23-BIOSTATICS, FORMULAE

categorical/qualitative data-percentage%
freq of occurrence(comparision of magnitude)

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bar diagram
pie chart/sector diagram
pictogram
map diagram/spot map

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quanTitative data-mean±SD(unskew), median(range)(skew)
distribution(not related to time)
hisTogram
freq polygon
freq curve
line diag(time trend) iim
scatter plot(study relation b/n 2variable)

measure of central tendency

outlier, skewed, extreme
most affected-mean
least affect-mode
4a
most preferred-median
geometric mean=(n)√(x1×x2×…xn)
harmonic mean=1/(1/x1+1/x2+…1/xn)

meas of dispersion/deviation/variation
range=max–min
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mean deviation=|mean–x|/n
SD=√[Σ(|mean–x|)²/n]
SD(<30)=√[Σ(|mean–x|)²/(n–1)]
variance=SD²
CV=(SD/mean)×100
Ai

SE=SD/√n
precision=1/SE=√n/SD
for bimodal data
mode=3median–2mean
z score/relative deviate/critical ratio
z=|mean–x|/SD

(quant)SE=SD/√n
 (qualit)SE=√(PQ/n)
(quant)95%CI=mean±2.5SE
(qualit)95%CI=proportion±2.5SE
(quant)sample size=Z²SE²/L²
(qualit)sample size=Z²PQ/L²
Z²=4, P=prevalence, Q=1–P, L=100-CI

probability

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p(event)=n(experiment)/n(total event)
odds=n(event occur)/n(event not occur)
Poisson distribution-discrete probability distribution for random event

+ve/rt skew

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mean>median>mode
–ve/lt skew
mean<median<mode
(Hint-arrange in alphabetical order and look at the direction where the (<,>) is
pointing) iim
Pearson skewness coefficient=(mean–mode)/SD

std normal curve

area=1
mean=mode=median=0
SD=1
4a
mean±1SD=68.27%
mean±2SD=95.45%
mean±3SD=99.73%

test for pRecision(Reliability, Reproducibility, Repeatability)

Range chart
R chart
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CRonbachα
test for accuracy
mean chart
LJ(Levy Jenning) chart
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Shewart control chart

null hypothesis(कम हैतो reject कर दो)

rejected-p value<0.05-p value significant
accepted-p value>0.05-p value insignificant

p value=prob of declaring diff when actually not=prob rejecting null hypothesis when
true
 p value 0.01-difference 99%signif
CI↑→level of signif↓
type I error-false +ve
type II error-false –ve

epidemiologic hypothesis specify

population, expected outcome, sp cause, dose response relationship, time response
relationship

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epidemiological study
cohort(AIR)-Attributable risk, Incidence, Relative risk-natural h/o ds, Hawthorn
effect-behaviour change when being observed
case control-Odds ratio

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cross sectional-prevalence
ecological(best)-group characteristics-unit-population

observational study
descriptive
analytical
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ecological-correlation-polpulation
cross sectional-prevalence-individual
case control-case reference-individual
cohort-follow up-individual
prospective-Framingham heart study, Doll&Hills study on smoking&ca lung
4a
nested case control study
retrospective-effect of fetal monitoring on neonatal death, PVC exposure&
angiosarcoma liver
COmbine-COurt Brown&Doll study on radiation therapy

experimental study
randomised control trial-clinical trial-pt
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field trial-healthy people, introduce vacc for 1y old&see its efficacy

community trial-community intervention study-community

randomised control trial-dropout not excluded fr study

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accuracy to test association b/n risk factor&ds

systematic review& metaanalysis>
randomised control trial>
retrospective cohort>
prospective cohort>
case cohort>
cross sectional>
 ecological

yield=new case d/t screening

screen time=time(1st possible Dx→final critical Dx)
lead time=time(1st possibl Dx→usual time Dx)
serial interval=time(prim case→sec case)
generation time=time(receipt of inf by host→ max infectivity)
T interval=no. of d bed of hosp remain vacant

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incubat period≈generation time

RR/risk ratio=incid(exposed)/incid(non exposed)

AR=[incid(exposed)–incid(non exposed)]/incid(expos)
popul AR=[incid(population)–incid(not exposed)]/incid(population)

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type of bias-technique
selection-randomisation
surveillance/detection

response
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Neyman survival/incidence prevalence
referral/volunteer

