Georgian Math. J.

2021; aop

Research Article

Feng Qi and Bai-Ni Guo*

Some properties of the Hermite polynomials

https://doi.org/10.1515/gmj-2020-2088
Received November 14, 2019; revised January 6, 2020; accepted January 9, 2020

Abstract: In this paper, by the Faà di Bruno formula and properties of Bell polynomials of the second kind,
the authors reconsider the generating functions of Hermite polynomials and their squares, find an explicit
formula for higher-order derivatives of the generating function of Hermite polynomials, and derive explicit
formulas and recurrence relations for Hermite polynomials and their squares.

Keywords: Hermite polynomial, generating function, differential equation, derivative polynomial, explicit
formula, recurrence relation, Faà di Bruno formula, Bell polynomials of the second kind

MSC 2010: Primary 33C45; secondary 11B83, 26A06, 26A09, 26A24, 33B10, 33C47, 34A05

1 Introduction
It is well known that the Hermite polynomials H n (x) can be generated by
∞
2 tn
e2xt−t = ∑ H n (x) .
n=0
n!

The first five Hermite polynomials H n (x) for 0 ≤ n ≤ 4 are

1, 2x, 2(2x2 − 1), 4x(2x2 − 3), 4(4x4 − 12x2 + 3).

In [3, p. 250], it was shown that the squares H n2 (x) for n ≥ 0 of the Hermite polynomials H n (x) can be gener-
ated by
1 2x2 t ∞
H 2 (x) t n
exp = ∑ nn . (1.1)
√1 − t2 1 + t n=0 2 n!

In [5], equation (1.1) was reformulated as

∞
1 xt tn
exp = ∑ H n2 (√x) .
√1 − t2 1 + t n=0 n!

Indeed, this is a typo and the corrected one should be

1 xt ∞
H 2 (√ x/2) t n
exp = ∑ n n . (1.2)
√1 − t2 1 + t n=0 2 n!

After the inductive, recurrent and elementary argumentation extending for nine pages, it was turned out

*Corresponding author: Bai-Ni Guo, School of Mathematics and Informatics, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo, Henan,
454010, P. R. China, e-mail: bai.ni.guo@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6156-2590
Feng Qi, School of Mathematical Sciences, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387; and College of Mathematics, Inner
Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao 028043, Inner Mongolia; and Institute of Mathematics, Henan Polytechnic
University, Jiaozuo 454010, Henan, P. R. China, e-mail: qifeng618@gmail.com. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6239-2968
2 | F. Qi and B.-N. Guo, Some properties of the Hermite polynomials

[5, Theorem 1] that the ordinary differential equations

n 2(n−i)
a i,j (n, x)
F (n) (t) = [ ∑ ∑ ]F(t) (1.3)
i=0 j=n−i
(1 − t)i (1 + t)j

for n ≥ 0 have one and the same solution

1 xt
F(t) = F(t, x) = exp , (1.4)
√1 − t 2 1+t
where
1 1
a0,0 (0, x) = 1, a1,0 (1, x) = , a0,1 (1, x) = − ,
2 2
1 n
a0,2 (1, x) = x, a0,n (n, x) = (− ) (2n − 1)!!
2
and
2n−j−2i
1 k (2j − 1)!! 2i − 1
a i,j (n, x) = ∑ (− ) [ a i−1,j−k (n − k − 1, x) + xa i,j−k−2 (n − k − 1, x)], (1.5)
k=0
2 (2j − 2k − 1)!! 2

where the double factorial of negative odd integers −2n − 1 is defined by

(−1)n 2n n!
(−2n − 1)!! = = (−1)n , n = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
(2n − 1)!! (2n)!
From [5, Theorem 1] mentioned above, [5, Theorems 2 and 3], which can be corrected as
2
H k+n (√ x/2) n 2(n−i)
k H 2 (√ x/2)
=∑ ∑ ∑ (−1)q ( )(i + p − 1)p (j + q − 1)q a i,j (n, x) r r
2k+n i=0 j=n−i p+q+r=k
p, q, r 2

and
H n2 (√ x/2) n 2(n−i)
= ∑ ∑ a i,j (n, x)
2n i=0 j=n−i

for k, n ≥ 0, were derived, where

x(x + 1)(x + 2) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (x + n − 1), n ≥ 1,

