EE.e.is .i÷IM÷÷.si?

E::Is
good
t.fi#IIza:.:..*sne
. •
.

1. 1 four ways to represent a function

3. Visually
÷:L::'m.
: ¥
n

my
,

<

1.2 Essential functions

polynomial polynomial
polynomial in a

÷#¥ #
A

constant function Square function identity function

linear function
x)=c, ( parabola) or

Instant HX)=
 Polynomial
a

#
a t

x
Hii
cubic function Absolute value
' function
f-( X) = X
f- CX) -_ txt

it

t W
.

It X
W
.

square root Reciprocal

function function
f-Cx) -

TX Kx) -

Ein et
A

1-
'
.

ur

Trigonometric Exponential
function function

fcx) sinx fix)=b×

-
-

or
f-( X) -
-

cosy
 r n n

t
'

F
^
A

w
"
x

Trigonometric Logarithmic
function
function
f-CX) -

Logbx
f-CX)
-

=
tan x

1.3 New functions from Old functions

o
transformations
o
composite function

3 Steps I step
to the
down
left
d ↳ reflection
shrinking around
the X
axis
 f-Lg Chex))

f- (g ( x3+2)
' 2 '

= f- (x t 2) = f- ( X + 4)
6

HX 1- 4) =

FEE

1. 4 Exponential functions

f- ( x) = bit

natural exponential function f-CX) = ex

1.5 inverse functions and logarithms

functions is the of
Logarithmic inverse

exponential functions
1. 5 inverse functions

① Finding inverse functions

steps : a. Replace fox) with y

b .
Replace X and y (switch places)
C . Solve for y
'
f ( x ) symbol
-

d . Put the

Example i find the inverse of f-CX) -

- XZ

rye XF
-

① y -

-
X ③ -
-

② x =
y
'
④ Exp ± Tx

A
→ y X-
-
-
timer

ciara: "
""

Both functions are

the line
symmetric over

x
y =
X

inverse I -15 @ of
]
functions
if we are
given a
graph and we are

asked to draw it's inverse the symmetry

line
helps you
② Determine weather Kx) and g Cx) are inverses

of one another

i
@j÷ pls
f- Cg CX) ] =
X , g[fun ] =
X

Example , are f-( X ) =

3×+9 and g ( x)
-
-

inverses of eachother ?

① f- [ gcx))
t
(Xj) =

3/(43-1) -19 if ,
J
=
x -1g -4g = XI
② g [ Hx))
913×+9) =
=
# =
x

therefore f-Cx) and gcx) are inverses of eachother

Random info :

-
Vertical line test → to prove if your graph is

a function

- Horizontal line test → to prove your function is

one -

to -

one aka has

an inverse
A function is Even if A function is odd if
f-C- x) -
- HX) ft -

X) = -
f-CX)

HX)
"
-13212g f-Cx) = Xs -12×3
x

-13745
=

↳ K x) -
-

-
C- x)
"
H -

x) =L -

XP -12C XP -

xs 2×3
It I
345 texts - -

H 4) -
= -
I [45+2×3]
f- L -

x ) = -
I [ f- Cx)]
A function is neither if fc -

x) = - f- Cx)
f- C -

X) f -
fix) or Hx)
f-Cx )=x③ 5X②t2° -
neither
-
Letsproveit Graph wise
'
,

'

f- c- x) =L -

xp -
Stx ) -12
Even asymmetry
'
about
-

H -

D= -

x3 -
SX t 2

f- C- X) t f- ( X)
y axis
to pro
right looks like left
it's f- ( x)
-
I [ X' +5×2-2]
symmetric about
=

not
me

HX)
odd :
ffx) F
-

odd the origin (010)

well
f- (x) # f- LX) or
ft X
-

)
1
take
its neither Quadrants
out
and 3 and
a
negative
G) 2 and 4

p H x
-

) C- XXXX
-

H -

x) -
- =L -

x) IX )
"m
f- C- x ) =
-
f- Cx)
fax ,=
odd function
f- C- x) = f- ( x)
 Finding Domains and Range
f- ( X ) Rational
domain of y side note i
i

function vertical line test

is used to determine
if a is a
f-CX) graph
=
7- X
-

3 function

g. CX) = XZ -12 X IS
-

one to one function

Horizontal line
f 7 X -
3
test
-
= -

g x
-
+ 2X -

IS ← to one to one
means that the

o
) inverse tfuunnctioign
is to
-
x + 2x -

(X -15 ) ( x 3) to IS
-
-

TX )
X -15 to x -

3 to
5 -3
X t -

S x 't 3

Domain : IR -

{ -
S ,
3 }
or

f- o
,
-

5) Uts , 3) U (3 ,
o
)

