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COPAR 

  Principles of COPAR 
Community  Organizing  Participatory  Action  ● People,  especially  the  most  oppressed, 
Research  exploited  and  deprived  sectors  are  open  to 
COPAR  is  an  important  tool  for  community  change,  have  the  capacity  to  change,  and 
development  and  people  empowerment  as  this  are able to bring about change.   
helps  the  community  workers  to  generate  ● COPAR  should  be  based  on  the  best 
community  participation  in  the  development  of  interests of the poorest sectors of society.   
activities.   ● COPAR  should  lead  to  a  self-reliant 
COPAR  prepared  people  or  clients  to  community  and  society,  meaning  COPAR is 
eventually  take  over  the  management  of  a  an  integral  tool  in  community  development 
development  of  a  program  in  the  future.  It  following a systematic and cyclical process.  
maximizes  community  participation  and  ● To  address  the  oppressed,  economically 
involvement.  Community  resources  are  mobilized  deprived  and  marginalized  people  who  are 
for  community  services.  COPAR  stands  for  greatly in dire need for change.  
Community Organizing Participatory Research.   ● It  facilitates  the  education  of  the  people  in 
  part with capability enhancement activities.  
Definitions  ● It  nurtures  the  ability  of  the  society  to 
● A  social development approach that aims to  organize  and  to  emphasize  people's 
transform  the  apathetic  individualist  and  involvement  in  the  resolution  of  issues  and 
voiceless  poor  into  dynamic,  participatory  concerns in the community.  
and politically responsive communities.    
● Apathetic   Processes and methods 
● Individualistic  ● Progressive  cycle  is 
● Voiceless  ACTION-REFLECTION-ACTION  which 
● Dynamic  begins  with  small  local  and  concrete  issues 
● Participative  identified  with  the  people  and  the 
● Politically   evaluation  and  reflection  on  the  action 
● Collective,  participatory,  transformative,  taken by them.  
liberative,  sustained,  and  systematic  ● Consciousness-raising  through  experiential 
process  of  building  people’s  organizations  learning  is  central  to  the  COPAR  process 
by  mobilizing  and  enhancing  the  because  it  places  emphasis on learning that 
capabilities  and  resources  of  the  people  for  emerges  from  concrete  action,  and  which 
the  resolution  of  their  issues  and  concerns  enriches succeeding action.  
towards  affecting  change  in  their  existing  ● Participatory  and  mass-based  because  it  is 
oppressive and exploitative conditions.   primarily  directed  towards  and  biases  and 
● Mobilization and Enhancement  favor the poor, powerless, and oppressed.  
  ● Group-centered  and  not  leader-oriented. 
1. Identify Needs  Leaders  are  identifies,  emerged  and  are 
2. Develop confidence  tested  through  action rather than appointed 
3. Cooperative and collaborative  or selected by some external force or entity.  
It  is  a  process  by  which  a  community   
identifies  its  needs  and  objectives.  Develops  the  Phases of the COPAR Process 
confidence  to  take  action  and  respect  to  them  and  1. Pre-entry Phase 
in  doing  so,  extends  and  develops  cooperative and  ● Initial  phase  of  the  organizing  process 
collaborative  attitudes  and  practices  in  the  where  the  community  organizer  (CO)  looks 
community.   for a community to serve or help.  
  ● Simplest  phase  in  terms  of  actual  output, 
Continuous,  Sustained,  Process  in  activities, strategies, and time spent.  
educating  the  people  to  understand  and  develop  ● Specific activities include: 
their  critical  awareness  of  their  existing  conditions,  ○ Designing  a  plan  for  community 
working  with  the  people  collectively  and  efficiently  development,  including  all  its 
on  their  long-term  problems  and  mobilizing  the  activities and strategies outside.  
people  to  develop  their  capability  and  readiness  to  ○ Design  a  criteria  for  the  selection  of 
respond  and  take  action  on  their  immediate  needs  the site   
towards solving their long term problems.   ○ Actual  site  selection  for  community 
  care.  
   
