Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge

Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, GCVO (born Catherine

Catherine
Elizabeth Middleton; 9 January 1982),[1] is a member of the
British royal family. Her husband, Prince William, Duke of Duchess of Cambridge (more)
Cambridge, is second in the line of succession to the British
throne, making Catherine a likely future queen consort.

Born in Reading, Middleton grew up in Bucklebury, Berkshire.

She was educated at St Andrew's School and Marlborough
College before studying art history at the University of St Andrews
in Scotland, where she met William in 2001. She held jobs in retail
and marketing and pursued charity work before their engagement
was announced in November 2010. They married on 29 April
2011 at Westminster Abbey. The couple's children—Prince
George, Princess Charlotte, and Prince Louis of Cambridge—are
third, fourth, and fifth in the line of succession to the British
throne, respectively.

Since her marriage, the Duchess has undertaken royal duties and
engagements in support of the Queen. She holds patronage within
over 20 charitable and military organisations, including Action for
The Duchess of Cambridge in 2018
Children, SportsAid, and the National Portrait Gallery.[2] She
undertakes projects through The Royal Foundation, with her Born Catherine Elizabeth
charity work focusing on issues surrounding young children, Middleton
addiction, and art. To encourage people to open up about their 9 January 1982
mental health issues, the Duchess envisioned the mental health Royal Berkshire
awareness campaign "Heads Together", launched with the Duke Hospital, Reading,
and Prince Harry in April 2016. The media have called Catherine's England
impact on British and American fashion the "Kate Middleton
effect". In 2011, 2012 and 2013, Time magazine selected her as Spouse Prince William, Duke
of Cambridge
one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World.
(m. 2011)
Issue Prince George of
Cambridge
Contents
Princess Charlotte of
Early life and career Cambridge
Personal life Prince Louis of
Early relationship with Prince William Cambridge
Marriage and children
House Windsor (by marriage)
Public life
Father Michael Middleton
Charity work Mother Carole Goldsmith
Patronages and interests
Mental health advocacy Alma mater University of St
Andrews
Public image and style
Privacy and the media Signature
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
Honours
Honorary military appointments
Other appointments
Honorific eponym
Arms
Ancestry
Bibliography
Books
Authored articles
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

Early life and career

Catherine Elizabeth Middleton was born at the Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading on 9 January 1982
into an upper-middle-class family.[3][4][5][6] She was baptised at St Andrew's Bradfield, a local parish
church, on 20 June 1982.[7][8][9] She is the eldest of three children born to Michael Middleton (b. 1949)[10]
and his wife, Carole (née Goldsmith; b. 1955),[11] a former flight dispatcher and flight attendant,
respectively, who in 1987 founded Party Pieces, a privately held mail order company that sells party
supplies and decorations with an estimated worth of £30 million.[12][13][14][15] Her father's family has
blood ties to British aristocracy and benefited financially from trust funds which they established over 100
years ago.[16][17][4][18] Her Middleton relatives, including her great-grandmother Olive Middleton, played
host to members of the British royal family in the 1920s and 1930s.[19][20][21] Her mother's family are
descended from coal miners, and have been described as working-class.[22][23] She has a younger sister,
Pippa, and a younger brother, James.[24]

The family moved from Bradfield Southend, Berkshire, to Amman, Jordan, in May 1984, where her father
worked for British Airways. Middleton attended an English-language nursery school.[25][26][27][28] When
her family returned to Berkshire in September 1986, she was enrolled aged four at St Andrew's School, a
private school near Pangbourne in Berkshire. She boarded part-weekly at St Andrew's in her later years.[29]
In 1995, the Middletons moved to the village of Bucklebury.[30][31] She studied at Downe House
School.[32] She was a boarder at Marlborough College, a co-educational independent boarding school in
Wiltshire;[33][34] Middleton showed talent in sports and was captain of the women's field hockey team.[35]
After her studies, she took a gap year, studying at the British Institute of Florence in Italy and travelling to
Chile to participate in a Raleigh International programme.[36] She worked as a deckhand at the Port of
Southampton in the summer preceding university.[37] Middleton subsequently enrolled at University of St
Andrews in Fife, Scotland, studying history of art. She briefly studied psychology before focusing solely
on art history.[38] She worked part-time as a waitress during her studies.[39] While attending university, she
achieved a gold Duke of Edinburgh Award.[40] Middleton was an active member of The Lumsden Club,
which held fundraisers and community projects each year.[41] In 2005, Middleton graduated from the
University of St Andrews with an undergraduate MA (2:1 Hons) in the history of art.[42]
In November 2006, Middleton commenced part-time work for twelve months as an accessory buyer with
the clothing chain Jigsaw.[43] Later that year, she curated a photography exhibition to mark the book launch
of "Time to Reflect", by Alistair Morrison, to raise funds for UNICEF.[44] In 2007 and 2008, Middleton
made several trips to Naomi's House Hospice, where she brought gifts and read to children.[45][46] In 2008,
she organised an 80's-themed roller disco fundraiser which raised money for Place2Be, an organisation
which improves mental health in schools.[47] Middleton also worked until January 2011 at the family
business in catalogue design and production, marketing, and photography.[2][48] While working for the
company, she launched the firm's junior brand for toddlers, and began working with the Starlight Children's
Foundation, which helps terminally ill youth, providing party essentials for sick children.[49] Middleton also
helped coordinate the Boodles Boxing Ball, which raised money for the charity.[50][51]

