1. How can renewable energy contribute to sustainable development?

The development and use of renewable energy will improve the energy security,

environment, economy, mechanical manufacturing, construction, transportation and
industry and also help to create new jobs. Energies of solar, wind and
biomass canmeet local energy demands and assist to improve the environmental
protection.

2.How can design be sustainable?

Sustainable design principles include the ability to:
1. optimize site potential;
2. minimize non-renewable energy consumption;
3. use environmentally preferable products;
4. protect and conserve water;
5. enhance indoor environmental quality; and.
6. optimize operational and maintenance practices.
3. What are examples of sustainable design?

There are several examples of sustainable development in the U.S., they include:

 Green Space.
 Crop Rotation.
 Sustainable Design and Construction.
 Water Efficient Fixtures.
 Renewable Clean Energy.
 Waste to Energy Recycling.
 Water Treatment
4. What is sustainable and renewable energy?

Sustainable energy is energy produced and used in such a way that it "meets the

needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs." The term "sustainable energy" is often used interchangeably with the
term "renewable energy".

5. What is importance of renewable energy?

THE IMPORTANCE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

They differ from fossil fuels principally in their diversity, abundance and potential for use
anywhere on the planet, but above all in that they produce neither greenhouse gases –
which cause climate change – nor polluting emissions.
6. Mention the 3 principle of sustainability.

The three principles of sustainability are

solar energy
biodiversity
and nutrient cycling 

7.What is the present energy scenario of India?

India's energy demand has grown at 3.6 % pa over the past 30 years. The
consumption of the energy is directly proportional to the progress of manpower with
ever growing population, improvement in the living standard of the humanity and
industrialization of the developing countries.

How India's energy needs are increasing?

Given India's growing energy demands and limited domestic oil and
gas reserves, the country has ambitious plans to expand its renewable
and most worked out nuclear power programme. India has the world's
fourth largest wind power market and also plans to add about 100,000
MW of solar power capacity by 2022

What is the status of non conventional energy sources in India and what are their future
prospects?
The Indian Government has increased the target of renewable energy capacity to 175
GW by the year 2022 which includes 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW
from bio-power and 5 GW from small hydro-power
10 m
1. Explain the main forms of renewable energy.
2. Give an account on non-renewable energy sources.
3. MENTION THE APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY ALONG WITH CONCEPT OF ENERGY PRODUCTION.

4. Mention the limitations of RE sources-5m

UNIT 2

1. Explain the basics of Basics of Wind Energy .---5m

2. Define wind energy- 2

3. Write the concepts of small and Offshore wind.-------3

4. Elaborate in detail about Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT).List the advantages

and disadvantages-10

4. Define Local geography---3

5. Write the Wind energy characteristics ---2

6. explain the concept of wind speed –power curve.-8

7. Explain the Working of WPPs with neat diagram---10

Wind energy is a special form of kinetic energy in air as it flows. Wind energy can be either converted
into electrical energy by power converting machines or directly used for pumping water, sailing ships, or
grinding grain. Three key factors affect the amount of energy a turbine can harness from the wind: wind
speed, air density, and swept area.

8. Discuss about the Components of WPPs -8

There are three categories of components: mechanical, electrical, and control. The following is a
brief description of the main components:
 The tower is the physical structure that holds the wind turbine. It supports the rotor, nacelle,
blades, and other wind turbine equipment. Typical commercial wind towers are usually 50–120 m
long and they are constructed from concrete or reinforced steel.
 Blades are physical structures, which are aerodynamically optimized to help capture the
maximum power from the wind in normal operation with a wind speed in the range of about 3–15
m/s. Each blade is usually 20m or more in length, depending on the power level.
 The nacelle is the enclosure of the wind turbine generator, gearbox and internal equipment. It
protects the turbine‘s internal components from the surrounding environment.
 The rotor is the rotating part of the wind turbine. It transfers the energy in the wind to the shaft.
The rotor hub holds the wind turbine blades while connected to the gearbox via the low-speed shaft.
 Pitch is the mechanism of adjusting the angle of attack of the rotor blades. Blades are turned in
their longitudinal axis to change the angle of attack according to the wind directions.
 The shaft is divided into two types: low and high speed. The low-speed shaft transfers
mechanical energy from the rotor to the gearbox, while the high-speed shaft transfers mechanical
energy from gearbox to generator.

Unit 4---------------

1.How do energy harnessed from biomass? (2)

Converting biomass to energy

All biomass can be burned directly for heating buildings and water, for industrial
process heat, and for generating electricity in steam turbines. ... Biomass pyrolysis
produces fuels such as charcoal, bio-oil, renewable diesel, methane, and hydrogen.

2. What are the 5 types of biomass?

We use four types of biomass today—wood and agricultural products,solid waste,

landfill gas and biogas, and alcohol fuels (like Ethanol or Biodiesel). Most biomass used
today is home grown energy. Wood—logs, chips, bark, and sawdust—accounts for
about 44 percent of biomass energy.

