BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS

Name: ________________________ Date: __________________

Section: _______________________ Score: _________________

Assignment No. 2
RATES AND ORDERS OF REACTION

The rate of a chemical reaction or process is the velocity with which it occurs. The order
of a reaction refers to the rate to the way in which the concentration of drug or reaction or
process. When the drug concentration changes with respect to time at a constant rate, it follows
Zero order reaction. If the amount of drug is decreasing at a rate that is proportional to the
amount of drug remaining, then the rate of disappearance of drug is following First order
reaction.

1.Define the following terms

Half life

Rate constants

Area under the curve

2.Differentiate linear and non-linear kinetics

3.Differentiate zero order and first order kinetics. List down the formulas used and units for
each element
Zero order kinetics First order kinetics

Formulas used

Units used for each variable

a.Initial concentration

b.Rate constant

c.Elimination half life

 BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS

4.The conc of formaldehyde remaining after 360 mins was 15 mL from an initial volume of
2000 mL. Compute for the first order rate constant.

5.A pharmacist weighs exactly 10 g of a drug and dissolved it in 100 mL of water. The
solution is kept at room temperature and samples are removed periodically and assayed
for the drug. The pharmacist obtains the following data:
Drug Concentration Time
(mg/mL) (mins)
100 0
70 120
50 240
35 360
15 480
10 600
5 720
a.Construct a graph by plotting the concentration of drug versus time.

b.Determine the type of its rate of decline.

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2. A pharmacist dissolved a few milligrams of a new antibiotic drug into exactly 100 ml of
distilled water and placed the solution in a refrigerator (5 0C). At various time intervals the
pharmacist removed a 324.62 minims aliquot from the solution and measured the amount
of drug contained in each aliquot. The following data were obtained:
Time (hr) Antibiotic(ug/dL)
0.5 0.92
1.0 0.86
2.0 0.76
3.0 0.66
6.0 0.43
8.0 0.24
12.0 0.09
a. Is the decomposition of this antibiotic a first-order or zero-order process?

b. What is the rate of decomposition of this antibiotic?

c. How many milligrams of antibiotics were in the original solution prepared by the
pharmacist?

d. Give the equation for the line that best fits the experimental data.

3. A solution of a drug was freshly prepared at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. After 30 days
at 250C, the drug concentration in the solution was 25 mg/dL.
a. Assuming first-order kinetics, when will the drug decline to one half of the original
concentration?
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b. Assuming zero-order kinetics, when will the drug decline to one half of the original
concentration?

1. How many half-lives (t ½) would it take for 99.9% of any initial concentration of a drug to
decompose? Assume first-order kinetics?

2. For most drugs the overall rate of drug elimination is proportional to the amount of drug
remaining in the body. What does this imply about the kinetic order of drug elimination?

3. A single cell is placed into a culture tube containing nutrient agar. If the number of cells
triples every 2 minutes and the culture tube is completely filled in 12 hours, how long
does it take for the culture tube to be only half full of cells?
BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS