Module 1

Concept of Mathematical Modeling

and Differential Equation

DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION

Engr. Renel M Alucilja, RPABE

Engr. Kathleen Mae B. Alucilja, CE

Developed by:
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
University of Southern Mindanao
Kabacan, Cotabatao
2 Math 221: Concept of Mathematical Modeling
=================================
Module 1. Concept of Mathematical Modelling and
Differential Equation

Learning Outcomes:
Learning Outcomes are outcomes
ILO 1 Identify different types and forms of Differential Equation that is expected of a student at the
end of this module. It must be
ILO 2 Recognized mathematical models as a tool in solving
assessed after the delivery of the
engineering problems
Session.
ILO 3 Differentiate First order ODE from Homogeneous Equation
to Non-Homogeneous

Topics
1. Concept of Mathematical Modeling and Differential
Equation
1. Mathematical Modeling
2. Order and Degree of Differential Equation
3. Family of Solutions and Curves
4. Particular and General Solution

INTRODUCTION

After the end of this module, students should be able to solve

Differential Equation in using different techniques. Definitions and
concepts are introduced to the student for them to be able to
define and understand what is differential equation. This
reference note is usually given to my students at the end part of
my lectures to serve as a review materials for the students. More
detailed definitions are also in this note as definitions are usually
introduced in the classroom as I progressed on the lectures.

1. Concept of Mathematical Modeling and Differential

Drawing 1: Drawing from
Equation
Differential Equations for Dummies
Many of the principles, or laws, underlying the behavior of the
natural world are statements or relations involving rates at
which things happen.

When expressed in mathematical terms the relations are

equations and the rates are derivatives. Equations containing
derivatives are differential equations. Therefore, to understand Notes!!!
and to investigate problems involving the motion of fluids,
Equations and
the flow of current in electric circuits, the dissipation of heat
in solid objects, the propagation and detection of seismic
some tips are
waves, or the increase or decrease of populations, among usually given
many others, it is necessary to know something about in the sides for
differential equations. easy references.

A differential equation that describes some physical process is

often called a mathematical model of the process, and many
of such models will be discussed later with emphasis on
 Math 221E: Concept of Mathematical Modeling 3

physical phenomenon which are related to engineering

(Agricultural, Civil, Electronics and Communication and
Computer Engineering)

1. Mathematical Modeling
If we want to solve an engineering problem, we
first have to formulate the problem as a
mathematical expression in terms of variables,
functions, equations, etc. Such mathematical
expression is called a mathematical model of
the given problem.

Steps in Mathematical Modeling

Step 1. Setting up a mathematical model (a

differential equation) of the physical
process.
Figure 1: The process of mathematical
Step 2. Mathematical Solution and
modelling
Step 3. Interpretation of the result

To illustrate the model, let us look at how materials

decays.

Physical Information: Experiment shows that at

each instant , radioactive substance decomposes at
a rate proportional to the amount present.

Thus the physical information can be written in a

the form of

dX
∝X Physical interpretation
dt

dX
=kX Mathematical Model (D.E.)
dt

The general solution can then be derived as

kt
X =Ae Mathematical Solution, family of
exponential functions. (General Solution)

Suppose that the substance has a half life of 5,000

years.

Those we have two boundary condition given.

1st is the initial amount of which the substance has

the original amount, thus

X =X o

and 2nd is the half life of at time of 5,000 years, thus

X0
@ t=5,000, X =
2
4 Math 221: Concept of Mathematical Modeling
=================================
Interpreting a Mathematical Model. To find the solution
of the of a differential equation, engineering should have
the ability to interpret an equation. Note the that the
equation represents the physical characteristic of an
object. With the mathematical model, engineer or
mathematicians have no way of determining the
properties of the object. Let’s take a look for example a
circle with radius of 5. We know that in geometry we
would be able to determine the area of the circle.
However, other properties of the circle cannot be
determined with out the equation it self i.e center of the
circle, the minimum and the maximum points among
others.

To demonstrate this let us look at the mathematical

model.

