Unit 2

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
VII-SEMESTER
SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION
Prof R S Khonde
Department of Electrical Engineering
Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur.
YCCE EL_RSK
COURSE CONTENT
 General Philosophy of Protective Relaying (Basic Terms)
 Overcurrent Relaying (Distribution Protection)
 Directional Relaying (Distribution Protection)
 Distance Relaying (Transmission Line Protection)
 Static Relays & Circuit Breakers
 Differential Protection (Protection of Transformer, Bus bar,
Generator & Motor)
 Protection against abnormal conditions for above power
system equipment's
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UNIT II:- SYLLABUS
1 Over-current Relay
.
2 Types of Over-current Relay
3 Directional of Over-current Relay
4 Drawbacks of Over-current Relays
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UNIT - II SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE / COURSE OUTCOME
The student will be able to:

Understand the Relay Coordination.
1
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UNIT : II Over-current relays
Lecture 08 : Relay Coordination
• Requirements for Relay Setting in a system
 Overcurrent relay application requires - knowledge of the fault current that

can flow in each part of the network.
 The data required for a relay setting are:
(i) One-line diagram of the power system with ratings, impedances and
associated current transformers
(ii) The maximum and minimum values of short circuit currents that are
expected to flow through each relay-fault analysis
(iii) The maximum load current through the protection devices
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• Coordination of Phase Overcurrent Relays
Phase and ground relays are coordinated differently
 For a fault, relay nearest to the fault point should operate first
 Relays are coordinated to avoid the power outage of large area
 In case of failure of primary relay, backup relay should operate to remove the
faulted segment.
• Methods to achieve correct relay coordination:
1. Current based method or Current Discrimination (Instantaneous Relay)
2. Time based method or Time Discrimination (Definite Time Relay)
3. Combination of both time and current based methods or Current-time

Discrimination (IDMT)
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• Current based method or Current Discrimination (Instantaneous Relay)
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 The relays are set to provide high speed protection to their own line section.
 Instantaneous relays are used.
 Pick-up:- Pick-up is decided according to the magnitude of fault current in

own section of relay at the remote location.
 Operating time:- Operating time of all the relays is same. It is instantaneous

(i. e. no time delay is provided)
 Advantages:
(i) Settings of these relays are independent of load.
(ii) They operate instantaneously in all sections.
 Drawback:-
(i) It is not possible to achieve backup protection using instantaneous relays.
(ii) Instantaneous relays suffer from the problem of transient overreach.
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• Time based method or Time Discrimination (Definite Time Relay)
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 The relay provides protection to their own section and back-up protection to
the next line section.
 Definite time overcurrent relays are used.
 Pick-up:- Pick-up of all the relays are same and it is decided according to the
fault current of the last section at the remote location.
 Operating time:- Operating time progressively increases from remote end to

the source end as the relay has to provide back-up protection.
 Advantages:
(i) It provides back-up protection.
(ii) Selectivity is ensured.
 Drawback:-
(i) Top of relay for a fault near the generator can be dangerously high.
(ii) Requires use of instantaneous unit along with definite time delay unit.
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• Combination of both time and current based methods or

Current-time Discrimination (IDMT)
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 The relays are set in such a way that they provide primary protection in their
own section and back-up protection to the next section.
 IDMT relays are used for protection.
 The operating time progressively increases from source end to the remote
end.
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Overcurrent Relays
 The procedure of relay coordination is usually performed starting from load

end, also known as downstream end of the network, and progressing
towards the source end, also known as upstream end.
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• Coordination for Radial Feeders
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• Coordination for Radial Feeders
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17
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THANK YOU
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 18

Text Books:
1 Protection and Switchgear Bhalja, Maheshwari, Chothani Oxford
2 Switchgear and Protection Bhide and Paithankar PHI
3 Power System Protection and Switchgear Badri Ram TMH.
4 Switchgear and Protection S. S. Rao Khanna
Reference Books:
1 The Art and science of protective relaying Russel, Mason Wiley Eastern
Arun G. Phadke and

2 Computer relaying for power system John Wiley
James S. Thorpe
References Web: www.nptel.ac.in

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 19
VII-SEMESTER
Prof R S Khonde
YCCE EL_RSK
COURSE CONTENT
Generator & Motor)
system equipment's
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 2

