TinH Huono DAY .

HOCHdp
... TACTRono DAY . HOC
.
Glftl PHUONG lRINH vA BAI PHUONG lRINH MD nOAN 121

o TS. HOANG LE MINH *

1. Tlnh huang dQY hoc hop tac (THDHHT) 10 gqi Y cho HS trong thao IUQn;- DII ki6n ccc cach
tlnh huang dQY hoc trong do xdc dinh ro rnuc danh gia k6t qua hoc tQP cue HS.
tieu hQCtQPcue tung hoc sinh (HS). Thllc chelt, dO Bvoc 4: T6 chuc hoc tQP hop taco
10 m9t tlnh huang gqi vein d~, tQO ra cdc hoot 3. Thi6t k6 mQt s5THDHHT trong dqy hc;>cgiai
d9ng hoc tQP hop tac cho HS. Delu hi~u cue m9t phuong trinh (PT), belt phuong trinh (BPT) mu
n9i dung dQY hoc co th~ thi6t k6THDHHT thlJang Tlnh hu6ng 1: Ap dl!ng mgt s6phllOrJgphop
10: N9i dung gqi rno nhi~u hlJoog suy nghT khac (PP)gioi PTrna.
nhau, khai IlJqng ki6n thvc Ian ma can giai quy6t III ... A'

trong thai gian ngan. PHIEUHOC T~P SO 1

Mot THDHHT can thoa man be di~u kien sou: Cho cdc PTsou:
1) n';h hu6ng phoi co toc d"mg gqi ra ~cino~; 1) 3x2 -x+5= 27; 2) 22x- 2.2x + 1 = 0; 3) 2x = x + 1;
2) HS nhfm t~ci.Y,..nhucdu cdn hyp t~c,A~rao06i,
Sl! hqp tac co the sa mang Iqi ket qua tot; 3) Tqo 4) 6x - 2x_ 3x + 1 = 0; 5) (~)' =3; 6) 3x = 5· 2.x
moi troong hc;>c tgp hqp toc, co m6i quan h~ mgt 7) 32x- (x + 9)3x + 9x = 0; 8) 2,;n2x + 2co,2x = 4;
thiit girJa vai tro cua co nhan voi vai fro tgp thi. Khi dO: 0) TIm PPgiai tllng PTtran; b) Ngoai ro
Khi xay dllng THDHHT, phai tQo ra co h9i c1~ HS con each giai nco khac khong?
dlJqc suy nghT, sou dO cung thao IUQn nhom d~
khang dinh vein d~, rEmluy~n tv duy h9i thoQi co Kit luan: GV chi6u slide k6t luan v~ cac PP
phe phon. Cung m9t n9i dung, co th~ thi6t k6 giai PT mO nhlJ sou: .
nhi~u THDHHT khac nhau; song phai vua svc, co Mgt s6 PPgioi phllOrJg trinh rna
tac dy~g gqi d9ne co, thu hut dlJqc JIl chu y cua 1) PPova v~ dc;mf]tich (PT[4])
HS nham phat trien tv duy va m9t so ki nang cho 2) PP olJa 2 vi ve cung co s6 (PT[1])
HS khi trlnh bay, di~n dQt m9t vein d~. 3} PPLogarithoa (PT[5])
2. Quy trinh thi6t ke' THDHHT. Trong thi6t 4} PP~qt einphI,!:4a} DqteinphI,!fri~tod (PT[2]);
k6 THDHHT can th~ hi~n dU'Q'Cy dinh cua giao 4b) Dqt an phI,!khong tri~t oe (PT[7]);4c} Dqt 2
vi~n (GV) trong vi~c dinh hlJong, t6 chuc, hv6ng einphI! (PT{B])
dan cac hOQtd9n9 hQc tQP cho HS; chi ra dlJqc 5} PPnheim nghi~m va chvng rninh tinh duy
cac hOQt d9n9 hQc tQP, d~ XUeltphlJOng hv6ng nhcitnghi~m (PT{6])
giai quy6t vein d~. Co th~ thi6t k6 THDHHT theo 6) PPva 06 thi ham s6 (PT[3])
quy trlnh ban blJOCnhlJ sou: . Tinh hu6ng 2: Suy o06n va phot biiu bai
Bu6c 1:X6c dinh muc tieu cua viec chi6m h"nhtri toon (BT) hlang 1If.
th(rc, ren luy~ c6ch hQcva cach gi~ ti6p cho HS. ..( ... ",,'
Bvoc 2: ChQn nh(jng n9i dung co tac dyng PHIEUHOC T~P SO 2
hlnh thanh nhu cau hQCtQPhgp toc, tQOtinh huang Xet cae BTsou: BTl. TIm m c1~PT:(7+~.,r,r+f-~.,r,r =8
can tr~nh IUQn!!'0"jl t?P ~~. A' '"

