 9⎢
−4 −7 −4⎥
= ⎢ − 30 + 70 − 40 − 60 + 140 − 80 − 60 + 140 − 80 ⎥⎥
⎢ ⎣ ⎦
⎢ 10 − 40 + 30 20 − 80 + 60 20 − 80 + 60 ⎥ −1 1
⎣ ⎦ ∴ A = adj A
|A|
⎡0 0 0⎤
=⎢0 0 0⎥=0 ⎡ 8 −4 −1⎤
1 1 ⎥
⎣0 0 0⎦ ...(2) = × ⎢⎢ − 1 − 4 8⎥
−1 9⎢
−4 −7 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦
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2 Nithish’s Mathematics - XII
⎡−8 4 1⎤ Exercise 1.2

1⎢ ⎥
A− 1 = 1 4 − 8⎥
9 ⎢⎢ ⎡2 1 1⎤
4 7 4⎥ ...(1)
⎣ ⎦ 4. Find the inverse of A=⎢3 2 1⎥ by
⎡−8 1 4⎤ ⎣2 1 2⎦
1
A = ⎢⎢ 4 4 7⎥
⎥
Gauss-Jordan Method.
9⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 −8 4⎦ Applying Gauss-Jordan method, we get
⎡−8 4 1⎤ ⎡ 2 1 1 ⎪⎡ 1 0 0 ⎤
1
AT = ⎢⎢ 1 4 − 8 ⎥⎥ [A | I3] = ⎢ 3 2 1 ⎪⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥
9⎢
4⎥ ⎣ 2 1 2 ⎪⎣ 0 0 1 ⎦
⎣ 4 7 ⎦ ...(2)
−1
From (1) & (2) A = AT is verified. ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎪⎡ 1 0 0 ⎤
⎢ 2 2 ⎪⎪⎢⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
1
⎡ cos α 0 sin α ⎤ ⎢ ⎪ ⎢
~ ⎢ 3 2 1 ⎪⎢ 0 1 0 ⎥⎥ R1 → R1
3. If F (α) = ⎢⎢ 0 1
⎥
0 ⎥ show that ⎢ ⎪⎢ ⎥ 2
⎢ − sin α 0 cos α ⎥ ⎢ 2 1 2 ⎪⎢ 0 0 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ ⎪⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎪⎣ ⎦
[F (α)]− 1 = F (− α]
⎡ 1 1 ⎪⎡ 1 ⎤
⎡ cos α 0 sin α ⎤ ⎢1 2 2 ⎪⎢ 2 0 0 ⎥
F (α) = ⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎪⎢ ⎥
n
0 1 0⎥ ⎢ 1 − 1 ⎪⎢ − 3 ⎥
⎢ − sin α 0 cos α ⎥ ~⎢0 ⎪⎢ 2 1 0 ⎥ R2 → R2 − 3R1
l.i
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 2 2 ⎪⎢ ⎥ R → R − 2R
|F (α)| = cos α (cos α − 0) + sin α (0 + sin α) ⎢ ⎪⎢ ⎥ 3 3 1
⎢0 0 1 ⎪⎢ − 1 0 1 ⎥
da
= cos2 α + sin2 α = 1 ≠ 0 ⎣ ⎪⎣ ⎦
∴ [F (α)]− 1 exists. ⎡1 1 1⎪ 1 ⎤
⎢ 0 0⎥
T 2 2 ⎪⎪ 2
ka
⎡ (cos α − 0) − (0 − 0) (0 + sin α) ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
~ ⎢ 0 1 − 1 ⎪ − 3 2 0 ⎥⎥ R2 → 2R2
⎢ ⎪
⎢ ⎥
adj F (α) = ⎢ − (0 − 0) (cos α + sin2 α)
2
(0 + 0) ⎥
⎢ (0 − sin α) ⎥ ⎢ ⎪ ⎥
vi
⎣ − (0 − 0) (cos α − 0) ⎦ ⎢ ⎪ ⎥
⎢ 0 0 1 ⎪ − 1 0 1 ⎥
−T ⎣ ⎪ ⎦
⎡ cos α 0 sin α ⎤
al
adj F (α) = ⎢⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎥ ⎡1 0 1⎪ 2 −1 0⎤
1
⎢ − sin α 0 cos α ⎥ ~ ⎢⎢ 0 1 − 1 ⎪⎪ − 3 ⎥
2 0 ⎥ R1 → R1 − R2
.k
⎣ ⎦ ⎢0 0 2
1⎪ −1 0 1⎥
⎡ cos α 0 − sin α ⎤ ⎣ ⎪ ⎦
adj F (α) = ⎢⎢ ⎥
w
0 1 0⎥
⎢ sin α 0 cos α ⎥ R1 → R1 − R3
⎡ 1 0 0 ⎪ 3 − 1 − 1 ⎤⎥
w
⎣ ⎦
1 ~⎢0 1 0⎪ −4 2 1 ⎥ R2 → R2 + R3
[F (α)]− 1 = adj F (α)
|F (α)| ⎣ 0 0 1 ⎪ −1 0 1⎥
w
⎦
⎡ cos α 0 − sin α ⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 −1⎤
= ⎢⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎥
∴ We get A− 1 = ⎢⎢ − 4 2
⎥
1⎥
⎢ sin α 0 cos α ⎥ ⎢−1
⎣ ⎦ Note: ...(1) 0 1⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ cos α 0 sin α ⎤
F (α) = ⎢⎢ ⎥ sin (− θ) = − sin θ
0 1 0⎥
⎢ − sin α 0 cos α ⎥ cos (− θ) = cos θ Exercise 1.3
⎣ ⎦
⎡ cos (− α) 0 sin (− α) ⎤ Note:
F (− α) = ⎢⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎥ Solve the linear equations by matrix inversion
⎢ − sin (− α) 0 cos (− α) ⎥ method
⎣ ⎦
⎡ cos α 0 − sin α ⎤ Write the matrix equation
= ⎢⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎥
AX = B
⎢ sin α 0 cos α ⎥⎦ ...(2)
⎣ X = A− 1 B (1)
From (1) and (2)
−1
[F (α)] = F (− α) is verified. Find A and put in (1) get Ans.
Steps 12 12
⎛ 19 − 7i ⎞ ⎛ 20 − 5i ⎞
(i) Find polar form Now, ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9+i ⎠ ⎝ 7 − 6i ⎠
(ii) Add 2k π with θ
(iii) Apply De-Moivre’s Theorem (2 − i)12 + (2 + i)12
z = _______________ _
_ 12 12
(iv) Put k = 0, 1, 2 … n − 1 z = ______
(2 − i) _ + ______
(2 + i) _
17. Note = (2 − i) + (2 + i)12
12
____ ____
1
(i) If 2 cos α = x + then = (2 − i) + (2 + i)12
12
x
x = cos α ± i sin α = (2 + i)12 + (2 − i)12
_
z=z
π 1 ⎡ 1
(ii) tan = use ∞ as ⎤⎥ ∴ z is purely real.
2 0 ⎢⎣ 0⎦
2
(iii) cos 2 θ = 2 cos θ − 1 −1 i√⎯⎯3
2. Show that the point 1, + and
sin 2 θ = 2 sin θ cos θ 2 2
−1 ⎯⎯3
√
−i are the vertices of an equilateral
1. Show that 2 2
n
⎯⎯3 )10 − (2 − i √
(i) (2 + i √ ⎯⎯3)10 is purely imaginary triangle.
l.i
12 12 −1 i√ ⎯⎯3 −1 i⎯√⎯3
⎛ 19 − 7i ⎞ ⎛ 20 − 5i ⎞ Let z1 = 1 ; z2 = + , z3 = −
(ii) ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ 7− i ⎟ is real. 2 2 2 2
9 + 6 ⎠
da
⎝ i ⎠ ⎝
10 10
(i) (2 + i √
⎯⎯3 ) − (2 − i √
⎯⎯3 )
ka
⎯⎯3 )10 − (2 − i √
Let z = _____________________
(2 + i √ ⎯⎯3 )10
_
z = (2 + i ⎯√⎯3_)10 − _______
_______ (2 − i ⎯√⎯3_)10 ______ __ __
vi
= (2 + i √⎯⎯3 )10 − (2 − i √
⎯⎯3 )10 ⎡ z1 + z1 = z1 + z2 ⎤
________ ________ ⎣ _
_ ⎦
⎯⎯3 )10 − (2 − i √
⎯⎯3 )10
al
= (2 + i √ ⎡ (zn) = (z)n ⎤
⎣ ⎦
⎯⎯3 )10
⎯⎯3 )10 − (2 + i √
= (2 − i √
.k
⎯⎯3 )10 − (2 − i √
= − ⎡ (2 + i √ ⎯⎯3)10 ⎤
w
_ ⎣ ⎦
z=−z
w
∴ z is purely imaginary.
12 12 ⎪ ⎛−1 √⎯3 ⎞ ⎪
⎯
|z1 − z2| = ⎪ 1 − ⎜ +i
2 ⎟⎠ ⎪⎪
w
⎛ 19 − 7i ⎞ ⎛ 20 − 5i ⎞
(ii) ⎜ ⎟ +⎜ ⎟ ⎪ ⎝ 2
⎝ 9+i ⎠ ⎝ 7 − 6i ⎠ ⎪ 1 ⎯⎯3
√ ⎪ ⎪3 √
⎯⎯3 ⎪
=⎪1+ −i ⎪=⎪2−i 2 ⎪
Here, ⎪ 2 2 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
19 − 7i 20 − 5i
= = 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ ⎯3 ⎞⎟
⎛
⎛ 3 ⎞ +⎜ −√
9+i 7 − 6i 2
⎯⎯4⎯+ 4
√
9 3
19 − 7i 9 − i 20 − 5i 7 + 6i = ⎜2⎟ =
=
9+i
×
9−i
= ×
7 − 6i 7 + 6i ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
171 − 19i − 63i + 7i2 140 + 120i − 35i − 30i2
= =
⎯⎯ 4
√
(9)2 + (1)2 (7)2 + (6)2 12
= =√
⎯3
171 − 82i − 7 140 + 85i + 30
= =
81 + 1 49 + 36 ⎪⎛ 1 ⎯⎯3 ⎞ ⎛ − 1
√ ⎯⎯3 ⎞ ⎪
√
|z2 − z3| = ⎪ ⎜ − + i ⎟ −⎜ −i
=
164 − 82i
=
170 + 85i
⎪⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠ ⎪⎪
82 85
⎪−1 i√ ⎯⎯3 1 ⎯⎯3 ⎪
√
82 (2 − i) 85 (2 + i) =⎪ + + +i
=
82
=
85 ⎪ 2 2 2 2 ⎪⎪
=2−i =2+i
3. Solve the equation 3x3 − 16x2 + 23x − 6 = 0 if −b

the product of two roots is 1. • α+β+γ=
a
• 3x3 − 16x2 + 23x − 6 = 0 =9 ...(1)
a = 3 ; b = − 16 ; c = 23 ; d = − 6 c
• αβ+βγ+γα=
− b 16 a
• α+β+γ= =
a 3 ...(1) = 14 ...(2)
c 23 −d
• αβ+βγ+γα= = • αβγ=
a 3 ...(2) a
−d 6 = − 24
• αβγ= = =2 ...(3)
a 3 ...(3)
Given: α : β = 3 : 2
Given product of two roots is 1
Let α = 3k
i.e. α β = 1
β = 2k
(3) ⇒ α β γ = 2
(1) ⇒ 3k + 2k + γ = 9
(1) γ = 2
γ = 9 − 5k
n
γ=2
(2) ⇒ (3k) (2k) + (2k) γ + γ (3k) = 14
l.i
• αβ=1
1 6k2 + 2k γ + 3k γ = 14
β=
da
α 6k2 + 5k γ = 14
1 16 put γ = 9 − 5k
(1) ⇒ α + +2=
ka
α 3 266
6k2 + 5k (9 − 5k) = 14
1 16
α+ = −2 6k2 + 45k − 25k2 = 14 − 38 − 7
α 3
vi
2 − 38 − 7
− 19k + 45k = 14
α2 + 1 10 ,
al
= 2 19 19
α 3 19k − 45k + 14 = 0
−7
7 ⎞ − 2,
(k − 2) ⎛⎜ k −
.k
3 α2 + 3 = 10 α ⎟=0 19
⎝ 19 ⎠
3 α2 − 10 α + 3 = 0
w
7
k=2 k=
(α − 3) (3 α − 1) = 0 19
w
α−3=0 3α−1=0 ∴ α = 3 (2) = 6 7 ⎞ 21

α = 3 ⎛⎜ ⎟ = 19
w
α=3 3α=1 β = 2 (2) = 4 ⎝ 19 ⎠

1 ⎛ 7 ⎞ 14
α= γ = 9 − 5 (2) = − 1 β=2⎜ ⎟=
3 ⎝ 19 ⎠ 19
7 ⎞
γ = 9 − 5 ⎛⎜ ⎟
αβ=1 αβ=1 ⎝ 19 ⎠
3β=1 1 171 − 35 136
β=1 = =
1 3 19 19
β=
3 β=3
1 5. Determine k and solve the equation
∴ roots are 3,
3
and 2 2x3 − 6x2 + 3x + k = 0 if one of its roots is twice
the sum of the other two roots.
Let α, β and γ are the roots of
4. Solve the equation x3 − 9x2 + 14x + 24 = 0. If it
is given that two of its roots are in the ration 3:2. 2x3 − 6x2 + 3x + k = 0
Given: α = 2 (β + γ)
• x3 − 9x2 + 14x + 24 = 0
α
a = 1 ; b = − 9 ; c = 14 ; d = 24 =β+γ
2
−b ∴ equation
Now α+β+γ=
a
x2 − (sum) x + product = 0
α 6
α+ =
2 2 x2 − 2x + 5 = 0
3α 6 Also
= Given: √⎯⎯3 as root another root is − √
⎯⎯3
2 2
3α=6 ⎯⎯3 − √
sum of roots = √ ⎯⎯3 = 0
6 product of roots = (√
⎯⎯3 ) (− √
⎯⎯3 ) = − 3
α=
3
∴ equation
α = 2 one root x2 − (sum) x + product = 0
Now, x2 − 0x − 3 = 0
2 2 −6 3 k
x2 − 3 = 0
0 4 −4 −2
2 −2 −1 0 ∴ (x2 − 2x + 5) (x2 − 3) is a factor of the given
Here k − 2 = 0 polynomial
divided the polynomial by this factor
n
k=2
(x − 2x + 5) (x2 − 3) = x4 − 3x2 − 2x3 + 6x + 5x2 − 15
2
l.i
Also 2x2 − 2x − 1 = 0 = x4 − 2x3 + 3x2 + 6x − 15
1 −1 −9
da
−b±√
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
b2 − 4⎯ac 1 − 2 2 6 − 15 1 −3 −5 22 − 39 − 39 135
x=
2a (−) (+) (−) (−) (+)
1 −2 2 6 − 15
ka
2±√4 − 4 (2) (− 1)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
= −1 −7 16 − 24 − 39
2 (2) (+) (−) (+) (+) (−)
vi
2±√4 +⎯8
⎯⎯⎯⎯ −1 2 −2 −6 15
= −9 18 − 18 − 54 135
4
al
(+) (−) (+) (+) (−)

