M55 5 P-55-2006

Quality Standard for Steel Castings

for Valves, Flanges, Fittings, and
Other Piping Components

Visual Method
for
Evaluation of Surface Irregularities

Standard Practice
Developed and Approved by the
Manufacturers Standardization Society of the
Valve and Fittings Industry, Inc.
127 Park Street, NE
Vienna, Virginia 22180
Phone: (703) 281-6613 www.mss-hq.org
Fax: (703) 281-6671
E-mail: info@mss-hq.org
Copy,.;ght MSS
Pcov~ed by IHS undoe license with MSS Sold to:IHS Standa"" 510'" Pu,chase, 392328
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 MSS STANDARD PRACTICE SP-55

This MSS Standard Practice was developed under the consensus of the MSS Technical Committee 304 and
the MSS Coordinating Committee. The content of this Standard Practice is lhe result of the efforts of
competent and concemed volunteers to provide an effective, clear, and non-exclusive specification that
will benefit lhe industry as a whole. Thjs MSS Standard Practice is intended as a basis for common
pra~tice by the manufacturer, the user, and the general publicoThe existence of an MSS Standard Practice
does not in itself preclude the manufacture, sale, or use of products not conforming to the Standard
Practice. Mandatory conformance is established only by reference in acode, specification, sales contract, or
public Iaw, as applicable.

UnIess otherwise specifically noted in this MSS SP, any standard referred to herein is identified by the date
oí issue that was appIicabIe to lhe referenced standard{s) at the date of issue oí this MSS SP. (See Annex
A)

Non-toleranced dimensions in this Standard Practice are nominal, and, unIess otherwise specified, shall be
considered "for reference only".

In this Standard Practice alI notes, annexes, tables, and figures are construed to be essential to lhe
understanding oí lhe message of the s1Ímdard, and are considered part of the text unless noted as
"supplemental". AlI appendices appearing in this document are construed as IsuppIemental".
SuppIemental" information does not include mandatory requirements.

U.S. customary units in this SP are lhe standard; the metric (SI) units are for reference only.

Any part of this standard may be quoted. Credit Unes should read 'Extracted from MSS SP-55, 2006 with
permission of the pubUsher, the Manufacturers Standardization Society.' Reproduction prohibited under
copyright convention unless written permission is granted by the Manufacturers Standardization Society of
the Valve and Fittings Industry Inc.

Originally Approved April, 1961

Copyright @, 1985 by
Manufacturers Standardization Society
ofthe
VaIve and Fittings Industry, Inc.
Printed in U.S.A

Copl"ighl MSS
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 MSS STANDARD PRACTICE SP-55

FOREWORD

The MSSSP-55, Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves, Flanges, Fittings, and Other Piping
Components - Visual Method for Evaluation of Surface Irregularities, was originally adopted' in 1961. It was
developed for lhe purpose of providing lhe industry with a uniform meàns for identifying various types of
casting surface irregularities.

A set of 60 reference photographs iIlustrating these casting surface irregularities is included in this Standard
Practice to perrnit a visual comparison of an actual casting surface with lhe reference photographs for the
purpose of lhe establishing acceptàble/unacceptable casting surface irregularities.

The formal of this Standard Practice was revised in 1996 to be consistent with other MSS Standard Practices.

This 2006 revised edition includes updates in the referenced standards, Annex A, to reflect current applicable
.dates and tbe updated addresses of lhe referenced publications organizations.

ii
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 MSS STANDARD PRACTICE SP-SS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

1 SCOPE , , 1
2 DEFINITION OF SURFACE QUALITY BY VISUAL INSPECTION ~ 1
3 REFERENCE PHOTOGRAPHS : 1
4 TERMINOLOGY FOR REFERENCE PHOTOGRAPHS 1
5 COMPARISON OF MSS SP-55 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA WITH SCRATA STANDARD
COVERINGSURFACETEXTUREQUALITYSTANDARDS ; 2

TABLE

. Acceptance Levels ín lhe Scrata Comparators Considered Equivalent to

the Acceptance Criteria of MSS SP-55 """""""""""""""""""""~"""' """"'" 3

ANNEX

A Referenced Standards and ApplícabIe Dates """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 4