T F =32+ 1.8T C

Interpretation: This model converts temperature from

degrees Celsius scale to degree Fahrenheit scale.

Sample 1.1 differential equation model

dq
I=
dt

Interpretation: This formula is familiar to engineering

especially in the field of electricity. Let’s say I represents
the current (amperes), q represents the charge (Coulombs)
and t represents the time. This model shows that the
current that flow in the system is equal to the change of
charge of the system over a certain period (time).

Sample 1.2 Discuss the Model

d2 y dy
m 2
+a + ky=F(t )
dt dt

Interpretation. This is a classical model for a force acting

on a moving body on distance y. The force F as a function
d2 y
of time is the sum of all forces acting on the mass.
dx 2
is the acceleration of the body, we know the force is equal
d2 y
to the product of mass (m) and acceleration ( ).
dx 2
(Example of this is force due to a gravitational acceleration.
dy
The equation a represents the force due to
dt
dy
resistance in terms of velocity ( ) where a is a
dt
constant. The third set represents a spring constant
following Hooke’s Law.
 Solve Problems
Solve Problem Set 1.1: Mathematical Modeling

1. Suppose a dog is carrying a virus returns to an isolated doggy day care of 60

dogs. Determine the differential equation for the number of dogs D(t) who
have contracted the virus if the rate at which it spreads is proportional to the
number of interactions between the dogs with the virus and the dogs that
have not yet come in contact with the virus.

Solution:

dD the change of the number of dogs (D) affected by the virus

∝ D(60−D)
dt is proportional to the number of dogs with Virus (D) and
the number of dogs without virus (60-D). (Physical
dD
=KD (60−D) interpretation)
dt The K represents the proportionality constant for the
mathematical Model (Differential Equation)

2. Suppose that an object is falling in the atmosphere near sea level. Formulate a differential
equation that describes the motion.

Solution:

F=ma The physical law that governs the motion of objects is

dV Newton’s second law, which states that the mass of the object
F=m
dt times its acceleration is equal to the net force on the object. In
introduce drag mathematical terms this law is expressed by the equation.
dV Considering the grad due to air resistance we consider drag.
F=m −μ V
dt
dV Finally we know that force = ma,
mg=m −μ V
dt

Illustration 1:
Forces Diagram
 Problem Sets

Problem Set 1.1: Mathematical Modeling

1. A spherical raindrop evaporates at a rate proportional to its surface area. Write a

differential equation for the volume of the raindrop as a function of time.

2. A certain drug is being administered intravenously to a hospital patient. Fluid containing

5 mg/cm3 of the drug enters the patient’s bloodstream at a rate of 100 cm3/h. The drug
is absorbed by body tissues or otherwise leaves the bloodstream at a rate proportional
to the amount present, with a rate constant of 0.4 /(h).
(a) Assuming that the drug is always uniformly distributed throughout the bloodstream,
write a differential equation for the amount of the drug that is present in the bloodstream
at any time.
(b) How much of the drug is present in the bloodstream after a long time?

3. Newton’s law of cooling states that the temperature of an object changes at a rate
proportional to the difference between the temperature of the object itself and the
temperature of its surroundings (the ambient air temperature in most cases). Suppose
that the ambient temperature is 70◦F and that the rate constant is 0.05 per min. Write a
differential equation for the temperature of the object at any time. Note that the
differential equation is the same whether the temperature of the object is above or
below the ambient temperature.

4. A pond initially contains 1,000,000 gal of water and an unknown amount of an

undesirable chemical. Water containing 0.01 g of this chemical per gallon flows into the
pond at a rate of 300 gal/h. The mixture flows out at the same rate, so the amount of
water in the pond remains constant. Assume that the chemical is uniformly distributed
throughout the pond
(a) Write a differential equation for the amount of chemical in the pond at any time.
(b) How much of the chemical will be in the pond after a very long time? Does this
limiting amount depend on the amount that was present initially?

5. Suppose that the population of the bacteria changes proportional to its current
population. (Malthunian Theorem) Find the population of the bacteria at any time (t).