Bvoc 3: Thiet ke cac hnh huong cy the, boo c6 nghi~m.

gam cac nhi~m vy nhlJ: - Giao nhi~m vy cy th~
cho tung HS. Co th~ thong 9ua cac phi6u hQc
tQP,sli dyng may ~hi6u d~ thiet k6 cac tinh huang
dQYhQc...; - DII kien cac cach suy nghi khac nhau
cua HS va hlJong giai quy6t; - DII ki6n nh(jng
mau thuan trong khi thao IUQnnhom, cach hlJoog
dan HS thao IUQn;- Chu6n bi nh(jng cau hoi phy
BT2.Tim m d~ BPT:9x + m 3x + 1 ::;;0 co nghi~m.
1) EmsUodyng PPnco d~ giai 2 BTtren? 2) Em
hay d110ro them cae BTtvang hI vc giai chung.
Thoo luan nhom: Hoi PT tren c6 chua thorn
sa m, song'van sli dyng PP chung 10 PPdQt 6n
...Truong f)~i hqc Sit p~m Hii Nqi

~ __ s6__2_5_8__(k_i2__-3_,_20_1_1)
T~~P_C_h_i_Gi_a_O_d~~C
 hu t. Co th~ khao sat ham 55 fIt) d~ flrn m. M9t TInh hu6ng 5: Sv dllng PPa{jt 2 tin phil rai
~5 H5 dvo ro dvqc cdc BT tvong tl! va giai. BTl thiit Jgp PT, h~ PT mal.
10giai PT; BT2 10 giai BPT nen coch giai 2 BT A ... A'

PHIEUHOC•
TAP
•
SO 25
tren 10khac nhou. Cho PT: 1) 22x2 +2x + 21.x2 = 2(x+l) + 1 (1)
Kit /uqn: GV cung H5 tang k~t coc cau tra loi
eua phidu hoc tqp 562. Hoi BT tr~n su-~l,Ing PP _8_+_1_= 18 2
dc;it6n phu, sou do HS xet ham so fIt) de suy ro 2)2'-1+1 2'-·'+1 2'-1+2'-'+2()·
o} Coc nh6m e6 nh¢n xet gi v~ 2 v€ cuo 2 PTtren.
eMu ki~ncuo th omsom.
ft , .t O'BT1.0-t(7+3J5)X
. Q -2- =1, b} Hay due ro PT,h~ PTrnot (theo fin moil cue 2
PTtren.
suy ro t > O. To co PT: tL at = - m ["]. PTda cho
011 kiin cou hoi gqi y khi cdn thiit: (; PT(1 ),
co nghi~m kht va chi khi PT '*) co nghi~m t > o.
nh¢n xet v~ m6i quon h~ giv~ cac h~ 55 mO:
Xet ham 55 ~t) = t2 - at,= (t - 4)2 - 16 ;::- 16 => -
m 2: -16 <=> m ~ 16. BT2: OQt t = 3x, suy ro 2x2 + 2x, 1 - x2 v6i (x + 1)2. (; PT (2), nh¢n xet
a mau 56 0 v6 phai: 2x·1 + 21•x + 2 = (2x.1 + 1) +
t> O. BPTtro thanh 12; I~-m (**). BPTda cho co (21.x + 1)). TI) day, H5 co th~ dinh htr6ng dvqe PP
giai BT bang cach dQt 2 6n phl,l.
nghi~m khi va chi khi PT(**) co nghi~m t> 0 hoy
. ,• 12 + I , 12 -I
v....l
"et uc;m:O' cau a: 0-Qt {22.-'+2.'=U>O
. ,I
kh·d' 0:
ft A )

