Risks and Dangers Passionate: Apasionado, To get/keep fit :

enardecido. Ponerse/mantenerse en forma.

A risk taker: Atrevido,
temerario. Safety: Seguridad. To Give up: Darse por vencido.

Achievements: Logro, hazaña. Sceptical: Escéptico. To Go wrong: Equivocarse.

Adventurous: Aventurero. Self-confident: Seguro de si To have a rush of adrenalin:

mismo. Tener un ‘subidón’ de adrenalina.
Ambitious: Ambicioso.
Selfish: Egoísta. To overcome your fears: Superar
Athletes: Atleta, deportista. tus miedos.
Setbacks: Contratiempo, revés.
Charming: Fascinante, To Prove: Probar, resultar.
encantador. Sportsmen/women: Deportista.
To Regret: Arrepentirse
Courageous: Valiente. Strength: Fuerza.
To run wild: Desenfrenarse.
Dangerous: Peligroso. Struggle: Tener dificultad,
prueba. To suffer an injury: Sufrir una
Daring: Osado, atrevido. lesion.
Stunt: Escena peligrosa.
Determined: Decidido. To Support: Apoyar, ayudar.
To aim higher: Tener
Endurance: Resistencia, aspiraciones altas. To Take risks: Arriesgarse.
resiliencia.
To Amaze: Asombrar, To take up: Comenzar, empezar.
Extreme sports: Deportes sorprender.
extremos. To test your limits: Poner a
To Avoid: Esquivar, evitar. prueba tus limites.
Fear: miedo.
To ban: Prohibir, expulsar, vetar. To train hard: Entrenar duro.
Fearless: Valiente, sin miedo,
intrépido. To be under (a lot of) pressure: To Turn back: Darse media
Estar bajo presión. vuelta, deshacer el camino.
Fitness: Aptitud física.
To Dare: Atreverse a. To win respect: Ganarse el
Humble: Humilde, modesto. respeto.
To Encourage: Animar, motivar.
Influential: Influyente. To work out: Hacer ejercicio.
To face danger: Enfrentar el
Inspiring: Inspirador, miedo. Top priority: Máxima prioridad.
estimulante.
To find a balance: Encontrar el Tough: Resistente, fuerte.
Irresponsible: Irresponsable. equilibrio.
Overconfident: Arrogante.

Exercise 1. Complete the following sentences with the correct word.