2±⎯
√⎯12
⎯
= −9 18 − 18 − 54 135
4
.k
0
2±2√⎯⎯3 Q ⇒ x2 − x − 9 = 0
=
w
4
−b±√
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ = 1 ± √⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
b2 − 4ac 1 − 4 (1) (− 9)
2 (1 ± √
⎯⎯3 ) x=
w
= 2a 2
4
1±√ 1 + 36
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯ 1±⎯ √⎯37
⎯
w
1±√
⎯⎯3 = =
= 2 2
2 ∴ Roots are
1+√
⎯⎯3 1 − ⎯√⎯3 1+√
⎯⎯37
⎯ 1−√
⎯⎯37
⎯
∴ roots are 2, and 1 + 2i, 1 − 2i, √
⎯⎯3 , − √
⎯⎯3 , and
2 2 2 2
7. If 2 + i and 3 − ⎯ √⎯2 are roots of the equation
6. Find all zeros of the polynomial x6 − 13x5 + 62x4 − 126x3 + 65x2 + 127x − 140 = 0
x6 − 3x5 − 5x4 + 22x3 − 39x2 − 39x + 135, if it is Since the co-efficient of the equations are all
known that 1 + 2i and √ ⎯⎯3 are two of its zeros. rational numbers, and 2 + i and 3 − √ ⎯⎯2 are roots, we
x6 − 3x5 − 5x4 + 22x3 − 39x2 − 39x + 135 get 2 − i and 3 + √ ⎯⎯2 are also roots of the give equations.
Co-efficient of the equations are all rational numbers. Thus their product
= [x − (2 + i)] [x − (2 − i)] [x − (3 − √
⎯⎯2 )] [x − (3 + √
⎯⎯2 )]
Given: 1 + 2i is a root
1 − 2i also another root = [(x − 2) − i] [(x − 2) + i] [(x − 3 + √
⎯⎯2 ] [(x − 3) − √
⎯⎯2 ]
sum of roots = (1 + 2i) + (1 − 2i) = 2 = [(x − 2)2 + 12] [(x − 3)2 − (√

⎯⎯2 )2]
product of roots = (1 + 2i) (1 − 2i) = (x2 − 4x + 4 + 1) (x2 − 6x + 9 − 2)
= 12 + 22 = 5 = (x2 − 4x + 5) (x2 − 6x + 7) is a factor
Divide the Given polynomial by this factor. 16 2 12

−d =
2 2
i.e (x − 4x + 5) (x − 6x + 7) 9 9
16 12
= x4 − 6x3 + 7x2 − 4x3 + 24x2 − 28x + 5x2 − 30x + 35 − = d2
9 9
= x4 − 10x3 + 36x2 − 58x + 35 4 2
=d
1 −3 −4 9
1 –10 36 –58 35 1 − 13 62 − 126 65 127 − 140
2
(−) (+) (−) (+) (−) ± =d
3
1 − 10 36 − 58 35
4 2
∴ roots are ⎛⎜ Let a = , d = ⎞⎟
− 3 26 − 68 30 127
(+) (−) (+) (−) (+)
⎝ 3 3⎠
− 3 30 − 108 174 − 105
4 2 2
−4 40 − 144 232 − 140 a−d= − =
3 3 3
(+) (−) (+) (−) (+)
−4 40 − 144 232 − 140 4
a=
0 3
x2 − 3x − 4 is another factor. 4 2 6
a+d= + = =2
2 3 3 3
x − 3x − 4 = 0
n
2 4
(x − 4) (x + 1) = 0 ∴ , , 2 are the roots of the given equation.
3 3
l.i
x−4=0⎪ x+1=0
x = 4 ⎪⎪ x=−1 9. Solve the equation 3x3 − 26x2 − 52x − 24 = 0 if
∴ Roots are
2 + i, 2 − i, 3 + √
⎯⎯2 , 3 − √
⎯⎯2 , − 1 and 4. da
its roots form a geometric progression.
3x3 − 26x2 + 52x − 24 = 0
ka
Given: roots are in G.P
8. Solve the equation 9x3 − 36x2 + 44x − 16 = 0 if a
∴α=
vi
the roots form an arithmetic progressive r

9x3 − 36x2 + 44x − 16 = 0 β=a
al
There are 3 roots which are in A.P.

γ = ar
.k
∴α=a−d
Now
β=a
−b
w
γ=a+d α+β+γ=
a
w
−b a 26
Now α+β+γ= + a + ar =
a r 3
w
36 1 26
a−d+a+a+d=
9 a ⎛⎜ + 1 + r ⎞⎟ =
⎝ r ⎠ 3 ...(1)
3a = 4 −d
αβγ=
4 a
a=
3 a 24
× a × ar =
r 3
−d
αβγ= a3 = 8
a
16 a=2
(a− d) (a) (a + d) =
9
1 26
2 2 16 (1) ⇒ 2 ⎛⎜ + 1 + r ⎞⎟ =
(a − d ) a =
9 ⎝r ⎠ 3
2
1+r+r 26
⎛ 16 − d2 ⎞ 4 = 16 =
⎜ 9 ⎟3 9 r 3×2
⎝ ⎠
16 2 16 3 1 + r + r2 13
−d = × =
9 9 4 r 3
3 + 3r + 3r2 = 13r y+1=0 y+7=0

2
3r + 3r − 13r + 3 = 0 y=−1 y=−7
3r2 − 10r + 3 = 0 Put y = 6x2 − 13x Put y = 6x2 − 13x

6x2 − 13x = − 1 6x − 13x = − 7
(r − 3) (r − 1/3) = 0
6x2 − 13x + 1 = 0 6x2 − 13x + 7 = 0
1
r−3=0 or r − = 0 (x − 1) (x − 7/6) = 0
3 −b±√ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯
b2 − 4ac
1 x= x = 1, 7/6
r=3 r= 2a
3 9 13 ± √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
169 − 24
⎯ 42
a = 2 and r = 3 =
12
a 2 −9 −1 13 ± √
⎯⎯⎯⎯
145 – 6 – 7
r= = x=
r 3 −9 −1 12 −6 −7
, ,
β=a=2 3 3 6 5
∴ Solution −1, −7
γ = ar = 2 × 3 = 6 −1
− 3, ⎯ 13 − √ 6
3 7 13 ± √
⎯⎯⎯
145 ⎯⎯⎯
⎯
145
2 1, , ,
∴ roots are 2,6 and 6 12 2
3
n
12. Solve the equations 6x4 − 5x3 − 38x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
l.i
10. Solve: (i) (x − 5) (x − 7) (x + 6) (x + 4) = 504.
1
(x − 5) (x − 7) (x + 6) (x + 4) = 504 if it is know that is a solution.
da
3
Rewriting the equation as
6x4 − 5x3 − 38x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
(x − 5) (x + 4) (x − 7) (x + 6) = 504
ka
(x2 − x − 20) (x2 − x − 42) = 504 1
Given: is a solution.
3
Let y = x2 − x, then we get
Now
vi
(y − 20) (y − 42) = 504

336
y2 − 62y + 840 − 504 = 0 1 6 −5 − 38 −5 6
al
–6 – 56 3 0 2
y2 − 62y + 336 = 0 −1 − 13 −6
.k
(y − 6) (y − 56) = 0 6 −3 − 39 − 18 0
w
y−6=0 y − 56 = 0 6x3 − 3x2 − 39x − 18 = 0

2 2
put y = x − x put y = x − x
w
÷3
2
x −x−6=0 x2 − x − 56 = 0
2x3 − x2 − 13x − 6 = 0
w
(x − 3) (x + 2) = 0 (x − 8) (x + 7) = 0
x−3=0 x+2=0 x−8=0 x+7=0 Here an = 2, a0 = − 6
x=3 x= −2 x=8 x= − 7 ∴ put x = 3
11. Solve the equation 3 2 − 1 − 13 −6

(2x − 3) (6x − 1) (3x − 2) (x − 2) − 5 = 0 0 6 15 6
[(2x − 3) (3x − 2)] [(6x − 1) (x − 2)] − 5 = 0 2 5 2 0
[6x2 − 4x − 9x + 6] [6x2 − 12x − x + 2] − 5 = 0
2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0
2 2
(6x − 13x + 6) (6x − 13x + 2) − 5 = 0 4
1
(x + 2) ⎛⎜ x + ⎞⎟ = 0
Let y = 6x2 − 13x ⎝ 2⎠ 4 1
(y + 6) (y + 2) − 5 = 0 1 4 1
∴ = − 2, − ,
2 2 2
y2 + 8y + 12 − 5 = 0
1 −1 1
∴ solution , 3, − 2 and 2,
y2 + 8y + 7 = 0 3 2 2
(y + 1) (y + 7) = 0
⎛x−1⎞ −1⎛ x+1 ⎞ π ∴ From (2) and (3)

12. Solve tan− 1 ⎜ ⎟ + tan ⎜ x + ⎟ = 4
x − 2 2⎠ − z = xy − √
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − x2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√1 − y2
⎛ x − 1 ⎞ ⎛ x + 1 ⎞ π
tan− 1 ⎜ −1
⎟ + tan ⎜ ⎟=4 1 − x2 √
⎯√⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − y2 = xy + z
⎝x−2⎠ ⎝x+2⎠
⎡ x−1 x+1 ⎤ Squaring on both sides
⎢ + ⎥
tan− 1 ⎢⎢
x − 2 x + 2 ⎥=π (1 − x2) (1 − y2) = (xy + z)2
⎥
⎢1−⎛ x−1⎞⎛ x+1 ⎞⎥ 4 1 − y2 − x2 + x2 y2 = x2 y2 + 2xyz + z2
⎢ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝x−2⎠⎝x+2⎠⎦
(x − 1) (x + 2) + (x − 2) (x + 1) x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1 proved.
(x − 2) (x + 2) π
= tan
(x − 2) (x + 2) − (x − 1) (x + 1) 4 14. If a1, a2, a3, … an is an arithmetic progression
(x − 2) (x + 2) with common difference d prove that
d d
x2 + x − 2 + x2 − x − 2 tan ⎡⎢ tan− 1 ⎛⎜ ⎞ + tan− 1 ⎛
⎟ ⎜
⎞+…
=1 1 + a1 a2 1 + a2 a3 ⎟
x2 − 4 − x2 + 1 ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2x2 − 4 + tan− 1 ⎛⎜
d ⎞ ⎤ = n − a1
a
n
=1 1 + an an − 1 ⎟ ⎥ 1 + a1 an
−3 ⎝ ⎠⎦
l.i
2x2 − 4 = − 3 Given A.P. a1, a2, a3 … an
da
2x2 = − 3 + 4 d = a2 − a1 ; d = a3 − a2 ; d = an − an − 1
2x2 = 1 LHS
ka
d d
x2 =
1 tan ⎡⎢ tan− 1 ⎛⎜ ⎞ + tan− 1 ⎛
⎜1+a a ⎟+…
⎞
2 1 + a1 a2 ⎟ 2 3⎠
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝
vi
1 d
x=± + tan− 1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎤
⎯√⎯2 1 + an an − 1 ⎟ ⎥
al
⎝ ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ a2 − a1 ⎞ − 1 ⎛ a3 − a2 ⎞
= tan ⎢ tan− 1 ⎜
.k
13. If cos− 1 x + cos− 1 y + cos− 1 z = π and +

⎟ + tan ⎜ ⎟+…
⎣ ⎝ 1 a a
1 2⎠ ⎝ 1 + a2 a3 ⎠
0 < x, y, z < 1 show that x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy = 1
w
⎛ an − an − 1 ⎞
+ tan− 1 ⎜ ⎟
Let α = cos− 1 x β = cos− 1 y
⎝ 1 + an an − 1 ⎠
w
cos α = x cos β = y
⎛ x− y ⎞
w
We have tan− 1 x − tan− 1 y = tan− 1 ⎜ ⎟

sin α = √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − cos ⎯α2
sin β = √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − cos⎯β 2
⎝ 1 + xy ⎠
=√
⎯⎯⎯⎯
1−x 2
=√
⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − y2 = tan [tan− 1 a2 − tan− 1 a1 + tan− 1 a3 − tan− 1 a2
cos− 1 x + cos− 1 y + cos− 1 z = π + tan− 1 a4 − tan− 1 a3 + …

cos− 1 x + cos− 1 y = π − cos− 1 z + tan− 1 an − tan− 1 an − 1]
α + β = π − cos− 1 z ...(1) = tan [− tan− 1 a1 + tan− 1 an]
Now
cos (α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β = tan [tan− 1 an − tan− 1 a1]
= xy − √ ⎡ ⎛ an − a1 ⎞ ⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − x2 √⎯⎯⎯
⎯ 1 − y2 ...(2) = tan ⎢ tan− 1 ⎜ ⎟⎥
From (1) we get ⎣ ⎝ 1 + an a1 ⎠ ⎦
cos (α + β) = cos (π − cos− 1 z) an − a1
= RHS
= − cos (cos− 1 z) 1 + an a1
=−z ...(3) Hence proved
Required equation of the parabola 64 16

+ =1
2
(x − h) = − 4a (y − k) a2 25
64 16
(x − 0.5)2 = − 4a (y − 4) ...(1) =1−
a 2 25
(0, 0) lies on this parabola
64 9
(0 − 0.5)2 = − 4a (0 − 4) =
a2 25
0.25 = 16a
9a2 = 64 × 25
0.25
=a 64 × 25
16 a2 =
9
(0.75, y1) also lies on this parabola
64 × 25
⎯⎯⎯9
√
0.25 ⎞
(0.75 − 0.5)2 = − 4 ⎛⎜ ⎟ (y1 − 4) a=
⎝ 16 ⎠
1
(0.25)2 = − (y − 4) 8×5
16 1 a=
3
0.0625 × 16 = − y1 + 4
40
a=
n
1.000 = − y1 + 4 3
l.i
y1 = 4 − 1 Wide of opening
y1 = 3 40 80
2a = 2 × = = 26.67 m
da
3 3
∴ Required height is 3m.
14. A rod of length 1.2 m moves with its ends
ka
13. A tunnel through a mountain for a four lane always touching the coordinate axes. The locus
highway is to have a elliptical opening. The of a point P on the rod, which is 0.3 m from
total width of the highway (not the opening) is
vi
the end in contact with x-axis is an ellipse.

to be 16 m, and the height at the edges of the Find the eccentricity.
road must be sufficient for a truck 4 m high
al
to clear if the highest point of the opening is

.k
to be 5 m approximately. How wide must the

opening be?
w
To Find AA′ = 2a = ?
Here b = 5 m Given
w
w
Length of rod (AB) = 1.2 m

Given AP = 0.3 m
∴ PB = 1.2 − 0.3
∴ Equation of the ellipse = 0.9 m
2 2
x y Here Δ ANP and Δ PMB are similar
+ =1
a2 b2 y
In Δ ANP, sin θ =
P (8, 4) lies on this equation 0.3
82 42 In Δ PMB, cos θ =
x
+ =1 0.9
a2 52
We know that
Exercise 6.5 x−3 y−3

8. Show that the lines = , z − 1 = 0 and
3 −1
Type of straight lines x−6 z−1
= , y − 2 = 0 intersect. Also find the
2 3
I. Intersecting lines (coplanar lines) point of intersection.
(i) Condition that two lines are intersect Given lines Note
→ → → →
(c − a) ⋅ (b × d) = 0 x−3 y−3 z−1 • z−1=0
[Or] = = and
3 −1 0 z=1
⎪ x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 ⎪ x−6 y−2 z−1 So its direction ratio is ‘0’
⎪ ⎪ = =
⎪ b1 b2 b3 ⎪ = 0 2 0 3 • y−2=0
⎪ d d2 d3 ⎪ ∴ (x1, y1, z1) = (3, 3, 1)
⎪ 1 ⎪ y=2
(ii) Shortest distance between intersecting lines is ‘0’. (x2, y2, z2) = (6, 2, 1) So its direction ratio is ‘0’
II. Skew lines (b1, b2, b3) = (3, − 1, 0)

