Bone Tissue Copy Merged Compressed

Bone
Agnes S. Magnaye, Ph.D.

Biological Sciences Dept.
Centro Escolar University
Manila
Introduction
As the main constituent of the adult skeleton,

bone tissue provides solid support for the
body, protects vital organs such as those in
the cranial and thoracic cavities and encloses
internal (medullary) cavities containing bone
marrow where blood cells are formed. Bone
or osseous tissue also serves as a reservoir of
calcium, phosphate, and other ions that can
be released or stored in a controlled fashion
to maintain constant concentration in body
fluids.
7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY
CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY FOR INTERNAL CIRCULATION 2019 2
Introduction
In addition, bone form a system of levers that

multiply the forces generated during skeletal
muscle contraction and transform them into
bodily movements. These mineralized tissue
therfore confers mechanical and metabolic
functions to the skeleton.
Bone is a sepacialized connective tissue
composed of calcified extracellular material,
called the bone matrix.

3 Major Cell Types
Osteocytes, which are found in

cavities(lacunae) between bone matrix
layers(lamellae), with cytoplasmic processes
in small canaliculi.
Osteoblasts, growing cells which sysnthesize
and secrete the organic components of the
matrix.
Osteoclasts, which are giant multinucleated
cells involved in removing calcified bone
matrix and remodeling bone tissue.

A schematic overview of the basic
features of bone

Osteoblasts and
Ostocytes
Diagram showing the relationship of osteoblasts to the

newly formed matrix(osteoid), bone matrix and osteocytes.

Mineralization in Bone Matrix

Osteocytes in lacunae
TEM showing an osteocyte in a lacuna

and two dendritic processes in canaliculi(C)
surrounded by bony matrix. Many such
processes are extended from each cell as
osteoid is being secreted; this material
then undegoes calcification around the
processes giving rise to canaliculi.
(X30,000)

Photomicrograph of bone, not decalcified or sectioned, but ground very thin to demonstrate
lacunae and canaliculi. The lacunae and canaliculi(C) appear dark and show the
communication between these structures through which nutrients derived from blood vessels
diffuse and sre passed from cell to cell in living bone. (X400; Ground bone)

Osteoclasts and their activity
Microscopic section showing two osteoclasts(Ocl, arrows )

digesting and resorbing bone matrix(B) in relatively large
reasorption cavities( or Howship lacunae) on the matrix surface.
(X400;H&E)
Diagram showing an osteoclast's'
circumferential sealing zone where
integrins tightly bind the cell to the bone
matrix. The sealing zone surrounds a
ruffled border of microvilli and other
cytoplasmic projections close to this
matrix. The sealed spac between the cell
and the matrix is acidified to -pH4.5 by
proton bumps in the ruffled part of the
cell membrane and receives secreted
matrix metalloproteases and other
hydrolytic enzymes. Acidification of the
sealed space promotes dissolution of
hydroxyapatite from bone and stimulates
activity of the protein hydrolyses,
producing localized matrix resorption.
The breakdown produts of collagen fibers
and other polypeptides are endocytosed
by the osteoclast amd further degraded in
lysosomes, while calcium ions and other
ions are relesed directly and taken up by
the blood.

Periosteum & Endosteum
Section through a thin portion of

the wall of a long bone diaphysis
showing both periosteum(P) and
endosteum(E). The periosteum
covers the bone and provides a
supply of osteoprogenitor cells
which become osteoblasts for new
bone formation.

SEM showing an active osteoclast cultured on a flat substrate
of bone. A trench is formed on the bone surface by the slowly
migrating osteoclast. (X5000)

Compact and cancellous bone
Macroscopic photo of a thick section of bone showing the cortical compact bone and the lattice of
trabeculae in cancellous bone at the bone's interior. The small trabeculae tht make up highly porous
cancellous bone serves as supportive struts, collectively providing considerable strength, without
greatly ncreasing the bone's weight. The compact bone is normally covered extenally with
periosteum and all trabecular surfaces of the cancellous bone are covered with endosteum.(X10)