Berkesonian(hosp admission)
recall(memory)
bias d/t confounding-matching, multivariate analysis
information-single blinding
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interviewer/observer-double blinding
statician-triple blinding

sensitivity=(true+ve/all ds)×100
specificity=(true–ve/all not ds)×100
+ve predictive value=(true+ve/all+ve)×100
–ve predictive value=(true–ve/all–ve)×100
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diagnostic test-predictive value

false+ve%=(FP/total not ds)×100=1–sPecificity
false–ve%=(FN/total ds)×100=1–seNsitivity
efficiency(accuracy)=all true/all pt
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likelihood ratio for +ve test=sensitivity/(1–specificity)

likelihood ratio –ve test=(1–sensitivity)/specificity
pretest probability=prevalence+clinical assessm
posttest probability=pretest probability×likelihood ratio
↑sensitivity-↑TP-↓PPV
↑specificity-↑TN-↓NPV

sensitivity,specificity-criterion validity
 multiple Dx test
series-↓sensitivity, ↑specificity, ↑PPV
parallel-↑sensitivity, ↓specificity, ↑NPV

best test to compare new&old test-Bland&Altman analysis

sampling

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random/probability/nonpurposive-chance of being selected-same&known
simple
systematic
stratified(heterogenous)
multistage

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Cluster(homogenous-Cost effective)
nonrandom/nonprobability/purposive
convenient
quota/targetted
snowball/network
judgement
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PQLI=IMR+life expectancy at age 1y+literacy rate, range=0-100, India=65(rank-63)
measure social, economic, politic policies
does not measure economic growth
HDI=GNI per capita+ life expectancy at birth+ (mean y of school, expected y of
4a
school), range0-1, India=0.545(rank-136)
top-Norway, Australia, USA
bottom-Congo, Nigeria
human poverty index1=long&healthy life(probability at birth not surviving 40y)+
knowledge(adult literacy rate)+ std of living(%of populat using improved H2O source+
%child underwt for age), India=31.3%
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DALY(Disability Adjusted Life Y)=y of life lost+y lost to disability

burden of ds in populat
effectiveness of intervention
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DFLE(Disability Free Life Expectancy)/active life expectancy=no. of y expected free of

disability if current pattern of mortality& disability continue to apply

HALE(Health Adjusted Life Expectancy)=life expectancy–time spent in poor health

QALY(Quality Adjusted Life Y)=no. of y added to life by intervention

type of data(NOIR)
 Nominal(mode)-mal/fem, black/white, rural/urban
Ordinal(median)-1st,2nd, very satisfied,satisfied,dissatisfied
Interval(mean)-90°C,100°C,110°C
Ratio(mean)-pulse rate 90,100,110/min

correlation
graph-scatter plot(correlation diagram)
+ve-change in same direction

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–ve-change in opposite direction
r(Piersen correlation coefficient)
r=+1-perfect +ve
r=–1-perfect –ve
r=0-no correlation

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–1≤r≤+1
r²=coeff of determination
0≤r²≤1
r<0.3-very weak
r=0.3-0.49-weak
r=0.5-0.89-strong
r≥0.9-very strong

type of regression
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simple linear-y=a+bx
multiple linear-y=a+bx1+cx2+dx3
4a
simple curvilinear-y=a+bx³
multiple curvilinear-y=a+bx1³+cx2³+dx3³

test of significance
quantitative
2group
related(before-after)-paired t test
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unrelated-unpaired t test
>2group
ANOVA(F) test
qualitative/categorical
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Pearson chi² test/Fisher exact test/Yate correction

obesity
BMI(Quetlet index)=wt(kg)/ht(m²)
Brocca index-ideal wt(kg)=ht(cm)–100
corpulence index-actual wt/desirable wt≤1.2
Lorentz formula-ideal wt(kg)= ht(cm)–100–[{ht(cm)–150}/2(fem),4(mal)}]
skinfold thickn(MC meth)
 midtriceps(best)+biceps+subscapular+suprailiac ≥50mm(fem),≥40mm(mal)
midtriceps≥18mm(mal), ≥32mm(fem)
waist circumf(cm)
World≥102(mal), ≥88(fem)
India≥90(mal), ≥80(fem)
waist/hip ratio>1.0(mal), >0.85(fem)
waist/ht ratio(best CVS ds risk)≥0.5

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contracept effectiveness
Pearl index
potency of contraception=(total accident preg/no. of pt observed×mth of use)×1200
life table analysis-best

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prot quality assessm
digestibilty coefficient=(N2 absorbed/N2 intake)×100
biological value=(N2 retained/N2 absorbed)×100
net protein utilization=(N2 retained/N2 intake)×100=(biological value×digestibility
coefficient)/100 iim
protein efficiency ratio=wt gain(g)/prot intake(g)
AA(chemical) score=[{(no. of AA/g prot)}/{(no. of same AA/g egg prot)}]×100
prot quantity assessm
prot energy ratio=(energy fr prot/total energy fr diet)×100
1g prot=6.25g N2
norm NPU=50-80
4a
relative humidity=H2O vapour content/H2O vapour capacity