Domain of HX) =
Nxt square root

function

odd @
'

fjs.si
XIYI 79/4 ,

x
Domain : C- 4 ,
W
)
 absloute value functions
graphing
① Absloute value function -0 f-CX) = / X1

\
a -
convert it to a
peice wise function
b- plot points for both new functions ( peke )
wise

graph of absolute value function should look

g.
meaning µ, en , , ↳

""

ti :: : ÷ :S
2. 2 limit Of
a function Chapter
two
strategies ,

( Direct
"

substitution)
"

① Plug in the x - s n in your function

Rational functions
② Use a common factor for your function and then
" "
in function
plug in x Sn
-

③ Estimate numbers to plug / substitute in the

function

x3 27
Example ¥7,3
-

① Direct substitution
-713333272 =
X

② factoring → A
' -
'
B = ( A B) ( A
-
'
t AB -1132)

= isexzdirezexeugbstitution
s

how we ✓
Find the limit of :

Fox)
^
Iim Ex) = 2 l im f- Cx) = 2

I X S2
-

×→z
-

- -. ..
. .

f- ( 2) DINE
- -

" 2
x
ma open
circle
=

I
 what is the limit as
lximsj ! p
HX)
.

^
fix -9:#

<,,,,#f×
-
to.

4 t-••

32
I > as x -
-

him fix, = z
X -33
-

-
3

- v v

lximsjf
what is the limit as ")

?
Lim f- CX) = 2
"
X -
>3

lxim,gHX
what is the limit as )
,
L

as X -
>3 Lim f- CX) = 2 ←
Keep in mind that the
from both → X >3
limit
-

sides exists because

X-334 and
-

x -33
are the same

find f-(3)
f-(3) = 4

we look at the closed circle

as calculating limits
using limit Laws

Examples :

Lim X th = 3
x -73 WITH
-
solve
using limit laws Directory
Lim x -14 = him X 1- lim 4

x -31 x
-

> I
x >
-
I
= I t 4 = 5

time
x. → 3
 Evaluating
limits
¥
substituent
T in limit

if it gives you value

1
a value then that's it

your answer If undefined

did you get

I FI
I
I
no o

¥ It
strategy
:
strategy ;
Deduce it
factoring Expanding
,
its :
common denominators ,
1- cry

trig identities,
.
-

etc
-
no .

D. NE .

then , approximate
close numbers

to limit
2- 5
continuity a Discontinuity

3 Step continuity test

1 .
Ha) is defined

2. him fix) exists

+ →a

3. him f- LX) =
f- Ca)
x -
sa

Example :

{ FEE
X C 2 we have

text
dznuamn.gs
.

2x -15 X 33 3
So we

use
them as

① f- (3) 213) -15 6 -1 5 11

=
=
=
a

jump
' l 'd
② Yim -15=11

]
213 ) -15 = b
,z+=
discontinuity
Lim 7
-

32-2 = 9 -

2 =

x -73 =

him = D NE
x. → 3

function is disanti nous at x =3

 y x

k¥3
xx) =

{ S
I
X = -
I

⑨ fl t) -
= 5 r

2+5 3
) t s
=

② 2C
=
t
-

align
-
=
*

him +
= C- IT -12 = It 2 =3
x s
-
-

Lim = 3 ✓
x -
s -
I

""
t ft y-

y
③ fish ,

Discontinuous at X = -
I
 Limits at x ;
↳
Horizontal asymptotes
⑨
Limits at a for parabolas and cubic functions

Lim [xD = -10

x -
so

-
him [ x ] =
f -
-
Y =
x x

x
-
s -
o

Iim [x3] of t
'