Prior to her marriage, Middleton lived in an apartment owned by her parents in Chelsea, London alongside
her sister, which was estimated to be worth £1–1.4 million.[13][52] In 2018, Catherine's total net worth was
estimated at £5–7.3 million, most of which is from her parents' company.[13][52]

Personal life

Early relationship with Prince William

In 2001, Middleton met Prince William while they were students in

residence at St Salvator's Hall at the University of St Andrews.[53][a] She
reportedly caught William's eye at a charity fashion show at the university
in 2002 when she appeared on the stage wearing a see-through lace
dress.[55] The couple reportedly began dating in 2003.[56] During their
second year, Middleton shared a flat with William and two other
friends.[57] From 2003 to 2005, they both resided at Balgove House on the
Strathtyrum estate with two roommates.[58][59]

After her graduation, Middleton and her family were faced with intensive
tabloid press scrutiny.[60][61][62] She was often photographed daily by the
paparazzi outside her flat and work over the course of their
relationship.[60][63][64] This prompted multiple warnings from the Palace Middleton (centre) with
Prince Harry (left) at
and Middleton's lawyers.[63][64] She attended William's Passing Out
William's Order of the Garter
Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 15 December
investiture
2006.[65][66] In April 2007, they ended their relationship.[67] She and her
family attended the Concert for Diana in July 2007,[57] where she and
William sat two rows apart. It was subsequently reported that the couple had reconciled.[68] On 17 May
2008, Middleton attended the wedding of William's cousin Peter Phillips to Autumn Kelly in William's
stead, and met Queen Elizabeth II for the first time.[69][70]

Middleton attended the Order of the Garter procession at Windsor Castle in June 2008, where Prince
William was made a Royal Knight of the Garter.[71] On 19 July 2008, she was a guest at the wedding of
Lady Rose Windsor and George Gilman. Prince William was away on military operations in the Caribbean,
serving aboard HMS Iron Duke.[72] In June 2010, the couple moved into a cottage on the Bodorgan Estate
in Anglesey, Wales, where Prince William resided during his RAF search-and-rescue training and
subsequent career.[73][74][75]

Marriage and children

 Middleton and Prince William became engaged in October 2010,
in Kenya, during a 10-day trip to the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy
to celebrate William passing the RAF helicopter search and rescue
course.[76][77] Clarence House announced the engagement on 16
November 2010.[76][78] Prince William gave Middleton the
engagement ring that had belonged to his mother, Diana, Princess
of Wales. Middleton, who was christened as a child, decided to be
confirmed into the Church of England preceding her wedding.[79]
The confirmation service was conducted on 10 March at St
James's Palace by the Bishop of London with her family and
Catherine with her family at Trooping William in attendance.[80]
the Colour in 2019
The couple married in Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011[81]
(St. Catherine's Day), with the day declared a bank holiday in the
United Kingdom. Estimates of the global audience for the wedding ranged around 300 million or more,
whilst 26 million watched the event live in Britain alone.[82][83][84] Her wedding dress was designed by
Sarah Burton at Alexander McQueen.[85] Upon her marriage, Catherine assumed the style "Her Royal
Highness The Duchess of Cambridge".[86] The couple were given the country home, Anmer Hall, on the
Sandringham Estate, as a wedding gift from the Queen.[87] The Duke and Duchess owned an English
Cocker Spaniel, Lupo, from December 2011 to November 2020.[88]

On 3 December 2012, St James's Palace announced that the Duchess was pregnant with her first child. The
announcement was made earlier in the pregnancy than is usual as she had been admitted to King Edward
VII's Hospital suffering from hyperemesis gravidarum, a severe form of morning sickness. She remained in
hospital for three days.[89][90] Prince George was born at St Mary's Hospital in London on 22 July
2013.[91] The severe morning sickness returned with the subsequent pregnancies, forcing Catherine to
cancel her official engagements.[92] She gave birth to Princess Charlotte on 2 May 2015[93] and to Prince
Louis on 23 April 2018.[94] Prince George became third in the line of succession to the British throne,
while Princess Charlotte and Prince Louis are fourth and fifth, respectively.[91][95][96] The family officially
reside at Kensington Palace.[97]

Public life
Middleton's first public appearance with Prince William following their engagement was at a fundraising
event organised by the Teenage Cancer Trust in December 2010.[98] She was formally introduced to public
life on 24 February 2011, when the couple attended a lifeboat-naming ceremony in Trearddur, near their
home at the time in Anglesey, North Wales.[99][100] A day later they appeared in St Andrews to launch the
university's 600th anniversary celebrations.[101] In March 2011, the couple toured Belfast.[102] The
Duchess of Cambridge's first official engagement after the wedding came in May, when she and the Duke
met U.S President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama at Buckingham Palace.[103] The Duke
and Duchess's first royal tour of Canada took place in July 2011.[104] The couple's activities included
attending celebrations for Canada Day.[105][106][107] The tour included a two-day trip to California.[108]
This was Catherine's first visit to the United States.[109] On 26 October 2011, she undertook her first solo
engagement at a reception for In Kind Direct, hosted at Clarence House, stepping in for the Prince of
Wales.[110]