6. According to Newton’s law of cooling: The change of temperature of a body U with

respect to time is directly proportional to the difference between the body U and the
surrounding temperature Us. Write a mathematical model for the Newton’s Law of
Cooling.

7. The slope of the graph of g at points (x,y) is the sum of x and y.

8. Assume M(t) represents the mass of an element in kgs, Supposed Research has shown
that the instantaneous rate of decay of this element (kg/yr) is proportional to the
amount present. Set up a model for this relationship.
 Problem Sets

Problem Set 1.2: Deal with various models. Assume the models are valid, even with
some of variables are discrete.

1. Discuss the model PV = nRT

2. Discuss the Newton’s second law of motion:

dv d2 x
F=ma=m =m 2
dt dt

3. Discuss the model where P is amount at any time (t)

kt
P= Ae

4. Discuss the model

2
gt
y=V y +
2

5. Discuss the model

dQ Q
R + =V
dt C

6. Discuss the model

x=r cos Θ

7. Discuss the model

x=r cos Θ

8. Discuss the model

d2Θ g
+ sin Θ=0
dt 2 L
8 Math 221: Concept of Mathematical Modeling
=================================
2. Order and Degree of Differential Equation

Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations. One

of the more obvious classifications is based on d 2 Q (t) dQ 1
E (t)=L 2
+R + Q(t )
whether the unknown function depends on a single dt dT C
independent variable or on several independent Equation 1: An example of an
variables. In the first case, only ordinary derivatives ordinary differential Equation is a
appear in the differential equation, and it is said to resistor, capacitor and inductor in
be an ordinary differential equation. In the second series where the voltage drops is
case, the derivatives are partial derivatives, and the the sum of all the voltage drop
equation is called a partial differential equation. across a series.

All the differential equations discussed in this class

are all ordinary differential equations.

Linear and Nonlinear Equations. A crucial

classification of differential equations is whether
(n ) (n −1 ) y
they are linear or nonlinear. The ordinary differential a 0 (t) y + a 1 (t ) y + · ··+ a n (t ) =g (t )
equation is said to be linear if F is a linear function Equation 2: General form of a Linear
of the variables y, y', . . . , y (n); a similar definition Differential Equation of order n
applies to partial differential equations.

Systems of Differential Equations. Another

classification of differential equations depends on t
the number of unknown functions that are involved. y ' ' ' + 2 e y + yy' = t^4
If there is a single function to be determined, then Equation 3: Example of a third order 1st
one equation is sufficient. However, if there are two degree differential equation
or more unknown functions, then a system of
equations is required.

Order. The order of a differential equation is the

order of the highest derivative that
appears in the equation.

Degree. The degree of a differential equation in

the power of the highest order appearing on the
Differential Equation.

Example 1.

The Differential Equation

3y 2y
d xd dy x
3
+e 2
– sin x =e cos x
dx dx dx

is in the third order and in the first degree.

The highest derivative of the differential

equation is third and the power of the highest
derivative is 1.
 EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1.1 Order and Degree of Differential Equation

Name: _____________________________________________________ Score

Date Taken: _______________________________________________

I. Select one problem in mathematical modeling in differential equation

(set problem 1.1) Write the problem and answer.

II. Discuss one of the mathematical model presented in problem set 1.2

III. Determine the Order and Degree of the following differential Equations

Degree Order

1. 2x
y ”−e + 9=sin 2 x ___________ ___________

( )
3
dy
2. + 9y=e
3x
___________ ___________
dx

( )( )
2y 2 3 x
d dy e
3. + – y =cos x ___________ ___________
dt 2 dx e 2x + 1

( )
3
δ2 y δ y
4. − −2x−1=0 ___________ ___________
δ x2 δx
I do certify that the answers provided are my own personal work.

__________________
Note: Take a picture of this exercise, save as pdf and submit as
Signature
attachment 1 of CO1: Exercise 1.
(http://vle.usm.edu.ph/mod/assign/view.php?id=5075)
10 Math 221: Concept of Mathematical Modeling
=================================

3. Family of Solutions and Family of Curves

Solutions. A solution of a differential equation in

the unknown function y and the independent
variable x on the interval I is a function y(x) that
satisfies the differential equation identically for all x
in I.

Example 1.1: Is y( x)=c 1 sin2 x +c 2 cos 2 x , where

c1 and c1 are arbitrary constants a solution of
y ”+ 4 y=0 ? Graph 1: A family of solution for several
values of c
Solution

Let's find if the function

y( x)=c 1 sin2 x +c 2 cos 2 x

is a solution of

y ”+ 4 y=0

First: We take the second derivative of the function

y and substitute to the differential function. If the
equation will be true it is safe to assume that the
function is a solution of the differential equation.

The function y second derivative (y”) yields

y ”=−4 C 1 sin 2 x 4 C 2 cos 2 x

Substituting to the equation

y ”+ 4 y=0

The equation becomes

−4 C 1 sin2 x 4 C 2 cos 2 x+ 4( c 1 sin 2 x+ c2 cos 2 x)=0 Notes!!!

0=0 A function with
an even degree
Thus the equation y( x)=c 1 sin2 x +c 2 cos 2 x is a should have a
solution to the differential equation y ”+ 4 y=0 positive
. equivalent
function.
Example 1.2: Determine whether y=x 2 – 1 is a
4 2
solution of ( y ’) + y =−3

Looking at the equation alone you would notice

that their is no solution in the function. Note that
the Note that the left side of the differential
equation must be non-negative for every real
function y(x) and any x, since it is the sum of terms
raised to the second and fourth powers, while the
right side of the equation is negative.
 Math 221E: Concept of Mathematical Modeling 11

Since no function y(x) will satisfy this equation, the

given differential equation has no solutions.

A solution of a function can represents a solution or

a set of solutions.

From example 1.1 the solution can independently

satisfies that equation. While on example 1.2 have
no solution. It is possible that a function can have
several solutions or no solution at all. It is also
possible that a certain function can only have one
solution.

Example 1.3

Consider the Equation

4 2
y ” + y =0

Solution: Considering that both function F(y” 4) and

F(y2) yields only positive values, thus the only
solution for both function to be equal to 0. Thus
the only solution is

y=0

Family of Curves

2 2 2
Consider the function x + y =r , this function
represents a circle with radius r with the center at
the origin (0,0). We call this function a solution. The
solution represent a family of curves. From our
previous courses in mathematics we derive this
function from the definition of curve,

A path of a function equidistant from a point (the

origin).

In this case we can now call it a family of circle with

center at the origin.

Figure 2: Family of Circles with It would be safe to say that the solution can be
center at the Origin further dined by a differential equation

xdx+ ydy=0
 Solve Problems
Solved Problems 1.2: Solutions and Family of Curves

1. Verify if the following function are solutions of the Differential Equation.

1. 2x
Y =e +e
−2 x
is a solution for y ”−4 y =0

Solution
2x −2 x First Derivative
Y =e +e
2x −2 x Second Derivative
Y ' =2e −2 e
2x −2 x Substitution to the Original Equation
Y ' ' =4 e + 4 e
2x −2 x 2x −2 x
4 e +4 e −4 (e +e )=0 Validation
0=0 therefore: The function y is a solution

2. Verify whether the following functions are sets of solution or are solutions of the
Differential Equation.

2x −2 x
1. Y =e +e is a solution for y ”−4 y =0

Y =e 2 x First Derivative
2x
Y ' =2e Second Derivative
Y ' ' =4 e 2 x Substitution to the Original Equation
4 e 2 x −4 e 2 x =0 Validation
2x
0=0 Therefore: Y =e alone is a solution

Y =e−2 x First Derivative

Y ' =−2 e
−2 x
Second Derivative
Y ' ' =4 e
−2 x Substitution to the Original Equation
4 e−2 x−4 e−2 x =0 Validation
−2 x
0=0 Therefore: Y =e alone is a solution