3. What are the infrastructure requirements for using biomass?

Many types of biomass, such as traditional wood pellets, will require inside storage. A

100 MW plant could burn an estimated 400,000 tons of biomass pellets annually. If
three months' supply was required, or 100,000 tons, a storage warehouse 180 feet
wide by 1,200 feet long could be required

4. What is difference between biomass and biogas?

The main difference between biomass and biogas is that biomass is a solid material

whereas biogas is a gaseous compound created through the process of Anaerobic
Digestion. ... With biomass energy, biomass is burned or converted to make heat,
electricity, or liquid fuel

5.What are the classification of turbine?-------------3

Reaction turbines are classified as Francis (mixed flow) or axial flow. Axial
flowturbines are available with both fixed blades (Propeller) and variable pitch blades
(Kaplan). Both axial flow (Propeller & Kaplan) and Francis turbines may be mounted
either horizontally or vertically.

5 marks

1. What are some advantages for biomass?

Some of the advantages of biomass energy are:
Biomass is always and widely available as a renewable source of energy. ...
It is carbon neutral. ...
It reduces the overreliance of fossil fuels. ...
Is less expensive than fossil fuels. ...
Biomass production adds a revenue source for manufacturers. ...
Less garbage in landfills

2. GIVE AN ACCOUNT ON CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMASS.

 3. What are the disadvantages of using geothermal energy?

Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy
 Geothermal energy has high initial capital costs. ...
 May release harmful gases. ...
 Suited to a particular region. ...
 Geothermal heat pumps have to be powered. ...
 Geothermal sites may experience a dry spell. ...
 Sustainability issues. ...
 Can cause surface instability. ...
 Extremely high temperatures required.

4.write short notes on working principle of hydro electric powerplant.

5. Explain the Layout And Working Of Hydroelectric Power Plant.------------10m

Dam and Reservoir: The dam is constructed on a large river in hilly areas to ensure
sufficient water storage at height. The dam forms a large reservoir behind it. The height
of water level (called as water head) in the reservoir determines how much of potential
energy is stored in it.

Control Gate: Water from the reservoir is allowed to flow through the penstock to the
turbine. The amount of water which is to be released in the penstock can be controlled
by a control gate. When the control gate is fully opened, maximum amount of water is
released through the penstock.

Penstock: A penstock is a huge steel pipe which carries water from the reservoir to the
turbine. Potential energy of the water is converted into kinetic energy as it flows down
through the penstock due to gravity.

Water Turbine: Water from the penstock is taken into the water turbine. The turbine is
mechanically coupled to an electric generator. Kinetic energy of the water drives the
turbine and consequently the generator gets driven. There are two main types of water
turbine; (i) Impulse turbine and (ii) Reaction turbine. Impulse turbines are used for large
heads and reaction turbines are used for low and medium heads.

Generator: A generator is mounted in the power house and it is mechanically coupled

to the turbine shaft. When the turbine blades are rotated, it drives the generator and
electricity is generated which is then stepped up with the help of a transformer for the
transmission purpose.

Surge Tank:
Surge tanks are usually provided in high or medium head power plants when
considerably long penstock is required. A surge tank is a small reservoir or tank which is
open at the top. It is fitted between the reservoir and the power house. The water level
in the surge tank rises or falls to reduce the pressure swings in the penstock. When
there is sudden reduction in load on the turbine, the governor closes the gates of the
turbine to reduce the water flow. This causes pressure to increase abnormally in the
penstock. This is prevented by using a surge tank, in which the water level rises to
reduce the pressure. On the other hand, the surge tank provides excess water needed
when the gates are suddenly opened to meet the increased load demand.

Unit 5

1. What is tidal energy? 2 marks

Tidal energy is a renewable energy powered by the natural rise and fall of ocean tides and
currents. Some of these technologies include turbines and paddles. Tidal energy is produced by
the surge of ocean waters during the rise and fall of tides.

2. How is tidal energy used? 2 marks

We can use tidal energy to supply electricity to our homes and businesses.The spinning turbine
is connected to another device that produces electricity. The electricity then travels through
wires to a city where people need it. Tidal turbines generate electricity from the
ocean's tidal currents.
 3. How does tidal energy work step by step? 2 marks

During an incoming high tide, water flows over the turbines as the water rises. Then, the water
flows back through the turbines as it becomes low tide. The turbines are connected to a
generator which produces the electricity.

What are the disadvantages and advantages of tidal power?---------------6

List of Disadvantages of Tidal Energy

 It still has some environmental effects. ...

 It is an intermittent energy source. ...
 It should be close to land. ...
 It is expensive. ...
 It is not cost-effective. ...
 It is still considered a new technology. ...
 It requires long gestation time.

1. What are some examples of tidal energy? 3marks

Tidal giants – the world's five biggest tidal power plants

 Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station, South Korea – 254MW.

 La Rance Tidal Power Plant, France – 240MW.
 Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon, United Kingdom – 240MW.
 MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Scotland – 86MW.
 Annapolis Royal Generating Station, Canada – 20MW.


2. What is a tidal barrage system? 2marks

A tidal barrage is a dam-like structure used to capture the energy from masses of
water moving in and out of a bay or river due to tidal forces. ... Turbines are placed at
these sluices to capture the energy as the water flows in and out.