CSE211

Computer Organization and

Design

Lecture : 3 Tutorial: 1 Practical: 0 Credit: 4

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 Combinational Circuits
• In this output depends only upon present input.
• Speed is fast.
• It is designed easy.
• There is no feedback between input and output.
• This is time independent.
• Elementary building blocks: Logic gates
• Used for arithmetic as well as boolean operations.
• Combinational circuits don’t have capability to store any
state.
• As combinational circuits don’t have clock, they don’t
require triggering.
• These circuits do not have any memory element.
Examples – Encoder, Decoder, Multiplexer,
Demultiplexer
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 Sequential Circuits
• In this output depends upon present as well as past input.
• Speed is slow comparative to combinational circuits.
• It is designed tough as compared to combinational circuits.
• There exists a feedback path between input and output.
• This is time dependent.
• Elementary building blocks: Flip-flops Mainly used for
storing data. Sequential circuits have capability to store any
state or to retain earlier state.
• As sequential circuits are clock dependent they need
triggering.
• These circuits have memory element.

Examples – Flip-flops, Counters

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Integrated Circuits
An IC is a small silicon semiconductors crystal called chip containing the
electronic components for digital gates.
- Various gates are interconnected inside chip to form required circuit.
- Chip is mounted in ceramic/plastic container connected to external pin

Small scale Integration (SSI) : less than 10 gates

Medium Scale Integration(MSI) : between 10 to 200 gates

(decoders, adders, registers)

Large Scale Integration(LSI) : between 200 and few thousands gates

( Processors, Memory Chips)

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) : Thousands of gate within

single package ( Large Memory Arrays, Complex Microcomputer Chips)

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