On 2 November, Catherine and William visited the UNICEF Supply Division for malnourished children in
Copenhagen, Denmark.[111][112] On St. Patrick's Day in 2012, the Duchess carried out the traditional
awarding of shamrocks to the Irish Guards at their Aldershot base; this was her first solo military
engagement.[113] On 19 March, she gave her first public speech for the opening of a children's hospice
opened by her patronage, East Anglia's Children's Hospices.[114] The Duke and Duchess were announced
as ambassadors for the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.[115]
As part of her role, Catherine attended numerous sporting events
throughout the games.[116] In September 2012, the couple
embarked on a tour of Singapore, Malaysia, Tuvalu, and the
Solomon Islands to commemorate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee
across the Commonwealth.[117] During this overseas visit, she
made her first official speech abroad, while visiting a hospice in
Malaysia, drawing on her experience as patron of East Anglia's
Children's Hospices.[118][119] The Duke and Duchess attended
further celebrations of the Jubilee throughout the year, including Catherine and William on their first
the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant in July.[120][121][122] royal tour of Canada (Ottawa, 2011)

The first engagement that Catherine carried out after the birth of
Prince George was in late August 2013, when she accompanied her husband to meet runners preparing for
an ultra-marathon in Anglesey.[123] At the beginning of March 2014, it was announced that the couple
would be accompanied by their son on an upcoming tour of New Zealand and Australia from 16 to 25
April.[124] The tour was Catherine's first visit to the area and Prince George's first major public appearance
since his christening in October 2013.[125] The tour itinerary included visiting the Plunket Society for
children and visiting fire-damaged areas in New South Wales.[126] In June 2014, the couple visited France
to attend the commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Normandy landings at Gold Beach.[127] On 21
July 2014, it was announced that the Duchess would be making her first solo trip, visiting the island of
Malta on 20–21 September 2014, when the island was celebrating its 50th independence anniversary.[128]
Her trip was cancelled, with the Duke taking her place, after the announcement of her second pregnancy in
early September.[129] In December 2014, the couple visited the United States and attended a charity dinner
at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[130]

In October 2015, the Duchess attended her first state banquet at

Buckingham Palace, held to host Chinese President Xi
Jinping.[131] In April 2016, Catherine and William undertook a
tour to India and Bhutan.[132] Activities included visiting
children's charities such as Childline India, as well as a visit to
Lingkana Palace.[133][134] Later that month, the couple met again
with the Obamas at Kensington Palace.[131] The Duke and
Duchess toured Canada again in September 2016.[135] On 11
October 2016, Catherine made her first solo foreign trip to The
The Duchess on official visit to Netherlands.[136] Countries visited by the couple in 2017 include
Stockholm, Sweden in 2018 France, Poland, Germany, and Belgium.[137][138][139][140] The
Duchess takes official portraits of her children and joined the
Royal Photographic Society in 2017.[141] She visited Luxembourg
City in May 2017 for the Treaty of London commemorations.[142] In January 2018, the couple visited
Sweden and Norway.[143] In February 2019, the Duke and Duchess carried out a two-day visit of Northern
Ireland, visiting Belfast, Fermanagh, and Ballymena.[144][145]

In June 2019, the Duchess took the royal first salute, typically received by the Queen, at the Beating
Retreat military pageant.[146][147] Catherine accompanied her husband on a tour of Pakistan in October
2019, the royal family's first visit to the country in 13 years.[148] The couple conducted an interview for
CNN in Lahore while visiting the SoS Children's Village, where the Duchess gave a speech relating to her
work on the early years.[149][150] In March 2020, the couple carried out a three-day tour of Ireland, visiting
County Meath, Kildare, and Galway.[151] In October 2020, the Duke and Duchess met Volodymyr
Zelensky, the President of Ukraine, and First Lady Olena Zelenska, at Buckingham Palace, the first royal
engagement held at the residence since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.[152] In December, the couple
embarked on a three-day tour of England, Scotland, and Wales via the British Royal Train "to pay tribute to
the inspiring work of individuals, organisations and initiatives across the country " in 2020.[153][154][155]
Prime Minister Boris Johnson expressed his support for the initiative, while First Minister of Scotland
Nicola Sturgeon criticised the tour, citing travel restrictions; UK, Scottish and Welsh governments were
consulted before planning the tour.[156][157] In May 2021, the couple returned to Scotland for an extensive
tour of Edinburgh, Fife and Orkney.[158] In Cornwall on 11 June 2021, William and Catherine attended the
G7 summit for the first time.[159] The Duchess visited primary students alongside First Lady Jill Biden and
participated in a roundtable discussion focusing on early childhood education.[160]

Charity work

Patronages and interests

Following her marriage, the Duchess assumed royal duties and commitments in support of the Queen.[161]
In March 2011, the Duke and Duchess set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and
Prince Harry to allow well-wishers who wanted to give them a wedding gift to donate money to charities
they care about instead.[162][163] The gift fund supported 26 charities of the couple's choice, incorporating
the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation.[164][165] In June 2012, The Foundation
of Prince William and Prince Harry was renamed The Royal Foundation of The Duke and Duchess of
Cambridge and Prince Harry, to reflect Catherine's contribution to the charity.[166] The charity is now listed
as The Royal Foundation of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.[167]