→ → → → (d1, d2, d3) = (2, 0, 3)
(i) If (c − a) ⋅ (b × d) ≠ 0 then the lines are skew lines.
n
Condition for given lines intersect
l.i
(ii) Shortest distance between skew lines
→ → → → ⎪ x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1 ⎪
|(c − a) ⋅ (b × d)| ⎪ ⎪
da
δ= → → ⎪ b1 b2 b3 ⎪ = 0
|b × d| ⎪ d1 d2 d3 ⎪
⎪ ⎪
ka
III. Parallel lines ⎪6−3 2−3 −1⎪
→ → = ⎪⎪ 3 −1 0⎪
⎪
(i) If b = λ d then lines are parallel. ⎪ 2 0 3⎪
vi
⎪ ⎪
(ii) Shortest distance between parallel lines. ⎪3 −1 0⎪
→ → → = ⎪⎪ 3 − 1 0 ⎪⎪
al
|(c − a) × b|
δ= → ⎪2 0 3⎪
|b| ⎪ ⎪
.k
= 0 [R1 ≡ R2]
Note
w
∴ The lines are intersecting

→
• A straight line passing through a point (a) and x−3 y−3
w
→→ Let = =s ; z−1=0 z=1

perpendicular to the given two lines (b, d) 3 −1
w
direction vectors then

→ → → → x−3 y−3
r = a + m (b × d), m ∈ R =s =s
3 −1
→ x − 3 = 3s y−3=−s
• A straight line passing through a point (a)and
→ x = 3s + 3 y=−s+3
parallel to a given line (b) direction vector then
→ → → Any point on the line is of the form
r = a + m b, m ∈ R
(3s + 3, − s + 3, 1) ...(1)
• Any point on the straight line
x−6 z−1
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 Let = = t, y − 2 = 0 y = 2
= = is of the form 2 3
b1 b2 b3
x−6 z−1
x = sb1 + x1, y = sb2 + y1, z = sb3 + z1 =t =t
2 3
x−1 y+1 z−1 x − 6 = 2t z − 1 = 3t
Let = = = t, then any point on x = 2t + 6 z = 3t + 1
2 3 4
this line. ∴ Any point on the line is of the form
(2t + 1, 3t − 1, 4t + 1), t ∈ R (2t + 6, 2, 3t + 1) ...(2)
10. Find the equation of the tangent and normal Exercise 7.4
to the Lissajous curve given by x = 2cos 3t and
y = 3sin 2t, t ∈ R. 1. Maclaurin series expansion
f ′ (0) f ′ (0) 2 f ′′′ (0) 3
 Solution: f (x) = f (0) + + x + x +…
1! 2! 3!
x = 2cos 3t y = 3sin 2t 2. Taylor series expansion
dx dy
= − 6sin 3t = 6cos 2t f ′ (a) f ′′ (a)
dt dt f (x) = f (a) + (x − a) + (x − a)2 + …
1! 2!
dy 6cos 2t
=
dx − 6sin 3t Exercise 7.5
− cos 2t 0 ∞
m= 1. Indeterminate forms , , 0 × ∞, ∞ − ∞,
sin 3t 0 ∞
Equation of tangent 1∞, 00, ∞0
y − y1 = m (x − x1) 2. The ‘l’ hospital rule
− cos 2t If f (x) and g ′ (x) ≠ 10 with
y − 3sin 2t = (x − 2cos 3t)
sin 3t
n
f (x) f ′ (x)
y sin 3t − 3sin 2t sin 3t = − x cos 2t + 2cos 3t cos 2t lim = lim
g (x) ′ (x)
l.i
x→a x→a g
∴ x cos 2t + y sin 3t = 3sin 2t sin 3t + 2cos 2t cos 3t
⎛ xn − an ⎞
da
n−1
Equation of normal 3. * lim ⎜ ⎟ = na
x→a ⎝ x − a ⎠
−1 ⎛ sin x ⎞
y − y1 = (x − x1)
ka
m * lim ⎜ x ⎟=1
x→0 ⎝ ⎠
sin 3t
y − 3sin 2t = (x − 2cos 3t) 11. lim (sin x)tan x
vi
cos 2t
π
y cos 2t − 3sin 2t cos 2t = x sin 3t − 2cos 3t sin 3t x→
2
al
x sin 3t − y cos 2t = 2cos 3t sin 3t − 3sin 2t cos 2t

 Solution:
.k
3
= sin 2 (3t) − sin 2 (2t)
2 lim (sin x)tan x = 0∞ form
π
3
w
x→
x sin 3t − y cos 2t = sin 6t − sin 4t 2
2
y = (sin x)tan x
w
Let
Exercise 7.3
log y = tan x ⋅ log (sin x)
w
1. Rolle’s Theorem
log (sin x) 0
Let f (x) be a function lim log y = lim = form
π π cot x 0
(i) f (x) be continuous on a closed interval [a, b]. x→
2
x→
2
(ii) f (x) be differentiate on the open interval (a, b). Using ‘ l ’ hopital rule.
(iii) f (a) = f (b), then these exist atleast one point 1
cos x
‘C’ ∈ (a, b) when sin x
= lim
f ′ (c) = 0 π − cosec2 x
x→
2
2. Lagrange’s mean value theorem
cos x
Let f (x) be a function = lim × − sin2 x
π
sin x
x→
(i) f (x) be continuous on [a, b] 2
(ii) f (x) be differentiable on (a, b) π π
= cos × − sin2
Then there exist atleast one point C ∈ (a, b) such 2 2
that lim log y = 0
f (b) − f (a) π
f ′ (c) = x→
b−a 2
Using composite theorem Using composite function theorem

log ⎡ lim y ⎤ = 0 log ⎡ lim g (x) ⎤ = 1
⎢ x→∞ ⎥
⎢ π ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ x→ 2 ⎦ Taking exponential on both sides
1
Taking exponential log ⎡ lim g (x) ⎤ = e
e ⎢ x→∞ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
elog ⎡ lim y ⎤ = e0
⎢ π ⎥ lim g (x) = e
⎣ x→2 ⎦ x→∞
x
lim⎛1+1⎞ =e
⎜ x ⎟⎠
lim =1 x→∞ ⎝
π
x→ y
2
Exercise 7.6
lim (sin x)tan x = 1
π 1. f (x) is increasing function if f ′ (x) > 0
x→ f (x) is decreasing function if f ′ (x) < 0
2
2. Critical number we get when f ′ (x) = 0 Stationary
n
x point (x0, f (x0)).
⎛1+1⎞
l.i
12. lim⎜
x→∞ ⎝ x ⎟⎠ First derivative test
da
 Solution: 3. If f ′ (x) changes from + ve to − ve
x ∞ when x = x0, f (x) has local maximum at x = x0
⎛ 1 + 1 ⎞ = ⎛ 1 + 1 ⎞ = 1∞ form If f ′ (x) changes from − ve to + ve when
ka
lim⎜
x→∞ ⎝ x ⎟⎠ ⎜ ∞ ⎟⎠ x = x0, f (x) has local minimum at x = x0
⎝
Let
vi
Exercise 7.7
x
1
g (x) = ⎛⎜ 1 + ⎞⎟ 1. Second derivative test:
al
⎝ x⎠
• If f ′′ (x) < 0 at x = x0, then x0 gives maximum
Taking log on both sides
.k
1 value. If f ′′ (x) > 0 at x = x0, then x0 gives

log g (x) = x ⋅ log ⎛⎜ 1 + ⎞⎟ minimum value.
x⎠
w
⎝
1 2. Concavity:
log ⎛⎜ 1 + ⎞⎟
w
⎝ x⎠ • If f ′′ (x) is + ve then concave upward

lim log g (x) = lim
x→∞ 1
w
x→∞ • If f ′′ (x) is − ve then concave downward.

x
0 Note
= form
0 • Absolute maxima/minima, first derivative test for
Using ‘ l ’ hopital rule local extremum, second derivative test for local
⎛−1⎞ 1 extremum
1 ⎜ x2 ⎟ • Let f ′ (x) = 0 then find x = ___, ___
1+ ⎝ ⎠
x
= lim • Put x values in f (x) to get maxima/minima
x→∞ ⎛−1⎞
⎜ 2 ⎟ • For concavity, point of inflexion
⎝ x ⎠
1 • Let f ′′ (x) = 0 then find x = ___, ___
= lim
x→∞ 1+ 1 • Put x value in f (x), we get point of inflection
x (x, f (x))
1
=
1+0 Exercise 7.8
lim log g (x) = 1 (Word problems based on maxima / minima
x→∞
20. The volume of a cylinder is given by the 3r = 0 4−r=0

2
formula V = π r h. Find the greatest and least r=0 r=4
value of V ′ if r + h = 6 Given h + r = 6
Given r + h = 6
∴ 0 ≤ h, r ≤ 6
h=6−r ...(1) Now
2
Volume V = π r h V (0) = π (0)
2
V (r) = π r (6 − r) V (4) = π (6 (16) − 64)
2 3
V (r) = π (6r − r ) = π (96 − 64)
2 = 32π
V ′ (r) = π (12r − 3r )
V ′′ (r) = π (12 − 6r) V (6) = π (6 (36) − 216)
As V ′ (r) = 0 = π (216 − 216)
π (12r − 3r2) = 0 =0
12r − 3r2 = 0 ∴ Maximum = 32π
n
3r (4 − r) = 0 Minimum = 0
l.i
Note: Exercise 7.8 all word problems
practice well.
CHAPTER 8: DIFFERENTIAL AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES da

ka
KEY POINTS ∂2 F ∂ ⎛ ∂F ⎞
• 2
= ⎜ ⎟ = Fyy
∂y ∂y ⎝ ∂y ⎠
vi
Exercise 8.1
∂2 F ∂ ⎛ ∂F ⎞
al
1. Linear approximation • = ⎜ ⎟ = Fxy

∂ x ∂y ∂x ⎝ ∂y ⎠
L (x) = f (x0) + f ′ (x0) (x − x0)
∂2 F
.k
∂ ⎛ ∂F ⎞
2. Absolute error = Actual value – approximate value • = ⎜ ⎟ = Fyx
∂y ∂x ∂y ⎝ ∂x ⎠
w
3. Percentage error = Relative error × 100

Note
Actual value − approximate value
w
4. Relative error = (i) fxy = fyx

Actual value
∂2 F ∂2 F
w
i.e = (Clairaut’s theorem)

Exercise 8.2 ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x
Differentials (ii) Uxx + Uyy = 0
y = f (x)
Note ∂2 u ∂2 u
i.e + =0
dy
• dy = df = Δ f and dx = Δ x ∂x2 ∂y2
= f ′ (x) • Δ y = f (x + Δ x) − f (x) If u is a har monic function (Laplace’s equation)
dx
dy = f ′ (x) dx = f ′ (x) Δ x 1. Find fx, fy and show that fxy = fyx
x
(ii) f (x, y) = tan− 1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
Exercise 8.4 ⎝y⎠
x
Partial derivatives • f = tan− 1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
y
⎝ ⎠
F (x, y) partially differentiate with respect to x
1 1 y2 1
∂F ∂F fx = × = 2 2×
denote by with respect to y denote by x 2 y x +y y
∂x ∂y 1+ 2
y
∂2 F ∂ ⎛ ∂F ⎞
• 2
= ⎜ ⎟ = Fxx
∂x ∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠
y 1
fx = 2 2 3. Let W (x, y, z) = , (x, y, z) ≠ (0, 0, 0)
x +y √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
x + y2 + z2
2
x
• f = tan− 1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ∂2 W ∂2 W ∂2 W
⎝y⎠ show that + + =0
∂x2 ∂y2 ∂z2
1 ⎛−x⎞
fy = ×
2 ⎜ 2 ⎟ 1
x y ⎠ W= = (x2 + y2 + z2)− 1/2
1+ 2 ⎝ ⎯√⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
x +y +z 2 2
y
∂w − 1 2 2 2 − 1/2 − 1
y2 ⎛ − x ⎞ = (x + y + z ) ⋅ (2x)
= 2 2⎜ 2 ⎟ ∂x 2
x +y ⎝ y ⎠
∂w
−x = − x (x2 + y2 + z2)− 3/2
fy = 2 2 ∂x
x +y
∂2 W ⎡ − 3 2 2 2 − 3/2 − 1
∂ ⎡ −x ⎤ =⎢−x× (x + y + z ) ⋅ (2x)
• fxy = ∂x 2 2
∂x ⎢⎣ x2 + y2 ⎥⎦ ⎣
+ (x2 + y2 + z2)− 3/2 (− 1) ⎤⎦
(x2 + y2) (− 1) − (− x) (2x)
= = [3x2 (x2 + y2 + z2)− 5/2 − (x2 + y2 + z2)− 3/2]
n
(x2 + y2)2
3x2 1
l.i
− x2 − y2 + 2x2 x2 − y2 = −
= = (x + y2 + z2)5/2 (x2 + y2 + z2)3/2
2
(x2 + y2)2 (x2 + y2)2 ...(1)
da
3x2 − (x2 + y2 + z2)
∂ ⎡ y ⎤ =
• fyx = (x2 + y2 + z2)5/2
∂y ⎢ x2 + y2 ⎥
ka
⎣ ⎦
2 2
3x2 − x2 − y2 − z2
(x + y ) (1) − y (2y) =
= (x2 + y2 + z2)5/2
(x2 + y2)2
vi
∂2 W 2x2 − y2 − z2
x2 + y2 − 2y2 =
al
= ∂x2 (x2 + y2 + z2)5/2 ...(1)

(x2 + y2)2
Similarly
.k
x2 − y2
= ∂2 W 2y2 − x2 − z2
(x2 + y2)2 ...(2) =
w
∂y2 (x2 + y2 + z2)5/2 ...(2)

From (1) and (2) fxy = fyx is verified.
w
2 2 2 2
∂ W 2z − x − y
2
=
3 3 3 ∂z (x2 + y2 + z2)5/2 ...(3)
w
2. If U (x, y, z) = log (x + y + z ) find

∂u ∂u ∂u Adding (1), (2) and (3)
+ +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂2 W ∂2 W ∂2 W
+ +
U = log (x3 + y3 + z3) ∂x2 ∂y2 ∂z2
∂U 1 3x2
= 3 3 3 (3x2) = 3 3 3 2x2 − y2 − z2 + 2y2 − x2 − z2 + 2z2 − x2 − y2
∂x x + y + z x +y +z =
(x2 + y2 + z2)5/2
∂u 1 3y2
= 3 3 3 (3y2) = 3 3 3 = 0 Hence proved
∂y x + y + z x +y +z
∂u 1 3z2 Exercise 8.5
= 3 3 2 (3z2) = 3 3 3
∂z x + y + z x +y +z 1. The linear approximation of F at (x0, y0)
2 2 2
∂u ∂u ∂u 3x + 3y + 3z ∂F
∴ + + = 3 3 3 F (x, y) = F (x0, y0) + (x − x0)
∂x ∂y ∂z x +y +z ∂x (x0, y0)
3 (x2 + y2 + z2) ∂F
= 3 3 3
+ (y − y0)
x +y +z ∂y (x0, y0)
2. The linear approximation of F at (x0, y0, z0) Exercise 8.7