1. She has been honored for her sporty . achievements/ safety/ to regret

2. We have trained very hard to . stunt/ get fitness/ to dare

3. She is a reporter who has covered several wars. To amaze/ daring/ fear

4. They all are explorer. Adventurous/ endurance/ athletes

5. I’m training very hard to be an honored . to find a balance/ athlete/ passionate

6. As the team were losing a match, the captain make a decision. Courageous/ to win respect/ to support

7. She enjoys doing like zorbing. sportswoman/ extreme sports/ humble

8. The of this adventurous boy is admirable. To take up/ to take risks/ endurance

9. All the crowd him in the final stages of the race. To test your limits/ encouraged/ top priority

10. He was with fear when he was about to jump out of a plane with a parachute. Trembling/ tough/ sceptical

11. I´m not much of a . risk taker/ strength/ to have a rush of adrenaline

12. You were to do bungee jumping. To ban/ determined/ to avoid

13. We must be in the face of this risky adventure. dangerous/ fearless/ ambitious

14. This influencer has written an book of his travel around the world. To aim higher/ inspirational/ stunt

15. His cousin is an basketball player. Ambitious/ fitness/ regret

16. We have to keep in mind there are certain activities in the forest. Self confident/ go wrong/ banned

17. A gymnastics program promoting and agility in school-aged children. Train hard/ suffer an injury/ fitness

18. Elite athletes along their sporty career. are under a lot of pressure/ fitness/ regret

19. My mother is when it comes to stories about aliens. Give up/ sceptic/ face danger

20. The Olympic team of swimming is by such a variety of important national brands. Supported/ proved/ stunt

21. She is too proud of her new tattoo; determined/ test your limits/ Never give up!

22. We must not be afraid . selfish/ to aim high/ charming

23. An expedition can always . go wrong/ a risk taker/ courageous

24. The marathon was a for me, but I finished. fearless /extreme sports/ struggle

25. Don’t say anything you might later. To turn back/ irresponsible/ regret

26. His father have always encourage him to . overcome his fears/ work out/ overconfident

27. They enjoy risk to . face danger/ influential/ to run wild

28. There is common to find people in a sporty team. Tough/ to suffer an injury/ overconfident

29. It is children when they are in the countryside. Proved/ support/ stunt take risks/ to
amaze/ run wild

30. It is important to once in a while. To win respect/ test your limits/ endurance

31. To be an important is essential to have . strength / stunt/ sportman/woman

To keep fit/ to train hard/ self-confident

32. It is common to when you do sports. Go wrong/ suffer an injury/ athletes

33. My great father always said that life consists into . taking risks/ overconfident/ irresponsible

34. I believe that eradicating domestic violence should be a . to take up/ to ban/ top priority

35. When you , your heart rate increases and your breathing gets faster. have a rush of adrenaline/ stunt/ fear

36. It is not easy to of the others. Charming/ struggle/ win the respect

37. Most of the accidents occurred in the mountains are the result of acts. To train hard/ irresponsible/ safety
38. We have to take certain measures for our own . safety/ give up/ get fit

39. His career in Chicago shook his confidence and made him work even harder. Run wild / setback/ to support

40. The kayakers the rocks in the river. Avoided/ overcome your fears/ have a rush of adrenaline
Relative exercises
I. Join the following sentences using relatives.
1. She's a nice old lady. Her parents were born in New York.
___________________________________________________________________
2. Did you pick up the keys? They were on the table.
___________________________________________________________________
3. A man brought in a small girl. Her hand had been cut by flying glass.
__________________________________________________________________
4. Cathy Freeman was an aborigine athlete. She lit the Olympic flame in Sydney.
___________________________________________________________________
5. Mayka is a Spanish woman. Her husband is Egyptian.
___________________________________________________________________
6. Iván is a boy. I go out with Iván.
___________________________________________________________________
7. She slept in a hotel. It was very comfortable.
___________________________________________________________________
8. Tom had been driving all day. He was tired and wanted to stop.

II. Combine the sentences using a relative clause. Use relative pronouns only where
necessary. Note that you have to use commas in some of the sentences.
Example: 1. We spent our holiday in Scotland last year. Scotland is in the north of Great
Britain.
Last year we spent our holidays in Scotland, which is in the north of Great Britain.
2. People live in Scotland. They are called Scots.
____________________________________________________
3. We first went to Edinburgh. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.
_____________________________________________________
4. Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh. He wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories.
___________________________________________
5. Then we visited a lake. It is in the Highlands.
____________________________________________________
6. Loch Ness is 37 km long. People know it for its friendly monster.
__________________________________________________
7. There we met an old man. He told us that he had seen Nessie.
___________________________________________________
8. We then travelled to a mountain. The mountain is near the town of Fort William.
_____________________________________________________
9. The mountain is the highest mountain in Great Britain. It is called Ben Nevis.
_________________________________________________
10. I sent you a postcard. It was written on the summit of Ben Nevis.
_________________________________________________
III. Combine the following pairs or groups of sentences by means of relative pronouns,
making any necessary changes.
1. His girlfriend turned out to be an enemy spy. He trusted her absolutely.
___________________________________________________________________
2. We’ll have to walk across the frontier. This will be difficult.
___________________________________________________________________
3. We lit a fire. It soon dried out our clothes.
___________________________________________________________________
4. I played with a girl. She was very nice.
___________________________________________________________________
5. I've got a friend. Her mother is in hospital.
___________________________________________________________________
6. A vegetarian is a person. This person doesn't eat meat.
___________________________________________________________________