The Duchess's charity work focuses mainly on issues surrounding young children, mental health, sport,
addiction, and art.[168][169][170] Her impact on charitable donations and project visibility has been called
the "Kate effect".[171][172] She has a number of charitable patronages: Action for Children, the All
England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, the Anna Freud Centre, East Anglia's Children's Hospices
(EACH), Evelina London Children's Hospital, Family Action, the National Portrait Gallery,[173] the
Natural History Museum, NHS Charities Together, Place2Be, the Royal College of Obstetricians and
Gynaecologists, SportsAid, The 1851 Trust, The Foundling Museum, The Lawn Tennis Association, the
Royal Photographic Society, and the Victoria and Albert Museum.[168] The Duchess, as a history of art
graduate, takes an interest in art and handpicked the Art Room, which helped disadvantaged children
access art therapy before their closure,[174] as well as the National Portrait Gallery.[175] She acquired
patronage of The Lawn Tennis Association, the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club, Action for
Children, and the Royal Photographic Society after they were passed down by the
Queen.[176][177][178][179] In December 2015, she assumed the patronage of the Royal Air Force Air
Cadets[180] for youths 12–19 years of age. The Duke of Edinburgh, who had been patron of the RAF
Cadets for 63 years, formally handed over during an audience at Buckingham Palace.[181] Catherine was
also a local volunteer leader with The Scout Association in north Wales,[182] of which the Queen is patron,
before being made co-president in September 2020, alongside the Duke of Kent.[169][183]

In her capacity as patron of Action on Addiction, the Duchess has occasionally made visits to its centres,
spending time with recovering addicts.[184][185] In October 2012, she, alongside Action on Addiction,
launched the M-PACT programme (Moving Parents and Children Together), one of the only UK
programmes to focus specifically on the impact of drug addiction on families.[186] 283 Place2Be volunteers
were trained through the programme to reach over 26,000 children.[187][188] Catherine has worked
extensively in children's palliative care alongside East Anglia's Children's Hospices[189] and undertakes
private visits to children's hospices and their families.[190][189][46] She made her first public address at the
opening of their Ippswich facility in 2012, which EACH deputy director Tracy Rennie cites as creating a
"global interest" in children's hospices.[191][192] The Duchess officially opened their Norfolk hospice in
2019, after previously launching their financial appeal in
2014, which raised £10m.[189][193] The Duchess has carried
out engagements to raise awareness of Children's Hospice
Week since 2013.[191]

The Duchess is a keen sportswoman[194] and attends

Wimbledon annually, as patron of the All England Lawn
Tennis and Croquet Club.[195] In 2012, together with the
Duke of Cambridge and Prince Harry, Catherine launched
Coach Core. The program was set up following the 2012 Catherine visiting her patronage, the
Olympics and provides apprenticeship opportunities for Natural History Museum, in 2015
people who desire to pursue a career as a professional
coach.[196] As of 2018, Coach Core has had over 400
apprentices and graduates across 10 locations.[197] In 2014 she and the Duke were awarded Honorary Life
Membership of the Marylebone Cricket Club.[198] In July 2019, she lent her support to Backyard Nature, a
campaign created to inspire "children, families and communities to get outside and engage with
nature".[199] In August 2019, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge competed in the King's Cup yachting
regatta to raise money for eight different charities.[200]

In 2014, Catherine wrote the foreword for Living in the Sliptstream: Life as an RAF Wife, whose proceeds
raised money for charity.[201] Since acquiring patronage of the RAF Cadets, she has made visits to their
base in Cambridgeshire[202] and celebrated their 75th anniversary in 2016.[203] In January 2018, locks of
her hair were reportedly donated to the Little Princess Trust, a charity which makes wigs for children
diagnosed with cancer.[204] In February 2018, the Duchess became the patron of the Royal College of
Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.[205][206] She also launched Nursing Now, a three-year worldwide
campaign to raise awareness about the profile of nurses.[207] She has written of her family ties with nursing
and that both her grandmother Valerie Middleton and her great-grandmother Olive Middleton were VAD
nurses for the British Red Cross.[208][205][206][209] During the COVID-19 pandemic, Catherine undertook
many in-person and virtual engagements supporting NHS workers.[210][211] In May and June 2020, the
Duke and Duchess, alongside their children, delivered food parcels made on the Sandringham Estate to
local isolated pensioners during lockdown.[212][213] The Duchess discreetly volunteered with the Royal
Voluntary Service during the COVID-19 pandemic.[214]

The Duchess has called herself an "enthusiastic amateur photographer"[215] and has taken official portraits
of her children, as well as other members of the royal family.[216] As patron of the Royal Photographic
Society she and other photographers took part in an exhibition to mark the 75th anniversary of the end of
the Holocaust.[217] Photos taken by Catherine of the Holocaust survivors were later included in an
exhibition at the Imperial War Museum.[218] With the National Portrait Gallery, Catherine curated an
exhibition of Victorian photography, with a thematic focus on childhood.[219] In May 2020, the Duchess
launched "Hold Still", a project to capture people's life during lockdown, which garnered 31,000
submissions.[220][221] In July 2020, the exhibition was released, with the final 100 photographs being
displayed online. In October 2020, the portraits were displayed on 112 public sites, including billboards,
murals, and posters, across 80 towns and cities.[222][223] The online exhibition collected over 5.2 million
page views.[224] The photographs were published in a book on 7 May 2021, titled Hold Still: A Portrait of
Our Nation in 2020, with a foreword written by Catherine.[225]