UNIT II:- SYLLABUS
.
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1
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• Formula used to derive the inverse time characteristics in an
overcurrent relay:-
K  TMS
Top 
 PSM  1
n
Where
Top = operating time in seconds
TMS = Time multiplier setting
PSM = Plug setting multiplier
• The degree of inverse is determined by the values of the constants K

and n.
Relay K n
Normal IDMT 0.14 0.02
Very IDMT 13.5 1
Extreme IDMT 80 2
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• Plug setting (P.S.):- It is defined as the % of the rated current of

the relay at which the relay operates.
• Time multiplier setting (TMS):- By using TMS, the operating

time of relay can be change for the same value of current.
“TMS setting range is 10% to 100% in step of 10%”

When PSM vs Top characteristic is given : 
Top  TopTMS 1  TMS
• On the relay Top v/s PSM chara. is given for TMS=1 or 100%.
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• Plug setting multiplier (PSM):- It is the ratio of relay current to

the relay pick-up.
Re lay current ( I R )
PSM 
Re lay pick  up ( I P.U . )
• e.g. I f  10 kA, CTR  1000 / 1 A, I rated  1 A
Compute PSM for Plug Setting  0.5,1, 2.
Refers to CT primary Refers to CT secd. Or Relay side
Relay P.S. Ip.u. PSM Relay P.S. Ip.u. PSM
0.5 500 20 0.5 0.5 20
1 1000 10 1 1 10
2 2000 5 2 2 5
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Numerical:-
Power system is protected by an over current relay. The relay characteristic is
as given:
The plug setting is 150%, TMS is 0.5 or 50% and C.T. ratio is 500/5 A.
Compute the operating time for fault current of 7.5 kA.
7500
Ans :  PSM  500 / 5  10
5  1.5
TopTMS 1  2.8sec (from relay chara.)
(Top ) New  TopTMS 1  TMS  2.8  0.5  1.4sec
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• Coordination of the relay
 It is the process of computing the relay settings so that only

desired relay operates.
 Computation of plug setting

To select pick-up as follow
k Imax ≤ Ipickup < Ifmin
or
1.25 Imax ≤ Ipickup < Ifmin/1.3
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 Computation of TMS
1. Compute PSM of the remote end relay primary prot. (Rb):-
PSM 
 I  f  max Rb
I  p .u . Rb
2. Compute operating time for this PSM from the relay equation
or observe the operating time from the relay characteristics.
For the remote end relay, TMS is selected as 0.1 or 10% for fastest operation of relay.
When PSM vsTop characteristic is given : 

Top  TopTMS 1  TMS
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3. Compute the PSM of next relay from back-up protection point of
 
view (Ra):-
I f  max Rb
PSM 
I  p .u . Ra
4. Desired operating time of this relay, (T op ) Ra  (Top ) Rb  t
5. Compute the time multiplier setting of this relay by

K  TMS
Top 
 PSM  1
n
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6. Compute the PSM from primary protection point of view (Ra):-
PSM 
 I 
f  max Ra
I  p .u . Ra
7. Find the operating time corresponding to this PSM.

K  TMS
Top 
 PSM  1
n
Repeat step number 3 to 7 for computing the setting of next relay…

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THANK YOU
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 13

Text Books:
Reference Books:
Arun G. Phadke and

James S. Thorpe

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 14
VII-SEMESTER
Prof R S Khonde
YCCE EL_RSK
COURSE CONTENT
Generator & Motor)
system equipment's
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 2

UNIT II:- SYLLABUS
.
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1
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• Numerical on Relay Coordination
1. Design protective system using IDMT relay for following:-
Full load current 400 A 300 A 200 A
Maxi. fault current 4000 A 3000 A 2000 A
PSM 2 3 4 6 8 10 20
Op. time(sec) 10 6 5 4.1 3.5 3 2.2
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 5


Ans : 1) 1.25  I L max  I p.u.
Re lays 1.25  I L max I p.u. P.S . CTR
Rc 1.25  200  250 A 250 A 50% 500 /1
Rb 1.25  300  375 A 375 A 75% 500 /1
Ra 1.25  400  500 A 500 A 100% 500 /1
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For Rc as Pr imary Pr otection :

