Experiment No.

:- __03__

AIM :- Design a protection system to protect

system for Impedance type fault &

plot the characteristics of relay used.

Name of Student : - ___________________________

Roll No. :- __________

Date of Performance :- ___/___/___

Date of Checking :- ___/___/___

 PAGE No. :
EXPERIMENT No. : ____
Aim :- Design a protection system to protect system for
Impedance type fault & plot the characteristics of relay
used.
Apparatus :- 1) Impedance relay RAKZB of ABB make. 01 no.
2) 3 Ф dimmerstat. 01 no.
3) 3 Ф phase shifting transformer. 01 no.
4) Ammeter 0 -5 A 01 no.
5) Voltmeter 0-75 V 01 no.
6) Rheostat 6.4 A, 34 Ω 01 no.

Circuit Diagram
110V DC
supply
3Ф
Dimmerstat
9A

1A 18A
440V,
3 Ф, 10A
50Hz
supply
RAKZB
V (0-300V)
11A

12A
4A
N 3A

(0-5A) 34Ω, 6.4A

A
440V,
3 Ф, (Selector Switch position
50Hz 110 V for 110 V )
supply

Phase shifter

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 PAGE No. :
Theory :- Impedance Relay is used for protection against Impedance
type of faults. Impedance Relay is the device which measures distance
by comparing the fault current I with the voltage V across the fault. It is
simple in the case of amplitude comparator & the balanced beam type
structure is most common. The current element produces positive (pick
up) torque which is proportional to 12. Whereas the voltage element
produce negative torque (restraining torque). The torque equation of the
relay is given by
T = K' I2 - K" V2 - K'"
Whereas K' & K" are torque constant & K'" is a spring constant. In
other words when the impedance relay is on the verge of its operation at
𝑉
set value the ratio of ( ) the operating torque is exactly equal to
𝐼
restraining torque.
If the fault takes place inside the protected zone then fault voltage
drops down & fault current increases therefore the ratio of voltage to
current reduces.
A relay capable of measuring this ratio is installed at the supply end of a
line its V/I setting is adjusted such that the relay operates for fault
anywhere within a given section of line & remain inoperative beyond this
section.
The usual way of plotting these characteristics of an impedance
relay is on R - X diagram. It is a circle with centre at origin. The point on
the circle is decided by the R & X value (obtained by measuring voltage,
current & phase angle at which relay operates). Impedance relay has a
non-directional feature.
If such an impedance relay is applied to transmission line where the
voltage element is fed from the voltage transformer & a current element
from CT as shown in circuit diagram. Thus ratio of voltage & current
supplied to the relay will be equal to Zf (the impedance between relaying
point & point of fault).
𝟎.𝟐 𝒙 𝒇 𝑨 𝟎.𝟐 𝒙 𝟓𝟎 𝟒𝟎
Zf= 8Ω = x = x = 8Ω
𝑰𝒂 𝑩 𝟓 𝟏𝟎

Procedure :- 1) Make the connections as shown in circuit diagram.

2) Keep the rheostat at the maximum position.

3) Adjust the voltage knob to 110 V for phase shifter. Switch on the

VII EL / SGP / 2021-22 3/4 Impedance Relay

 PAGE No. :
supply for phase shifter & adjust the current to desired value by
adjusting the rheostat.
4) Switch on the supply of autotransformer & adjust the voltage but
not beyond 110 V. Also switch on d. c. supply.
5) Reduce the voltage applied with the help of auto transformer &
note down the voltage at which relay operates.
6) Change the position of phase shifter by 30 degrees each & repeat
the steps (4) & (5).
7) Take all possible readings from 00 to 3600. Change the direction of
rotation where rotor of phase shifter locks.
8) Repeat the steps by 3 -7 for another value of current.

9) Note down the pick value of relay.

Observation Table

Position of
Sr. Current Voltage Phase Impedance Reactance Resistance
Phase
No. (A) (V) angle Ф Z X R
Shifter
1) 00
2) 300
3) 600
. .
. .
. .
11) 3000
12) 3600

Graph :- Plot the operating & non-operating region of the relay on R-X diagram.

Result :- Impedance Relay RAKZB ABB make is used for Protection. For setting
value of impedance 'Z' relay operates for impedance less than set value.
Relay does not operate for impedance greater than set value. Hence
operating region is shown on the graph inside the circle. The non-
operating region is outside the circle.

VII EL / SGP / 2021-22 4/4 Impedance Relay