Catherine initially became interested in how childhood affected conditions such as homelessness, mental
health, and addiction during her early years of charity work.[226] In March 2018, the Duchess hosted a
symposium with the Royal Society of Medicine, focusing on children's health, and launched the Early
Years Intervention Support initiative.[227] In January 2020, the Duchess launched "5 Big Questions on the
Under 5's", a nationwide survey on development in early years.[228] The survey was conducted by Ipsos
MORI and contains "further qualitative and ethnographic research" on the early years.[229] It received over
500,000 responses.[230] The results of the survey were released in November 2020.[231] The findings
outlined five key topics surrounding early childhood, including parental mental health and wider
community health and support.[232][233] In July 2020, the Duchess supported and assisted in the
development of BBC's "Tiny Happy People" initiative, providing free digital resources to parents with
young children.[234] In August 2020, she headed a donation drive to benefit baby banks nationwide,
including Little Village, which spurred over 10,000 donations from Marks & Spencer, Tesco, John Lewis
& Partners, and Sainsbury's.[235][236] In June 2021, Catherine launched the Royal Foundation Centre for
Early Childhood, which will conduct work, research, and campaigns with other organisations on issues
surrounding the early years.[237]

In May 2021, Catherine got her first dose of COVID-19 vaccine by NHS staff at the Science Museum in
London, encouraging use of the vaccine and thanking the staff for "playing a part in the rollout".[238] The
following month she was announced as the patron of The Forward Trust after it merged with Action on
Addiction.[239]

Mental health advocacy

Catherine has tackled issues surrounding mental health and disabilities; she has previously made visits to
charities and hospitals such as St Thomas' Hospital and Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute to
spend time with mothers and children who deal with these issues.[240][241][242] Catherine has been credited
with raising national awareness of children's mental health; Benita Refson, president of Place2Be, has
praised her work, saying she would "shine the spotlight on child mental health", while Peter Fonagy, CEO
of the Anna Freud Centre has called her one of the most important figures in the field, and stated that "to
the millions of children who have been suffering in silence, she is their voice".[243][244] In recognition of
their work with charities concerned with children's mental health, the Duchess and her husband were
awarded the Gold Blue Peter badge, an award previously granted to the Queen.[245] To encourage people
to open up about their mental health issues, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry initiated
the mental health awareness campaign "Heads Together" in April 2016.[246] The campaign was first
envisioned by the Duchess earlier that year.[247] "Heads Together" reportedly resulted in over one million
people speaking out about their mental health, and an investment of £3m in mental health innovations.[248]
The Duchess later voluntarily talked about her struggles as a mother, and admitted that she suffered a "lack
of confidence" and "feelings of ignorance" during certain periods of time.[246][240][249]

Catherine has discussed her experiences with "mum guilt" in balancing work/life commitments, and
described bringing her newborn home from the hospital for the first time as "terrifying".[250] She has also
highlighted the importance of "a happy home" and "a safe environment" for children, and described her
"passion" for the outdoors, referencing it as an asset to building childhood wellbeing and developmental
foundations.[251] The Duchess launched the Mentally Healthy Schools, which helps the students and staff
with access "to reliable and practical resources to improve awareness, knowledge and confidence in
supporting pupils' mental health".[252] Catherine held sessions for the programme at the Mental Health in
Education Conference in 2019.[253] After two years of development, the website had over 250,000 visitors
to the site accessing resources.[254][255] In February 2016, she travelled to Edinburgh to promote the work
of Place2Be, and launched Children's Mental Health Week, which she commemorates annually.[256][257]
The Duchess guest-edited HuffPost UK as a part of the Young Minds Matter movement, an effort "to raise
awareness for children's mental health issues".[258][259] The Duke and Duchess later met with members
and representatives of Young Minds and Youthscape to promote their mental health campaign.[260]

In 2019, Catherine worked with the Royal Horticultural Society as one of the co-designers for a garden
display at the 2019 Chelsea Flower Show.[261] She designed the "Back to Nature Garden" together with
Andree Davies and Adam White.[262] The garden, which featured "a tree house, waterfall, rustic den and a
campfire" among other parts, was unveiled at the Chelsea Flower Show in May 2019 to emphasise "the
benefits the natural world brings to mental and physical well-being".[263][264] The garden was later
expanded and moved to Hampton Court Palace as a part of the Hampton Court Palace Flower Show.[265]
A playground, inspired by the "Back to Nature" garden, was built on the Sandringham Estate in 2021.[266]
In May 2019, as a part of their "Heads Together" initiative, the Duchess of Cambridge together with her
husband and in-laws, launched Shout, a text messaging service for those who suffer from mental
issues.[267] As of November 2020, the programme has facilitated over half a million conversations.[268] In
October 2019, the Duchess of Cambridge, together with other members of the royal family, voiced a PSA
video for Public Health England "as part of its Every Mind Matters program".[269] In late March 2020, the
Duke and Duchess of Cambridge started supporting a new mental health initiative by the Public Health
England amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.[270] In April 2020, the Duchess and her
husband announced Our Frontline, an initiative providing mental health support to emergency medical
workers.[271] In June 2020, Catherine hosted an assembly to 80 elementary school students across the UK
where she discussed the importance of self-care and "opening up about your feelings".[272] She led the
assembly over a Zoom call and the assembly will be broadcast to more students who use Oak National
Academy, an online education resource hub.[272] In October 2020, the Duchess visited the University of
Derby to learn about its support for students' mental health during the pandemic.[273]

Public image and style

Catherine wore dresses designed by Alexander McQueen at Trooping the Colour in 2013 and 2019
respectively.