∂F
F (x, y, z) = F (x0, y0, z0) + (x − x0) Euler’s theorem
∂x (x0, y0, z0)
‘F’ is a homogeneous function with degree ‘n’
∂F ∂F then
+ (y − y0) + (z − z0)
∂y (x0, y0, z0) ∂z (x0, y0, z0)
∂F ∂F
(i) x +y =n⋅F
∂x ∂y
Exercise 8.6
∂F ∂F ∂F
1. W = f (x, y) where x, y are functions of t then (ii) x +y +z =n⋅F
∂x ∂y ∂z
dw ∂w dx ∂w dy
= ⋅ + ⋅
x 2 + y2
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
5. If U (x, y) = , prove that
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ x +⎯y
2. W = f (x, y) where x = x (s, t) and y = y (s, t) then
∂u ∂u 3
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y x +y = u.
(i) = ⋅ + ⋅ ∂x ∂y 2
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s
x2 + y2
∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y U (x, y) =
(ii) = ⋅ + ⋅ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ x +⎯y
n
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t
t2 x2 + t2 y2
l.i
3. If W (x, y, z) = x2 + y2 + z2, x = et, y = et sin t and U (tx, ty) =
√
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
tx + ⎯ty
dw
z = et cos t, find
da
dt t2 (x2 + y2)
=
W = x2 + y2 + z2 √ t (x + ⎯y)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
ka
t2 (x2 + y2)
∂w ∂w ∂w =
= 2x = 2y = 2z ⎯ t (x + y)
√
∂x ∂y ∂z
vi
= t2 − 1/2 ⋅ u
x = et y = et sin t
= t3/2 ⋅ u
al
dx dy
= et = et cos t + sin t et
dt dt 3
∴ U is a homogeneous function of degree .
.k
= et [cos t + sin t] 2
z = et cos t by Euler’s theorem

w
dz ∂u ∂u 3
= et (− sin t) + cos t (et) x +y = u proved.
w
dt ∂x ∂y 2
w
= et [cos t − sin t]
⎛ x 2 + y2 ⎞
dw ∂w dx ∂w dy ∂w dz 6. If v (x, y) = log ⎜ ⎟ prove that
∴ = + ⋅ + ⋅
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt ⎝ x+y ⎠
∂v ∂v
= 2x (et) + 2y ⋅ et (cos t + sin t) x +y =1
∂x ∂y
+ 2z ⋅ et (cos t − sin t) Here v is not homogeneous function
Put x = et, y = et sin t, z = et cos t ⎛ x2 + y2 ⎞
dw ∴ v = log ⎜ ⎟
= 2et ⋅ et + 2et sin t et (cos t + sin t) ⎝ x+y ⎠
dt
⎛ x2 + y2 ⎞
+ 2et cos t et (cos t − sin t) log ⎜ ⎟
ev = e ⎝ x+y ⎠
= 2e2t [1 + sin t cos t + sin2 t + cos2 t− cos t sin t]
= 2e2t (1 + sin2 t + cos2 t) x2 + y2
= 2e2t (1 + 1) ev = ⇒ u (x, y)
x+y
= 2e2t (2)
x2 + y2
= 4e2t U (x, y) =
x+y
2. Find the area of the region bounded by the • Putting b = a in the result we get
2 2
x y Area = π a2 which is area of circle
ellipse 2 + 2 = 1
a b x2 + y2 = a 2
3. Find the area of the region bounded by x axis

the curve y = |cos x|, the lines x = 0 and x = π.
x2 y2
+ =1 ⎧
a2 b2 ⎪ cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2
The given curve is y = ⎨
y2 x2
n
⎪ − cos x, π
= 1 − ≤x≤π
b2 a2 ⎩ 2
l.i
π/2 π
y2 a2 − x2
da
b2
=
a2
Area = ∫ ydx + ∫ − ydx
0 π/2
b2 (a2 − x2)
ka
2 π/2 π
y = 2
a = ∫ cos xdx − ∫ cos xdx
b 0 π/2
vi
a√
y= a2 −⎯x2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ π/2 π
= [ sin x ]0 − [ sin x ] π/2
al
st
∴ Area = 4 × Area of the region in 1 Quadrant
a
= (1 − 0) − (0 − 1)
.k
=1+1=2
=4 ∫ ydx
w
0
a 4. Find the area of the region bounded by the
w
b
=4
a ∫ √
⎯⎯⎯⎯
a2 −⎯x2 dx line y = 2x + 5 and the parabola y = x2 − 2x.
Given line y = 2x + 5
w
0 ...(1)
a
4b ⎡x a 2
x ⎤ Parabola y = x2 − 2x
= ⎢ √a2 −⎯x2 +
⎯⎯⎯⎯ sin− 1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⎥
a ⎣2 2 ⎝ a ⎠ ⎦0 From (1) and (2)
x2 − 2x = 2x + 5
4b ⎡ a2 − 1 ⎛ a ⎞ ⎤
= ⎢0+ sin ⎜ ⎟ − 0 ⎥
a ⎣ 2 b
⎝ ⎠ ⎦ x2 − 2x − 2x − 5 = 0
2 π⎤
4b ⎡ a x2 − 2x − 2x − 5 = 0
= ⎢ × ⎥
a ⎣ 2 2⎦ (x − 5) (x + 1) = 0
Area = π ab π x = 5, − 1
sin− 1 (1) =
2
y = 2 (5) + 5 y = 2 (− 1) + 5
Note y = 15 =3
• using y axis also we can find the area points (5, 15) and (− 1, 3)
b 5
Area = 4 ∫ xdy = π ab ∴ Area = ∫ (line − curve dx
0 (above) (below)
−1
CHAPTER 10. ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1. A first order differential equation of the form dA
dy ∫ A
= k ∫ dt
+ py = Q
dx log A = kt + log C
Here integrating factor I.F = e ∫ pdx log A = log ekt + log C
Solution log A = log Cekt
y (I.F) = ∫ Q ⋅ (I ⋅ F) dx + c A = Cekt
• When t = 0, A = A0
2. A first order differential equation of the form
dx (1) ⇒ A0 = Ce0
+ px = Q
dy
Here I.F = e ∫ pdy C = A0
Solution • When t = 5, A = 3A0
x (I.F) = ∫ Q (I.F) dy + c (1) ⇒ 3A0 = A0 e5k
n
l.i
e5k = 3
Exercise 10.8 Word problem
da
Let A be the number of bacteria of any time ‘t’ • When t = 10, A = ?
dA (1) ⇒ A = A0 e10k
∝A
dt
ka
dA = A0 (e5k)2
= kA
dt
= A0 (3)2
vi
dA
= k dt A = 9A0
A
al
dA ∴ After 10 hours 9 times the initial value of the

∫ = k ∫ dt
.k
A bacteria will be present.

log A = kt + log c
w
log A = log ekt + log c 2. Assume that the rate at which radioactive
w
decay is proportional to the number of such

log A = log cekt
nuclei that are present in a given sample. In a
A = Cekt
w
certain sample 10% of the original number of

Note radioactive nuclei have undergone
Temperature sums replace A → T − S disintegration in a period of 100 years. What
percentage of the original radioactive nuclei
∴ T − S = Cekt will remain after 1000 years?
1. The rate of increase in the number of bacteria Let A be the Amount of Nuclei at any time t
in a certain culture is proportional to the dA
number present. Given that the number triples ∝A
dt
in 5 hours, find how many bacteria will be
dA
present after 10 hours. = kA
dt
Let A be the number of bacteria of any time ‘t’
dA A = Cekt ...(1)
Given ∝A
dt • When t = 0, A = A0
dA
dt
= kA (1) ⇒ A0 = Ce0
dA A0 = C
= kdt
A
• When t = 100, A = 90% of A0 4

log e2k = log ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
9 ⎝3⎠
A= A 4
10 0 2k = log ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
9 ⎝3⎠
(1) ⇒ A = A0 e100k 1 4
10 0 k = log ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
2 3
⎝ ⎠
9
= e100k 4
10 − t/2 log ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
∴ (1) ⇒ A = 200 e ⎝3⎠ is the mass of
• When t = 1000, A = ?
isotope remaining after t years.
(1) ⇒ A = A0 e1000k
To Find
100k 10
= A0 (e ) The half-life tn, A = 100 mg
10 th
9 ⎞ −
= A0 ⎛⎜ ⎟ (1) ⇒ 100 = 200 e 2 4
log ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
10
⎝ ⎠ ⎝3⎠
% of original radioactive nuclei is tn
−
1 4
9 10 = e 2 log ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
n
A = A0 × × 100% 2 3
⎝ ⎠
1010 tn
l.i
−
1 4
⎛ 910 ⎞ log ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = e 2 log ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
A = A0 ⎜ 8 % ⎟ 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝3⎠
da
⎝ 10 ⎠ − tn
1 4
log ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = log ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
3. A radioactive isotope has an initial mass 200 2
⎝ ⎠ 2 ⎝3⎠
ka
1 3 4 3
2 log ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = tn log ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ ⎡⎢ → Hence − tn → tn ⎤⎥
mg, which two years later is 50 mg. Find the
expression for the amount of the isotope 2
⎝ ⎠ 4
⎝ ⎠ ⎣ 3 4 ⎦
vi
remaining at any time. What is its half-life? ⎛ 1⎞

2 log ⎜ ⎟
(half-life means the time taken for the
⎝2⎠
al
radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to = tn

half its original value) ⎛ 3⎞
log ⎜ ⎟
.k
Let A be the Amount of isotope remaining after ⎝4⎠

‘t’ years
w
4. Water at temperature 100°C cools in 10

dA
∝A minutes 80°C in a room temperature of 25°C.
dt
w
Find (i) the temperature of water after 20

dA
= − kA minutes.
w
dt
(ii) the time when the temperature is 40°C
[– sign indicates mass is decreasing]
⎡ log ⎛ 11 ⎞ = − 0.3101, log 5 = 1.6094 ⎤
A = Ce− kt ...(1) ⎢ ⎜ 15 ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦
• When t = 0, A = 200 Let T be the temperature of water at any time
(1) ⇒ 200 = Ce0 ‘t’. S be the room temperature Given S = 25°C
dT
200 = C ∝T−S
dt
• When t = 2, A = 150 dT
= k (T − S)
dt
(1) ⇒ 150 = 200e− 2k dT
= kdt
150 T−S
= e− 2k
200 dT
3 1 ∫ 1 − S = k ∫ dt
=
4 e2k
log (T − S) = kt + log C
4
e = 2k
log (T − S) = log ekt + log C
3

⎡ 8 −4⎤ 3 2⎤⎡−1 −3⎤

1. If A = ⎢ verify that AB = ⎡⎢
⎣−5 3 ⎥⎦ ⎥⎢
⎣7 5⎦⎣ 5 2 ⎥⎦
A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I2
⎡ − 3 + 10 −9+4⎤
=⎢
A=⎢
⎡ 8 −4⎤ ⎡3 4⎤ − 7 + 25 − 21 + 10 ⎥⎦
− 5 3 ⎥ adj A = ⎢ 5 8 ⎥ ⎣
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 7 −5⎤
⎡ 8 −4⎤⎡3 4⎤ AB = ⎢ ⎥
A (adj A) = ⎢
3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 8 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 18 − 11 ⎦
⎣−5 |A B| = − 77 + 90 = 13 ≠ 0
⎡ 24 − 20 32 − 32 ⎤
=⎢ ∴ (AB)− 1 exists
⎣ − 15 + 15 − 20 + 24 ⎥⎦
4 0⎤ ⎡ − 11 5 ⎤
= ⎡⎢ adj (A B) = ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 4 ⎥⎦ ...(1) ⎣ − 18 7 ⎦
3 4⎤⎡ 8 −4⎤ 1
n
(adj A) A = ⎡⎢ ∴ (AB)− 1 = adj (AB)
⎣5 8 ⎥⎦ ⎢ − 5 3 ⎥⎦ |AB|
⎣
l.i
⎡ 24 − 20 − 12 + 12 ⎤ ⎡ − 11 5 ⎤
1
=⎢ = ⎢ − 18 7 ⎥
⎥ 13 ...(1)
da
⎣ 40 − 40 − 20 + 24 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
4 0⎤ 1 ⎡ 2 3⎤⎡ 5 −2⎤
= ⎡⎢
−1 −1
B ⋅A =
⎥ 13 ⎢⎣ − 5 − 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − 7 3 ⎥⎦
⎣0 4⎦ ...(2)
ka
⎪ 8 −4⎪ 1 ⎡ 10 − 21 − 4 + 9 ⎤
|A| = ⎪ =
3 ⎪⎪ 13 ⎢ − 25 + 7 10 − 3 ⎥
⎪−5 ⎣ ⎦
vi
= 24 − 20 = 4 ⎡ − 11 5 ⎤
1
= ⎢ − 18 7 ⎥
13 ...(2)
al
1 0⎤ ⎣ ⎦
|A| I2 = 4 ⎡⎢ ⎥ −1
⎣0 1⎦
−1 −1
From (1) and (2) (AB) = B ⋅ A is verified.
.k
4 0⎞
= ⎛⎜ ⎟
⎝0 4⎠ ...(3)
3. Verify the property (AT)− 1 = (A− 1)T with
w
From (1), (2) and (3) 2 9⎤

A (adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I2 A = ⎡⎢ ⎥
w
⎣1 7⎦
2 9⎤ 2 1⎤
A = ⎡⎢ AT = ⎡⎢
w
3 2⎤ ⎡−1 −3⎤ ⎥ ⎥
2. If A = ⎡⎢ ⎥ and B = ⎢ 5 verify that ⎣1 7⎦ ⎣9 7⎦
⎣ 7 5 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ |A| = 14 − 9 T
|A | = 14 − 9
(AB)− 1 = B− 1 A− 1. =5≠0 =5≠0
3 2⎤ ∴ A− 1 exists (AT)− 1 exists
A = ⎡⎢ ⎥ B=⎢
⎡−1 −3⎤
⎣7 5⎦ ⎣ 5 2 ⎥⎦ ⎡ 7 −9⎤
adj A = ⎢
⎡ 7 −1⎤
adj (AT) = ⎢
|A| = 15 − 14 |B| = − 2 + 15 ⎣−1 2 ⎥⎦ ⎣−9 2 ⎥⎦
1 1
=1≠0 = 13 ≠ 0 A− 1 = adj A (AT)− 1 = T adj (AT)
|A| |A |
∴ A− 1 exists ∴ B− 1 exists 1 ⎡ 7 −9⎤ T −1 1 ⎡7 −1 ⎤
A− 1 = ⎢−1 (A ) = ⎢
2 ⎥⎦
… (2)
⎡ 5 −2⎤
adj A = ⎢
⎡ 2
adj B = ⎢
3⎤ 5 ⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 5⎣9
⎣−7 3 ⎥⎦ ⎣ − 5 − 1 ⎥
⎦
1 1 −1 1 ⎡ 7 −1⎤
∴ A− 1 = adj A −1
B = adj B (A ) =
5 ⎢−9 2 ⎥⎦
… (1)
|A| |B| ⎣
⎡ 5 −2⎤ 1 ⎡ 2 3⎤ From (1) and (2) (AT)− 1 = (A− 1)T is verified.
=⎢ =
3 ⎥⎦ 13 ⎢ − 5 − 1 ⎥
⎣−7 ⎣ ⎦
4. If α, β and γ are the roots of the polynomial
⎯
√
equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 find the value of √⎯2
⎯
x+ as another factor.
α ⎯⎯3
√
Σ in terms of the co-efficients.
βγ
• ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
√
⎯ √
⎯
−b ⎜ ⎯⎯2 ⎟ ⎜
√ √
⎯⎯2 ⎟ 2 ⎯ √⎯2
∴⎜x− x+ =x −
α+β+γ=
a ⎝ ⎯⎯3 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝
√ ⎯⎯3 ⎟⎠
√ ⎯⎯3
√
c
αβ+βγ+γα= √
⎯⎯2
a Now let x2 + as another factor.
√
⎯⎯3
−d
αβγ= ⎛ ⎯⎯2 ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎯
√ √⎯2 ⎞ 4 2
a ∴ ⎜ x2 − =x −
⎟⎜x +
⎝ ⎯
√⎯3 ⎠⎝ √⎯3 ⎟⎠
⎯ 3
α α β γ
Σ = + +
βγ βγ γα αβ ∴ required equation.
α2 + β2 + γ2 2
x4 − =0
= 3
n
αβγ
3x4 − 2 = 0
l.i
(α + β + γ)2 − 2 (α β + β γ + γ α)
=
αβγ
⎛ −b ⎞
2
⎛c⎞
⎜ a ⎟ −2⎜a⎟ da
6. Solve the cubic equations:
(i) 2x3 − 9x2 + 10x = 3
ka
=
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ (ii) 8x3 − 2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0
−d
a (i) 2x3 − 9x2 + 10x − 3 = 0
vi
⎛ b2 2c ⎞ ⎛ − a ⎞ Here sum of co-efficients is ‘0’

al
=⎜ − ⎟×⎜ ⎟
⎝ a2 a ⎠ ⎝ d ⎠ (2 − 9 + 10 − 3 = 12 − 12 = 0)
.k
⎛ b2 − 2ca ⎞⎛−a⎞ ∴ 1 is a root