PHOTOGRAPHS Type I through XII

iíi
Cop,,~hl MSS
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 MSS STANDARD PRACTICE
QUALITY ST ANDARD
FOR STEEL CASTINGS FOR VALVES, FLANGES, FITTINGS, AND OTHER PIPING
COMPONENTS - VISUAL METHOD FOR EVALUATION OF SURFACE IRREGULARITIES
1. SCOPE
1.1 This Standard Practice is intended to
supplement lhe requirements of ASTM
Specifications A 216/A 216M, A 217/A 217M, A
35I1A 351M, A 352JA 352M, A 389/A 389M, A
487/A 487M, and A 744/A 744M and to provide a
. series of reference photographs typical of the
various surface irregularities common to steel
pressure castings and illustrations of generally
acceptable and generally rej~ctable quality. Table 1
of Section 5 is provided to show MSS interpretation
as to lhe relationship between this Standard Practice
and the levels of surface quality iIlustrated by lhe
comparators and lhe photographs of the Steel
Casting Research and Trade Association (SCRATA)
Comparators for lhe Definition of Surface Quality of
Steel Castings.
1.2 For additional nondestructive examinations
defining quality of steel castings, this Standard
Practice may be supplemented by the foIlowing
Standard Practices; SP-53 "Magnetic Particle
Exarnination Method", SP-54 "Radiographic
Exarnination Method", SP-93 "Liquid Penetrant
Exarnination Method", SP-94 "Ultrasonic
Examination Method" and SP-112 "Visual and
Tactile Method".
2. DEFINITION OF SURFACE OUALITY BY
VISUAL INSPECTION
2.1 Twelve general types of surface irregularities
are characterjzed in the colIection with tive
examples being inc1uded of each type. The two
examples in each case shown to lhe left illustrate
acceptable degrees of the particular type of
irregularity. The three examples to lhe right are
characterized as containing unacceptable defects.
2.2 It is recognized that problems may be
encountered in evaluating surfaces of castings over a
wide range of size and section thickness using the
garoe set of standards. This guide attempts to.
minimize the size effect and is intended for
general use for any 4 iR. x 5 in. (lOOmm x
125mm) area. .
Copyrighl MSS
P,"vided by IHS under licen,e wilh MSS
No reproducl~n or nelworking permilled ""lhoull"-nse Irom IHS
SP-SS
3. REFERENCE PHOTOGRAPHS
3.1 A set of 60 reference photographs iIlustrating
various casting surface irregularities, which can be
observed by visual inspection, is inc1uded herewith.
These photographs are actual-size examples of
gradations in acceptable and non-acceptable
irregularities. It is intended that irregularities less
pronounced than those shown as non-acceptable
shall be accepted under this guide.
3.2 Photographs inc1uded are of actual castings
and may exhibit surface irregularities other than lhe
type characterized in lhe heading. Each type of
surface irregularity shall be judged only against lhe
series of photographs identified with the type.
4. TERMINOLOGY FOR REFERENCE
PHOTOGRAPHS
4.1 It should be noted that aIl definitions and
discussions of terrninologies apply only to surface
irregularities and not to internal defects. The types
of surface irregularities illustrated in lhe reference
photographs are as foIlows:
a) Type 1- Hot Tears and Cracks
Linear surface discontinuities or fractures
caused by either internal or external stresses
or a combination of both acting on lhe
casting. They may occur during, or
subsequent to, solidification. In general,
visible surface cracks or hot tears, or both,
are not acceptable.
b) Type Il- Shrinkage
A void left in cast metaí as a result of
soIidification shrinkage and the progressive
freezing of metal, which is exposed upon
cutting off risers and galego
c) Type III - Sand lnclusions
Sand that becomes entrapped in lhe molten
metal and shows on the surface of lhe
casting.
1
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 MSS STANDARD PRACTICE SP.55

d) Type IV - Gas Porosity 5. COMPARISON OF SP.55 ACCEPTANCE

Voids in cast metal caused by entrapment of CRITERIA WITH SCRA TA STANDARD
gas during solidification. COVERING TEXTURE QUALITY
STANDARDS
e) Type V - Veining
Features on lhe surface af castings 5.1 MSS and other sacieties have published
appearing as a ridge and assQciated with standards illustrating various levels of surface
movement or cracking of sand. texture and irregularities c1assified by type. The
SCRATA standard discussed in this section does not
t) Type VI - Rat Tails identity specific levels as being acceptable, leaving
Features on lhe surface af castings lhe issue to lhe product specification or contract.
appearing as a depression resulting from
faulting or buckling of lhe mold surfaces. 5.2 Table 1 has been incIuded for the purpose of
showing MSS interpretation as to lhe levels af
g) Type VII- Wrinkles, LAps, Folds and Cold discontinuity by type, which would be mel by
Shuts castings conforrning to SP-55.
Surface irregularities caused by incamplete
fusing ar by falding af malten metal 5.3 The SCRATA comparators are plastic replicas
surfaces. of actual casting surfaces, each of which is algO
represented by photograph. The standard suggests
h) Type VIII - Cutting Marks . designating acceptance criteria on drawings.
Irregularities in casting surfaces resulting
from buming or mechanical means used in 5.4 SP-55 acceptance criteria have been reviewed
lhe c1eaningaf castings. against lhe SCRATA standard to designate lhe
acceptance criteria of each type, which are
i) Type IX - Scabs equivalent to SP-55 acceptance criteria.
Slightly raised surface blemishes that are Comparisons published in Table 1 represent lhe
usual1y sand crusted aver by a thin porous MSS interpretation. They are intended to be of
layer of metal. assistance to those interpreting lhe SCRATA
standard.
j) . TypeX - Chaplets
Evidence of chaplets on surface af casting
disc1osing incomplete fusion, which
likewise can apply to internal chills.

k) Type XI - Weld Repair Areas

Evidence of impraper surface preparation
after welding.

1) Type XII - Surface Roughness

Surface texture due to design, pattem,
gating, and sand conditions.

2
Cop,"ght MSS
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 MSS STANDARD PRACTlCE SP-55

- TABLE1
Acceptance Levels in the SCRAT A Comparators Considered Equivalent to the
Accepbmce Criteria ofSP-55

SP-55 SCRATACOMPARATORS
CLASSIFICA TION EQUIV ALENT
TYPEI
Hot tears and cracks Nane Acceptable
(None acceptable)

TYPE 11 NO EXAMPLES
Shrinkage Use MSS SP-55
-

TYPE III B2
Sand Inclusians ar better -

TYPEIV C2
Gas Parosity ar better

TYPE V NO EXAMPLES
Veining Use MSS SP-55
:

TYPE VI NO EXAMPLES
Rat Tails Use MSS SP-55

TYPE VII 02
Wrinkles, Laps, Falds, and Cald Shuts ar better

TYPE vm G2 ar better
Cutting Marks H4 ar better

TYPEIX El
Scabs ar better

TYPE X F2
Chaplets or better

TYPEXI 13
Weld Repair Areas ar better

TYPEXII A3
Surface Roughness ar better

3
CoPY';ghtMSS -
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 MSS ST ANDARD PRACTICE SP-55

ANNEX A
Referenced Standards and Applicable Dates

,
This Annex is an integral part of this Standard Practice and is placed afier the main text for convenience.

Standard Name or Description

ASTM Standard S.I!ecification for:

A 216/A 216M - 2004 Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding for High Temperature Service
A 217/A 217M - 2004 Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy for Pressure Containing Parts,
Suitable for High Temperature Service
A 3511A351M - 2006 Steel Castings, Austenitic, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex), for Pressure-Containing Parts
A 352/A 352M - 2006 Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure Containing Parts,
Suitable for Low-Temperature Servire
A 389/A 389M - 2003 Steel Castings, Alloy, Specially Reat Treated, for Pressure Containing Parts,
Suitable for Righ Temperature Servire
A 487/A 487M - 1993(R03) Steel Castings, Suitable for Pressure Service
A 744/A 744M - 2000(R06) Castings, lron-Chromium-Nickel Base, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe Servire

MSS

SP-53-1999 (R 2002) Quality Standard for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings
and Other Piping Components - Magnetic Partic1e Examination Method
SP-54-1999 (R 2002) Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other
-
Piping Components Radiographic Examination Method
SP-93-1999 (R 2004) Quality Standard for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and
-
Other Piping Components Liquid Penetrant Examination Method
SP-94-1999 (R 2004) QualityStandardfor FerriticandMartensiticSteelCastingsfor Valves,Flangesand
Fittings and Other Piping Components - Ultrasonic Examination Method
SP-112-1999 (R 2004) Quality Standard for Evaluation of Cast Surface Finishes - Visual and Tactile Method

SCRATA

Comparators for the Definition of Surface Quality of Steel Castings

4
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 MSS STANDARD PRACTICE SP-SS

ANNEXA .