(x)n = {
1, n = 0,

denotes the rising factorial and

k1 + k2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + k m (k1 + k2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + k m )!
( )=
k1 , k2 , . . . , k m k1 !k2 ! ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ k m !
is the multinomial coefficient.
It is clear that the quantities a i,j (n, x) in [5] were expressed by a recurrent relation and can be computed
easily neither manually nor by a computer software. We observe that, when k = 2n − j − 2i and i + j = n, the
quantity a i,j−k−2 (n − k − 1, x) in the recurrence relation (1.5) becomes

a i,j−k−2 (n − k − 1, x) = a i,j−(2n−j−2i)−2 (n − (2n − j − 2i) − 1, x)

= a i,2(i+j−n−1) (2i + j − n − 1, x)
= a i,−2 (i − 1, x),

which implies that [5, Theorem 1], and consequently [5, Theorems 2 and 3], are wrong.
2
In this paper, we reconsider the generating functions e2tx−t and F(t) = F(t, x) defined in (1.4), find an
explicit formula for the n-th derivatives of F(t), which can be viewed as an ordinary differential equation or
a derivative polynomial [11], and derive explicit formulas and recurrence relations for the Hermite polyno-
mials H n (x) and their squares H n2 (x).
The main results of this paper can be stated as the following theorems.
 F. Qi and B.-N. Guo, Some properties of the Hermite polynomials | 3

Theorem 1.1. For n ≥ 0, the n-th derivative of the function F(t) = F(t, x) defined in (1.4) can be computed by

dn F(t) (−1)n n! n (−1)m 1 n−m

(−1)k (1 + t)k n − k − 1
= { ∑ ( ∑ ( )
dt n (1 + t) m=0 m! (1 + t)
n m
k=0
2k m−1

1 k (2ℓ − 1)!!2ℓ ℓ t2ℓ

×[ ∑ ( ) ])x m }F(t), (1.6)
k
t ℓ=0 ℓ! k − ℓ (1 − t2 )ℓ

where (00) = 1 and (pq) = 0 for q > p ≥ 0.

Theorem 1.2. For n ≥ 0, the squares H n2 (x) of the Hermite polynomials H n (x) can be computed by
n
2k n−k 1 + (−1)ℓ (ℓ − 1)!! n − ℓ − 1
H n2 (x) = (−1)n 2n n! ∑ (−1)k [∑ ( )]x2k . (1.7)
k=0
k! ℓ=0 2 ℓ!! k−1

Theorem 1.3. For n ≥ 0, the Hermite polynomials H n (x) satisfy the recurrence relation
n
n 1 + (−1)n n!
∑ (−1)n−k ( )(2x)n−k H k (x) = (−2)n/2 . (1.8)
k=0
k 2 n!!

For n ≥ 0, the squares H n2 (x) of the Hermite polynomials H n (x) satisfy the recurrence relations
n−2 n
1 + (−1)n−k (n − k − 3)!! 2 1 2ℓ n − 1 2ℓ
∑ H k (x) − n H n2 (x) = (−1)n+1 ∑ (−1)ℓ ( )x (1.9)
k=0
2 (n − k)!!(2k)!! 2 n! ℓ=0
ℓ! ℓ − 1

and
n
(−1)k n−k 2ℓ n − k − 1 2ℓ 2 1 + (−1)n (n − 1)!!
∑ [ ∑ ( )x ]H (x) = . (1.10)
k=0
2k k! ℓ=0 ℓ! ℓ−1 k 2 n!!