2x −3 x
2. Y =e +e is a solution for y ”+ y '−6 y=0
2x −3 x
Y =e +e First Derivative
Y ' =2e 2 x −3 e−3 x Second Derivative
Y ' ' =4 e 2 x +9 e−3 x Substitution to the Original
2x −3 x 2x −3 x 2x −3 x
4 e +9 e +2 e −3 e −6 (e +e )=0 Equation
6 e 2 x −6 e2 x +6 e−3 x −6 e−3 x =0 Validation
0=0 Therefore: its a solution
 Solve Problems
solving for both solutions:

−3 x
Y =e
2x Y =e
Y ' =2e 2 x Y '=3 e−3 x
−3 x
Y ' ' =4 e 2 x Y ' '=9 e
4 e 2 x +2 e2 x −6 e 2 x =0 9 e−3 x −3 e−3 x −6 (e−3 x )=0
2x
6 e −6 e =0
2x 6 e−3 x −6 e−3 x =0
0=0 0=0

both can be a solution.

3. For the following problems, find the value of r for which the given differential equation
rt
has a solution of the form y=e
1. y ’ +3 y=0
rt rt
rt r e + 3 e =0
Solution: y=e −3 e−3 t +3 e−3 t=0
r e rt =−3 e rt
y '=r e rt 0=0
r=−3
Derivative Substitute/solve Verify

2. y ’ ’+7 y ’+ 12 y=0

rt r 2 ert +7 r e rt +12 e rt =0
y=e 2
Solution: y '=r e rt r +7 r +12=0
2 rt r 1=−3
y ' '=r e
r 2=−4

4. Find the family of curves for all parabola with vertex at (1,2) opening to the right.

Solution:
The standard forms for parabola are:

2
( y−k) =a( x−h)

Those the family of curves has 2 sets

2
( y−2) =a( x−1)
 Problem Sets
Problem Set 1.3 Solutions and Family of Curves
1. In each problem below, verify that the given function is a solution of the given differential
equation.
1. y ’ ’− y=0 ; y 1=e t , y 2=cosh t
2. y ’ ’+2 y ’ – 3 y=0 ; y 1=e−3 t , y 2=e t
1
3. y ’ ’ ’ ’+4 y ’ ’ ’+3 y=1 ; for all values t > 0 y 1=t 1/ 2 , y 2=
t

x ln x+ y ln y dy y (x− ylny)
2. Verify that y= is a solution to =
xy dx x (xlnx− y )

3. Draw and gave the equation of the family of lines with slope of 4.

4. Draw and gave the equation of the family of curves whose sum of distance from two
points (1,2) and (1,5) is constant.

5. Find an equation of the curve that passes through the point (1, 1) and whose slope
at (x, y) is y2/x3

6. For the following problems, find the value of r for which the given differential equation has
rt
a solution of the form y=e
1. y ’ – 9 y=0
2. y ’ +2 y=0
3. y ’ ’+11 y +30=0
4. y ’ ’ – 3 y −18=0

7. For the following problems, find the value of w for which the given differential equation
has a solution of the form y=sin w t
1. y’’ + 9 y = 0
2. y’’ + 16 y = 0

dy
8. Write a differential equation of the form =f (x , y) having the function g as its
dx
solution (or as one of its solutions).
1. The slope of the graph of g at the point (x, y) is the sum of x and y.
2. The line tangent to the graph of g at (x, y) passes through the point (-y, x).
 Math 221E: Concept of Mathematical Modeling 15

4. General and Particular Solution

The General Solution of a differential equation is the set

of all solutions. A Particular solution of a differential
equation is any one of the solution. As shown in the
samples in the previous section, a differential equation
could have infinite number of solution, a single solution or
none at all.

Considering that a General solution is the set of solution,

an equation with undetermined constant is a general
solution.

dy
We take the differential equation =sin x , lets find
dx
the equation by using our knowledge in integral.

dy =sin x dx
∫ dy =∫ sin x dx +C
y=−cos x+ C

The equation y = cos x + C is a general solution. It is a

family of cosine function at distance C from the X axis.

The General Solution gave us an idea of the characteristic

of equation. In engineering application, this would
determine the general properties of a material like
elasticity, conductivity among others. To look for the
particular characteristic of a material, the value of C is
determined through an experiment.

