Ramchandrapura,

chhawni, Kota

Class 12th Three Dimensional Geometry Deepak Panchal

8003117251
Coordinates of a point are (x,y,z)
for point on X-Y plane take z=0, similarly others
Distance between two points P(x1,y1,z1)and Q(x2,y2,z2)

PQ  x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2  z2  z1 2
Distance of a point P(x1,y1,z1)from the origin

PQ  x1 2   y1 2  z1 2
Direction Cosines of a line
A line (passes through origin or its parallel line that passes through the origin) makes angles
 ,  and  respectively with X, Y and Z axes then cos  , cos  and cos  are said to be its
direction cosines
say l  cos  , m  cos  , n  cos 

Remember that cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1 or l 2  m 2  n 2  1

Direction ratios: set of three numbers a, b, c which are proportional to l, m, n,
a b c
   some constant
l m n

Relation between a, b, c and l, m, n is

a b c
l
2 2 2
, m 2 2 2
, n
a b c a b c a  b2  c2
2

Direction cosines of a line passing through two points P(x1,y1,z1)and Q(x2,y2,z2)

x2  x1 y y z 2  z1
l , m 2 1 , n where PQ  x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2  z2  z1 2
PQ PQ PQ

Direction cosines of axes are-

X-axis- <1,0,0>, Y-axis-<0,1,0>, Z-axis-<0,0,1>,

A line is parallel to X-axis then l  1, m  0, n  0 , similarly others

*Three Points A, B, C are collinear if D.Cs of AB and D.Cs of BC are proportional
Equation of a line in 3D/space
Form Vector form Cartesian form discription
Point & direction r  a  b
 
a is the P.V. of point
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
  
(parallel vector) a b c (x1,y1,z1), a  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ and

b  aiˆ  bˆj  ckˆ is parallel to the
line
    
Two point form r  a   (b  a ) x  x1
 
a is the PV of point (x1,y1,z1) and
y  y1

z  z1
b is the PV of point (x2,y2,z2),
x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1
Both Points lie on the line
 
      1 b1.b2
Acute angle between two lines r  a1  b1 and r  a2  b2 ,   cos  
b1 b2

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
acute angle between two lines   and  
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2

a1a2  b1b2  c1c2 l1l2  m1m2  n1n2

  cos 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
  cos 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
(a1  b1  c1 ) (a2  b2  c2 ) (l1  m1  n1 ) (l2  m2  n2 )
or

a1 b1 c1 l1 m1 n1
Two lines are parallel if   or  
a2 b2 c2 l 2 m2 n2

Perpendicular if a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0 or l1l2  m1m2  n1n2  0

*Lines in 3D space may be parallel, intersecting or neither parallel nor intersecting (Skew lines)
     
The Shortest distance between two skew lines r  a1  b1 and r  a2  b2

x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1
a1 b1 c1
   
(b1  b2 ).(a2  a1 ) a2 b2 c2
d   also in Cartesian form d 
b1  b2 (b1c2  b2 c1 )  (c1a2  c2 a1 )  (a1b2  a2b1 ) 2
2 2

*two non parallel line are coplanar or intersecting if here d=0 or the numerator in the formula is 0
  
b  ( a2  a1 )      
d  The distance between two parallel lines r  a1  b and r  a2  b
b

The Plane

If is a vector n is perpendicular to the plane it is said to be normal vector

Equation of a plane

vector form Cartesian form particulars


 n is the normal vector to the plane <l, m, n>
r .nˆ  d lx+my+nz=d 
are direction cosines of n and A, B, C are
 
the direction ratios of n
r .n  D Ax+By+Cz=D d is the perpendicular distance of the plane
 
from the origin and D  n d

N
is the normal vector and A B C are its
  
(r  a ).N  0 A(x-x1)+B(y-y1)+C(z-z1)=0 direction ratios .
Point (x1,y1,z1) lies on the plane its p.v.
a  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ

Three non collinear points Point (x1,y1,z1)

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
      , (x2,y2,z2) and (x3,y3,z3) are on the plane
( r  a ).[(b  a )  (c  a )  0 x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1  0
  
x3  x1 y3  y1 z3  z1 a, b , c
and their position vectors are
x y z a, b, c are respectively X, Y and Z
intercept form   1
a b c
intercepts

Planes Equation vector to Cartesian form with example


r .( 2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ)  5  2 x  3 y  4 z  5
5
its distance from the origin is d 
2  (3) 2  4 2
2

Planes Equation cartesian to intercept form with example

2 3 4 x y z
2x  3y  4z  5  x  y  z 1   1
5 5 5 5 5 5
2 3 4
Perpendicular distance of a plane Ax+By+Cz-D=0 from a Point (x1,y1,z1)
Ax1  By1  Cz1  D
d
A2  B 2  C 2

Perpendicular distance of a plane Ax+By+Cz-D=0 or r .n  D from a the origin
D D
 or
n A  B2  C 2
2

Foot of the perpendicular on a plane Ax+By+Cz-D=0 from a point (x1,y1,z1)

way to find
1. let the required point be (x2, y2, z2)

x2  x1 y2  y1 z 2  z1 (x2,y2,z2)
2. take   K
A B C

3. hence x 2  KA  x1 , y 2  KA  y1 , z 2  KA  z1

4. put these in equation of plane in place of x, y and z and find K

5. put K in step 3 and find the point

Plane passing through the intersection of two given planes
    
If given Planes are r .n1  d1 and r .n 2  d 2 the required plane is r .( n1  n2 )  d1  d 2

If given Planes are A1 x  B1 y  C1 z  D1 and A 2 x  B2 y  C2 z  D 2 the required plane is

(A1 x  B1 y  C1 z  D1 )   ( A 2 x  B2 y  C2 z  D2 )  0

Angle between two given planes

 
  1 n1.n2
If given Planes are r .n1  d1 and r .n 2  d 2 the required angle is   cos  
n 1 n2

If given Planes are A1 x  B1 y  C1 z  D1 and A 2 x  B2 y  C2 z  D 2 the requiredangle is

A1A 2  B1B2  C1C2

  cos 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
A  B1  C1
1 A2  B2  C2

Two planes are

A1 B1 C1
Parallel if  
A2 B2 C2

Perpendicular if A1A 2  B1B2  C1C2  0

Angle between a planes and a line

 
   b .n
Plane r .n  D ,Line r  a  b   sin 1  
bn