2 Lemmas
In order to prove our main results, we need several lemmas below.

Lemma 2.1 ([2, p. 134, Theorem A] and [2, p. 139, Theorem C]). For n ≥ k ≥ 0, Bell polynomials of the second
kind or, say, partial Bell polynomials denoted by Bn,k (x1 , x2 , . . . , x n−k+1 ), are defined by
n−k+1
n! x i ℓi
Bn,k (x1 , x2 , . . . , x n−k+1 ) = ∑ n−k+1
∏ ( ) .
1≤i≤n−k+1 ∏i=1 ℓi ! i=1
i!
ℓi ∈{0}∪ℕ
∑n−k+1
i=1 iℓi =n
∑n−k+1
i=1 ℓi =k

The Faà di Bruno formula can be described in terms of Bell polynomials of the second kind Bn,k as
n
dn
n
f ∘ h(t) = ∑ f (k) (h(t))Bn,k (h󸀠 (t), h󸀠󸀠 (t), . . . , h(n−k+1) (t)). (2.1)
dt k=0

Lemma 2.2 ([2, p. 135]). For complex numbers a and b, we have

Bn,k (abx1 , ab2 x2 , . . . , ab n−k+1 x n−k+1 ) = a k b n Bn,k (x1 , x2 , . . . , x n−k+1 ). (2.2)

Lemma 2.3 ([9, Theorem 4.1], [19, (2.8)], and [22, Section 3]). For 0 ≤ k ≤ n, the Bell polynomials of the sec-
ond kind Bn,k satisfy

1 n! k
Bn,k (x, 1, 0, . . . , 0) = ( )x2k−n . (2.3)
2n−k k! n − k
4 | F. Qi and B.-N. Guo, Some properties of the Hermite polynomials

Lemma 2.4 ([2, p. 135, Theorem B] and [6, Theorem 1.1]). For n ≥ k ≥ 0, we have

n − 1 n!
Bn,k (1!, 2!, . . . , (n − k + 1)!) = ( ) . (2.4)
k − 1 k!

Lemma 2.5. For n ≥ k ≥ 0, Bell polynomials of the second kind

Bn,k (0, 2!2, 0, 4!2, . . . , (n − k + 1)![1 − (−1)n−k ])

satisfy

B2j+1,k (0, 2!2, 0, 4!2, . . . , (2j − k + 2)![1 − (−1)2j−k+1 ]) = 0 (2.5)

for 2j + 1 ≥ k,

B2j,k (0, 2!2, 0, 4!2, . . . , (2j − k + 1)![1 − (−1)2j−k ]) = 0 (2.6)

for 2j ≥ k > j ≥ 0, and

2k (2j)! j − 1
B2j,k (0, 2!2, 0, 4!2, . . . , (2j − k + 1)![1 − (−1)2j−k ]) = ( ) (2.7)
k! k−1

for j ≥ k ≥ 0. Equalities (2.5)–(2.7) can be equivalently unified as

1 + (−1)n 2k n! 2n − 1
Bn,k (0, 2!2, 0, 4!2, . . . , [1 − (−1)n−k ](n − k + 1)!) = ( ) (2.8)
2 k! k − 1
or
1 − (−1)n−k 1 + (−1)n n! 2n − 1
Bn,k (0, 2!, 0, 4!, . . . , (n − k + 1)!) = ( ), (2.9)
2 2 k! k − 1

where
k
{1
α ⟨α⟩k { { ∏(α − ℓ + 1), k ∈ ℕ,
( )= = { k! ℓ=1
k k! {
{
{1, k = 0,
for arbitrary α ∈ ℂ and k ∈ {0} ∪ ℕ, and ⟨α⟩k is called the falling factorial.

Proof. In [2, p. 133], it was listed that

1 ∞ tm k ∞ tn
( ∑ x m ) = ∑ Bn,k (x1 , x2 , . . . , x n−k+1 )
k! m=1 m! n=k
n!

for k ≥ 0. From this, it follows that

∞
tn
∑ Bn,k (1![1 − (−1)2 ], 2![1 − (−1)3 ], . . . , (n − k + 1)![1 − (−1)n−k ])
n=k
n!
1 ∞ t2m k
= [ ∑ 2 ⋅ (2m)! ]
k! m=1 (2m)!
2k t2 k
= ( )
k! 1 − t2
2k 1 k
= ( − 1)
k! 1 − t 2

2k k k 1 ℓ
= ∑ (−1)k−ℓ ( )( )
k! ℓ=0 ℓ 1−t 2

2k k k 1
= ∑ (−1)k−ℓ ( ) .
k! ℓ=0 ℓ (1 − t2 )ℓ
 F. Qi and B.-N. Guo, Some properties of the Hermite polynomials | 5

