xvi Machine Drawing

13.5 Sprockets 190

13.6 Design of Roller Chain Drives 190
13.7 Gears 191
13.8 Types of Gears 191
13.9 Gear Nomenclature 191
13.10 Tooth Profiles 192
13.10.1 Involute Tooth Profile 192
13.10.2 Approximate Construction of Tooth Profiles 193
13.11 Gears and Gearing 195
13.11.1 Spur Gear 195
13.11.2 Spur Gearing 195
13.11.3 Helical Gear 196
13.11.4 Helical Gearing 196
13.11.5 Bevel Gear 196
13.11.6 Bevel Gearing 197
13.11.7 Worm and Worm Gear (Wheel) 197

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14.1 Introduction 200
14.2 Presentation of Work Piece 200
14.3 Jig Components 200
14.3.1 Jig Body 200
14.3.2 Locating Devices 201
14.3.3 Clamping Devices 201
14.3.4 Bushings 201
14.4 Various Types of Jigs 203
14.4.1 Channel Jig 203
14.4.2 Box Jig 204
14.5. Fixture Components 204
14.5.1 Fixture Base 204
14.5.2 Clamps 204
14.5.3 Set Blocks 205
14.6 Types of Fixtures 205
14.6.1 Indexing Type Milling Fixture 205
14.6.2 Turning Fixture 205
14.6.3 Welding Fixture 206

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15.1 Introduction 208
15.2 Limit System 208
15.2.1 Tolerance 208
15.2.2 Limits 208
15.2.3 Deviation 208
15.2.4 Actual Deviation 208
15.2.5 Upper Deviation 208
15.2.6 Lower Deviation 209
15.2.7 Allowance 209
 Contents xvii

15.2.8 Basic Size 209

15.2.9 Design Size 209
15.2.10 Actual Size 209
15.3 Tolerances 209
15.3.1 Fundamental Tolerances 212
15.3.2 Fundamental Deviations 212
15.3.3 Method of Placing Limit Dimensions (Tolerancing Individual
Dimensions) 225
15.4 Fits 227
15.4.1 Clearance Fit 227
15.4.2 Transition Fit 227
15.4.3 Interference Fit 228
15.5 Tolerances of Form and Position 232
15.5.1 Introduction 232
15.5.2 Form Variation 232
15.5.3 Position Variation 232
15.5.4 Geometrical Tolerance 232
15.5.5 Tolerance Zone 232
15.5.6 Definitions 232
15.5.7 Indicating Geometrical Tolerances on the Drawing 234
15.5.8 Indication of Feature Controlled 234
15.5.9 Standards Followed in Industry 235

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16.1 Introduction 242
16.2 Surface Roughness 242
16.2.1 Actual Profile, Af 243
16.2.2 Reference Profile, Rf 243
16.2.3 Datum Profile, Df 243
16.2.4 Mean Profile, Mf 243
16.2.5 Peak-to-valley Height, Rt 243
16.2.6 Mean Roughness Index, Ra 243
16.2.7 Surface Roughness Number 243
16.3 Machining Symbols 245
16.4 Indication of Surface Roughness 245
16.4.1 Indication of Special Surface Roughness Characteristics 246
16.4.2 Indication of Machining Allowance 248
16.4.3 Indications of Surface Roughness Symbols on Drawings 248

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17.1 Introduction 251
17.2 Examples 251
17.2.1 Rear Tool Post 251
17.2.2 Pump Housing 252
17.2.3 Gear Box Cover 254
17.2.4 Steam Stop Valve 254
17.3 Exercises 257
17.3.1 Worm Gear Housing 257