Osteon
Osteon(Haversian system) constitutes

most of the compact bone. Shown here is
an osteon with four or five concentric
lamellae surrounding the central canal.
Osteocytes in the lacunae are in
communication with each other and wih
the central canal and periphery of the
osteon via through hundreds of dendritic
processes located within the fine
canaliculi. Also shown are the partial,
intertitial lamellae of an osteon that was
eroded when the intact osteon was
formed. (Ground bone; X500

Primary(woven) bone and Secondary(lamellar) bone
Micrograph of a fractured bone undergoing repair. Secondary or mature bone shows matrix
Primary bone is newly formed, immature bone, rich in organized as lamellae, seen faintly here as
osteocytes, with randomly arranged bundles of concentric lines surrounding osteonic canals.
calcified collagen. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts are
numerous in the surrounding endosteum. Secondary

Lamellar Bone: Performating Canals and Interstitial Lamellae
Transverse perforating canals (P) connecting

adjacent osteons are shown at the left side of
the micrograph. Such canals "perforate"
lamellae and provide another source of
microvasculature for the central canals of
osteons. Among the intact osteons are also
found remnants of eroded osteons, seen as
irregular interstitial or intermediate lamellae (I).

Diagram showin theg remodeling of compact lamellar bone showing three generations of osteons
haversian and their successive contributions to the formation of interstitial lamellae. The shading
indicates that succesive generations of osteon have different degrees of mineralization, with the
most newly formed being the least mineralized.Remodeling is a continuous process that involves the
coordinated activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and is responsible for adaptation of bone to
changes in stress, especially during the body's growth.

Development of Osteons
During remodeling of compact bone, a group of osteoclasts acts as a boring cone to

make a tunnel into bone matrix. Behind these cells a population of osteoblasts enters
the tunnel and lines its walls. As the osteoblasts secrete osteoid in a cyclic manner,
they produce layers of new matrix with cells trapped in lacunae. The cells in lacunae
are now osteocytes. The tunnel becomes constricted with multiple concentric layers of
new matrix and its lumen finally exists as only a narrow central canal with small blood
vessels.

Vessel Inside the Osteon

Intramembranous Ossification
Areas of typical
mesenchyme (M), and
condensed
mesenchyme (CM) are
adjacent to layers of
new osteoblasts (O).
Some osteoblasts have
secreted matrices of
bone (B) the surfaces of
which remain covered
by osteoblasts.
Between these thin
regions of new woven
bone are areas with
small blood
vessels(V)X40. H&E).

Intramembranous Ossification
Higher magnification shows the developing periosteum (P) that covers masses primary bone
that will soon merge to form a continuous plate of bone. The larger mesenchyme-filled
region at the top is the developing marrow cavity.

Osteogenesis of Long Bones by
Endochondral Ossification

Appositional Bone Growth

Appositional Bone Growth
 Bone increases in diameter as new bone tissue is

added beneath the periosteum in a process of
appositional growth or radial bone growth. Such
growth in long bones begins with the formation of
the bone collar early in endochondral ossification.
During radial bone growth formation of new bone at
the periosteal surface occurs concurrently with bone
removal at the endosteal surface around the large
meduallary, enlarging this marrow- filled region and
not greatly increasing the bone's weight.

References
Mescher, Anthony L, Junqueira's Basic Histolgy Text & Atlas, 15th Ed., McGraw Hill Education
2018.
http://medsci.indiana.edu/junqueira/virtual/junqueira.htm
https://www.slideshare.net/E_neutron/histology-of-bone-77562965
https://www.google.com/search?q=osteon
https://www.google.com/search?q=appositional+bone+growth

Thank you for listening!

SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE – BONE TISSUE
Four types of cells are found within bone tissue: osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts (Figure 5).
Bone Cells
Cell type Function Location
Deep layers of the periosteum and the

Osteogenic cells Develop into osteoblasts
marrow
Growing portions of bone, including

Osteoblasts Bone formation
periosteum and endosteum
Maintain mineral concentration of

Osteocytes Entrapped in matrix
matrix
Bone surfaces and at sites of old,

Osteoclasts Bone resorption
injured, or unneeded bone
If osteoblasts and osteocytes are incapable of mitosis, then how are they replenished when old ones die? The answer lies in the
properties the osteogenic cell. These osteogenic cells are undifferentiated with high mitotic activity and they are the only bone
cells that divide. Immature osteogenic cells are found in the deep layers of the periosteum and the marrow. They differentiate and
develop into osteoblasts.
The osteoblast is the bone cell responsible for forming new bone and is found in the growing portions of bone, in the periosteum and
endosteum. Osteoblasts, which do not divide, synthesize and secrete the collagen matrix and calcium salts. As the secreted matrix
surrounding the osteoblast calcifies, the osteoblast become trapped within it; as a result, it changes in structure and becomes
an osteocyte.
Osteocyte is the primary cell of mature bone and the most common type of bone cell. Each osteocyte is located in a space called
a lacuna and is surrounded by bone tissue. Osteocytes maintain the mineral concentration of the matrix via the secretion of enzymes;
they play an active role in blood calcium and phosphate ion homeostasis. Like osteoblasts, osteocytes lack mitotic activity. They can
communicate with each other and receive nutrients via long cytoplasmic processes that extend through canaliculi (singular =
canaliculus), these are channels or tiny canals within the bone matrix.
The dynamic nature of bone means that new tissue is constantly formed, and old, injured, or unnecessary bone is dissolved for
repair or for calcium release. The cell responsible for bone resorption, or breakdown, is the osteoclast. They are found on bone surfaces,
are multinucleated, and originate from monocytes and macrophages (white blood cells), not from osteogenic cells. Osteoclasts are
continually breaking down old bone while osteoblasts are continually forming new bone. The ongoing balance between osteoblasts and
osteoclasts is responsible for the constant but subtle reshaping of bone.
COMPACT BONE AND SPONGY BONE
Compact bone is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It can be found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long
bones, where it provides support and protection. The hard, dense bone composed of osteons that forms the surface layer of all mature
bones and the shafts of long bones;
The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or Haversian system. Each osteon is composed of:
• lamellae - concentric rings of calcified matrix Running down the center of each osteon is the central canal, or Haversian canal,
• central canal, or Haversian canal - running down the center of each osteon, containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic
vessels. These vessels and nerves branch off at right angles through a perforating canal, also known as Volkmann’s canals, to
extend to the periosteum and endosteum.
• osteocytes - located inside spaces called lacunae (singular = lacuna), found at the borders of adjacent lamellae. As described
earlier, canaliculi connect with the canaliculi of other lacunae and eventually with the central canal. This system allows nutrients
to be transported to the osteocytes and wastes to be removed from them.
SPONGY (CANCELLOUS) BONE
Like compact bone, spongy bone, contains osteocytes housed in lacunae, but they are not arranged in concentric circles. Instead,
the lacunae and osteocytes are found in a lattice-like network of matrix spikes called trabeculae (singular = trabecula) The spaces of the
trabeculated network provide balance to the dense and heavy compact bone by making bones lighter so that muscles can move them
more easily. In addition, the spaces in some spongy bones contain red marrow, protected by the trabeculae, where hematopoiesis occurs.
References:
https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/6-3-bone-structure/
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/777926535613750880/?nic_v1=1anBXVDPH5FsLU3mbbirSE5er1nyH291vNwTDgtUogRTI1uPmUkq3r4c6SggfrKaV5
https://www.apsubiology.org/anatomy/2010/2010_Exam_Reviews/Exam_2_Review/Ch_6_Bone_Histology.htm
https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/369928556876315998/?nic_v1=1aoWJl36gllvrF6g7VdAlAK7t%2BGV20sH50Tg4%2F%2BeRMmkLUGRkEvcay8AEi3
nm1F8JQ
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/515943701039567472/?nic_v1=1afcEssHCnBF4ligEoEbLZ2EX8xLF60n3l0slSucLkKT6d39YcP5Zd%2BbQlKBVGizP9
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/484770347364670888/?nic_v1=1aQ6ij3yNGy6qNKDpQZfSwLKiMW7Mbu%2FyjFTHDZleaxlxjCWBEFCbzLcs1llqGQ
2LZ
Prepared By:
DR. F. M. TAN
1
BLOOD TISSUE
Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living cells, known as formed elements, are suspended in the
non-living fluid called plasma.
Blood is both a tissue and a fluid. It is the only tissue that is in liquid form.
- It is a tissue because it is a collection of similar specialized cells that serve particular functions.
- The blood cells are suspended in a liquid matrix (plasma), which makes the blood a fluid.
The average human has 5 liters of blood in that circulates in the body.
Blood, is a fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other
waste products.
Composition / Components of Blood Tissue:

2
Discussion: Components of Blood Tissue
I. Plasma
- liquid component of blood; makes up 55% of the total blood volume
II. Formed Elements - the cellular components or the living cells in the blood
Types of Blood Cells Normal Value
1. Red Blood Cells ( RBC) or Erythrocytes Male: 4.3-5.9 million/mm3 of blood
Female: 3.5-5.5 million/mm3 of blood
2. White Blood Cells ( WBC) or Leukocytes 5,000 to 10,000 cells/mm3 of blood
a. Polymorphonuclears or Granulocytes
a.1 Neutrophils - 55% - 70% of total WBC count
a.2 Eosinophils - 1% - 4% of total WBC count
a.3 Basophils - 0.5% - 1% of total WBC count
b. Mononuclears or Agranulocytes
b.1 Lymphocytes - 20% 40% of total WBC count
b.2 Monocytes - 2% - 8% of total WBC count
III. Platelets or Thrombocytes - 140,000 to 400,000/mm3 of blood

3
• Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cell. These cells travel to the site of an infection
and release substances called enzymes to fight off invading viruses or bacteria.
• Lymphocytes. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. B cells fight
off invading viruses, bacteria, or toxins. T cells target and destroy the body's own cells that have been
infected by viruses or cancer cells.
• Monocytes remove foreign material, remove dead cells, and boost the body's immune response.
• Eosinophils fight infection, inflammation, and allergic reactions. They also defend the body against
parasites and bacteria.
• Basophils release enzymes to help control allergic reactions and asthma attacks.
•
4
Part 2: Blood Cells
Blood Cells – Formed Elements Descriptions
I. Red Blood Cells –Erythrocytes - on a Wright-stained peripheral blood smear, normal mature RBCs
that contain sufficient hemoglobin have a red-orange appearance
with a central pallor (lighter area inside of the cell)
- normal, mature RBCs are biconcave, disc-shaped, anuclear

(does not contain nucleus) approximately 7-8 microns in diameter
- the term used to describe RBCs of normal size is "normocytic."
Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon
dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your lungs.
Hemoglobin – contributes to the normal color of the blood; the term used to describe RBCs of normal color is
"normochromic."
If a hemoglobin test reveals that your hemoglobin level is lower than normal, it means you have a low red blood cell count
(anemia) and RBCs are described as “hypochromic” which means RBCs has low amount of hemoglobin.
Normal amount of hemoglobin = 12 – 15 grams per 100cc of blood
Normal functioning RBCs survive for approximately 120 days in the peripheral blood circulation before being removed by the
liver or spleen. Under normal circumstances, the body produces enough RBCs each day to offset the removal of senescent (old)
cells.
5
II. White Blood Cells – Leukocytes - fewer than RBCs.
- there are five types of WBCs - divided into two main classes:
a. Granulocytes - includes Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils
- cells are characterized by the presence of specific-staining granules in the cytoplasm

– thus they are called “granulocytes”
- granules may stain pink, red, purple, or blue
- also called “polymorphonuclears” (poly – several; morpho – form/structure)