Further, differentiating m ≥ k times and making use of (2.1), (2.2) and (2.3) yield
∞
t n−m
∑ Bn,k (1![1 − (−1)2 ], . . . , (n − k + 1)![1 − (−1)n−k ])⟨n⟩m
n=m n!
2k k k 1 (m)
= ∑ (−1)k−ℓ ( )[ ]
k! ℓ=0 ℓ (1 − t )
2 ℓ

2k k k m 1 (p)
= ∑ (−1)k−ℓ ( ) ∑ ( ℓ ) Bm,p (−2t, −2, 0, . . . , 0)
k! ℓ=0 ℓ p=0 u

2k k k m (−1)p ⟨−ℓ⟩p
= ∑ (−1)k−ℓ ( ) ∑ (−2)p Bm,p (t, 1, 0, . . . , 0)
k! ℓ=0 ℓ p=0 uℓ+p

2k k k m 2p ⟨−ℓ⟩p 1 m! p
= ∑ (−1)k−ℓ ( ) ∑ ( )t2p−m .
k! ℓ=0 ℓ p=0 (1 − t )
2 ℓ+p 2 m−p p! m − p

Taking t → 0 gives

Bm,k (1![1 − (−1)2 ], 2![1 − (−1)3 ], . . . , (m − k + 1)![1 − (−1)m−k+2 ])

2k k k m
2p ⟨−ℓ⟩p m! p
= ∑ (−1)k−ℓ ( ) lim ∑ ( )t2p−m
k! ℓ=0 ℓ t→0 p=0 2m−p p! m − p

{ 0, m = 2j + 1,
{
{
= { 2k k k (2j)!
{
{ ∑ (−1)k−ℓ ( )⟨−ℓ⟩j , m = 2j,
k!
{ ℓ=0 ℓ j!

{ 0, m = 2j + 1,
{
{
={ 2 k k
k ℓ+j−1
{
{(−1)k (2j)! ∑ (−1)ℓ ( )( ), m = 2j,
{ k! ℓ=0
ℓ j

which is equivalent to (2.5) and

B2j,k (1![1 − (−1)2 ], 2![1 − (−1)3 ], . . . , (2j − k + 1)![1 − (−1)2j−k ])

k
2k k ℓ+j−1
= (−1)k (2j)! ∑ (−1)ℓ ( )( )
k! ℓ=0
ℓ j
2k j−1
= (−1)k (2j)!(−1)k ( )
k! k−1
2k (2j)! j − 1
= ( )
k! k−1
for j, k ≥ 0. Formulas (2.6) and (2.7) are thus proved.
It is straightforward to rewrite (2.5), (2.6) and (2.7) as either (2.8) or (2.9).

3 Proofs of main results

Now we are in a position to prove our main results.
Proof of Theorem 1.1. By formulas (2.1), (2.2) and (2.3), we obtain
k
dk 1 dℓ 1
( ) = ∑ ( )Bk,ℓ (−2t, −2, 0, . . . , 0)
d t √1 − t
k 2
ℓ=0
d u √u
ℓ

k
1 1
= ∑ ⟨− ⟩ ℓ+1/2 (−2)ℓ Bk,ℓ (t, 1, 0, . . . , 0)
ℓ=0
2 ℓu
6 | F. Qi and B.-N. Guo, Some properties of the Hermite polynomials

k
1 1 1 k! ℓ
= ∑ ⟨− ⟩ (−2)ℓ k−ℓ ( )t2ℓ−k
ℓ=0
2 ℓ (1 − t )
2 ℓ+1/2 2 ℓ! k − ℓ
k
(2ℓ − 1)!! 1 1 k! ℓ
=∑ 2ℓ k−ℓ ( )t2ℓ−k
ℓ=0
2 ℓ (1 − t 2 ) ℓ+1/2 2 ℓ! k − ℓ