Let’s took at the example in the problem, let as say that the
y( π )=1 .

Substituting the value of the independent variable (x) and

the dependent variable (y) we can solve the value of the
constant C as follows

1=−cos π +C
1=1+C
C=0
Thus the Particular solution y=−cos Θ

Initial-Value and Boundary-Value Problems A given pair

known values at a point for a function and its derivative
constitute an initial-value problem. The conditions are
initial conditions. If the conditions are given at more than
one value of the independent variable it is a boundary-
value problem and the conditions are boundary
conditions.

x
Let is look at a differential equation y ’ ’−3 y ’−4 y=e
with known values at y(0) =2 and y ’ (0 )=1 . This is an
16 Math 221: Concept of Mathematical Modeling
=================================
initial-value problem. The know function and its derivative
is known at x = 0. On the other hand the differential
x
equation y ’ ’+5 y ’+ 4 y=e with known values at
y(0) =2 and y ’ (1 )=3 represents a boundary condition
with known values at different values x=0 and x=1
. Identifying the conditions for differential equation is
critical in finding the solutions of the differential equation.

Let us look at the equation using the first problem an initial

conditions,

x
The differential equation y ’ ’−3 y ’−4 y=e has a
4x −x
general solution of Y =c 1 e +c 2 e . The solution will
be further explained in the preceding modules on 2 nd
Order Homogeneous Equation.

Given the initial condition at function and the first

derivative we need to find the first derivative and
substitute the initial conditions.

function Substitute
0 0
4x
Y =c 1 e +c 2 e −x 2=c 1 e + c2 e
2=C 1+C 2

0 0
Y ' =4 c 1 e4 x −c 2 e−x 1=4 c 1 e −c2 e
1=4 C1−C 2

[ ] [ ]
2 1 1 2
1 −1 4 1
c 1= c 2=
1 1 1 1
4 −1 4 −1

c1 = 3/5 c2 = 7/5

Particular Solution
3 4x 7 −x
Y = c1 e + c2 e
5 5
 Solve Problems
Solved Problems 1.3: General and Particular Solution with Boundary Problems

1. Determine whether the following functions are initial-condition or boundary

conditions.
Conditions Condition
1. y ”+2 y ’−24 y=0 ; y (2 )=2 , y ’ (0)=1 Boundary-condition

2.
t
y ”+ e y ’−24 y=e ;
3t
Initial-condition
( x=2 , y =1)and (x=2 , y ' =1)
3. y ”+8 y ’+ 15 y =0 ; y ' ' (2)=2, y ’(0)=1 Boundary Condition
x 3t
4. (e sin t+1)dy−( e cos t +2)dx=0; Initial Condition
at point(3,1) and at x=3 , y '=2

2. Determine whether the following solutions are particular or general solution.

Function Solution
1. Y = cos x + C General Solution
2. Y H =2 e +3 e
2x −2 x
Particular Solution

3.
2x
Y H =C1 e +C 2 e
−2 x
General Solution

4. Y = A sin w t + B cos wt General Solution

3. Find the Particular solutions given the following conditions

1. Y = A sin 2 t+ B cos 2 t , y(0) =1and y ’ (0 )=2

Solution:
Y = A sin 2 t+ B cos 2 t , General Equations
1= A sin 2((2)(0))+ B cos((2)(0)) Substituting the value of t and y
1= A sin (0)+ B cos (0) Sin 0 = 0 and cos 0 =1
B=1
Y ' =2 A cos 2 t−2 B sin 2t 1st Derivative
2=2 A cos (0)−2 B sin(0) Substituting the value of t and y’
2=2 A
A=1 Substituting the Value of A and B
Y =sin 2t +cost 2t Particular solution

t 2t
4. Solve the solution Y =c 1 e – c 2 e given the initial-condition @ t=0 , y=1 and
y ’=2