The Duchess, prominent for her fashion style, has been placed on numerous "best dressed" lists.[274][275]
The Daily Telegraph selected her as the "Most Promising Newcomer" on its 2006 list of style winners and
losers.[276] Tatler placed her at number eight on its yearly list of the top ten style icons in 2007.[277] People
featured Middleton on its 2007 and 2010 best-dressed lists.[278] She was named one of Richard Blackwell's
ten Fabulous Fashion Independents of 2007.[279] In June 2008, Style.com selected her as its monthly
beauty icon.[280] In July 2008, Vanity Fair included her on its international best-dressed list.[281] In
February 2011 the Global Language Monitor named her the Top Fashion buzzword of the 2011
season.[282] In May 2011, the Duchess was ranked ninth in FHM's top 10 list of the "World's Most
Beautiful Women".[283][284] In 2011, the British publication The Beauty Magazine named her "England's
Best-dressed Personality" and the "Most Elegant Woman in the World".[285][286] She was named the
"Most Beautiful Woman of the Year" by The Beauty Magazine in 2011 and 2012.[285][286] In January
2012, the Headwear Association voted her "Headwear Person of the Year".[287] She was number one on
Vanity Fair's annual best dressed lists in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013; she also appeared as the cover star in
2012.[288] In 2011, 2012 and 2013, she was listed as one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People
in the World.[289] In 2014, she was lauded as a British cultural icon, with young adults from abroad naming
her among a group of people who they most associated with UK culture.[290][291] The Duchess was
named to the International Best Dressed Hall of Fame List in the same year.[292] She was also chosen as
one of the 25 most influential women in the United Kingdom by British Vogue in 2021.[293]

In June 2016, she took part in her first magazine shoot for British Vogue's centenary issue, appearing on the
cover.[294] The shoot took place on the Sandringham Estate; Catherine was involved in selecting her
wardrobe of "off-duty jeans and shirts" reflecting her love of the countryside.[295] The spread was dubbed
as the "most personal and natural royal portraits ever undertaken by Vogue". The photoshoot was done in
collaboration with her patronage, the National Portrait Gallery, where two pictures from the shoot were
displayed.[296] In 2018, Tatler named her on its list of Britain's best dressed people, praising her for
"recycling her looks, rather than wearing them as one-offs", as well as her use of "both high street and
high-end brands".[297]

The "Kate Middleton effect" is the trend that the Duchess is reported to have had in sales of particular
products and brands.[298][299][300][301] In 2018, Brand Finance's research cited the Duchess as the "Most
Powerful Royal Fashion Influencer", retaining that pieces in her wardrobe increase desirability among 38
percent of American shoppers.[299] The Duchess has been credited for popularizing nude pumps and
hosiery in the early years of her marriage.[302][303] During daytime engagements, she has been noted to
favor coatdresses, tea dresses, waxed jackets, lavallière blouses, blazers, and skinny
jeans.[304][305][306][307][308][309][310] While Catherine wears items from many new designers, she has also
worn dresses by Catherine Walker, who designed many of Diana's favourite evening gowns and day
suits.[311] She has worn outfits, hats and ensembles by many other fashion designers.[312][313] The brands
she favours are noted in the media.[312][313] The Duchess has worn Jenny Packham numerous times, most
notably outside the Lindo Wing after giving birth to each of her children in 2013, 2015, and 2018
respectively.[314] Alexander McQueen has been referred to as Catherine's "go-to" brand since her wedding
in 2011, and she has worn designs to several annual events including Trooping the Colour, Royal Ascot
and the British Academy Film Awards, as well as state banquets and receptions.[315][316][317][318][319] She
has worn several high-street brands during official engagements and projects, most frequently Topshop and
Zara.[320][321] Believed to be influenced by the style and fashion choices of Diana, Princess of Wales,[322]
Catherine has developed a "caring wardrobe" similar to that of her mother-in-law, with colourful fabrics,
skirt suits, and bright hues suitable for visiting hospitals and schools.[323]

The Duchess, who attended the 71st British Academy Film Awards, did not participate in Time's Up
movement calling for women to wear black on the red carpet.[324] Royal protocol forbids members of the
royal family from taking part in political movements but she wore a black sash and carried a black handbag
as a variation to the informal black dress code.[325][326] In March 2018, together with the Countess of
Wessex, the Duchess hosted the Commonwealth Fashion Exchange reception at Buckingham Palace
during 2018 London Fashion Week.[327] In 2021, it was reported that Catherine boosted the British fashion
industry up to £1 billion within a year.[328]

Privacy and the media

The death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in Paris while being chased by paparazzi in 1997,[329] influenced
the Duke's attitude towards the media.[330] The Duchess and her husband have asked that, when off-duty,
their privacy should be respected.[330]

After her graduation from university, Middleton was faced with widespread press attention and was often
photographed by the paparazzi.[60][62] On 17 October 2005, she complained through her lawyer about
harassment from the media, stating she had done nothing significant to warrant publicity and complained
that photographers were permanently stationed outside her flat.[331][332] Former royal press secretary
Dickie Arbiter stated that her treatment by the press drew parallels to the tumultuous experience of
William's mother in the early years of her marriage.[333] From 2005 to 2006, Middleton's phone was
hacked 155 times.[334]