1 k! k (2ℓ − 1)!!2ℓ ℓ t2ℓ

= ∑ ( ) , (3.1)
√1 − t2 (2t) ℓ=0
k ℓ! k − ℓ (1 − t2 )ℓ

where u = u(t) = 1 − t2 .
Similarly, by formulas (2.1), (2.2) and (2.4), we have
k
dk xt 1! −2! (−1)k−ℓ (k − ℓ + 1)!
(exp ) = ∑ x ℓ xv
e B k,ℓ ( , , . . . , )
d tk 1+t ℓ=0
(1 + t)2 (1 + t)3 (1 + t)k−ℓ+2
k
(−1)k+ℓ
= ∑ xℓ e xt/(1+t) Bk,ℓ (1!, 2!, . . . , (k − ℓ + 1)!)
ℓ=0 (1 + t)k+ℓ
(−1)k k! k (−1)ℓ k − 1 xℓ
= e xt/(1+t) ∑ ( ) , (3.2)
(1 + t) ℓ=0 ℓ!
k ℓ − 1 (1 + t)ℓ

where v = v(t) = t
1+t . Making use of the foregoing two results and employing the Leibniz rule yield
n
dn F(t) n dk 1 dn−k xt
= ∑ ( ) k( ) n−k (exp )
dt n
k=0
k d t √1−t 2 d t 1 +t
n
n 1 k! k (2ℓ − 1)!!2ℓ ℓ t2ℓ
= ∑( ) ∑ ( )
k=0
k √1 − t2 (2t)k ℓ=0 ℓ! k − ℓ (1 − t2 )ℓ

(−1)n−k (n − k)! n−k (−1)ℓ n − k − 1 xℓ

× e xt/(1+t) ∑ ( )
(1 + t)n−k ℓ=0
ℓ! ℓ−1 (1 + t)ℓ

e xt/(1+t) (−1)n n! n (−1)k (1 + t)k k (2ℓ − 1)!!2ℓ

= ∑ ∑
√1 − t2 (1 + t)n k=0 (2t)k ℓ=0
ℓ!
n−k
ℓ t2ℓ (−1)m n − k − 1 xm
×( ) ∑ ( )
k − ℓ (1 − t ) m=0 m!
2 ℓ m − 1 (1 + t)m

(−1)n n! n (−1)k (1 + t)k k (2ℓ − 1)!!2ℓ ℓ

= F(t) ∑ ∑ ( )
(1 + t) k=0
n k
2 t k
ℓ=0
ℓ! k−ℓ
n−k
t2ℓ (−1)m n − k − 1 xm
× ∑ ( )
(1 − t ) m=0 m!
2 ℓ m − 1 (1 + t)m
(−1)n n! n (−1)m 1 n−m
(−1)k (1 + t)k
= F(t) ∑ ( ∑
(1 + t)n m=0 m! (1 + t)m k=0 2k

n−k−1 1 k (2ℓ − 1)!!2ℓ ℓ t2ℓ

×( )[ k ∑ ( ) ])x m .
m−1 t ℓ=0 ℓ! k − ℓ (1 − t2 )ℓ

Formula (1.6) is thus proved.

Proof of Theorem 1.2. Since

t2ℓ (k) 1 1 ℓ (k)
[ ] = [( − − 1) ]
(1 − t )
2 ℓ 2(t + 1) 2(t − 1)
k
1! 1 1 2! 1 1
= ∑ (wℓ )(p) Bk,p (− [ − ], [ − ],
p=0
2 (t + 1)2 (t − 1)2 2 (t + 1)3 (t − 1)3
(k − p + 1)! 1 1
. . . , (−1)k−p+1 [ − ])
2 (t + 1) k−p+2 (t − 1)k−p+2
 F. Qi and B.-N. Guo, Some properties of the Hermite polynomials | 7

k
(−1)k 1 1 1 1
= ∑ ⟨ℓ⟩p wℓ−p Bk,p (1![ − ], 2![ − ],
p=0
2 p (t + 1)2 (t − 1)2 (t + 1)3 (t − 1)3
1 1
. . . , (k − p + 1)![ − ])
(t + 1)k−p+2 (t − 1)k−p+2
k
t2 ℓ−p (−1)k 1 1 1 1
= ∑ ⟨ℓ⟩p ( ) Bk,p (1![ − ], 2![ − ],
p=0
1 − t2 2p (t + 1)2 (t − 1)2 (t + 1)3 (t − 1)3
1 1
. . . , (k − p + 1)![ − ])
(t + 1)k−p+2 (t − 1)k−p+2
(−1)k
→ ⟨ℓ⟩ℓ Bk,ℓ (0, 2!2, . . . , (k − ℓ + 1)![1 − (−1)k−ℓ ])
2ℓ
ℓ!
= (−1)k ℓ Bk,ℓ (0, 2!2, 0, 4!2, . . . , (k − ℓ + 1)![1 − (−1)k−ℓ ])
2
as t → 0, where
t2 1 1
w = w(t) = = − − 1,
1 − t2 2(t + 1) 2(t − 1)
employing the L’Hôspital rule and formula (2.8) leads to