=
( = x

x
-
so

' 3
him [ X ] =
f- a) =
-
x

x
-
s -

④ Limit at x for polynomials

can
you
[ 5/-124 ×③y
'

him
-

cancel
*→
- a
✓ the insignificant
Lim f -
X
'
] = -
C -

of terms

x -
s -
o
= - C -
x
) = To WHOI
lower
degree
Example :

¥7.6343
"
- sx ]

4
him E- 5×43 =
-
S C a)
-

o
s
5 Cto)
-

x
-

= -
D

⑨ Limit at infinity given a rational

function

① jitsu 'T =

% why ?
try values
② plugging
Yim - • It = °
for x and notice

your y values

I = o .
I
10
x :c 66 I
= Or 01
Y T us #
-

,
idly 100

1- = o .
001
1000
 Iim 58-12 =
0
x -
so -

7- X -

xD
wt heavier
than
goal I
t.LI

him
8x€sx
x→oT¥7
( Degree of denominator =
degree of
it
numerator
⑨ Divide the coefficients '

SX (
7¥
1-
¥ -

8×2 -

HH
IF
-

4×2+7 Cxt ) F
+

5 £5

= = 2
4 1- I 4 to
X2←
IF
?

§ highest
I ↳

him -
SX -
7x③ 3
degree
x s
-
-
a
2×414×30-9174) owls glM
x3 ,

5- - 7 flag) 'M @ zsj

Lim
I
2×-1-14
x-7 -
a -

×3 denominator
bottom heavy = O
7
Lim
O -

=
651 w.fi
x→ -

0074-0 14
rgj.go-I.iq
I
-

=
 A top heavy rational function

① sxtbx
Big, wig
him
x→x¥ 161 Widodo

first way second way

d. try to 5×+6×2
(¥)
insignificant
.

remove
values
him -

' x-sogx-8.CI)
line 5kt bx
X -203¥ Lim St GX
=
S -16lb
x→T -

¥
a
3
Lim # 3
2X o
-

x s
- - 3X
w
St
g-
= = x

him = Ko) = to g-
x -

so

② ¥7 . '

= to
 Find the horizontal and vertical asymptotes
for the following function :

'

f- (X ) = E
XL -
X4

Horizontal is end behavior ( lignite

)
-

vertical → points where the function is not

defined

4
"
Xx x ← remove
VA = XZ -

X t O
HA
-

-
Lim -
insignificant
's
xx values
y x
if
→ • '

I -
X ) t O
XX
Lim -1
rxt-F.fi
= - = -

*
x
Io,
-

x so
- -

X 0
4 =
'
X I
Yt
&
-

x = -

HA -
-
Lim -
I
x→ -
o
H x4-

rxtx if -
-

= -
L
X = I I
 Squeezer
thereon

hlx) Efc x) E GLX)

Lim here) = him g La ) = L
x →a x -
sa

then , him FCX) = L

x -
sa

Examples :
q -
x' EFCX) E 8-1×3
then find him f-Cx) = ?
x s
-
o

him @ -

X
'
) e
ljgmfox ) E
gm→d8xx3)
x -
so
3

8 - 03 E him fcx) E 8 1- O

x -70

him 18 X )-
'
= 8 E him fix) E him (8-1×3)=8
x so x so x -70
- -

him co -
xD = him (8-1213) = 8
x -70 x
-
so

then him f-Cx) = O

x→ o
 * special trig limits

t -

alimony or = I

o
¥7
2- =

Example ;

④ find
Kim >o xd #
jim 8X ?

¥
thereon
8
fins o
• 8

him -

8 .

• x so-
8X
-
I
limits
gin 8x 8 I II
•
hiFoTx
= . =

-
=
I
I =

⑦ find -

otim→o →
finfoot oligo E -

-
.

1- t I
s 1 a = .

Osco)
f
2.7 Derivatives and
Rate of change
instantaneous instant
slope of the
tangent line = =

Rate of velocity
change

÷
fix )

¥
=
TX
# y

fix I
tinny !
-

fighting no¥EE
-
-

= =
of
Entire -1
Etf .