Media attention increased around the time of her 25th birthday in January 2007, where twenty
photographers and five television crews photographed her leaving for work.[335][331] Warnings were
issued from Prince of Wales, Prince William, and Middleton's lawyers, who threatened legal action. Two
newspaper groups, News International, which publishes The Times and The Sun; and the Guardian Media
Group, publishers of The Guardian, decided to refrain from publishing paparazzi pictures of her "leaving
nightclubs and going about her daily business", but continued to use photographs of Middleton at public
events.[336] In 2009, Middleton was awarded £10,000 damages and an apology from the photographic
press agency Rex Features Ltd. after she was photographed playing tennis on Christmas Eve while on
holiday in Cornwall.[337] In 2010, she pursued an invasion of privacy claim against two agencies and
photographer Niraj Tanna, who took photographs of her over Christmas 2009.[338] Middleton obtained a
public apology, £5,000 in damages, and legal costs.[339]

In September 2012, the French edition of Closer and the Italian gossip magazine Chi, published
photographs of the Duchess sun-bathing topless while on holiday at the Château d'Autet[330] (a private
château on a 260-ha estate 71 km[340] north of Aix-en-Provence). Analysts from The Times believed the
photographs were taken from the D22 (Vaucluse) road half a kilometre from the pool—a distance that
would require an 800-mm or a 1000-mm lens.[341] On 17 September 2012, the Duke and Duchess filed a
criminal complaint with the French prosecution department and launched a claim for civil damages at the
Tribunal de Grande Instance de Nanterre.[342] The following day the courts granted an injunction against
Closer, prohibiting further publication of the photographs and announced a criminal investigation would be
initiated.[343] Under French law, punitive damages cannot be awarded[344] but intrusions of privacy are a
criminal offence carrying a maximum jail sentence of one year and a fine of up to €45,000 for individuals
and €225,000 for companies.[345][346] In September 2017, Closer was fined €100,000 and its editor
Laurence Pieau and owner Ernesto Mauri were each fined €45,000.[347]

In December 2012, two Australian radio hosts, Michael Christian and Mel Greig, called King Edward VII's
Hospital where the Duchess was an in-patient for hyperemesis gravidarum. Pretending to be the Queen and
the Prince of Wales, Greig and Christian spoke to a nurse on the Duchess's ward, enquiring about her
condition. Following a hospital inquiry and a public backlash against the hoax, Jacintha Saldanha, the nurse
who put the call through to the ward, committed suicide.[348] The radio hosts subsequently apologised for
their actions.[349]

In February 2013, Chi published the first photos of Catherine's exposed baby bump, taken during her
vacation on the private island of Mustique. The British press refused to publish the paparazzi shots.[350]
While the Duchess was visiting the Blue Mountains in Sydney, a picture was taken of her bare bottom as
her dress blew up. Many newspapers outside the UK published the picture.[351] On 14 August 2015,
Kensington Palace published a letter detailing what it stated were the "dangerous" and invasive efforts of
the media to get paparazzi pictures of Prince George and Princess Charlotte. Jason Knauf, communications
secretary to the Cambridges, wrote the letter to media standards organisations in various countries.[352]

In May 2020, Kensington Palace said that the cover story of Tatler magazine titled 'Catherine the Great'
contained "a swathe of inaccuracies and false misrepresentations". Despite the palace's statement that most
of the material was not given to them before publication, the magazine's editor-in-chief announced that he
would stand behind the story as the palace had been aware of it for months.[353] In September 2020, after
pressure from the couple's lawyers, the magazine removed remarks on the Duchess's family and other
similar claims from the online version of the story.[354]
Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

Catherine is, by marriage, a princess of the United Kingdom and entitled to the style
of Royal Highness.[355] She is usually styled as "Her Royal Highness The Duchess
of Cambridge".[356] When in Scotland, she is known as the Countess of
Strathearn.[357] Northern Ireland is represented by a third title, Lady
Carrickfergus.[356][b]

Honours
5 December 2017: Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth
II[358][359] Royal
29 April 2019: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order monogram
(GCVO)[360]

Commonwealth honours

1 October 2016: Tuvalu Order of Merit[361]

Honorary military appointments

Canada

5 July 2011 – present: Canadian Ranger[362]

United Kingdom

16 December 2015 – present: Honorary Air Commandant of the Royal Air Force Air
Cadets[363]
29 June 2021 – present: Lady Sponsor of HMS Glasgow[364]

Other appointments

9 April 2013 – present: Lady Sponsor of Royal Princess[365]

Honorific eponym

Awards

Their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge Award, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo[366][367]
Duke and Duchess of Cambridge's Parks Canada Youth Ambassadors Program[368]