=⎜ ⎟⎜ d ⎟
a2 ⎠⎝ ⎠
w
⎝ 1 2 10
−9 −3
− (b2 − 2ca) 0 2 3
w
= −7
ad
2 −7 3 0
w
2ca − b2
=
ad 2x 2 − 7x + 3 = 0
1
(x − 3) (x − ) = 0 6
5. Form a polynomial equation with integer 2
1
x−3=0 x− =0 −6 −1
2
⎯
√
⎯√⎯2 −6 −1
coefficients with as a root. 1 ,
⎯⎯3
√ x=3 x= 2 2
2
1
1 − 3, −
∴ roots are 1, 3 and 2
2
⎯
√
⎯√⎯2
Given: is a root.
⎯⎯3
√ (ii) 8x3 − 2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0
Here sum of alternate terms are equal (i.e)
8 − 7 = − 2 + 3 = 1]
⎯2
⎯⎯
√
∴x−
√ ⎯⎯3
√
is a factor. Now let ∴ − 1 is a root
−1 8 − 12 −7 3 − p3 + 3p3 − 9pq + 27r

=0
0 −8 10 −3 27
8 − 10 3 0 2p3 − 9pq + 27r = 0
24
∴ 8x2 − 10x + 3 = 0 9pq = 2p3 + 27r is the required condition.
(x − 3/4) (x − 1⁄2) = 0 – 6 – 4
−6 −4
3
∴x= ,x=
1 , 9. Solve the equation 7x3 − 43x2 = 43x − 7.
4 2 8 8
−3 −1 7x3 − 43x2 − 43x + 7 = 0
3 1 ,
∴ roots are − 1, and 4 2 This is an odd degree reciprocal equation of Type
4 2
I. Thus − 1 is a solution.
7. Solve the equation: x4 − 14x2 + 45 = 0 Now,
4
x − 14x + 45 = 02 – 49
−1 7 − 43 − 43 7
Let y = x2 then we get 0 −7 50 −7 – 49 – 1
y2 − 14y + 45 = 0 − 49 −1
7 − 50 7 0 ,
7 7
n
(y − 5) (y − 9) = 0 7, −1
7x2 − 50x + 7 = 0
l.i
7
y=5=0 y−9=0 1
(x − 7) ⎛⎜ x − ⎞⎟ = 0
da
y=5 y=9 ⎝ 7⎠
put y = x2 put y = x2 x = 7,
1
7
ka
2 2
x =5 x =9
1
x=±√⎯⎯5 x=±3 ∴ solutions − 1, 7 and
7
vi
⎯⎯5 and − ⎯√⎯5

∴ roots are 3 ; − 3, √
10. Find solution if any of the equation
al
2
8. Obtain the condition that the roots of 2cos x − 9 cos x + 4 = 0
3 2
.k
x + px + qx + r = 0 are in A.P. 2cos2x − 9 cos x + 4 = 0

Let roots are a − d, a, a + d Let y = cos x
w
Now
2y2 − 9y + 4 = 0
w
−b 8
α+β+γ= 1
a (y − 4) ⎛⎜ y − ⎞⎟ = 0
w
⎝ 2⎠
a−d+a+a+d=−p – 8 – 1
y−4=0 1 −8 −1
3a = − p y− =0 ,
y=4 2 2 2
−p 1 −4, −1
a= cos x = 4 y=
3 2 2
∴ no solution
1
a is a root of the given equation. cos x =
2
x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0 π
x=
3 2 3
⎛−p⎞ ⎛−p⎞ ⎛−p⎞
⎜ 3 ⎟ +p⎜ 3 ⎟ +q⎜ 3 ⎟+r=0 π
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ∴ solution x = 2n π ± , n ∈ z
3 3 3
− p p pq
+ − +r=0
27 9 3
CHAPTER 4: INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. Find the value of cos (π − α) = x
⎛ 5π π 5π π⎞
sin− 1 ⎜ sin cos + cos sin ⎟ cos− 1 (x) = π − α
⎝ 9 9 9 9⎠
⎛ 5π π 5π π⎞ α = π − cos− 1 (x)
sin− 1 ⎜ sin cos + cos sin ⎟
⎝ 9 9 9 9⎠ cos− 1 (− x) = π − cos− 1 (x)
[sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B] Hence it is true.
⎛ ⎛ 5π π ⎞ ⎞
= sin− 1 ⎜ sin ⎜ + ⎟⎟ Another method
⎝ ⎝ 9 9 ⎠⎠ Let RHS
⎛ ⎛ 6π ⎞ ⎞
= sin− 1 ⎜ sin ⎜ ⎟⎟ y = π − cos− 1 (x)
⎝ ⎝ 9 ⎠⎠ ...(1)
⎛ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎞ cos−1
(x) = π − y
= sin− 1 ⎜ sin ⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠ x = cos (π − y)
⎛ ⎛ 2π ⎞ ⎞
= sin− 1 ⎜ sin ⎜ π − x = − cos y
⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ ⎟⎠
n
− x = cos y
⎛ ⎛π⎞⎞
= sin− 1 ⎜ sin ⎜ ⎟ ⎟
l.i
⎝ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎠
Note: cos− 1 (− x) = y ...(2)
−1
π sin− 1 (sin x) = π − x if From (1) and (2) y = π − cos x and
da
=
3 π 3π −1
≤x≤ y = cos (x)
π ⎡−π π⎤ 2 2
ka
Since ∈ ⎢ , ⎥ −1 −1
3 ⎣ 2 2⎦ ∴ cos (− x) = π − cos x is true.
vi
2. Find the domain of sin− 1 (2 − 3x2) we know 4. For what value of x, the inequality
π
that the domain of sin− 1 (x) is [− 1, 1]. < cos− 1 (3x − 1) < π holds?
al
2
This leads to − 1 ≤ 2 − 3x2 ≤ 1 π
< cos− 1 (3x − 1) < π
.k
2 2
⇒ − 1 − 2 ≤ − 2 + 2 − 3x ≤ 1 − 2
w
⇒ − 3 ≤ − 3x2 ≤ − 1 π
cos < (3x − 1) cos π
2
Now
w
0 < (3x − 1) < − 1

− 3 ≤ − 3x2 − 3x2 ≤ − 1
w
0 + 1 < 3x − 1 + 1 < − 1 + 1
x2 ≤ 1 1
x2 ≥ 1 < 3x < 0
3
1 0 < 3x < 1
∴ we have ≤ x2 ≤ 1
3 0 < x < 1/3
1
1
≤ |x| ≤ 1 ∴ x ∈ ⎛⎜ 0, ⎞⎟
⎯⎯3
√ ⎝ 3⎠
⎡ −1⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ x
which gives x ∈ ⎢ − 1, ∪ Since 5. Prove that tan (sin− 1 x) = , − 1 < x < 1.
⎣ ⎯⎯3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ √
√ ⎯⎯3 , 1 ⎥⎦ ⎯√⎯⎯⎯
1 − x2
a ≤ |x| ≤ b simples x ∈ [− b, − a] ∪ [a, b]
• If x = 0, then both sides are equal to 0 ...(1)
• Assume that 0 < x < 1
3. Is cos− 1 (− x) = π − cos− 1 (x) true? Justify your
answer. π
Let θ = sin− 1, then 0 < θ <
−1 2
Let cos (− x) = α
x x
cos α = − x Now sin θ = gives tan =
1
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√1 − x2
Maclaurius series expansion f (2) = 2 (2)3 + 3 (2)2 − 12 (2)

f ′ (0) f ′′ (0) x2 f ′′′ (0) x3 = 16 + 12 − 24
f (x) = f (0) + x + +…
1! 2! 3! =4
0 1 2 0 3 1 4 0 3 1 3
cos x = 1 + x − x + x + x + x − x + … ∴ Absolute maximum = 20
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
Absolute minimum = − 7
x2 x4 x6
cos x 1 − + − + …
2! 4! 6! 8. Find intervals of concavity and points of
inflexion for the following functions.
6. Evaluate: lim x log x (i) f (x) = x (x − 4)3
+
x →0
f (x) = x (x − 4)3
 Solution:
lim x log x = 0 × ∞ form use (a − b)3 = a3 − 3a2 ab + 3ab2 − b3
+
x →0 f (x) = x [x3 − 3x2 (4) + 3x (4)2 − 43]
Log x
Let lim x log x = lim = x [x3 − 12x2 + 48x − 64]
+ + 1
x →0 x→0
x f (x) = x4 − 12x3 + 48x2 − 64x
n
Using ‘ l ’ hopital rule f ′ (x) = 4x3 − 36x2 + 96x − 64
l.i
1
f ′′ (x) = 12x2 − 72x + 96
da
x
= lim = lim (− x) = 0
+ −1 + = 12 (x2 − 6x + 8)
x→0 x→0
x2 = 12 (x − 2) (x − 4)
ka
f ′′ (x) = 0 ⇒ 12 (x − 2) (x − 4) = 0
7. Find the absolute maximum and absolute
x−2=0 x−4=0
vi
minimum values of the function

x=2 x= 4
f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − 12x on [− 3, 2]
al
f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − 12x

.k
f ′ (x) = 6x2 + 6x − 12 f ′′ (x)

Interval Value Concavity
w
f ′ (x) = 0 (
12 x − 2) (x − 4)
2 (− ∞, 2) 0 + ve Concave up
6x + 6x − 12 = 0
w
(2, 4) 3 − ve Concave down

6 (x2 + x − 2) = 0
w
(4, ∞) 5 + ve Concave up
(x + 2) (x − 1) = 0
The curve is concave upwards on (− ∞, 2) and
x = − 2, 1
(4, ∞) concave downward on (2, 4)
∴ Critical numbers − 2, 1
Here
3 2
Now, f (− 2) = 2 (− 2) + 3 (− 2) − 12 (− 2) f ′′ (x) changes its sign through x = 2 and x = 4
= − 16 + 12 + 24
∴ f (2) = 2 (2 − 4)3 = 2 (− 2)3 = 2 (− 8) = − 16
= 20
f (4) = 4 (4 − 4)3 = 4 (0) = 0
f (1) = 2 (1)3 + 3 (1)2 − 12 (1)
∴ (2, − 16) and (4, 0) are the point of inflexion.
= 2 + 3 − 12
=−7
9. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 12
Also f (− 3) = 2 (− 3)3 + 3 (− 3)2 − 12 (− 3) and their product is maximum.
= − 54 + 27 + 36 Let two numbers x, y
=9 Given Sum = 12
x + y = 12 12 − 2x = 0
y = 12 − x ...(1) − 2x = − 12
Product ‘p’ = xy x=6
P (x) = x (12 − x) ∴ At x = 6 p (x) has maximum value
∴ (1) ⇒ y = 12 − 6
P (x) = 12x − x2
y=6
P ′ (x) = 12 − 2x
∴ The numbers are 6, 6.
P ′′ (x) = − 2 < 0
P ′ (x) = 0
CHAPTER 8: DIFFERENTIALS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES
1. Let f (x) = 3√
⎯⎯x . Find the linear approximation 2. Find a linear approximation for the following
at x = 27. Use the linear approximation to functions at the indicated points:
approximate 3√ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
27.2 . (i) f (x) = x3 − 5x + 12 ; x0 = 2
n
We have L (x) = f (x0) + f ′ (x0) (x − x0)
L (x) = f (x0) + f ′ (x0) (x − x0)
l.i
Here x0 = 27 ; Δ x = 0.2
f (x) = 3⎯√⎯x ⇒ f (x0) = 3⎯√⎯27
⎯ =3 f (x0) = 23 − 5 (2) + 12
f (x) = x1/3
da = 8 − 10 + 12 = 10
f (x) = x3 − 5x + 12
ka
1 − 2/3
f ′ (x) = x
3
f ′ (x) = 3x2 − 5
1
vi
f ′ (x) = 2/3 f ′ (2) = 3 (2)2 − 5

3x
= 12 − 5 = 7
al
1
f ′ (x0) = f ′ (27) =
3 (27)2/3 L (x) = f (x0) + f ′ (x0) (x − x0)
.k
1 = 10 + 7 (x − 2)
=
3 (33)2/3
w
= 10 + 7x − 14
1 1
= = L (x) = 7x − 4
w
3 × 32 27
w
∴ L (x) = f (x0) + f ′ (x0) (x − x0) 3. A sphere is made of ice having radius 10 cm. Its
1 radius decreases from 10 cm to 9.8 cm. Find
=3+ (x − 27)
27 approximations for the following (i) Change in
x the volume (ii) Change in the surface area
=3+ −1
27 radius = 10 cm dr = 9.8 − 10
x = − 0.2
L (x) = +2
27 4 3
(i) Volume of the sphere V = π r
3
Now 1.0074 D.w.r to ‘r’
x = 27.2 27 27.2 dv 4
27 = π (3r2)
27.2 dr 3
L (27.2) = +2 200
27 dv = 4π r2 dr
189
= 1.0074 + 2 110 = 4π (10)2 (− 0.2)
= 3.0074 108
3 2 = − 80π cm3
∴ √⎯⎯⎯
⎯ 27.2 = 3.0074
Volume is decreased by 80π cm3.
CHAPTER 9: APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION

5 3
⎛ ex − 1 ⎞ ⎯√⎯⎯⎯
5 −⎯x
1. (i) Evaluate: ∫ x cos ⎜ ⎟ dx
ex + 1 ⎠
I= ∫ ⎯⎯x + √
√ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 −⎯x
−5 ⎝ 2 ...(2)
x
⎛e −1⎞ Add (1) and (2)
f (x) = x cos ⎜ x ⎟ 3
⎝e +1⎠ ⎯⎯x + √
√ 5 −⎯x
⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎛ e− x − 1 ⎞
I+I= ∫ ⎯ 5 −⎯x + √
√⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯x
dx
f (− x) = − x cos ⎜ ⎟ 2
−x
⎝e +1⎠ 3
⎛ 1 −1⎞
⎜ x ⎟
= ∫ dx
e
= − x cos ⎜⎜ ⎟ 2
1 ⎟ 3
⎜ +1⎟ = [ x ]2
⎜ ex ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ 1 − ex ⎤ =3−2
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ex ⎥ 2I = 1
n
= − x cos ⎢ x ⎥
⎢ 1+e ⎥ 1
I=
l.i
⎢ x ⎥ 2
⎣ e ⎦
da
⎡ 1 − ex ⎤
= − x cos ⎢ x⎥ π/2
⎣1+e ⎦ ⎪ cos4 x 7 ⎪
3. Evaluate: ∫ ⎪ 5 ⎪ dx
ka
⎧ ⎛ ex − 1 ⎞ ⎫ ∴ cos (− θ) = cos θ 0 ⎪ sin x 3 ⎪
= − x cos ⎨ − ⎜ x ⎟⎬
⎩ ⎝e +1⎠⎭ π/2
∫ (3 cos4 x − 7 sin5 x) dx
vi
⎛ ex − 1 ⎞ I=
= − x cos ⎜ ⎟ 0
ex + 1 ⎠
al
⎝ π/2 π/2
f (x) = − f (x)
=3 ∫ 4
cos xdx − 7 ∫ sin5 xdx
.k
∴ f (x) is an odd function property for odd function 0 0

a
w
n = 4 (even); n = 5 (odd)
∫ f (x) dx = 0
⎡3 1 π⎤ 4 2
w
−a = 3 ⎢ × × ⎥ − 7 ⎡⎢ × ⎤⎥
5 ⎣ 4 2 2 ⎦ ⎣5 3⎦
w
⎛ ex − 1 ⎞ 9π 56
∴ ∫ x cos ⎜ ⎟ dx = 0
ex + 1 ⎠
I= −
16 15
−5 ⎝
1
3
⎯√⎯x 4. Evaluate ∫ x2 (1 − x)3 dx
2. Evaluate: ∫ √ 5 −⎯x + √
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯x
dx 0
2 1
3 m! × n!
√
⎯⎯x We have ∫ xm (1 − x)n dx =
Let I= ∫ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ ⎯⎯x
5 −⎯x + √
dx
0
(m + n + 1) !
2 ...(1) 1
2! × 3! 2! × 3!
b b
∫ x2 (1 − x)3 dx = =
(2 + 3 + 1) ! 6!
using ∫ f (x) dx = ∫ f (a + b − x) dx 0
a a
2 × 3!
Here a = 3, b = 2 : (a + b − x) = (5 − x) =
6 × 5 × 4 × 3!
3
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ 5 −⎯x 1
∴I= ∫ √5 − (5 − x) + √
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 −⎯x
dx =
60
2
5. Evaluate the following Now

π/2 Put t = tan x π
dx x 0
(i) ∫ 1 + 5 cos2 x
dt
= sec2 x
2
0 dx t 0 ∞
π/2
dx dt = sec2 xdx
I= ∫ 1 + 5 cos2 x ∞
0 dt
divide all the terms by cos2 x
I= ∫ t2 + 6
0
dx
π/2 ∞
cos2 x dt
= ∫ 1 5 cos2 x
= ∫ 2
⎯⎯6 )2
t + (√
0 + 0
cos2 x cos2 x π
π/2 I=
sec x 2 2√
⎯⎯6
= ∫ sec2 x + 5
dx
0 ∞
π/2 1 π
n
sec2 x ∫ dx =
= ∫ dx a2 + x2 2a
l.i
0
1 + tan2 x + 5 0
da
sec2 x
I= ∫ tan2 x + 6
dx
0
ka
CHAPTER 10: ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
vi
1. Find the differential equation corresponding to 2. Show that y = ae− 3x + b where a and b are
the family of curves represented by the arbitrary constants, is a solution of the
al
equation y = Ae8x + Be− 8x where A and B are d2 y dy

differential equation +3 = 0.
.k
arbitrary constants. 2 dx
dx
Given
y = ae− 3x + b
w
8x − 8x
y = Ae + Be ...(1) dy
D.w.r to x = ae− 3x (− 3) = − 3ae− 3x
w
where A, B are arbitrary constants dx

d2 y
w
D.w.r to x = − 3ae− 3x (− 3)
2
dx
y′ = Ae8x (8) + Be− 8x (− 8)
d2 y dy
D.w.r to x = (− 3)
dx2 dx
y′′ = Ae8x (8) (8) + Be− 8x (− 8) (− 8)
d2 y dy
8x − 8x
∴ 2
+3 = 0 Hence proved.
y′′ = 64 [Ae + Be ] dx dx
y′′ = 64y [From (1)] 3. Solve the following differential equations

y′′ − 64y = 0
⎯⎯
√
is the required Differential Equation dy 1 − y2
=
dx 1 − x2
d2 y
i.e − 64y = 0
dx2
⎯⎯
√
dy 1 − y2
=
dx 1 − x2
dx (√
⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 − y2 ) = dy (√
⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 −⎯
x2) y sec x = ∫ sec2 xdx + c
dx dy y sec x = tan x + c
=
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√1−x 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯
√1−y ÷ sec x
Integrating both sides tan x c
y= +
dx dy sec x sec x
∫ = ∫ sin x
⎯√⎯⎯⎯
1−x 2
√⎯⎯⎯
⎯ 1 − y2 y=
cos x
x cos x + c cos x
sin− 1 x = sin− 1 y + c y = sin x + c cos x
dy dy
4. cos x + y sin x = 1 5. Solve: + 2y cot x = 3x2 cosec2 x
dx dx
dy dy
cos x + y sin x = 1 + 2y cot x = 3x2 cosec2 x
dx dx
÷ cos x dy
It is of the form + py = Q
dx
n
dy sin x 1
+ y= Here P = 2 cot x ; Q = 3x2 cosec2 x
dx cos x cos x
l.i
dy
+ tan xy = sec x ∫ pdx = ∫ 2 cot x
da
dx
dy = 2 log sin x
This is of the form + py = Q
dx = log (sin x)2
ka
Here P = tan x ; Q = sec x
e ∫ pdx = sin2 x
∫ pdx
vi
I.F = e  Solution:
= e ∫ tan x y (I ⋅ F) = ∫ Q ⋅ (I ⋅ F) dx + c
al
log sec x
=e y sin2 x = ∫ 3x2 cosec2 x ⋅ sin2 xdx + c
.k
= sec x
y sin2 x = ∫ 3x2 dx + c
w
 Solution:
⎛ x3 ⎞
∫ Q ⋅ (I ⋅ F) dx + c
w
y (I ⋅ F) = y sin2 x = 3 ⎜ ⎟ + c
⎝ 3 ⎠
∫ sec x ⋅ sec xdx + c
w
y sec x = 2 3
y sin x = x + c
CHAPTER 11: PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

1. In a pack of 52 playing cards, two cards are Given X be the random variable denotes number
drawn at random simultaneously. If the of black cards
number of black cards drawn in a random ∴ X takes the values 0, 1, 2
variable, find the values of the random X (ω) denote number of black cards
variable and number of points in its inverse ⎧0, if no black card ⎫⎪
⎪
images. X (ω) = ⎨ 1 , if one black card ⎬
⎪ ⎪
Total cards = 52 ⎩ 2 , if two black card ⎭
Black − 26 cards
X (No black card) = 26C0 × 26C2
Others − 26 cards
26 × 25
Here n (s) = 52C2 =1×
1×2
52 × 51
= = 1326 = 325
1×2
P (X = 1) = 5C1 p1 q5 − 1 = 0.4096 q
=2 mean = np = 5 ×
1
=1
2p q=1−p 5
⇒ 5pq4 = 0.4096 ...(1) 1 4 4
1 − p = 4p =1− variance = npq = 1 × =
P (X = 2) = 5C1 p2 q5 − 2 = 0.2048 5 5 5
1 = 5p 4
s ⇒ 10p2 q3 = 0.2048 ...(2) =
5
1
5pq4 0.4096 p=
5
(1) ÷ (2) ⇒ =
2 3 0.2048
10p q
CHAPTER 12: DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

1. Let * be defined on R by (iii) —V m, n, p ∈ Z, m + (n + p) = (m + n) + p. Hence
(a ∗ b) = a + b + ab − 7. the associative property is satisfied.
⎛−7⎞ (iv) m + e = e + m = m ⇒ e = 0.
Is * binary on R? If so find 3 ∗ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 15 ⎠ Thus ∃ 0 ∈ Z ∋ (m + 0) = (0 + m) = m. Hence the
Let a, b ∈ R existence of identity is assured.
n
Clearly a, b, ab ∈ R (v) m + m′ = m′ + m = 0 ⇒ m′ = − m.
l.i
∴ a + b + ab − 7 ⇒ ∈ R ⇒ a ∗ b ∈ R Thus —
V m ∈ Z, ∃ − m ∈ ∃
∴ ∗ is binary operator on R m + (− m) = (− m) + m = 0. Hence, the existence of
⎛−7
3∗⎜
⎝ 15
⎞ 7 ⎛−7⎞
⎟ = 3 − 15 + 3 ⎜ 15 ⎟ − 7
⎠ ⎝ ⎠ da
inverse property is also assured. Thus we see that the
usual addition + on Z satisfies all the above five
ka
45 − 7 − 21 − 105 45 − 133 88 properties.
= = =− Note that the additive identityj is 0 and the
15 15 15
vi
additive inverse of any integer m is − m.

2. Let A = { a + √
⎯⎯5 b ; ab ∈ z , check whether the
al
4. Construct the truth table for the following

usual multiplication is a binary operation on
(i) ¬ p ∧ ¬ q
.k
A
Let x = a + √
⎯⎯5 b y = c + d √
⎯⎯5 p q ¬p ¬q ¬p∧¬q
w
x, y ∈ A a, b, c, d ∈ z T T F F F
T F F T F
w
xy = (a + √
⎯⎯5 b) (c + √
⎯⎯5 d) F T T F F
F F T T T
w
= ac + 5bd + √
⎯⎯5 ad + √
⎯⎯5 bc
= (ac + 5bd) + ⎯
√⎯5 (ad + bc) ∈ A (ii) ¬ (p ∧ ¬ q)
∴ xy ∈ A p q ¬p ¬q ¬ (p ∧ ¬ q)
multiplication is binary on R. T T F F T
T F T T F
3. Verify the (i) closure property, (ii) commutative F T F F T
property, (iii) associative property (iv) existence F F T F T
of identity and (v) existence of inverse for the
(iii) (p ∨ q) ∨ ¬ q
arithmetic operation + on Z.
p q p∨q ¬q (p ∨ q) ∧ (¬ q)
 Solution:
T T T F T
(i) m + n ∈ Z, —
V m, n ∈ Z. Hence + is a binary T F T T T
operation on Z. F T T F T
(ii) Also m + n = n + m, —
V m, n ∈ Z. So the F F F T T
commutative property is satisfied.
TEXT BOOK: ONE MARK QUESTIONS

1. If | adj (adj A) | = | A |9, then the order of the square matrix A is

1. 3 2. 4 3. 2 4. 5
T T −1 T T
2. If A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA = A A and B = A A , then BB =
1. A 2. B 3. I 4. BT
3 5⎤ | adj B |
3. If A = ⎡⎢ ⎥, B = adj A and C = 3A, then | C | =
⎣ 1 2 ⎦
1 1 1
1. 2. 3. 4. 1
3 9 4
⎡1 −2⎤ ⎡6 0⎤
4. If A ⎢ = , then A =
⎣1 4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 6 ⎥⎦
n
⎡1 −2⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 4 2⎤ ⎡4 −1⎤
1. ⎢ 2. ⎢ 3. ⎢ 4. ⎢
l.i
⎥ ⎥ ⎥ 1 ⎥⎦
⎣ 1 4 ⎦ ⎣−1 4⎦ ⎣−1 1⎦ ⎣2
7 3⎤
5. If A = ⎡⎢
da
⎥, then 9I − A =
⎣4 2⎦
A− 1
1. A− 1 2. 3. 3A− 1 4. 2A− 1
ka
2
2 0 1 4
6. If A = ⎡⎢ ⎤ and B = ⎡
⎥
⎤
⎢ 2 0 ⎥ then | adj (AB) | =
⎣1 5⎦
vi
⎣ ⎦
1. − 40 2. − 80 3. − 60 4. − 20
al
⎡1 x 0⎤
7. If P = ⎢⎢ 1 3 ⎥
0 ⎥ is the adjoint of 3 × 3 matrix A and | A | = 4, then x is
.k
⎢2 4 −2⎥
⎣ ⎦
1. 15 2. 12 3. 14 4. 11
w
⎡3 1 −1⎤ ⎡ a11 a12 a13 ⎤

w
⎢ ⎥
8. If A = ⎢⎢ 2 − 2 ⎥ −
0 ⎥ and A 1 = ⎢ a21 a22 a23 ⎥ then the value of a23 is
⎢1 2 −1⎥ ⎢ a31 a32 a33 ⎥
w
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1. 0 2. − 2 3. − 3 4. − 1
9. If A, B and C are invertible matrices of some order, then which one of the following is not true?
1. adj A = | A | A− 1 2. adj (A B) = (adj A) (adj B)
−1 −1
3. det A = (det A) 4. (ABC)− 1 = C− 1 B− 1 A− 1
⎡ 12 − 17 ⎤ −1 ⎡ 1 −1⎤
10. If (AB)− 1 = ⎢ ⎥ and A = ⎢ − 2
−1
⎥, then B =
⎣ − 19 27 ⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎦
⎡ 2 −5⎤ ⎡ 8 5⎤ 3 1⎤ ⎡ 8 −5⎤
1. ⎢ ⎥ 2. ⎢ 3. ⎡⎢ 4. ⎢
⎣−3 8⎦ ⎣ 3 2 ⎥
⎦ ⎣2 1⎦
⎥
⎣−3 2 ⎥⎦
11. If AT A− 1 is symmetric, then A2 =
1. A− 1 2. (AT)2 3. AT 4. (A− 1)2
22. If 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and the system of equations x + (sin θ) y − (cos θ) z = 0, (cos θ) x − y + z = 0,