Ninth 1- Tx
=

z Tx
 ¥61 Special kinds of limits 2.7
id
l
x x x
y
Derivatives
slope instantaneous
out
rates
of velocity a
of
the
tangent ¥I
him
h
change
line M no
-

speed
f-Lath) Ha ) at
Lim
-

m= -

a
X -70 h
certain
Nim thx) - Ha) point
-
sa
x
-

X I
tant
Ext Rim por liner
tan

find the equation

of the tangent
-
X at
the parabola Y
-

line
-

to

points PLI ,
1) u

y y ,=m( x
xp
-
-

I 4

xi-txime.EE#fsYnem--
Yet

him
X I
life> sixty =
I -11=2

I
-

x. →

Y 1=20
-
-

)
l
E- I
Lim -
1=2 X
-

2
y -

X -71 X I
-

2X 241
y
-
-

¥7, I- I y=zxTj
another way to write the slope WHIG
f- Lath) f-Ca ) One point
Lim
-

me
getting
-

is
x -70 h
Ex :3
closer to
CN another
is dropped from
Bau
i.

tower 450 on
above ground -

point and
,

of motion
the equation were
using
s =
= 4.ge ← ⇐o trying to
I od '
-

µ find the

after 5 Seconds
a) find velocity limit
f- = 5 s
ult )
-

-
Lim fifth)
to:B,
L

h -20 h
?
'
V fctth ) 4. gftth )
-
-
-

4-
9CtthY -
4.9 EZ
ult) -
-
Lim -

h -20 h

.
'

= Lim
4. 9h42 th th ) -
4
-

n -

so h

= him 4942+9.8 th-4.sn

-

h so
h
-

" "
'

n'is him
-

.
.

velocity at t
-

- S
Lim 9.8T -14.90) = 9.8T 9.8 (5) 49
.

h -70 MIS
b)
ho is the ball travelling
when it hits the ground ?

When the ball hit the ground

it means it travelled the whole

450 meters
0161 2%
4500 needed to

¥
4. 9th = I
relationship
Fg find a

velocity
between

TEX -

-
€8 and time

solve
to

most
of

the question
✓ ( 9.57=9.8 ( g. s )
Eisa

velocity y

and
speed time
distance
5
dog .
 o
find the velocity of the ball at city
g,
DH' t -

- O
d
¥

of the function
① find the deravitive
the number
a
'
8 at
f-CX) = X -
X + g

solve J
f- Cath ) fca ) using
Ha)
-

-
- Lim -
the

h -
so
h ( definition
ka) = of -8 a -13

f-Cath ) = Cathie -
8 Cath) -19

Lim
Hak
h
h -70

slim
h -
so
'
'

" th o
n'To
-

slim
=n yo
=

h 2 a 8
h -20
-

=
 f- LX) -
-
5X -
4

find f ' ( X)
' for th ) ffx)
f- CX)
-

= him -

h → o h

Hx) ¥sxt1
thing
-

,
h

= him 4¥14
h-
h -
so h

SH
slim -

h -70
X

= him 5 =
5
h →o
find f' CX) for flex) =
XZ
using the

definition of the deravitive

' fcxth ) fix)

f- Cx)
-

- Lim -

h so
-
h

'
( x th } X
Lim
-

=
-

h -

so h

=tim*¥
him 1hL 2X th )
-

n -
so k

slim 2x th
h -
so

= him 2X to

h -70

f' CX) =
2X
 FLY
)=yL f' CX) the
find using

definition

ftxth ) f- CX)
FH )
tihmoh
-

=
him ¥h , -

xtfxxxthg
- if you
- have a
h -

so
h ( X ) Cath) complex
fraction
slim X Kth) multiply
and
-

h -20
-
top
hfyylxth ) bottom BY
common
ex X h
-

denominator
-

=
him -

h -
so
hlxycxth) rt the
fractions

.ms/hCXllxth
a

him .
)

nimoy
'
-

¥7
 HX) =
Tx find flex) using the

definition

fix) = him
¥¥k
h -20 hey -
,

( Nxt Tx)
him
txt -
Tx x
+

--h
=

n so
xcrxtxrx)
-

4th rxxf-h-EE.hn#acicaes
+
= him - fraction in a

h so hlxrth Tx )
t
4%9
-

1. eats
= him # congregate
h -70
Xl Txt h 1- Tx )