Solution:
 Solve Problems
General Equations
Y =c t1 e – c 2 e 2 t
Substituting the value of t and y
1=c01 e – c 2 e2 (0 ) Sin 0 = 0 and cos 0 =1
1=c1 – c 2
Y ' =ct1 e – 2 c2 e 2 t 1st Derivative
0
2=c1 e – 2 c 2 e
2(0)
Substituting the value of t and y’
2=c1 – 2 c 2 Substituting the Value of A and B
c 1=0
c 2=−1
Particular solution
Y =e 2 t

2t
5. Solve the solution Y =e ( A sin wt +B cos wt ) given the initial-condition @
t=0 , y=1 and y ’=2

Solution:

Y =e 2 t ( A sin 4 t+ B cos 4 t) General Equations

2 (0 )
Y =e (A sin 4 (0)+ B cos 4( 0)) Substituting the value
1=1( A (0)+B (1)) of t and y
B=1 Sin 0 = 0 and cos 0 =1
Y ' =e2 t ( A sin 4 t+ B cos 4 t)
Y ' =e2 t (4 A cos 4 t−4 B sin 4 t)+( A sin 4 t+ B cos 4 t )2e 2 t
2(0)
2=e (4 A cos 4 (0)−4 B sin 4( 0)) 1st Derivative
Substituting the value
+( A sin 4 (0)+ Bcos 4 (0))2 e2 (0 )
of t and y’
2=4 A (1)−4 B(0)+( A (0)+B (1))2
Substituting the Value
2=4 A+ 2 B
2=4 A+ 2(1) of A and B
4 A=0
A=0
2t
Y =e ((0)sin 4 t +(1)cos 4 t)
2t Particular solution
Y =e cos 4 t
 Problem Sets
Problem Set 1.4 Solution of Differential Equation

1. Determine whether the following functions are initial-condition or boundary

conditions.
Conditions Condition
1. y ”+3 y ’−4 y =0 ; y(1)=2 , y ’(1)=2
t
2. y ”+sin (3 t) y ’−8 y=e + cos 3 t ;
at (1,3)and (2,4)
3. y ”+6 y ’+ 9 y=0 ; y ' ' (3 )=2 , y ’(3)=1
x 3t
4. (e cost t −3 1)dy −( e sin t−2) dx=0;
at point(1,1) and at x=1, y '=1

2. Determine whether the following solutions are particular or general solution.

Function Solution
x
1. Y =e ( A cost 4 t+ B sin 4 t )
2. Y H =2 er x + 6 er 1 2 x

3x 3x
3. Y H =C1 e −C2 x e
4. Y =4 sin 6 t+5 cos 6 t

3. Find the Particular solutions given the following conditions

1. Y = A sin 4 t+ B cos 4 t , y (0)=1 and y ’( π )=2

2

2t 2t
2. Y =c 1 e + c 2 x e , y (0)=1 and y ’=2

3. Y =c 1 e3 t +c 2 e 5 t , at x=0 , Y =1 and Y ' ' =2

4. Y = A sinh 2 t+ B cosh 2 t ,at x=0 ,Y =1 ,Y '=4

3 3
5. x +3 xy + y =C , given y(1)=2 ; y (0 ) '=3

6. A (x−1)+B ( y+ 2)=0 , at(x , y)=(1,4)and( x , y ')=(1 , 4)

7. Y =e 4 t ( Asin 8 t+ B cost 8t ), at x =0 , y=1 and y ' =4

20 Math 221: Concept of Mathematical Modeling
=================================
References

Boyce, W. E., DiPrima, R. C., & Meade, D. B. (2017). Elementary

differential equations. John Wiley & Sons.
Bronson, R. (2003). Differential Equations [: Based on Schaum's
Outline of Theory and Problems of Differential Equations,
by Richard Bronson. Tata McGraw-Hill Education Chapter
1 - 6.
Edwards, C. H., Penney, D. E., & Calvis, D. T. (2016). Differential
equations and boundary value problems. Pearson
Education Limited. , Chapter 1.
Rainville, E. D., Bedient, P. E., & Bedient, R. E. (1989).
Elementary Differential Equations, 7th.. Chapter 1 -2,
Chapter 5.