(sin θ) x + y − z = 0 has a non-trivial solution then θ is
2π 3π 5π π
1. 2. 3. 4.
3 4 6 4
23. The augmented matrix of a system of linear equations is
⎡1 2 7 3 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 1 4 6 ⎥. The system has infinitely many solutions if
⎢0 0 λ−7 μ+5⎥
⎣ ⎦
1. λ = 7, μ ≠ − 5 2. λ = − 7, μ = 5 3. λ ≠ 7, μ ≠ − 5 4. λ = 7, μ = − 5
⎡ 2 −1 1⎤ ⎡ 3 1 −1⎤
24. Let A = ⎢⎢ − 1 ⎥ ⎢
2 − 1 ⎥ and 4B = ⎢ 1 3
⎥
x ⎥. If B is the inverse of A, then the value of x is
⎢ 1 −1 2⎥ ⎢−1 1 3⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1. 2 2. 4 3. 3 4. 1
⎡3 −3 4⎤
25. If A = ⎢⎢ 2 − 3 4 ⎥⎥, then adj (adj A) is
⎢0 −1 1⎥
n
⎣ ⎦
⎡3 −3 4⎤ ⎡6 −6 8⎤ ⎡−3 3 −4⎤ ⎡3 −3 4⎤
l.i
1. ⎢⎢ 2 − 3 4 ⎥⎥ 2. ⎢⎢ 4 − 6 8 ⎥⎥ 3. ⎢⎢ − 2 3 − 4 ⎥⎥ 4. ⎢⎢ 0 − 1 1 ⎥⎥
⎢0 −1 1⎥ ⎢0 −2 2⎥ ⎢ 0 1 −1⎥ ⎢2 −3 4⎥
da
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
ka
CHAPTER 2. COMPLEX NUMBERS
1. in + in + 1 + in + 2 + in + 3 is
vi
1. 0 2. 1 3. − 1 4. i
al
13
2. The value of ∑ (in + in − 1) is
.k
i=1
1. 1 + i 2. i 3. 1 4. 0
w
3. The area of the triangle formed by the complex numbers z, iz and z + iz in the Argand’s diagram is
w
1 2 3 2
1. |z| 2. |z|2 3. |z| 4. 2 |z|2
2 2
w
1
4. The conjugate of a complex number is . Then, the complex number is
i−2
1 −1 −1 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
i+2 i+2 i−2 i−2
⎯⎯3 + i)2 (3i + 4)2
(√
5. If z = , then |z| is equal to
(8 + 6i)2
1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
_ 2
6. If z is a non zero complex number, such that 2iz = z then |z| is
1
1. 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
2
7. If |z − 2 + i| ≤ 2, then the greatest value of |z| is
1. ⎯⎯3 − 2
√ 2. √⎯⎯3 + 2 3. √
⎯⎯5 − 2 4. √
⎯⎯5 + 2
⎪1 1 1⎪
⎪ ⎪
23. If ω ≠ 1 is a cubic root of unity and ⎪ 1 − ω − 1 ω2 ⎪ = 3k, then k is equal to
2
⎪1 ω2 ω7 ⎪⎪
⎪
1. 1 2. − 1 3. √ ⎯⎯3i 4. − √
⎯⎯3i
10
⎛ 1+√ ⎯⎯3i ⎞
24. The value of ⎜ is
⎝ 1 − ⎯⎯3i ⎟⎠
√
2π 4π 2π 4π
1. cis 2. cis 3. − cis 4. − cis
3 3 3 3
⎪z+1 ω ω2 ⎪
2π ⎪ 2 ⎪
25. If ω = cis , then the number of distinct roots of ⎪ ω z + ω 1⎪=0
3
⎪ ω2 1 z + ω ⎪⎪
⎪
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
CHAPTER 3. THEORY OF EQUATION
n
1. A zero of x3 + 64 is
l.i
1. 0 2. 4 3. 4 i 4. − 4
2. If f and g are polynomials of degrees m and n respectively, and if h (x) = (f ο g) (x), then the degree of
da
h is
1. mm 2. m + n 3. mn 4. nm
ka
3. A polynomial equation in x of degree n always has
1. n distinct roots 2. n real roots 3. n imaginary roots 4. at most one root
vi
1
4. If α, β and γ are the roots of x3 + px2 + qx + r, then Σ is
α
al
q p q q
1. − 2. − 3. 4. −
r r r p
.k
5. According to the rational root theorem, which number is not possible rational root of 4x7 + 2x4 − 10x3 − 5?
w
5 4
1. − 1 2. 3. 4. 5
4 5
w
6. The polynomial x3 − kx2 + 9x

w
has three real roots if and only if, k satisfies

1. | k | ≤ 6 2. k = 0 3. | k | > 6 4. | k | ≥ 6
4 2
7. The number of real numbers in [0, 2 π] satisfying sin x − 2 sin x + 1 is
1. 2 2. 4 3. 1 4. ∞
8. If x3 + 12x2 + 10ax + 1999 definitely has a positive root, if and only if
1. a ≥ 0 2. a > 0 3. a < 0 4. a ≤ 0
3
9. The polynomial x + 2x + 3 has
1. one negative and two real roots 2. one positive and two imaginary roots
3. three real roots 4. no solution
10. The number of positive roots of the polynomial
n
n
∑ Cr (− 1)r xr is
j=0
1. 0 2. n 3. < n 4. r
CHAPTER 4. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1. The value of sin− 1 (cos x), 0 ≤ x ≤ π is

π π
1. π − x 2. x − 3. −x 4. π − x
2 2
2π
2. If sin− 1 x + sin− 1 y = ; then cos− 1 x + cos− 1 y is equal to
3
2π π π
1. 2. 3. 4. π
3 3 6
3 12 5 13
3. sin− 1 cos− 1 + sec− 1 − cosec− 1 is equal to
5 13 3 12
12
1. 2π 2. π 3. 0 4. tan− 1
65
4. If sin− 1 x = 2 sin− 1 α has a solution, then
1 1 1 1
1. |α| ≤ 2. |α| ≥ 3. |α| < 4. |α| >
⎯⎯2
√ ⎯⎯2
√ ⎯√⎯2 ⎯⎯2
√
n
π
5. sin− 1 (cos x) =
l.i
− x is valid for
2
π π π 3π
da
1. − π ≤ x ≤ 0 2. 0 ≤ x ≤ π 3. − ≤x≤ 4. − ≤x≤
2 2 4 4
3π 9
6. If sin− 1 x + sin− 1 y + sin− 1 z = , the value of x2017 + y2018 + z2019 − 101 101 101 is
ka
2 x +y +z
1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
vi
2π
7. If cot− 1 x = for some x ∈ R, the value of tan− 1 x is
5
al
π π π π
1. − 2. 3. 4. −
.k
10 5 10 5
8. The domain of the function defined by f (x) = sin− 1 √
⎯⎯⎯⎯
x −⎯1 is
w
1. [1, 2] 2. [− 1, 1] 3. [0, 1] 4. [− 1, 0]
w
1
9. If x = , the value of cos (cos− 1 x + 2 sin− 1 x) is
5
w
⎯⎯25
√ ⎯⎯25
√
24 24 1 1
1. − 2. 3. 4. −
5 5
1 2
10. tan− 1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ + tan− 1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ is equal to
4
⎝ ⎠ ⎝9⎠
1 −1⎛ 3 ⎞ 1 −1⎛ 3 ⎞ 1 3 1
1. cos ⎜ ⎟ 2. sin ⎜ ⎟ 3. tan− 1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ 4. tan− 1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟
2 5
⎝ ⎠ 2 5
⎝ ⎠ 2 ⎝5⎠ ⎝2⎠
11. If the function f (x) = sin− 1 (x2 − 3), then x belongs to
1. [− 1, 1] ⎯⎯2 , 2]
2. [√
3. [− 2, − √ ⎯⎯2 , 2]
⎯⎯2 ] ∪ [√ 4. [− 2, − √ ⎯⎯2 , 2]
⎯⎯2 ] ∪ [√
12. If cot− 1 2 and cot− 1 3 are two angels of a triangle, then the third angle is
π 3π π π
1. 2. 3. 4.
4 4 6 3
⎛ ⎞
π⎞
−1⎛
√
3 ⎟ π
13. sin
⎝ ⎠
−1⎜
⎜ tan 4 ⎟ − sin ⎝
⎯ = . Then x is a root of the equation
x ⎠ 6
1. x2 − x − 6 = 0 2. x2 − x − 12 = 0 3. x2 + x − 12 = 0 4. x2 + x − 6 = 0
14. sin− 1 (2 cos2 x − 1) + cos− 1 (1 − 2 sin2 x) =
π π π π
1. 2. 3. 4.
2 3 4 6
15. If cos− 1 (√sin⎯α ) + tan− 1 (√
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin⎯α ) = u, then cos 2u is equal to
1. tan2 α 2. 0 3. − 1 4. tan 2α
2x
16. If |x| ≤ 1, then 2 tan− 1 x − sin− 1 is equal to
1 + x2
1. tan− 1 x 2. sin− 1 x 3. 0 4. π
1 ⎞
17. The equation tan− 1 x − cot− 1 x = tan− 1 ⎛⎜ ⎟ has
⎝ √
⎯
⎯3 ⎠
n
1. no solution 2. unique solution
3. two solution 4. infinite number of solutions
l.i
1 π
18. If sin− 1 x + cot− 1 ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = , then x is equal to
da
⎝2⎠ 2
1 1 2 √⎯3
⎯
1. 2. 3. 4.
2 ⎯⎯5
√ √⎯5
⎯ 2
ka
x 5 π
19. If sin− 1 + cosec− 1 = , then the value of x is
5 4 2
vi
1. 4 2. 5 3. 2 4. 3
al
−1
20. sin (tan x), |x| < 1 is equal to
x 1 1 x
.k
1. 2. 3. 4.
√
⎯⎯⎯⎯
1−x 2
√
⎯⎯⎯⎯
1−x 2
√
⎯⎯⎯⎯
1+x 2
√
⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 + x2
w
CHAPTER 5. TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY-II

w
1. The equation of the circle passing through (1, 5) and (4, 1) and touching y axis is
w
2 2
x + y − 5x − 6y + 9 + λ (4x + 3y − 19) = 0 where λ is equal to
40 40 − 40
1. 0, − 2. 0 3. 4.
9 9 9
2. The eccentricity of the hyperbola whose latus rectum is 8 and conjugate axis is equal to half the distance
between the foci is
4 4 2 3
1. 2. 3. 4.
3 ⎯⎯3
√ √⎯3
⎯ 2
3. The circle x2 + y2 = 4x + 8y + 5 intersects the line 3x − 4y = m at two distinct points if
1. 15 < m < 65 2. 35 < m < 85
3. − 85 < m < − 35 4. − 35 < m < 15
4. The length of the diameter of the circle which touches the x − axis at the point (1, 0) and passes through
the point (2, 3)
6 5 10 3
1. 2. 3. 4.
5 3 3 5
17. Consider an ellipse whose centre is of the origin and its major axis is along x − axis. If its eccentrcity
3
is and the distance between its foci is 6, then the area of the quadrilateral inscribed in the ellipse with
5
diagonals as major and minor axis of the ellipse is
1. 8 2. 32 3. 80 4. 40
x2 y2
18. Area of the greatest rectangle inscribed in the ellipse + = 1 is
a2 b2
a
1. 2ab 2. ab 3. √
⎯⎯ab
⎯ 4.
b
19. An ellipse has OB as semi minor axes, F and F′ its foci and the angle FBF′ is a right angle. Then the
eccentricity of the ellipse is
1 1 1 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
√
⎯⎯2 2 4 √⎯3
⎯
y2
20. The eccentricity of the ellipse (x − 3)2 + (y − 4)2 = is
9
√⎯3
⎯ 1 1 1
n
1. 2. 3. 4.
2 3 3√
⎯⎯2 ⎯⎯3
√
l.i
21. If the two tangents drawn from a point P to the parabola y2 = 4x are at right angles then the locus of P
da
is
1. 2x + 1 = 0 2. x = − 1 3. 2x − 1 = 0 4. x = 1
22. The circle passing through (1, − 2) and touching the axis of x at (3, 0) passing through the point
ka
1. (− 5, 2) 2. (2, − 5) 3. (5, − 2) 4. (− 2, 5)
−9
vi
2
23. The locus of a point whose distance from (− 2, 0) is times its distance from the line x = is
3 2
al
1. a parabola 2. a hyperbola 3. an ellipse 4. a circle

⎯⎯5 touches the hyperbola 16x2 − 9y2 = 144 are the roots of
24. The values of m for which the line y = mx + 2 √
.k
x2 − (a + b) x − 4 = 0, then the value of (a + b) is

w
1. 2 2. 4 3. 0 4. − 2
25. If the coordinates at one end of a diameter of the circle x2 + y2 − 8x − 4y + c = 0 are (11, 2) the coordinates
w
of the other end are

w
1. (− 5, 2) 2. (2, − 5) 3. (5, − 2) 4. (− 2, 5)
CHAPTER 6. APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR ALGEBRA

→ → →→→
1. If a and b are parallel vectors, then [a, c, b] is equal to
1. 2 2. − 1 3. 1 4. 0
→ → →
2. If a vector α lies in the plane of β and γ, then
→ →→ → →→ → →→ → →→
1. [α, β, γ] = 1 2. [α, β, γ] = − 1 3. [α, β, γ] = 0 4. [α, β, γ] = 2
→ → → → →→ → →→
3. If a ⋅ b = b ⋅ c = c ⋅ a = 0, then the value of [a, b, c] is
→→→ 1 →→→
1. |a| |b| |c| 2. |a| |b| |c| 3. 1 4. − 1
3
→ →→ → → → → → →
4. If a, b, c are three unit vectors such that a is perpendicular to b, and is parallel to c then a × (b × c) is
equal to
→ → → →
1. a 2. b 3. c 4. 0
→ →→ → → → → →→→
18. The coordinates of the point where the line r = (6 i − j − 3 k) + (− i + 4 k) meets the plane r ⋅ (i + j − k) = 3
are
1. (2, 1, 0) 2. (7, − 1, − 7) 3. (1, 2, − 6) 4. (5, − 1, 1)
19. Distance from the origin to the plane 3x − 6y + 2z + 7 = 0 is
1. 0 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
20. The distance between the planes x + 2y + 3z + 7 = 0 and 2x + 4y + 6z + 7 = 0 is
⎯⎯7
√ 7 √⎯7
⎯ 7
1. 2. 3. 4.
2√ ⎯⎯2 2 2 2√
⎯⎯2
1 1 1
21. If the direction cosines of a line are , , , then
c c c
1. c = ± 3 2. c = ± √ ⎯⎯3 3. c > 0 4. 0 < c < 1
→ → →→ →→
22. The vector equation r = (i − 2 j − k) + t (6 j − k) represents a straight line passing through the points
1. (0, 6, − 1) and (1, − 2, − 1) 2. (0, 6, − 1) and (− 1, − 4, − 2)
3. (1, − 2, − 1) and (1, 4, − 2) 4. (1, − 2, − 1) and (0, − 6, 1)
23. If the distance of the point (1, 1, 1) from the origin is half of its distance from the plane
n
x + y + z + k = 0, then the values of k are
l.i
1. ± 3 2. ± 6 3. − 3, 9 4. 3, − 9
→ → →→ → →→ →
da
24. If the planes r ⋅ (2 i − λ j + k) = 3 and r ⋅ (4 i + j − μ k) = 5 ar e par allel, then the value of λ and μ are
1 1 1 1
1. ,−2 2. − , 2 3. − , − 2 4. ,2
2 2 2 2
ka
1
25. If the length of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane 2x + 3y + λ z = 1, λ > 0 is , then the value
5
vi
of λ is
1. 2 √
⎯⎯3 2. 3 √
⎯⎯2 3. 0 4. 1
al
.k
7. APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
1. The volume of a sphere is increasing in volume at the rate of 3π cm3/sec. The rate of change of its radius
w
1
when radius is cm
w
2
1
1. 3 cm/s 2. 2 cm/s 3. 1 cm/s 4. cm/s
w
2
2. A balloon rises straight up at 10 m/s. An observer is 40 m away from the spot where the baloonn left
the ground. Find the rate of change of the balloon’s angle of elevation in radian per second when the
balloon is 30 meters above the ground.
3 4 1 1
1. radians/sec 2. radians/sec 3. radians/sec 4. radians/sec
25 25 5 3
3. The position of a particle moving along a horizontal line of any time t is given by s (t) = 3t2 − 2t − 8. The
time at which the particle is at rest is
1
1. t = 0 2. t = 3. t = 1 4. t = 3
3
4. A stone is thrown up vertically. The height it reaches at time t seconds is given by x = 80t − 16t2. The
stone reaches the maximum height in time t seconds is given by
1. 2 2. 2.5 3. 3 4. 3.5
5. Find the point on the curve 6y = x3 + 2 at which y-coordinate changes 8 times as fast as x-coordinate is
1. (4,11) 2. (4, − 11) 3. (− 4, 11) 4. (− 4, − 11)
8. DIFFERENTIALS AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