= him
I
=
=L
h -
so Enix rfxtrx
I
'
f- Cx)
#
=
 si
Deravitives
constant function
g we dont
f- Yc) = 0 need to
prove
linear function our
'
f- ( X ) = I derawihves

power function
'
nxn
-

ft xn ) =

Example : t '
6×5
'

Kx 's =
by =

Example :
-1
fkrrx ) =
Exit =

ZFX

Example questions ; find oferavitive

-

HX) =
I X -
I 1- 12
 f- ( x) =L
Z
X

f- ( t) = I .
Ht
" - 5.2 ME
" I
f 't t ) l
l 't)
-

s 1.4 ( 4) t -
5.2

'
I
-

=
5.6 t -
S . 2 ( I) t

5.6 t ' I
-

= -
2. b t

fcx) = ( 3X
-

l ) ( X t 2)

f- LX) -

-
3×2 + 6 X -

X
-
2

FIX) = 3×2+5 X - 2

' tox
f- ( X) = + S

b
FIX)
-

=
Ex
t I
'
-
-

f- CX) = C -

G CX)

= -6g
7
X
.
I
Iz
-

IX -
x
f-CX)
-

X
-

= X -

= t -

f x
-

I
I
FKX)
"

= x -
( x,

' '
I I
¥
-

=L
-

Ix x
-
-

=
 Xt t 4×+3 're
if your still
f- ( x) = -

Tx simplifying
use ft X)

HH
If I died
=
+ +
.

Tx
fl ( X)

XZ 'T t
-

= + 4 X + 3 x

E' CX) Ext I

-

I
Zz
-

=
t 2x -

2×3+3
'

fly) = X -
12 X t I

'
f- ( x)
'

= 6x t G X t 12

More functions : Denari five

①
IT ,
la 's = a' in a

② d- ( e 's = et
DX
 8)
Ea
d
( log
ax )
=

DJ

Ty thx ) =
¥

d
9) ( sin x)
.

= cos X
Tx

si x
¥
n

10) ( cos x ) =
-

Il ) d X
( tan x) =
Sec

DJ

)
¥ ( CSC csc x tax
co
12 x) =
-

÷
tan x
13) ( Sec x ) = Sec x
 I ( cot x)
-

M) -
Csc X
=

dy

find the equation of the tangent

and the normal vine
line
"
to the curve y=x4 + 2e

at Loc 2)
find the equation of the normal

line to y
-
- Tx that is

to 2X Ty =L
Partaken

slope of
I ④
Tangent #
line

I
TX 2x ty
-

here 11 to
-

is
y
-

therefore 2x + I
y = -

Slope of
↳ 1m-
the
HX) -

-
TY normal

I
line
fly) =

# = c)
slope
the
of

tangent
line

Fx =L

I → ( Ill )
X -

- I → y =

Y I 2C X
)
l
-

= -
-
3. 5 Implicit differentiation dud
dX
EX : find
¥1 xztzxy + ya = S

-s too 't .

-
' Ew
① Differentiate X -12×9492=5 product rule
fkxlgcxifcxlgkx,
(1) ditzy dye =h
=

2X -12 ( Y ) 1- 2X
DX DX
-
whenever you
diff .
y you
must add dy
F

¥
2x dy
ZX -12g
off
+
+29
AT -

zy

¥ # # F. ¥ ¥ ' -

t
-

x
# + is
off ,
= -
x -

I÷ic÷¥=
-
to

dy
- = -
I
DX
find dy for 5 Xy -

y
'
= 8
-

DX

① Differentiate and add did after every diff .

y
U
dx
v

XX)
'
(S -

y = 8

% DI
'
5 ( b) -15 X ( 1) -
3y = o

DX

-
5µg
1- Sx
¥ 35¥ -
=

Is,

¥
'
Sx 3 y
-

=
-

Sy

ddtffsx -
-

353 =

Sx -
3 yr
SX -
3 y
-

s y
dy
JEY
=

DJ
 d÷
find
of 36 =
NEZ

36 =
fax)
- =
glxlfcxj-kxyg.ly
-

- 'T 94) (g
o =
(x +
yay
o = ( 2x -12g )I

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yds
¥ I
-

dy =

DI

chain rule

fcgcx )) = f' Cgl .

gtcx

fto) =

'

Hx) -

-
cos ( x)
= - sin ( 2x)