Box Whisker plot

quartile

forest plot
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represent result in systematic review& metaanalysis(best study design)

funnel plot
assess publication bias
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Kaplan Meier curve/product limit estimation

survival fn fr lifetime data-#pt living for certain time after Rx
X-time, Y-%of survival
cox-proportion hazard model to control confounding factor in survival analysis

Levy Jenning chart

accuracy, quality monitoring
 rate-numerator part of denominator, time is taken
IMR, incidence

ratio-numerator not part of denominator

std mortality rate, risk ratio, sex ratio, dependency ratio, coefficient of variance,
abortion ratio

in
PRoportion-%
case fatality rate, PRevalence

abortion ratio=no. of abortion performed/no. of live birth

age sp death rate=(death age grp/MYP of same age grp)×1000

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case fatality rate(CFR)=(death d/t ds/total case)×100
child sex ratio=no. of fem(0-6y)/no. of mal(0-6y)
child survival rate=(1000–under5 mortality rate)/10
crude birth rate=(8×TFR)+1
iim
crude death rate=(no. of death during 1y/MYP)×1000
dependency ratio=[(0-14y+>65y)/(15- 65y)]×100
general fertilty rate=(no. of child born/reproductive women)×1000
gross reprod/fertility rate=no. of girl born/reproduct fem(no mortality)
incidence rate(I)=(no. of new case during a period/population at risk)×1000
maternal mortality RATE=(maternal death/reprod women)×1000
maternal mortality RATIO=(mat death/live birth)×1lac
4a
net reproduct rate=no. of girl born/reproductive women(fix age sp fertility& mortality)
1-4y mortality(child death) rate=(death 1-4y/total childr1-4y)×1000
prevalenc ratio(P)=(total no. of all case/population at risk)
P=I×duration of ds(time)
proportional mortality rate=(death d/t ds/total death)×100
sp death rate d/t caus=(no. of death d/t cause/MYP)×1000
standardised mortality ratio=(observed death/expected death)×100
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survival rate=1–CFR
total fertilty rate=no. of child born/reproductive women(fix age sp fertility rate)
under5(child) mortality rate=(death<5y/live birth)×100
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best indicator
health status of community, effectiven of MCH service, level of living-IMR
socioeconomic status-under5(child) mortality rate>IMR

malaria
Annual Parasite Incidence(API)
=(confirm case in 1y/populat)×1000
Annual Bld Examinat Rate(ABER)
 =(no. slide examin/populat)×100
MPO≥10%
spleen rate=(no. child2-10y with enlarged spleen/total child2-10y)×100
Infant Parasite Index(most sensitive)
=(infant with +ve PS/total infant)×100
IPI=0×3consec y

plague

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total flea index
=no. flea/no. rat all sp
cheopis/specif flea index
=no. X cheopis/no. rat
>1-potential explosive plague outbreak

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specif% flea
=(sp of flea/no. rat)×100
burrow index
=free living flea per species per rodent burrow

Abbreviations
iim
a-artery, AA-amino acid, abtc-antibiotic, AI-autoimmune
bef-before, bel-below, b/l-bilateral, bld-blood, b/n-between, bn-benign, br-branch,
Bx-biopsy
ca-carcinoma, carb-carbohydrate, c/i-contraindication, c/l-contralateral,
conc-concentration, cong-congenital, Cx-cervix
d-day, def-deficient, ds-disease, d/t-due to, Dx-diagnosis
4a
E-estrogen
fem-female, fr-from
gld-gland, glu-glucose
h-hormone
idiop-idiopathic, i/l-ipsilateral, inf-infection, inj-injury
lig-ligament, LL-lower limb, l/t-leading to
m-muscle, maj-major, mal-male, MC-most common, met-metastasis, min-minor,
mtx-methotrexate, Mx-management
m

n-nerve, norm-normal
P-progesterone, pl-plasma, prot-protein, pt-patient
Rx-treatment
SCC-squamous cell carcinoma, sr-serum, Sx-surgery, sz-seizure
tm-tumour, ts-tissue
UL-upper limb, u/l-unilateral
Ai

vag-vagina, VC-vocal cord, vel-velocity, vert-vertebra, vit-vitamin, vol-volume

w-week, wt-weight
Xr-X ray
y-year
#-fracture
°-degree

THESE NOTES ARE ONLY FOR THE PURPOSE OF GUIDANCE AND HELP
TO PG ASPIRANTS, NOT FOR COMMERCIAL OR OTHER PURPOSE. REFERENCE
 HAS BEEN TAKEN FROM VARIOUS STANDARD TEXTBOOKS.

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