1. A circular template has a radius of 10 cm. The measurement of radius has an approximate error of 0.02
cm. Then the percentage error in calculating area of this template is
1. 0.2% 2. 0.4% 3. 0.04% 4. 0.08%
2. The percentage error of fifth root of 31 is approximately how many times the percentage error in 31?
1 1
1. 2. 3. 5 4. 31
31 5
2 2 ∂u
3. If u (x, y) = ex + y , then is equal to
∂x
2 2
1. ex + y 2. 2xu 3. x2u 4. y2u
∂v ∂v
4. If v (x, y) = log (ex + ey), then + is equal to
∂x ∂y
1
1. ex + ey 2. 3. 2 4. 1
ex + ey
n
∂w
5. If w (x, y) = xy, x > 0 then is equal to
∂x
l.i
1. xylog x 2. y log x 3. yxy − 1 4. x log y
6. If f (x, y) = exy, then

∂2f
∂x ∂y
is equal to
da
ka
1. xyexy 2. (1 + xy) exy 3. (1 + y) exy 4. (1 + x) exy
7. If we measure the side of a cube to be 4 cm with an error of 0.1 cm then the error in our calculation
vi
of the volume is
1. 0.4 cu.cm 2. 0.45 cu.cm 3. 2 cu.cm 4. 4.8 cu.cm
al
8. The change in the surface area S = 6x2 of a cube when the edge length varies from x0 to x0 + dx is
.k
1. 12x0 + dx 2. 12x0dx 3. 6x0dx 4. 6x0 + dx

9. The approximate change in the volume V of a cube of side x meters caused by increasing the side by 1%
w
is
w
1. 0.3 xdxm3 2. 0.03x m3 3. 0.03x2 m3 4. 0.03x3 m3

dg
w
10. If g (x, y) = 3x2 − 5y + 2y2, x (t) = et and y (t) = cos t, then is equal to
dt
1. 6e2t + 5 sin t − 4cos tsin t 2. 6e2t − 5sin t + 4 cos t sin t
3. 3e2t + 5sin t + 4cos t sin t 4. 3e2t − 5sin t + 4cos t sin t
x
11. If f (x) = then its differential is given by
x+1
−1 1 1 −1
1. 2
dx 2. dx 3. dx 4. dx
(x + 1) (x + 1)2 x+1 x+1
∂u ⎪
12. If u (x, y) = x2 + 3xy + y − 2019, then is equal to
∂x ⎪⎪
(4, − 5)
1. − 4 2. − 3 3. − 7 4. 13
π
13. Linear approximation for g (x) = cos x at x = is
2
π π π π
1. x + 2. − x + 3. x − 4. − x −
2 2 2 2
14. If w (x, y, z) = x2 (y − z) + y2 (z − x) + z2 (x − y), then

∂w ∂w ∂w
+ + is
∂x ∂y ∂z
1. xy + yz + zx 2. x (y + z) 3. y (z + x) 4. 0
15. If f (x, y, z) = xy + yz + zx, then fx − fz is equal to
1. z − x 2. y − z 3. x − z 4. y − x
9. APPLICATIONS OF INTEGRATION
2
3
dx
1. The value of ∫ is
0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
√ ⎯2
4 − 9x
π π π
1. 2. 3. 4. π
6 2 4
2
n
2. The value of | x | dx is
l.i
−1
1 3 5 7
1. 2. 3. 4.
da
2 2 2 2
x
2
3. For any value of n ∈ Z, ∫ ecos x cos3 [(2n + 1) x] dx is
ka
0
π
1. 2. π 3. 0 4. 2
2
vi
π
2
al
4. The value of ∫ sin2 xcos xdx is

−π
.k
2
3 1 2
w
1. 2. 3. 0 4.
2 2 3
w
4 4
⎡ ⎛ x2 ⎞ −1 ⎛ x + 1 ⎞ ⎤
5. The value of ∫ ⎢ tan− 1 ⎜ x4 + 1 ⎟ + tan ⎜ 2 ⎟⎥
dx is
w
−4 ⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠⎦
1. π 2. 2 π 3. 3 π 4. 4 π
π
4
⎛ 2x7 − 3x5 + 7x3 − x + 1 ⎞
6. The value of ∫ ⎜
cos2x
⎟ dx is
−π ⎝ ⎠
4
1. 4 2. 3 3. 2 4. 0
x
df
7. If f (x) = ∫ t cos t dt, then
dx
=
0
1. cos X − Xsin X 2. sin X + X cos X 3. X cos X 4. X sin X
2
8. The area between y = 4x and its latus rectum is
2 4 8 5
1. 2. 3. 4.
3 3 3 3
a 3
⎛ a2 − x2 ⎞ dx is
∫ ⎝√
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎠
19. The value of
0
πa 3
3 πa4 3 π a2 3 π a4
1. 2. 3. 4.
16 16 8 8
x 1
20. If ∫ f (t) dt = x + ∫ tf (t) dt, then the value of f (1) is
0 x
1 3
1. 2. 2 3. 1 4.
2 4
10. ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

t/3
d2y dy ⎞
1. The order and degree of the differential equation +⎛
2 ⎜ dx ⎟
+ x1/4 = 0 are respectively
dx ⎝ ⎠
1. 2,3 2. 3,3 3. 2,6 4. 2,4
2. The differential equation representing the family of curves y = A cos (x + B), where A and B are parameters,
n
is
l.i
d2y d2y d2y d2x
1. −y=0 2. +y=0 3. =0 4. =0
da
2
dx dx2 dx2 dy2
3. The order and degree of the differential equation √
⎯⎯⎯⎯
sin x (dx + dy) = √cos⎯x (dx − dy) is
⎯⎯⎯⎯
ka
1. 1,2 2. 2,2 3. 1,1 4. 2,1
4. The order of the differential equation of all circles with centre at (h, k) and radius ‘a’ is
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 1
vi
5. The differential equation of the family of curves y = Aex + Be− x, where A and B are arbitrary constants is
al
d2y d2y dy dy
1. 2
+y=0 2. 2
−y=0 3. +y=0 4. −y=0
dx dx
.k
dx dx
dy y
6. The general solution of the differential equation = is
w
dx x
1. xy = k 2. y = klogx 3. y = kx 4. logy = kx
w
dy
7. The solution of the differential equation 2x = y = 3 represents
w
dx
1. straight lines 2. circles 3. parabola 4. ellipse
dy
8. The solution of + p (x) y = 0 is
dx
1. y = ce∫ pdx 2. y = ce− ∫ pdx 3. x = ce− ∫ pdy 4. x = ce∫ pdy
dy 1+y
9. The integrating factor of the differential equation +y= is
dx λ
x eλ
1. 2. 3. λ ex 4. ex
e λ x
dy
10. The integrating factor of the differential equation + P (x) y = Q (x) is X, then P (x)
dx
x2 1 1
1. x 2. 3. 4.
2 X X2
dy ax + 3
24. If the solution of the differential equation = represents a circle, then the value of a is
dx 2y + f
1. 2 2. − 2 3. 1 4. − 1
dy
25. The slope at any point of a cur ve y = f (x) is given by = 3x2 and it passes through (− 1, 1)
dx
1. y = x3 + 2 2. y = 3X2 + 4 3. y = 3X3 + 4 4. y = X3 + 5
11. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
⎧ 2 x≥1
⎪ x3
1. Let X be random variable with probability density function f (x) = ⎨ Which of the following
⎪ 0 x<1
⎩
statement is correct
1. both mean and variance exist 2. mean exists but variance does not exist
3. both mean and variance do not exist 4. variance exists but Mean does not exist
2. A rod of length 2l is broken into two pieces at random. The probability density function of the shorter
n
⎧ 1 0<x<l
l.i
⎪ l
of the two pieces is f (x) = ⎨
⎪ 0 l≤ x < 2l
da
⎩
The mean and variance of the shorter of the two pieces are respectively
1 l
ka
1 l 1 l l
1. , 2. , 3. 1, 4. ,
2 3 2 6 12 2 12
3. Consider a game where the player losses a six-sided fair die. If the face that comes up 6, the player wins
vi
Rs.36, otherwise he losses Rs,k2, where k is the face that comes up k = { 1, 3, 4, 5 }. The expected amount
al
to win at this game in Rs. is

19 − 19
1. 2. 3. 3/2 4. − 3/2
.k
6 6
4. A pair oif dice numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 of a six-sided die and 1, 2, 3, 4 of a four sided die is rolled
w
and the sum is determined. Let the random variable X denote this sum. Then the number of elements in
the inverse image of 7 is
w
1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4
w
5. A random variable X has binomial distribution with n = 25 and p = 0.8 then standard deviation of X is
1. 6 2. 4 3. 3 4. 2
6. Let X represent the difference between the number of heads and the number of tails obtained when a coin
is tossed n times. Then the possible values of X are
1. i + 2n, i = 0., 1, 2 !… 2. 2i − n, i = 0, 1, 2 … n
3. n − i, i = 0, 1, 2, … n 4. 2i + 2n, i = 0, 1, 2 … n
1
7. If the function f (x) = for a < x < b, represents a probability density function of a continuous random
12
variable X then which of the following cannot be the value of a and b?
1. 0 and 12 2. 5 and 17 3. 7 and 19 4. 16 and 24
8. Four buses carrying 160 students from the same school arrive at a football stadium. The buses carry,
respectively, 42, 36, 34 and 48 students. One of the students is randomly selected. Let X denote the number
of students that were on the bus carrying the randomly selected student. One of the 4 bus drivers is also
randomly selected. Let Y denote the number of students on that bus. Then E [X] andE [Y] respectively are
1. 50,40 2. 40,50 3. 40.75,40 4. 41,41
12. DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

1. A binary operation on a set S is a function from
1. S → S 2. (S × S) → S 3. S → (S × S) 4. (S × S) → (S × S)
2. Subtraction is not a binary operation in
1. R 2. Z 3. N 4. Q
3. Which one of the following is a binary operation on N?
1. Subtraction 2. Multiplication 3. Division 4. All the above
4. In the set R of real numbers ‘*’ is defined as follows. Which one of the following is not a binary operation
on R?
1. a ∗ b = min (a.b) 2. a ∗ b = max (a, b) 3. a ∗ b = a 4. a ∗ b = ab
ab
5. The operation * defined by a ∗ b = is not a binary operation on
7
1. Q+ 2. Z 3. R 4. C
6. In the set Q defined a O⋅ b = a + b + ab. For what value of y, 3 O⋅ (y O⋅ 5) = 7?
n
2 −2 −3
1. y = 2. y = 3. y = 4. y = 4
3 3 2
l.i
7. If a ∗ b = √
⎯⎯⎯⎯
a2 +⎯b2 on the real numbers then * is
1. commutative but not associative
3. both commutative and associative
2.
4.
da associative but not commutative
neither commutative nor associative
ka
8. Which one of the following statements has th truth value T?
1. sin x is an even function
2. Every square matrix is non-singular
vi
3. The product of complex number and its conjugate is purely imaginary

4. √
al
⎯⎯5 is an irrational number

9. Which one of the following statements has truth value F?
.k
1. Chennai is in India or √
⎯⎯2 is an integer
2. Chennai is in India or √
⎯⎯2 is an irrational number
w
3. Chennai is in China or √⎯⎯2 is an integer

w
4. Chennai is in China or √⎯⎯2 is an irrational number

10. If a compound statement involves 3 simple statements, then the number of rows in the truth table is
w
1. 9 2. 8 3. 6 4. 3
11. Which one is the inverse of the statement p ∨ q) → (p ∧ q)?
1. (p ∧ q) → (p ∨ q) 2. ¬ (p ∨ q) → (p ∧ q)
3. (¬ p ∨ ¬ q) → (¬ p ∧ ¬ q) 4. (¬ p ∧ ¬ q) → (¬ p ∨ ¬ q)
12. Which one is the contra positive of the statement (p ∨ q) → r?
1. ¬ r → (¬ p ∧ ¬ q) 2. ¬ r → (p ∨ q) 3. r → (p ∧ q) 4. p → (q ∨ r)
13. The truth table for (p ∧ q) ∨ ¬ q is given below
p q (p ∧ q) ∨ (¬ q)
T T (a)
T F (b)
F T (c)
F F (d)

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Important Five, Three and One Mark Questions and Answers 1

= 40 − 60 + 20 = 0 ⎡ (16 + 56) − (16 − 7) (− 32 − 4) ⎤

T (7 − 16) − (− 56 − 16) (− 32 − 14) ⎥

2 Nithish’s Mathematics - XII

⎡−8 4 1⎤ Exercise 1.2

14 Nithish’s Mathematics - XII

22 Nithish’s Mathematics - XII

3. Solve the equation 3x3 − 16x2 + 23x − 6 = 0 if −b

α−3=0 3α−1=0 ∴ α = 3 (2) = 6 7 ⎞ 21

α=3 3α=1 β = 2 (2) = 4 ⎝ 19 ⎠

Important Five, Three and One Mark Questions and Answers 23

(+) (−) (+) (+) (−)

sum of roots = (1 + 2i) + (1 − 2i) = 2 = [(x − 2)2 + 12] [(x − 3)2 − (√

24 Nithish’s Mathematics - XII

Divide the Given polynomial by this factor. 16 2 12

the roots form an arithmetic progressive r

There are 3 roots which are in A.P.

Important Five, Three and One Mark Questions and Answers 25

3 + 3r + 3r2 = 13r y+1=0 y+7=0

3r2 − 10r + 3 = 0 Put y = 6x2 − 13x Put y = 6x2 − 13x

(y − 20) (y − 42) = 504

y−6=0 y − 56 = 0 6x3 − 3x2 − 39x − 18 = 0

11. Solve the equation 3 2 − 1 − 13 −6

32 Nithish’s Mathematics - XII

⎛x−1⎞ −1⎛ x+1 ⎞ π ∴ From (2) and (3)

13. If cos− 1 x + cos− 1 y + cos− 1 z = π and +

We have tan− 1 x − tan− 1 y = tan− 1 ⎜ ⎟

cos− 1 x + cos− 1 y + cos− 1 z = π + tan− 1 a4 − tan− 1 a3 + …

42 Nithish’s Mathematics - XII

Required equation of the parabola 64 16

the end in contact with x-axis is an ellipse.

to clear if the highest point of the opening is

to be 5 m approximately. How wide must the

Length of rod (AB) = 1.2 m

Important Five, Three and One Mark Questions and Answers 49

Exercise 6.5 x−3 y−3

II. Skew lines (b1, b2, b3) = (3, − 1, 0)

∴ The lines are intersecting

→→ Let = =s ; z−1=0 z=1

direction vectors then

Important Five, Three and One Mark Questions and Answers 59

x sin 3t − y cos 2t = 2cos 3t sin 3t − 3sin 2t cos 2t

60 Nithish’s Mathematics - XII

Using composite theorem Using composite function theorem

1 value. If f ′′ (x) > 0 at x = x0, then x0 gives

⎝ x⎠ • If f ′′ (x) is + ve then concave upward

x→∞ • If f ′′ (x) is − ve then concave downward.

Important Five, Three and One Mark Questions and Answers 65

20. The volume of a cylinder is given by the 3r = 0 4−r=0

12r − 3r2 = 0 ∴ Maximum = 32π

CHAPTER 8: DIFFERENTIAL AND PARTIAL DERIVATIVES da

1. Linear approximation • = ⎜ ⎟ = Fxy

3. Percentage error = Relative error × 100

4. Relative error = (i) fxy = fyx

i.e = (Clairaut’s theorem)

66 Nithish’s Mathematics - XII

= ∂x2 (x2 + y2 + z2)5/2 ...(1)

∂y2 (x2 + y2 + z2)5/2 ...(2)

2. If U (x, y, z) = log (x + y + z ) find

Important Five, Three and One Mark Questions and Answers 67

2. The linear approximation of F at (x0, y0, z0) Exercise 8.7

z = et cos t by Euler’s theorem