Introduction to Skeletal System

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY | LESSON 3

Bone Histology Osteogenic
 derived from mesenchyme, & they undergo
cell division or the resulting cells develop into
osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts
 bone-building cells as they synthesize and
secrete collagen fibers to build the
extracellular matrix of bone tissue or they
initiate the calcification process. As these
osteoblasts surround themselves with the
extracellular matrix, they become trapped in
 Bone membrane
their own secretions and become osteocytes.
 Periosteum
 Endosteum
Osteocytes
 Cells
 the mature bone cells, which maintain the
 Osteoblast
daily metabolism, like the exchange of
 Osteocyte
nutrients and wastes with the blood.
 Osteoclast

Osteoclasts
 derived from the fusion of as many as 50
monocytes present in the endosteum. The
side of the cell that faces the bone surface, is
deeply folded into a ruffled border by its
plasma membrane, where it releases
lysosomal enzymes and acids that digest the
protein and mineral components of the
underlying extracellular bone matrix. This
breakdown of the bone extracellular matrix is
termed as resorption, it is a normal process.
Four Types of Cells in Bone Tissue

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 Compact Bone Tissue Spongy Bone Tissue
 cortical bones  cancellous bones
 heavy, tough and  light, spongy and
compact in nature soft in nature
 made up of osteons  made up of
trabeculae
 fill the outer layer of  fill the inner layer of
most bones most bones
 forms the shaft or  forms the ends or
diaphysis of long epiphyses of long
bones bones

Endchondral vs. Intramembranous Ossification

Endochondral Ossification
 the process by which the embryonic
cartilaginous model of most bones
contributes to longitudinal growth and is
gradually replaced by bone.

Intramembranous Ossification

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Synovial vs Fibrous Joints
Fibrous Joint
Synovial Joint  the joints in which the bones are connected
 a specialized connective soft-tissue by fibrous tissue.
membrane that lines the inner surface of
synovial joint capsules.

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Axial Skeleton

Notochord
 a longitudinal flexible rod of cells that in the
lowest chordates (such as a lancelet or a
lamprey) and in the embryos of the higher
vertebrates forms the supporting axis of the
body.

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Notochord to Vertebrae
 The notochord is formed in the mesoderm,
located between the outer ectoderm and the
inner endoderm germ layers. Cells from the
mesoderm layer wrap around the notochord
to form vertebrae.

 Development of the larger structures of the

notochord and the vertebral joints. Schematic

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 summary of mid-sagittal sections, drawn to
different scales.
A. Early embryos (up to ca. 170 d°) have disc-
shaped chordocytes, with each cell spanning
the diameter of the notochord.
B. In late embryos, up to 700 d°, the
chordocytes become spherical, with no single
cell spanning the notochord.
C. Newly hatched alevin have a segmented
notochord with vacuolated chordocytes.
D. Parr have a notochord with prominent
 Re-specification of the sclerotome to form
extracellular spaces, lacunae, and mainly
vertebrae. Each sclerotome splits into a
dense chordocytes forming a longitudinal
rostral and a caudal segment. As the spinal
notochordal strand and transverse septa.
neurons grow outward to innervate the
E. Smolt have a prominent longitudinal strand
muscles from the myotome, the rostral
and transverse septa, and early formation of
segment of each sclerotome combines with
large vacuolated chordocytes close to the
the caudal segment of the next anterior
intervertebral ligaments.
sclerotome to form a vertebral rudiment.
F. Adults have a notochord consisting mainly of
large vacuolated cells, while the strand,
Vertebral Column
septa, and lacunae are insignificant.

 Various stages of the development of

vertebral column;
A. Sclerotomic segments are separated
by less dense intersegmental tissue,
B. Condensation and proliferation of the
sclerotomal cells around the
notochord,
C. The vertebral body forms from the
cranial and caudal halves of the two
successive sclerotomal masses

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