Arms
Coat of arms of the Duchess of Cambridge

Notes
The duchess bears the arms of her husband impaled with those
of her father. The coat of arms was granted to her father by the
College of Arms on 19 April 2011. Thomas Woodcock, Garter
King of Arms, the senior officer of the College of Arms, helped
the family with the design.[369] The Duchess of Cambridge's coat
of arms denotes that she is the daughter of Michael Middleton
and the wife of the Duke of Cambridge.[370]
Adopted
19 April 2011
Coronet
Coronet of a child of the heir apparent
Escutcheon
Quarterly 1st and 4th Gules three lions passant guardant in pale
Or armed and langed Azure (England), 2nd Or a lion rampant
Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory
counterflory of the second (Scotland), 3rd Azure a harp Or
stringed Argent (Ireland), the whole differenced with a label of
three points Argent with the central point charged with an escallop
Gules (Prince William); Impaled with a shield per pale Azure and
Gules, a chevron Or, cotised Argent, between three acorns
slipped and leaved Or (Middleton).[369]
Supporters
To the dexter the Lion as borne and used as a Supporter by "Our
Dearly Beloved Grandson His Royal Highness Prince William of
Wales Duke of Cambridge" and to the sinister a Hind Argent
unguled and gorged with "a Coronet of Our Dearly Beloved
Grandson's degree Or". The hind is white (argent) and is hooved,
unguled and has about its neck (is gorged with) the Duke of
Cambridge's coronet. Both the hooves and coronet are gold
(Or).[371]
Orders
The Royal Victorian Order circlet.
VICTORIA
Other elements
Insignia of GCVO appended
Symbolism
The dividing line (between two colours) down the centre is a
canting of the name 'Middle-ton'. The acorns (from the oak tree)
are a traditional symbol of England and a feature of west
Berkshire, where the family lived. The three acorns also denote
the family's three children. The gold chevron in the centre of the
arms is an allusion to Carole Middleton's maiden name of
Goldsmith. The two white chevronels (narrow chevrons above and
below the gold chevron) symbolise peaks and mountains, and the
family's love of the Lake District and skiing.[369]
Previous versions
Catherine's previous coat of arms depicted the
shield from her father Michael Middleton's coat
of arms shaped into a lozenge symbolising her
unmarried state. Her sister, Pippa, also used
the same lozenge-shaped coat of arms prior to
her 2017 marriage. Her brother, James, will in
due course inherit his father's coat of arms.[369]
Other versions
In September 2013, the Queen granted a
conjugal coat of arms to the Duke and
Duchess of Cambridge, consisting of their
individual arms displayed side by side, beneath
a helm and coronet denoting the duke's status
as grandson of the sovereign.[372]
Ancestry
The Duchess of Cambridge's father is Michael Middleton, son of
Captain Peter Middleton, who, along with their forebears, were
from Leeds, Yorkshire.[373] Her paternal great-grandmother Olive
Middleton (née Lupton) and her cousin Baroness von Schunck
(née Kate Lupton) were members of the Lupton family who are
described as landed gentry and as such, were invited to the
coronation of King George V in 1911.[374][375] Four successive
generations of the Duchess's ancestors had lived at Potternewton Four successive generations of the
Hall Estate, the family seat, including the Duchess's great- Duchess's ancestors had lived at
grandmother Olive Middleton, her father, politician Francis Potternewton Hall Estate, near Leeds
Martineau Lupton, his mother, educator Frances Lupton and her
father, epidemiologist and surgeon Thomas Michael
Greenhow.[376][377][378]

The Duchess's maternal ancestors, the Harrisons, were working-class labourers and miners from
Sunderland and County Durham.[379] Ancestors through her maternal line include Sir Thomas Conyers,
9th Baronet (1731–1810), who was a descendant of King Edward IV through his illegitimate daughter
Elizabeth Plantagenet.[380] Other paternal ancestors are Sir Thomas Fairfax (1475–1520) and his wife
Anne Gascoigne, who was a descendant of King Edward III.[381][382]

Bibliography

Books
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(2014). Living in the Slipstream: Life as an RAF Wife (https://www.rafbf.org/get-involved/othe
r-ways-to-support-us/books-that-donate-royalties-us/living-slipstream-life-raf-wife).
HRH The Duchess of Cambridge, "Foreword", in: National Portrait Gallery (2021). Hold Still:
A Portrait of Our Nation in 2020.

Authored articles
HRH The Duchess of Cambridge (17 February 2016). "Let's Make a Real Difference for an
Entire Generation of Young Children" (https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/her-royal-highness-t
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HRH The Duchess of Cambridge (27 December 2019). "An Open Letter from The Duchess
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First Lady Jill Biden and HRH The Duchess of Cambridge (12 June 2021). "This is what our
kids deserve" (https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/12/opinions/jill-biden-kate-middleton-g7-early-c
hildhood-covid-19/index.html). CNN.

Notes
a. Author Katie Nicholl suggests that the two met before going to St Andrews through mutual
friends while Middleton was a student at Marlborough College.[54]
 b. Even with the title Lady Carrickfergus, she is still mostly referred to as the Duchess of
Cambridge in Northern Ireland, as per given sources.

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Further reading
Jobson, Robert (2010). William & Kate: The Love Story (https://archive.org/details/williamkat
eloves0000jobs). London: John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-736-4.
Morton, Andrew (2011). William & Catherine: Their Story (https://archive.org/details/williamc
atherine00mort). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-64340-9.
Nicholl, Katie (2015). Kate: The Future Queen. Hachette. ISBN 978-1602862609.
de Vries, Susanna (2018). Royal Marriages: Diana, Kate, Camilla. Pirgos Press. ISBN 978-
1-92528-364-8.

External links
The Duchess of Cambridge (https://www.royal.uk/the-duchess-of-cambridge) at the official
website of the British royal family
Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2628416/) at IMDb
The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge (https://www.instagram.com/DukeandDuchessofCam
bridge/) on Instagram
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