- meaning, the nucleus presents different forms – nucleus may be divide into several lobes (multilobated); two
lobes(bilobed) and N or S shaped
b. Agranulocytes – includes Lymphocytes and Monocytes
- cells contain granules but the granules do not stain specifically like the granulocytes
- also called “mononuclears” (mono-single) – the nucleus generally presents round shape only
All the white blood cells are able to move like an amoeba, and can migrate out of blood vessels and into the
surrounding tissues. They remain inactive inside the blood vessels, they become active only when they migrate out
of the blood vessels such as when there is inflammation or bacterial invasion in any part of the body.
II. White Blood Cells - neutrophil is the most abundant leukocyte in a normal blood
A. Granulocytes smear, with about one neutrophil for every 1000 red blood cells.
1. Neutrophils - they are the smallest in size among the granulocytes
- neutrophils have a single nucleus, which is divided into several

4 lobes lobes – multilobed nucleus, with 3 to 5 lobes joined by a thin
chromatin thread
3 lobes
- the cytoplasm of neutrophils contains numerous
purplish granules called azurophilic or primary granules that
contain microbicidal agents.
- the granules in a neutrophil are small, numerous, and are

stained a light-pink to bluish-purple, "neutral" color. The
Chromatin thread cytoplasm of a neutrophil is light pink.
Function:
Neutrophils are born in the bone marrow. They circulate in the blood for 6-10 hours, and then enter the tissues. They are motile,
and phagocytic and will destroy damaged tissue and bacteria. They self destruct after one burst of activity – after engulfing the
bacteria, they die together with the bacteria. They are important in inflammatory reactions.
6
2. Eosinophils - Eosinophils are fairly rarely found in blood smears

- making up 1-6% of the total white blood cells.
2 lobes
- the nucleus of eosinophils has only two lobes – bilobed nucleus
- the cytoplasm has large “eosinophilic or acidophilic” granules

that stain bright red, or reddish-purple
- these granules contain proteins that are 'destructive' and toxic.
Function :
These cells are born in the bone marrow, and migrate from the
peripheral blood system after a few hours, into loose connective tissue
in the respiratory and gastointestinal tracts.
They phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes.

A high eosinophil blood count may indicate an allergic reaction.
Eosinophils are also important in killing parasitic worms.
3. Basophils - basophils are the rarest type of white blood cell, making up only
1% of the white blood cells found in a blood smear.
- basophils have a 2 or 3 lobed nucleus that are not as well defined

as in neutrophils and the nucleus may appear S-shaped
- the cytoplasm contain specific granules that are stained

deeply bluish (basophilic) or reddish-violet
Function:
- the basophilic granules contain heparin, histamine, serotonin,

prostaglandins and leukotrienes
Basophils are involved in immune responses to parasites.
These cells also accumulate at sites of infection, and the release of

prostaglandins, serotonin and histamine help to increase blood flow to the
area of damage, as part of the inflammatory response.
The degranulation - release of histamine also plays a role in
allergic reactions such as hay fever.
7
B. Agranulocytes
- lymphocytes are the second most common white blood cell
(20-50%), and are easy to find in blood smears
1. Lymphocytes
- these cells are very variable in size; there are small and big
lymphocytes
- may be smaller than erythrocytes while the largest may reach
the size of large granulocytes
- small lymphocytes are numerous in the blood
- it has a rounded nucleus that may appear to occupy the

entire cell, leaving only a thin rim of cytoplasm
- both the nucleus and the cytoplasm stain blue
- although the cells look similar there are two main types:
B-cells and T-cells.
- B-cells develop in the bone marrow. T cells are born in the

bone marrow, but are matured in the thymus.
Function:
The B-cells develop into plasma cells which make antibodies
The T-cells attack viruses, cancer cells, and transplants.
2. Monocytes - Monocytes are the third most common type of white blood cell;
about 2-10% of leucocytes are monocytes.
- these are the largest type of white blood cells
- monocytes have a large eccentrically placed nucleus, which is

kidney or bean shaped
- they have abundant cytoplasm, and some fine pink/purple

granules in cytoplasm.
Function:
Monocytes in the circulation are actively phagocytic. They circulate in the
blood for 1-3 days, and then migrate into body tissues, where they transform
into macrophages. They will phagocytose dead cells and bacteria. Some
monocytes can also transform into osteoclasts.
Monocytes are important in the inflammatory response.
8
III. Platelets / Thrombocytes