I F  MAX 2000
PSM   8
I P.U . 250
TopTMS 1  3.5sec for PSM  8( From Chara.)
Select TMS  0.1( For fastest operation of the remote end relay )
(Top ) New a  TopTMS 1  TMS  3.5  0.1  0.35sec
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For Rb as back  up prot :
I F  MAX 2000
PSM    5.333
I P.U . 375
 Desired operating time  (Top )b  (Top ) New a  t  0.35  0.5
(Top )b  0.85sec
K  TMS
(Top)b 
 PSM   1
n
TMS 

(Top)b   PSM   1
n
  0.206
K
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 8
For Rb as Pr imary Pr otection :
( I F  MAX ) Rb 3000
PSM   8
( I P.U . ) Rb 375
We haveTMS for Rb as 0.206
K  TMS
(Top)b  pri   0.679sec
 PSM  1
n
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 9

For Ra as back  up prot :
I F  MAX 3000
PSM   6
I P.U . 500
 Desired operating time  (Top ) a  (Top)b  pri  t  0.679  0.5
(Top ) a  1.179sec
K  TMS
(Top) a 
 PSM   1
n
TMS 

(Top) a   PSM   1
n
  0.307
K
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 10

For Ra as Pr imary Pr otection :
( I F  MAX ) Ra 4000
PSM   8
( I P.U . ) Ra 500
We haveTMS for Ra as 0.307
K  TMS
(Top) a  pri  1.012sec
 PSM  1
n
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 11

THANK YOU
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 12

Text Books:
Reference Books:
Arun G. Phadke and

James S. Thorpe

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 13
VII-SEMESTER
Prof R S Khonde
YCCE EL_RSK
COURSE CONTENT
Generator & Motor)
system equipment's
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 2

UNIT II:- SYLLABUS
.
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1
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2. Compute plug setting & TMS of relays:-
If-max 2000A 1500A 1000A
Use Very IDMT relay characteristics equation.
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Ans : 2) 1.25  I L  max  I p.u .
Re lays 1.25  I L  max I p.u . P.S . CTR
R3 1.25  40  50 A 50 A 100 % 50 /1
R2 1.25 100 125 A 125 A 100 % 125 /1
R1 1.25 160  200 A 200 A 100 % 200 /1
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For R3 as Pr imary Pr otection :
( I F  MAX ) R 3 1000
PSM    20
( I P.U . ) R 3 50
K  TMS
General Equation :  Top  ;
 PSM  1
n
K  TMS 13.5  0.1

(Top ) R 3 pri    0.0712sec
 PSM  1  20  1
n 1
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 7

For R2 as Back  up Pr otection :
( I F  MAX ) R 3 1000
PSM   8
( I P.U . ) R 2 125
desired operating time  (Top ) R 2 Back up  (Top ) R 3 pri  t
desired operating time  (Top ) R 2 Back up  0.0712  0.5  0.5712sec
(Top ) R 2 Back up 

K  TMS
 TMS 
 n

(Top ) R 2 Back up   PSM   1
 PSM  1
n
K
TMS  0.296
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 8

( I F  MAX ) R 2 1500
PSM   12; TMS  0.296
( I P.U . ) R 2 125
K  TMS 13.5  0.296
(Top ) R 2 pri    0.363sec
 PSM  1 12  1
n 1
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 9

For R1 as Back  up Pr otection :
( I F  MAX ) R 2 1500
PSM    7.5
( I P.U . ) R1 200
desired operating time  (Top ) R1 Back up  (Top ) R 2 pri  t
desired operating time  (Top ) R1 Back up  0.363  0.5  0.863sec
(Top ) R1 Back up 

K  TMS
 TMS 
 n

(Top ) R1 Back up   PSM   1
 PSM  1
n
K
TMS  0.4155
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 10

( I F  MAX ) R1 2000
PSM    10; TMS  0.4155
( I P.U . ) R1 200
K  TMS 13.5  0.4155
(Top ) R1 pri    0.6232sec
 PSM  1 10  1
n 1
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 11