1 k (2ℓ − 1)!!2ℓ ℓ t2ℓ

lim[ ∑ ( ) ]
t→0 k
t ℓ=0 ℓ! k − ℓ (1 − t2 )ℓ

1 k (2ℓ − 1)!!2ℓ ℓ t2ℓ (k)

= ∑ ( ) lim[ ]
k! ℓ=0 ℓ! k − ℓ t→0 (1 − t )
2 ℓ

(−1)k k ℓ
= ∑ (2ℓ − 1)!!( )Bk,ℓ (0, 2!2, . . . , (k − ℓ + 1)![1 − (−1)k−ℓ ])
k! ℓ=0 k−ℓ

(−1)k k ℓ 2ℓ−1 k! 2k − 1
= ∑ (2ℓ − 1)!!( )[1 + (−1)k ] ( )
k! ℓ=0 k−ℓ ℓ! ℓ−1
k
2ℓ−1 (2ℓ − 1)!! ℓ k
−1
= (−1)k [1 + (−1)k ] ∑ ( )( 2 )
ℓ=0
ℓ! k − ℓ ℓ − 1

1 + (−1)k k 22ℓ (2ℓ − 1)!! ℓ k

−1
= ∑ ( )( 2 )
2 ℓ=0
(2ℓ)!! k − ℓ ℓ − 1

{ 0, k = 2m + 1,
{
{
= { 2m 22ℓ (2ℓ − 1)!! ℓ m−1
{
{∑ ( )( ), k = 2m,
{ℓ=0 (2ℓ)!! 2m − ℓ ℓ−1

{ 0, k = 2m + 1,
{
= { 22m (2m − 1)!!
{ , k = 2m,
{ (2m)!!
1 + (−1)k 2k (k − 1)!!
= . (3.3)
2 k!!
Therefore, taking the limit t → 0 on both sides of (1.6) yields
n
dn F(t) (−1)m n−m (−1)k n − k − 1 1 k (2ℓ − 1)!!2ℓ ℓ t2ℓ
lim = (−1) n
n! ∑ ∑ ( ) lim [ ∑ ( ) ]x m
t→0 d t n
m=0
m! k=0 2k m−1 t→0 t k
ℓ=0
ℓ! k − ℓ (1 − t2 )ℓ
n
(−1)m n−m (−1)k n − k − 1 1 + (−1)k 2k (k − 1)!! m
= (−1)n n! ∑ ∑ ( ) x
m=0
m! k=0 2k m−1 2 k!!
n
(−1)m n−m n − k − 1 1 + (−1)k (k − 1)!! m
= (−1)n n! ∑ [ ∑ ( ) ]x ,
m=0
m! k=0
m−1 2 k!!
8 | F. Qi and B.-N. Guo, Some properties of the Hermite polynomials

which implies by (1.2) that

H n2 (√ x/2) n
(−1)m n−m 1 + (−1)k (k − 1)!! n − k − 1
= (−1)n n! ∑ [ ∑ ( )]x m
2 n
m=0
m! k=0
2 k!! m − 1

for n ≥ 0. This can be rearranged as formula (1.7). The proof of Theorem 1.2 is complete.
2 2
Proof of Theorem 1.3. Differentiating with respect to t on both sides of the equality e−2xt e2xt−t = e−t , and
using (2.1), (2.2) and (2.3) give
n n 2
n dk e2xt−t 2
∑ ( )(−2x)n−k e−2xt k
= ∑ e−t Bn,k (−2t, −2, 0, . . . , 0),
k=0
k d t k=0
n n 2
n dk e2xt−t 2 1 n! k
∑ ( )(−2x)n−k e−2xt = ∑ e−t (−2)k n−k ( )t2k−n ,
k=0
k d t k
k=0
2 k! n − k
and, as t → 0,
n
n 1 n 23k n! k
∑ ( )(−2x)n−k H k (x) = lim n ∑ (−1)k ( )t2k−n .
k=0
k t→0 2
k=0
(2k)!! n − k
The recurrence relation (1.8) is thus proved.
By (3.1), (3.2) and (2.3), the formula
k
1
(√ 1 − t 2 )
(k)
= ∑ ⟨ ⟩ u1/2−ℓ Bk,ℓ (−2t, −2, 0, . . . , 0)
ℓ=0
2 ℓ