IV. Combine the following pairs or groups of sentences, using relativempronouns.

My grandmother is 90 years old. She has never been ill.
___________________________________________________________________
The Earth is a planet. It moves round the sun.
___________________________________________________________________
This is the place. We should build our house here.
___________________________________________________________________
Mary loves studying. She is my younger sister.
___________________________________________________________________
I work for a firm. This firm makes cars.
___________________________________________________________________
I met an old lady. Her dog had disappeared.
___________________________________________________________________
A grocer's is a shop. You can buy fruit there.
___________________________________________________________________
In February we’ll be very busy. It’s the shortest month.
___________________________________________________________________
V. Join these sentences with who, whose, which or where.
1. Yesterday I met Robbie James. Robbie James is the drummer in a new pop group
called 'Street Level'.
Yesterday I met Robbie James, who is the drummer in a new pop group called
'Street Level'.
2. The house has been for sale since last February. The house is very expensive.
___________________________________________________________________
3. Susan Rose has just won £ 100,000. Susan Rose's brother Paul works in my office.
___________________________________________________________________
4. I went to Munich. I had always wanted to visit Munich.
___________________________________________________________________
5. A cup is an object. We drink out of it.
___________________________________________________________________
6. Mrs Greeman’s dog is mad. It bit a young girl yesterday.
___________________________________________________________________
7. They rowed across the Atlantic. This had never been done before.
___________________________________________________________________
8. The doctor came by. We didn’t know him.
___________________________________________________________________
VI. Combine the following pairs or groups of sentences, using relative pronouns.
1. She was dancing with a student. He had a slight limp.
___________________________________________________________________
2. Mike speaks French very well. Mike's mother comes from Paris.
___________________________________________________________________
3. Last summer we went to Whitby. We stayed at The Queen's Hotel in Whitby.
___________________________________________________________________
4. My uncle Peter is coming to see me next week. My uncle Peter lives in Scotland.
___________________________________________________________________
5. I am looking after some children. They are terribly spoilt.
______________________________________________________________
On All Hallow's Eve…
halloween pumpkins and decorations
Halloween may seem like it's all about costumes and candy, but the holiday — which is
relatively new to America, having only become popular in the early 1900s — has its roots in
pagan beliefs. Dating back about 2,000 years, Halloween marked the Celtic New Year and
was originally called Samhain, which translates to "summer's end" in Gaelic.
Black Cats
Often used as symbols of bad luck, black cats grace many Halloween decorations. The black
cat's bad reputation dates back to the Dark Ages, when witch hunts were commonplace.
Elderly, solitary women were often accused of witchcraft, and their pet cats were said to be
their "familiars," or demonic animals that had been given to them by the devil.
Another medieval myth told that Satan turned himself into a cat when socializing with
witches. But nowadays, black cats aren't synonymous with bad luck and mischief
everywhere — in Ireland, Scotland and England, it's considered good luck for a black cat to
cross your path.
Jack-O'-Lanterns
A fun fall activity, carving Jack-o'-lanterns actually has its roots in a sinister, tragic fable.
Celtic folklore tells the tale of a drunken farmer named Jack who tricked the devil, but his
trickery resulted in him being turned away from both the gates of heaven and hell after he
died. Having no choice but to wander around the darkness of purgatory, Jack made a
lantern from a turnip and a burning lump of coal that the devil had tossed him from hell.
Jack used the lantern to guide his lost soul; as such, the Celts believed that placing Jack-o'-
lanterns outside would help guide lost spirits home when they wander the streets on
Halloween. Originally made using a hollowed-out turnip with a small candle inside, Jack-o'-
lanterns' frightening carved faces also served to scare evil spirits away. When the Irish
potato famine of 1846 forced Irish families to flee to North America, the tradition came
with them. Since turnips were hard to come by in the states at the time, pumpkins were
used as a substitute.
Bats
Medieval folklore also described bats as witches' familiars, and seeing a bat on Halloween
was considered to be quite an ominous sign. One myth was that if a bat was spotted flying
around one's house three times, it meant that someone in that house would soon die.
Another myth was that if a bat flew into your house on Halloween, it was a sign that your
house was haunted because ghosts had let the bat in.
Spiders
A common source of fear, spiders make for creepy, crawly Halloween staples. They join the
ranks of bats and black cats in folklore as being evil companions of witches during medieval
times. One superstition held that if a spider falls into a candle-lit lamp and is consumed by
the flame, witches are nearby. And if you spot a spider on Halloween, goes another
superstition, it means that the spirit of a deceased loved one is watching over you.