THANK YOU
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 12

Text Books:
Reference Books:
Arun G. Phadke and

James S. Thorpe

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 13
VII-SEMESTER
Prof R S Khonde
YCCE EL_RSK
COURSE CONTENT
Generator & Motor)
system equipment's
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 2

UNIT II:- SYLLABUS
.
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1
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4. Power system shown in the figure is protected by IDMT relay having

characteristic
0.14  TMS
Top 
 PSM  1
0.02
Mini. fault current 3500 A 1000 A
Maxi. fault current 4000 A 1500 A
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 5

Compute the settings of relays from back-up as well as primary

protection point of view.
Assume:-
1. Permissible over loading = 25 %
2. Circuit breaker operating time at ‘B’ = 0.5 sec.
3. Overshoot time at relay ‘A’ = 0.1 sec.
4. Relay current carrying capacity = 1 A
5. CTR 200/1 A for both relays.
Ensure the selectivity of RA for minimum fault current.
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I f  min
1.25  I L  max  I p.u . 
1.3
I f  min
Re lays 1.25  I L  max I p.u . 1.3 P.S . CTR
1000
RB 1.25  80  100 A 100 A  770 A 50 % 200 /1A
1.3
RA 1.25  240  300 A 300 A 150 % 200 /1A
1000
 770 A *
1.3
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 7

For RB as a prim. prot.: 
I  f  max R 1500
PMS  B
  15
I  p .u . R
B
100
K  TMS 0.14  0.1
(Top ) RB  pri    0.2515sec
 PSM  1 15  1
n 0.02
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 8

For RA as a back  up prot.: 
I  f  max R 1500
PMS  B
 5
I  p .u . R
A
300
desired operating time  (Top ) RA Back up  (Top ) RB  pri  t
desired operating time  (Top ) RA Back up  0.2515  0.5  0.1  0.8515sec
(Top ) RA Back up 

0.14  TMS
 TMS 

0.8515   5 
0.02
  0.2
1
 PSM  1
0.02
0.14
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 9

For RA as a prim. prot.: 
I  f  max R 4000
PMS  A
  13.33; TMS  0.2
I  p .u . R
A
300
0.14  TMS
(Top ) RAPr i   0.5266sec
 PSM  1
0.02
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 10

Selectivity for m inimum fault current : 
For RB as Pr im.: 
Top of RB  t B
1000
PSM   10; TMS  0.1
100
0.14  TMS
tB   0.3sec
 PSM   1
0.02
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 11

For RA as back  up : 
Top of RA  t A
1000
PSM   3.33; TMS  0.2
300
0.14  TMS
tA   1.15sec
 PSM   1
0.02
t A  t B  1.15  0.3  0.85sec  t (0.6sec)

 Selectivity is Ensured.
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 12

THANK YOU
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 13

Text Books:
Reference Books:
Arun G. Phadke and

James S. Thorpe

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 14
VII-SEMESTER
Prof R S Khonde
YCCE EL_RSK
COURSE CONTENT
Generator & Motor)
system equipment's
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 2

UNIT II:- SYLLABUS
.
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 3


Understand the use of directional overcurrent relay.
1
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Lecture 15 : Directional of Over-current Relay
• Requirement of Directional Relaying
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DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 7

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• For Relay R3, we have following representation as
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 9

 Non-directional relays operate when the current exceeds the plug

setting or pick up value, irrespective of direction of current flow.
 Whereas, Directional relays also compares the direction of the

current flow with reference to the bus voltage by measuring the
phase angle between line current and bus voltage.
 The directional relay is a two input relay that receives line current and
bus voltage.
 It compares the direction of the current flow with reference to the bus
voltage by measuring the phase angle between line current and bus
voltage.
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• Characteristics of directional relay
Induction Cup Relay

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DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 12

Directional Overcurrent Re lay : 

V & R &sin(   )
V  VR ; R  I R
T  V .R .sin(   )
T  k VR I R sin(   )      (1)
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 13

1) If (   ) is 0 or 180 then
T 0
2) If (   ) is 0  (   )  180 then
T   ve
3) If (   ) is 180  (   )  360 then
T  ve
4) If   0
T  k VR I R sin( )    Reactive Power relay
5) If   90
T  k VR I R cos( )    A ctive Power relay
6) If (   )  90
T  k VR I R     Max.Torque
   Max.Torque angle
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 14

    90
  90  
From eq.1
T  k VR I R sin(90     )
 T  k VR I R cos(   )
----------------- (2)
Equation (2) is the final torque equation for directional overcurrent relay.
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 15

• Applications of Directional Relaying
In distribution and transmission systems
 With overcurrent relay
 High speed transmission protection
 To supervise distance elements
 Used for earth fault protection when selectivity is required
67 -AC Directional Overcurrent Relay

67G -Ground Directional Overcurrent
67P -Phase Directional Overcurrent
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 16
• Directional Protection for Radial Feeder
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• Directional Protection for Radial Feeder

 It is split-up into two radial network
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• Directional Protection for Parallel Feeder
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• Directional Protection for Ring Network
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• Numerical
• The pressure coil of directional relay has an impedance of 100+j275

ohms. What is MTA of this relay.
What changes will have to be made in order to get MTA
i) 30 degree
ii) 15 degree
Sol.
Z  100  j 275  29270 
  70 ( betVr & Iv)
  90    20
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 21

• Numerical
• Sol.
1) Re quired   30
  60
Let Xc be the capacitive reac tan ce
X 1  X L  X C 
  tan    tan 
1

R  R 
 275  X C 
60  tan 1    X C  102 
 100 
To find capaci tan ce
1
C  0.312  F
2 f X C
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 22
• Numerical
• Sol.
2) Re quired   15
  75
Let X L  NEW be the inductive reac tan ce
X 1  X L  X L  NEW 
  tan 1    tan  
 R  R 
 275  X L  NEW 
75  tan 1    X L  NEW  98.20 
 100 
X L  NEW  2 f L  L  0.312 H
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 23

THANK YOU
DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 24

Text Books:
Reference Books:
Arun G. Phadke and

James S. Thorpe

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 25

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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 2

2 Types of Over-current Relay

3 Directional of Over-current Relay

4 Drawbacks of Over-current Relays

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 3

The student will be able to:

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 4

• Requirements for Relay Setting in a system

 Overcurrent relay application requires - knowledge of the fault current that

 The data required for a relay setting are:

(iii) The maximum load current through the protection devices

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 5

 Relays are coordinated to avoid the power outage of large area

• Methods to achieve correct relay coordination:

1. Current based method or Current Discrimination (Instantaneous Relay)

2. Time based method or Time Discrimination (Definite Time Relay)

3. Combination of both time and current based methods or Current-time

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 7

 Instantaneous relays are used.

 Pick-up:- Pick-up is decided according to the magnitude of fault current in

 Operating time:- Operating time of all the relays is same. It is instantaneous

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 9

 Definite time overcurrent relays are used.

 Operating time:- Operating time progressively increases from remote end to

• Combination of both time and current based methods or

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 11

 IDMT relays are used for protection.

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 12

 The procedure of relay coordination is usually performed starting from load

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 13

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 14

• Coordination for Radial Feeders

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 15

• Coordination for Radial Feeders

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 16

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 17

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 18

2 Switchgear and Protection Bhide and Paithankar PHI

3 Power System Protection and Switchgear Badri Ram TMH.

4 Switchgear and Protection S. S. Rao Khanna

Arun G. Phadke and

References Web: www.nptel.ac.in

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 2

2 Types of Over-current Relay

3 Directional of Over-current Relay

4 Drawbacks of Over-current Relays

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 3

The student will be able to:

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 4

• The degree of inverse is determined by the values of the constants K

Normal IDMT 0.14 0.02

Very IDMT 13.5 1

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 5

• Plug setting (P.S.):- It is defined as the % of the rated current of

• Time multiplier setting (TMS):- By using TMS, the operating

“TMS setting range is 10% to 100% in step of 10%”

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 6

• Plug setting multiplier (PSM):- It is the ratio of relay current to

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 7

 It is the process of computing the relay settings so that only

 Computation of plug setting

DTEL YCCE EL_RSK 9

1. Compute PSM of the remote end relay primary prot. (Rb):-