k
(−1)ℓ−1 (2ℓ − 3)!!
=∑ (1 − t2 )1/2−ℓ (−2)ℓ Bk,ℓ (t, 1, 0, . . . , 0)
ℓ=0
2ℓ
k
1 k! ℓ
= − ∑ (2ℓ − 3)!!(1 − t2 )1/2−ℓ ( )t2ℓ−k
ℓ=0
ℓ! k − ℓ
2k−ℓ
k! (1 − t2 )1/2 k 2ℓ ℓ t2ℓ
=− ∑ (2ℓ − 3)!! ( ) ,
2 k t k
ℓ=0
ℓ! k − ℓ (1 − t2 )ℓ
and by the Leibniz rule for differentiation, it follows that
n
n 1 2x2 t (k) 2x2 t (n)
∑ ( )(√1 − t2 )
(n−k)
( exp ) = (exp ) ,
k=0
k √1 − t2 1+t 1+t
n
n (n − k)! (1 − t2 )1/2 n−k 2ℓ ℓ t2ℓ 1 2x2 t (k)
− ∑ ( ) n−k ∑ (2ℓ − 3)!! ( ) ( exp )
k=0
k 2 t n−k
ℓ=0
ℓ! n − k − ℓ (1 − t ) √1 − t2
2 ℓ 1+t
n n! n
2
t/(1+t) (−1) (−1)ℓ n − 1 (2x2 )ℓ
= e2x ∑ ( )
(1 + t)n ℓ=0
ℓ! ℓ − 1 (1 + t)ℓ
and
n
n −2x2 t (n−k) 1 2x2 t (k) 1 (n)
∑ ( )(exp ) ( exp ) =( ) ,
k=0
k 1 + t √1 − t 2 1 + t √1 − t 2

n
n 2 (−1)n−k (n − k)! n−k (−1)ℓ n − k − 1 (−2x2 )ℓ 1 2x2 t (k)
∑ ( )e−2x t/(1+t) ∑ ( ) ( exp )
k=0
k (1 + t) n−k
ℓ=0
ℓ! ℓ−1 (1 + t) √1 − t
ℓ 2 1+t
1 n! n (2ℓ − 1)!!2ℓ ℓ t2ℓ
= ∑ ( ) .
√1 − t2 (2t)n ℓ=0 ℓ! n − ℓ (1 − t2 )ℓ
Further, taking the limit t → 0 results in
n
n (n − k)! 1 n−k 2ℓ ℓ t2ℓ H k2 (x)
∑ ( ) n−k lim[ n−k ∑ (2ℓ − 3)!! ( ) ]
k=0
k 2 t→0 t
ℓ=0
ℓ! n − k − ℓ (1 − t2 )ℓ 2k
n
(−1)ℓ n − 1
= (−1)n+1 n! ∑ ( )(2x2 )ℓ (3.4)
ℓ=0
ℓ! ℓ − 1
 F. Qi and B.-N. Guo, Some properties of the Hermite polynomials | 9

and
n
n n−k
(−1)ℓ n − k − 1 H 2 (x)
∑ ( )(−1)n−k (n − k)! ∑ ( )(−2x2 )ℓ k k
k=0
k ℓ=0
ℓ! ℓ−1 2
n! 1 n (2ℓ − 1)!!2ℓ ℓ t2ℓ
= lim [ ∑ ( ) ]. (3.5)
n n
2 t→0 t ℓ=0 ℓ! n − ℓ (1 − t2 )ℓ