Witches
The stereotypical image of the haggard witch with a pointy black hat and warty nose stirring
a magical potion in her cauldron actually stems from a pagan goddess known as "the
crone," who was honored during Samhain. The crone was also known as "the old one" and
the "Earth mother," who symbolized wisdom, change, and the turning of the seasons.
Today, the kind, all-knowing old crone has morphed into the menacing, cackling witch.

Trick-Or-Treating in Costumes
In olden times, it was believed that during Samhain, the veil between our world and the
spirit world was thinnest, and that the ghosts of the deceased could mingle with the living.
The superstition was that the visiting ghosts could disguise themselves in human form, such
as a beggar, and knock on your door during Samhain asking for money or food. If you
turned them away empty-handed, you risked receiving the wrath of the spirit and being
cursed or haunted.
Another Celtic myth was that dressing up as a ghoul would fool the evil spirits into thinking
that you were one of them so that they would not try to take your soul. In the U.S., trick-or-
treating became a customary Halloween tradition around the late 1950s, after it was
brought over by Irish immigrants in the early 1900s.

Halloween Colors
The traditional Halloween colors of orange and black actually stem from the pagan
celebration of autumn and the harvest, with orange symbolizing the colors of the crops and
turning leaves, while black marks the "death" of summer and the changing season. Over
time, green, purple and yellow have also been introduced into the color scheme of
Halloween decorations.
Mischief Night
From some — namely troublesome teenagers — Halloween is also a time for neighborhood
pranks. From egging and toilet-papering houses to smashing jack-o'-lanterns, "devil's night"
can be full of mischief and menace.
The ancient Celts celebrated Samhain with bonfires, games and comical pranks. By the
1920s and 30s, however, the celebrations became more rowdy, with rising acts of
vandalism, possibly due to the tension caused by the Great Depression, according to Jack
Santino's "Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life" (Univ. of Tennessee Press,
1994). To curb the vandalism, adults began to hand out candy, reigniting the forgotten
tradition of trick-or-treating in costume in exchange for sweets. This successfully replaced
most of the mischief elements from Oct. 31 celebrations, so the troublemakers instead
adopted Oct. 30 as their official night to pull pranks and wreak havoc.
Candy Apples
Candy apples are popular Halloween treats, and the sugary fruit on a stick was handed out
during the early days of trick-or-treating in North America — before concerns over
unwrapped candy became an issue. Today, candy apples can be covered in caramel or
chocolate with nuts, as well as in the classic, shiny red syrup.
The fusion of Celtic and Roman traditions is behind Halloween's candy-apple staple.
Samhain was around the time of the Roman festival honoring Pamona, the goddess of fruit
trees. The goddess is often symbolized by an apple, so the fruit became synonymous with
Samhain celebrations of the harvest.
Bobbing for Apples
In ancient times, the apple was viewed as a sacred fruit that could be used to predict the
future. Bobbing for apples is one of the traditional games used for fortune-telling on
Halloween night. It was believed that the first person to pluck an apple from the water-
filled bucket without using their hands would be the first to marry.
If the bobber lucked out and caught an apple on the first try, it meant that they would
experience true love, while those who got an apple after many tries would be fickle in their
romantic endeavors. Another myth was that if a girl put her bobbed apple under her pillow
on Halloween night, she would dream about her future husband.
Halloween Listening

Halloween Scares Up Tricks, Treats in USA