Mm 1(1) ~ -m ,Val /(/) = - . To co: 1 (I) =-,

I
i-TO = v>O
DO t 1

xet PIt) = 0 <=> t = 1. Suy ro: Min

1>0
l(t) = 1(1) = 2. U •v = 2(x+1)2 => (u - 1)(v - 1) = 0 => [U=I
v = I.TI) do suy
Khi do, BPT da cho co nghi~m khi va chi khi
- m ;::2 hoy m ~ - 2. ro nghiem cuo PT. Cau b) Oat
. .
{2'2'-'-1 ++ 1=
U > I, to co
I= v > I
M9t 55 BTttrong fl!: BT3: TIm m d~ PT4x + 5.2x
+ m = 0 co nghi~m; BT4: TIm m d~ BPT: 8 I 18
h~: ;+;= giai h~ d~ tim nghi~m cuo PT(2).
32x _ m.Y+,;;:;4 -9.9,;;:;4 < 0 co nghi~m.
Tlnh hu6ng 3: Rim Jurin cho HS gidi PT va
1 u+v=uv
U+V,

8PTmO Mng PP d{jt dn phil.

Hoi PTtren cung sv
dyng PPdQt 6n phV, song
,il ... A'
PT(1) dvo v~ PTHch 26n u, v; PT(2) dVOv~ h~ PT
PHIEUHOC T~P SO 3 26n u, v.
Gi6ieOePT va BPT soub&1g phl10119 ph6p c1Qt 8n phy: TInh hu6ng 6: M6 r9ng BT ad cho v~ cae
c}c;mgkhoc nhau.
1) (5+my +(5-.J24J = 10; ,c ,. A'
PHIEUHOC T~P SO 6
2) t-X+I_2X ~O; 3) 64.9x-84.12x+27.16x=0;
2X _I Cho PT c6 chvo tham 55 a: ~a(2'-2)+ 1= 1_2T.
1) Giai PTvoi 0 = 1.
4) 4cos2x+ 4cos2x - 3 = 0; 5) if64 - fh3x+3 + 12 = 0 ;
2) TIm a d~ PTvo nghi~m.
3) Em e6 th~ phat bi~u BTtheo nhi~u each khae
khong?
Tlnh hUdng 4: Giup HS nam dvgC PP danh
gio khi gidi PT mO. Thao /ugn nh6m: - V6i 0 = 1, PT tro thanh
~ ..."..' .J2 x -I = 1- 2". Binh phvong
2 v6, su-dvng PPdQt
PHIEUHOC T~P SO 4 an phy; - TIm di~u ki~n d~ bi~u thtic trong can co
Cho 2 PT: 1) 2" = - 2x2 + 6x . 9; 2) 2cos(2x2 - x) = 2x + 2·x• nghTo; - Binh phuong 2 v~, giai va bi~n lu¢n PT
o} C6 nh¢n xet gl v~ 2 v€ eua 2 PTtren. bQc hoi theo thom 56 a; - Co nhi~u cach phat bi~u
b} M9t bQn HS cho rang 2 PT tren khong giai BT tren, chang hQn nhv: 1) Giai PT v6i 0 = 4;
allQC theo PPthong thllOng rna phai xet t¢p gia tr!
2) Giai PTv6i 0 = 2x; 3) TIm 0 d~ PTco nghi~m.
2 v€ eua cae PTr6i tim giao euo 2 t¢p gia tri d6.
Kit /uqn: - V6i 0 = 1: PTco nghi~m duy nhcit
Eme6 d6ng y vai y ki€n eua bQn khong? Vi sao?
x = O. GV d6ng nhcit v6i y ki6n dVO ro cac dQng
c) Hay giai 2 PTtren.
toan rna nhom thao lu¢n 0 tren. Co th~ them cac

_T,_p_C~hi_G~ia~'O~d~V_C_s_6~2_5_8~(k_i_2_.3_1_20_1_1) ~
cach ph at bi~u BT dooi dQng khac nhll: 4) TIm a
d~ PT co nghi~m duy nhat; 5) Giai va bi~n IUQn
Khao sat hling tho hoc
. tap
. ...
PTtheo tham s6 a; - GV trinh bay loi giai cau 5) (Ti6p theo trang 24)
(giai va bi~n IUQnPTtheo tham s6 a} vtla duo ra dan d~n tinh trQng tren: 1) Xu the' xa h9i (Sl! giOi
a trim, do se la co so cho HS tim dllQ'C coch giai hen cue nganh ngh~ kh6i khoa h9C xa h9i);
coc dQng con IQi. 2) 0, SGK chuo dap vng nhu cau tam Ii cue HS
Tinh huang 7: 5ai 16m khi girli PT co dc;mg: ph6 thong, m9t s6 ki~n thvc dut?Ctrinh bay khong
r6 rang, khoa h9C; 3) phon phoi 0 khong hop Ii,
f(X)'oSf",K(X) = f(x).
chuo dap vng dllQ'C rnuc lieu giup HS too I¢p
;C ....".,