Similarly to the deduction of (3.3), we have

1 k (2ℓ − 3)!!2ℓ ℓ t2ℓ 1 + (−1)k k 22ℓ (2ℓ − 3)!! ℓ k

−1
lim[ ∑ ( ) ]= ∑ ( )( 2 )
t→0 k
t ℓ=0 ℓ! k − ℓ (1 − t )
2 ℓ 2 ℓ=0
(2ℓ)!! k − ℓ ℓ − 1

{ 0, k = 2m + 1,
{
{
= { 2m 22ℓ (2ℓ − 3)!! ℓ m−1
{
{∑ ( )( ), k = 2m,
{ℓ=0 (2ℓ)!! 2m − ℓ ℓ−1

{ 0, k = 2m + 1,
{
= { 22m (2m − 3)!!
{ , k = 2m,
{ (2m)!!
{ 0, k = 1,
{
= { 1 + (−1)k 2k (k − 3)!! (3.6)
{ , k ≠ 1.
{ 2 k!!
Substituting the results in (3.6) and (3.3) into (3.4) and (3.5), we come to the recurrence relations (1.9)
and (1.10).

4 Remarks
Finally, we list several remarks closely related to our main results.

Remark 4.1. Equation (1.6) is simpler, more meaningful, more significant, and more explicit than the one
in (1.3).

Remark 4.2. By the formula

Bn,k (x1 + y1 , x2 + y2 , . . . , x n−k+1 + y n−k+1 )

n
= ∑ ∑ ( )Bℓ,r (x1 , x2 , . . . , xℓ−r+1 )Bm,s (y1 , y2 , . . . , y m−s+1 )
r+s=k ℓ+m=n
ℓ

in [1, Example 2.6], [2, p. 136, [3n]], and [18, Lemma 5] and by formulas (2.2) and (2.4), it follows that

Bn,k (1![1 − (−1)2 ], 2![1 − (−1)3 ], . . . , (n − k + 1)![1 − (−1)n−k ])

n
= ∑ ∑ ( )Bℓ,r (1!, 2!, . . . , (ℓ − r + 1)!)Bm,s (−1!, 2!, . . . , (−1)m−s+1 (m − s + 1)!)
r+s=k ℓ+m=n
ℓ
n ℓ − 1 ℓ!
= ∑ ∑ ( )( ) (−1)m Bm,s (1!, 2!, . . . , (m − s + 1)!)
r+s=k ℓ+m=n
ℓ r − 1 r!
n ℓ − 1 ℓ! m − 1 m!
= ∑ ∑ (−1)m ( )( ) ( )
r+s=k ℓ+m=n
ℓ r − 1 r! s − 1 s!
k n
n ℓ − 1 n − ℓ − 1 ℓ!(n − ℓ)!
= ∑ ∑ (−1)n−ℓ ( )( )( )
r=0 ℓ=0
ℓ r − 1 k − r − 1 r!(k − r)!

n! k n k ℓ−1 n−ℓ−1
= ∑ ∑ (−1)n−ℓ ( )( )( ),
k! r=0 ℓ=0 r r−1 k−r−1
10 | F. Qi and B.-N. Guo, Some properties of the Hermite polynomials

which is not simpler than the nice expression (2.8). However, we obtain
k n
k ℓ−1 n−ℓ−1 1 + (−1)n k 2n − 1
∑ ∑ (−1)ℓ ( )( )( )= 2 ( ), n ≥ k ≥ 0.
r=0 ℓ=0
r r−1 k−r−1 2 k−1

Remark 4.3. Lemma 2.5 in this paper is also discussed in [14, 17] and closely related references therein.

Remark 4.4. The motivation of this paper is the same as the one in [8, 10–13, 15, 16, 20, 21, 23, 24] and
closely related references therein.

Remark 4.5. On October 28, 2019, while Ms. Rhiannon Lunney (School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff
University, UK) emailed to the second author of this paper for verifying the correctness of formula (1.7) in
the preprint [7], she wrote that “I’m working on a problem that requires a form for the square of a Hermite
polynomial” and that “this has been very useful”.

Remark 4.6. This paper is a revised and shortened version of the preprint [7], which has been cited in the
paper [4].

Acknowledgment: The authors appreciate the anonymous referees for their valuable comments and sugges-
tions concerning the original version of this paper.

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