2. Entry Phase  5. PHASE OUT 
● Also called the social preparation phase.  ● The  health  care  workers  leave  the 
● Signals  the  actual  entry  of  the  community  community to stand alone.  
worker or organizer into the community.   ● Stated  during  the  entry  phase  so  that  the 
● The  activities  done  here  includes  the  people would be ready for this phase.  
sensitization  of  the  people  on  the  critical  ● The  organization’s  belt  should  be  ready  to 
events  in  their  life  motivating  them to share  sustain  the  the  test  of  the  community  itself 
their  dreams  and  ideas  on  how  to  manage  because  the  real  evaluation  will  be  done 
their  concerns  and  eventually  mobilizing  with the residents of the community itself.  
them to take collective action on this.   ● Activities: 
● CO  must  be  guided  by  the  following  ○ Leaving the immersion site 
guidelines, however must recognize the role  ○ Documentation 
of  authorities  by  paying  them  visits  to   
inform them of their presence and activities:  Critical Steps in Building People’s Organization 
○ Courtesy  call  to recognize the role of  1. Integration 
local authorities  ● CO becoming one with the people to: 
○ Appearance,  speech,  behavior  and  ○ Immerse himself in the community. 
lifestyle  should  be  in  keeping  with  ○ Understand  deeply  the  culture, 
those  of  the  community  residents  economy,  leaders,  history,  rhythms 
without disregard for their being role  and lifestyle of the community. 
models.  ● Methods of integration include: 
○ Avoid  raising  the  consciousness  of  ○ Participation  in  the  activities  of  the 
the community residents.   people like fiestas, birthdays, etc.  
○ Adopt a low-key profile.  ○ Conduct of house-to-house visits. 
  ○ Conversation  with  people  where 
3. Organization-building Phase  they usually gather such as in stores, 
● Formation of more formal structures.  water  wells,  washing  streams  or  in 
● Inclusion  of  more  formal  procedures  of  church yards.  
planning,  implementing,  and  evaluating  ○ Helping  out  in  chores  like  cooking, 
community-wide activities.   washing the dishes, and others.  
● Organized  group  leaders  of  groups  are   
given  training,  formal  or  informal  OJT  to  2. Social Investigation 
develop  their  tasks  in  managing  their  own  ● Also known as community study.  
concerns or programs.  ● Systematic  process  of  collection,  collating, 
  and  analyzing  data  to  draw  a  clear  picture 
4. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase  of the community.  
● A  community organization has already been  ● Pointers  for  the  conduct  of  social 
established  and  the  community  members  investigation: 
are actively participating in community wide  ○ Use  of  survey  questionnaires  are 
undertakings.   discouraged.  
● Different  committees  set-up  in  the previous  ○ Community  leaders  can  be  trained 
phase  (organization  building  phase)  are  to  assist  CO  in  doing  social 
expected  to  function  by  way  of  planning,  investigation.  
implementing  and  evaluating  their  own  ○ Data  can  be  more  effectively  and 
programs  with  the  overall  guidance  of  the  efficiently  collected  through informal 
CO.    methods,  house  to  house  visits, 
● Strategies used may include:  participating  in  conversations  in 
○ Education and training  jeepneys and others.  
○ Networking and linkaging  ○ Secondary  data  should  be 
○ Conduct  mobilization  on  health  and  thoroughly  examined  because  much 
development concerns  of  the  information  might  be  already 
○ Implementation  of  livelihood  available.  
projects  ○ Social  investigation  is  facilitated  if 
○ Developing secondary leaders  CO  is  properly  integrated  and  has 
  acquired the people’s trust.  
 
 
○ Confirmation  and  validation  of  Recorder or Documenter or Reporter 
community  data  should  be  done  Role  or  activity  in  community  health  care 
regularly.   development 
   
3. Tentative Program Planning  The community worker… 
● CO  to  choose  one  issue  to  work on in order  ● Keeps  a  written  account  of  services 
to begin organizing the people.   rendered,  observations,  conditions,  needs, 
  problems,  and  attitudes  of  the  clientele  and 
4. Groundwork  community  development  activities, 
● Going  around  and  motivating  the people on  accomplishments made and others.  
a  one-on-one  basis  to  do  something  on the  ● Takes  responsibility  to  disseminate 
issue that has been chosen.   pertinent  information  to  appropriate 
  authorities,  agencies, and most especially to 
5. The meeting  the clientele or community. 
● People  collectively  ratifying  what  they  have  ● Develops  people’s  capabilities  to  keep  or 
already decided individually.  maintain  their  own  recording  or  reporting 
● The  meeting  gives  people  the  collective  system.  
power and confidence.   
● Problems and issues are discussed.   Records 
  ● Refers  to  forms  on  which  information 
6. Role Play  pertaining the client is noted. 
● Act  out  the  meeting  that  will  take  place  Reports 
between  the  leaders  of  the  community  and  ● Refers  to  periodic  summaries  of  the 
the government representatives.   services  or  activities  of  an  organization  or 
● It  is  a  way  of  training  the  people  to  unit. 
anticipate  what  will  happen  and  prepare  ● The analysis of certain phases of its work.  
themselves for such eventuality.    
  Purposes of Records and Reports 
7. Mobilization or action  1.  Measure  service  or  program  directed  to  the 
● Actual  experience  of  the  people  in  client. 
confronting  the  powerful  and  the  actual  2. Provide a basis for future planning.  
exercise of people power.  3.  Interpret  the  work  to  the  public  and  other 
  agencies, community.  
8. Evaluation  4. Aid in studying the condition of the community.  
● People  reviewing  steps  1  -  7  to  determine  5. Contribute to client care.  
the success of their objectives.   
  Effective  and  useful  reports  depends  upon  certain 
9. Reflection  basic principles such as:  
● Dealing  with  deeper,  on-going  concerns  to  Principles of Effective and Useful Reports 
look  at  the  positive  values  CO  is  trying  to  ● All  items  should  be  carefully  selected  in 
build in the organization.  order to give significant information.  
● It  gives  the  people  time  to  reflect  on  the  ● Reports  are of the most interest value when 
stark reality of life compared to the ideal.  they  are  arranged  so  that  comparison  may 
  be  made  between  successive  periods  of 
10. Organization  time.  
● The  people’s  organization  is  the  result  of  ● Reports  are  of  value  only  when  the  items 
many  successive  and  similar  actions  of  the  included  carry  common  meaning  to  all  who 
people.   make use of them.   
● Final structure is set up with elected officers  ● Reports  are  more  read  or  received  when 
and supporting members.  presented in an interesting manner. 
● The  above  steps  in  building  organizations 
are  done  in  all  or  any  of  the  phases  of  the 
COPAR  processes.  Their  application  and 
the  specific  strategies  and  purpose  may 
vary  slightly  depending  on  the  phase  of the 
process it is applied.  
 

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