- blood platelets are fragments of the cytoplasm of very large
thrombocyte precursor cells, the megakaryocytes.
- megakaryocytes are found in the bone marrow.
- the cytoplasm is divided into two zones:

- outer hyalomere, which hardly stains, and an
inner granulomere, which contains bluish staining
granules
Functions
Platelets assist in haemostasis, the arrest of bleeding.
Serotonin is a potent vasoconstrictor. The release of serotonin from

thrombocytes, which adhere to the walls of a damaged vessels, is
sufficient to close even small arteries.
Checkout these links!
https://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/CorePages/Blood/blood.htm
https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/blood/blood_wbc.php
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVd7OnG4c3c
NERVOUS TISSUE
Anatomical Division
• Central nervous system
- brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system

-nerve fibers, ganglia and nerve endings
Components of the
Central Nervous System
• Gray matter
• White matter
Note:
Both brain and spinal cord has
two components/layers :
– gray matter and
- white matter
BRAIN
Gray matter Gray matter
The gray matter of cerebrum is called

cerebral cortex
The gray matter in the brain (cerebrum and

cerebellum) forms the outer layer, thus the
term cortex.
The white matter forms the inner layer.
Gray matter
White matter
White matter
The gray matter of cerebellum is called

cerebellar cortex
SPINAL CORD
The grey matter of the spinal cord is located on
the inner surface forming an H-shape.
The white matter of the spinal cord is located

on the outer surface.
Components of the Gray Matter
(Brain and Spinal Cord)
• Nerve cell bodies and its proximal processes
• Neuroglia – intercellular substance or supporting tissue of the CNS
Axon
Neuroglia
Neuroglia
Dendrites Neuron Neuroglia
Neuron
Axon
Neuron
Dendrites
Neuron
Neuron Neuroglia
Parts of a Nerve Cell / Neuron
Nerve cell
body
1. Nerve cell body / Soma /

Perikaryon
- cytoplasm appears dark because

it is filled with dark basophilic,
flake-like structures called
Nissl bodies or Nissl substance
which are large collections of
rough endoplasmic reticulum
- nucleus is large, spherical,

euchromatic (pale-staining),
with a prominent nucleoli ,
thus creating a characteristic
“owl’s eye” or “fish-eye”
appearance
2. Cytoplasmic Process
a. Axon
- most neurons have only
one axon;
- usually very long processes;
- originate from a clear,
triangular shaped area
in the soma, called
axon hillock
b. Dendrites
- most nerve cells have
numerous dendrites
- usually short and
divide like tree
branches
- Neuroglial cells
Components of Neuroglia
– the supporting tissue of the CNS
1. Ependymal cells – lines the ventricles of the brain and
the central canal of the spinal cord
2. Neuroglial cells -
2.1 Macroglia – large neuroglial cells
a. Astrocytes
- fibrous astrocyte – found in the white matter
- protoplasmic astrocyte – found in the gray matter
b. Oligodendrocytes – producers of myelin sheath in

the CNS
2.2 Microglia – scavenger cells or the monocytes
found in the CNS
- with many short, branched processes;
- also called mossy cells
- with many long, branched processes;

- also called spider cells
- important in immune defense of the CNS
- predominant glial cells in the CNS white matter

Components of Gray Matter
1. Nerve cell bodies – generally found in gray matter;

there are no nerve cell bodies in the white matter
2. Proximal portion of nerve cell processes -

- parts of axon & dendrites near the soma which
are not enclosed by myelin sheath, thus they are
called “naked nerve fibers”
3. Neuroglia - predominantly fibrous astrocytes

Components of White Matter
1. Myelinated Nerve fibers

– these are the distal portions of the axons that
extend into the white matter and become enclosed
by myelin sheath
Oligodendrocytes are the producers of myelin sheath in the white matter (CNS)
- parts of axons that extend into the white matter

form fascicles or bundles called nerve tracts
2. Neuroglia
- predominantly protoplasmic astrocytes
Gray
Matter
White
Matter
Histologic Features of Cerebral Cortex
-divided into six layers

which are not clearly
demarcated- there are
no clear boundaries
between layers – it has
laminated appearance
-there are five different

morphological types of
neurons; the most
abundant are the
pyramidal cells
which come in many
sizes
pyramidal cells of Betz