PHIEUHOC TAP SO 7 van ban va Irnh h9i van ban; 4) PPDH cuo GY
thi~u Iinh hoot, phdn vng thi~u tinh Sll phorn cua
Giai PT:(x - 11Iogx.12x2 - 4x+1= X - 1. Bon Hoa trinh
GV d6i vai HS; 5) Cong tac ki~m tro, thi cli chl1a
bay loi giai nhll sou: thl!C Sl! danh gia dllQ'Cnang Il!c sang tQo, nang
Il!c hi~u va tQo IQp van ban cuo HS; 6) Ban than
2X'-4X+I=X-1
PT<=> { 2'X - 4x+ I > 0
~1'Txe=(2.-x:-
x2=~~]v [2+.fi
_.+ct:
)~X=2 . HS ChllO co y thvc coo trong h9C tQP, thie'u chu
• 2 2'
d9n9 trong khau mo r9ng kie'n thvc ttl cac ngu6n
BQnHfug nOix = 2 khongphOi16nghi~mcUePTtren. thong tin khac. 0
y kie'ncua em nhll the'nao? Em hay giai BTtren
va cillO ro nhang cli~m can chu y khi giai PTco (1) A.G. Covaliov. Tam IihQc ca nhan. NXB Ciao
dQng ~X)Iog~xI9(xl = fIx}. dl,tC,H. 1971.
(2) Ph~m Minh H~c. Tuy~n t~p tam IihQc J. Pia get.
K6t !u(m: GV cung HS khai quat IQi cach th(rc NXB Gido dl,tc,H. 1996.
(3) Nguyen Thj Thanh HlI011g.D~y hQc van 6' tnnhtg
0 < f(x) *I
ph6 thOng. NXB Dg.ih()c qu6c gia Ha N9i. 2001.
= ~x) ¢::>
bi&l d6i khi gi6i PT:f(x)log~xI9(xl g(x) > 0 .0
1
g(x) = f(x) (4) Trinh XufulVii. Phuung phap ~y - hQCvan cY b~c
trung hQC. NXB Dg.ih()c qu6c gia TP. H6 ChiMinh, 2002.
Tai Ii~u tham khao (5) Phan Tn;mg Lu~n. Con dmmg nang cao hi~u qua
I.Nguyen BAKim. Phuung phap d~y hQc mon Toan. d~y van. NXB Gido dl,tc,H. 1987.
NXB Dg.ih()c SLl phg.m, H. 2009. (6) Phan Trong Lu~n (tdng chii bien). Ngfrvan 11, t~p
2. Bui van Nghj. PhUO'llgphap d~y hQc nhii'ng nQi hai. NXB Gido dl,tc Virt Nam, H. 2009.
dung CI} th~ mon Toan. NXB Dg.i h()c SLl phg.m, (7) Phan Trong Lu~n (tdng chii bien). Ngfrvan 11, t~p
H.2008. m¢t. NXB Gido dl,tc Virt Nam, H. 2009.
Tai Ii~u tham khao
THONGBAO I. Di)ng Mai Khanh. Tim hiiu tht,tctrg.nghung thu Mi
va; man Tam Ii h()c CLlasinh vien truimg Dg.i h9C
Gin Tha. Lu~n an th~c si, 1997.
Nam 2011, T~P CHi GIAo DVC 2. Pressick-Kilborn, K. Impact of School science
tie'p ty.c ra 1 thang 2 ki. Gia ban: experiences on Motivation and Achievement in
13.200d/cu6n. Science: Initial review of Literature. Working paper
prepared for the IMPACTS core research team.
Kinh d~ ng;~ cac don ~ giao dlJ.c(so,
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4 258 Ta.p chi Giao dlJC so (ki 2 • 3/2011)