– largest pyramidal cells
in the cerebral cortex LPO
Histologic Features of Cerebellar Cortex
-consists of three
distinct layers:
- Outer molecular layer

- has few neurons
- Purkinje cell layer
- single layer of large,
flask-shaped Purkinje
cells, found only in
cerebellum
- Inner granular layer
- deepest layer, very
cellular, consists of
abundant small granule
cells
Histologic Features of Spinal Cord
-the central canal lies in the

central commissure of the
gray matter
-the gray matter is

internal, forming an
H-shaped structure; it
has large neuron cell
bodies
-white matter surrounds

the gray matter; consists
tracts of myelinated
axons running parallel to
the long axis of the cord
Gray matter
White matter
Peripheral Nervous System
• Nerve fibers
• Ganglia
• Nerve endings
Nerve Fibers
GANGLIA
- aggregations or collections of cell bodies of neurons located outside the PNS
- nodular masses of neuronal cell bodies (ganglion cells), together with their
suporting neuroglia (capsule cells)
Histologic Features of Ganglia
-Sensory ganglia contain

ganglion cells which are
unipolar neurons- has one
nerve process only
-the cell bodies are

enveloped by cuboidal
capsule cells which
represent the neuroglia
of the ganglion cells
-Capsule cells are then

surrounded by a
connective tissue capsule
composed of satellite cells
Capsule cells
Myelinated nerve fibers
Satellite
cells
Capsule cells
Nerve cell bodies of unipolar neurons

Nerve Terminations / Nerve Endings
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBo1RCKl86k

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Bone

Agnes S. Magnaye, Ph.D.

As the main constituent of the adult skeleton,

In addition, bone form a system of levers that

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

Osteocytes, which are found in

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

Diagram showing the relationship of osteoblasts to the

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

TEM showing an osteocyte in a lacuna

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

Microscopic section showing two osteoclasts(Ocl, arrows )

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

Section through a thin portion of

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

Osteon(Haversian system) constitutes

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7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

Transverse perforating canals (P) connecting

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

During remodeling of compact bone, a group of osteoclasts acts as a boring cone to

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

 Bone increases in diameter as new bone tissue is

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

7/28/2020 CENTRO ESCOLAR UNIVERSITY

Cell type Function Location

Deep layers of the periosteum and the

Growing portions of bone, including

Maintain mineral concentration of

Bone surfaces and at sites of old,

Composition / Components of Blood Tissue:

Discussion: Components of Blood Tissue

Types of Blood Cells Normal Value

1. Red Blood Cells ( RBC) or Erythrocytes Male: 4.3-5.9 million/mm3 of blood

Female: 3.5-5.5 million/mm3 of blood

2. White Blood Cells ( WBC) or Leukocytes 5,000 to 10,000 cells/mm3 of blood

a.1 Neutrophils - 55% - 70% of total WBC count

a.2 Eosinophils - 1% - 4% of total WBC count

a.3 Basophils - 0.5% - 1% of total WBC count

b.1 Lymphocytes - 20% 40% of total WBC count

b.2 Monocytes - 2% - 8% of total WBC count

III. Platelets or Thrombocytes - 140,000 to 400,000/mm3 of blood

Blood Cells – Formed Elements Descriptions

- normal, mature RBCs are biconcave, disc-shaped, anuclear

Normal amount of hemoglobin = 12 – 15 grams per 100cc of blood

a. Granulocytes - includes Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils

- cells are characterized by the presence of specific-staining granules in the cytoplasm

- also called “polymorphonuclears” (poly – several; morpho – form/structure)

b. Agranulocytes – includes Lymphocytes and Monocytes

Blood Cells – Formed Elements Descriptions

1. Neutrophils - they are the smallest in size among the granulocytes