Referenced Standards and Applicable Dates

(Continued)

Publications of the following organizations appear in the above list:

ASTM ASTM Intemational

100 Barr Harbor DT.
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959

MSS Manufaeturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry. me.
127Park Street, NE
Vienna, VA 22180-4602

SCRATA Casting Teehnology Intemational

7 East Bank Road
Sheffield S2 3PT, UK

5
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 List of MSS Standard Practices
(Price List Available Upon Request)
Number
SP-6-2001 Slandard Finishes for Conlact Faces of Pipa Flanges and Connecting-End Flanges of Valves and Fittings
SP-9-2001 (R 05) SpOIFacing for Bronze, lron and Steel Flanges
SP-25-1998 Slandard Marking System for Valves, Fittings,Flanges and Unions
SP-42-2004 Class 150 Corrosion Resislant Gate, Glove, Angleand Check Valves with Flanged and Buli Weld Ends
SP-43-1991 (R 01) Wroughl Stainless.Steel Butt-WeldingFillings
SP-44-2006 Sleel Pipeline flanges -
SP-45-2003 Bypass and Drain Conneclions
SP-51-2007 Class 150LWCorrosion Resistant Flanges and Cast Flanged Fittings .
SP-53-1999 (R 07) QualityStandard for Sleel Castings and Forgingsfor Valves, Flanges and Rttings and OIher PipingComponents Magnelicparticle
Examination Melhod .
-
SP-54-11199 (R 07) QualilySlandard for Steel Castings forValves, Ranges, and Flltingsand OIher Piping Components - RadiographicExaminationMelhod
SP-55-2006 -
Quality Slandard for Sleel Castings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Olhar Piping Components Visual Melhod for Evaluation of
Surface Irregularilies
SP-58-2002 Pipa Hangers and Supports - Malerials, Design and Manufaclure
SP-60-2004 Connecting Flange Joinl Between Tapping Sleeves and Tapping Valves
SP-61-2003 Pressure Tesling of Sleel Valves
SP-65-2004 High Pressure Chemicallnduslry Flanges and Threaded Slubs for Use with Lens Gaskels
SP-67-2002a ButterflyValves '

SP-68-1997 (R 04) High Pressure ButterflyValves wilh Offsel Design

SP-69-2003 -
Pipa Hangers and Supports Selection and Applicalion(ANSIIMSSEdition)
SP-70-2006 Gray lronGaleValves,Flangedand ThreadedEnds ,

SP-71-2005 Gray lron Swing Check Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends
SP-72-1999 Bali Valves wilh Flanged or Butt-welding Ends for General Service
SP-75-2004 Specijication for High Tesl Wroughl Butt Welding Fittings
SP-77-1995 (R 00) Guidelines lor Pipa Supporl Contractual Relationships
SP-78-2005a Gray Iron Plug Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends
SP-79-20O4 Sockel-Welding Reducer Inserts
SP-80-2003 BronzeGale, Globe,Angleand CheckValves ,
SP-81-2006 Slainless Sleel, Bonnetless, Flanged, KnifeGate Valves
SP-83-2006 Class 3000 Sleel Pipa Unions, Sockel-Welding and Threaded
SP-85-2002 Gray Iron Globe & Angle Valves, Flanged and Threaded Ends
SP-86-2002 Guidelines for Metric Data in Slandards for Valves, Ranges, Fittingsand Actuators
SP-88-1993 (R 01) Diaphragm Valves
SP-89-2003 Pipa Hangers and Supports - Fabrication and InstallationPractices
SP-90-2000 Guidelines on Terminology for Pipa Hangers and Supports
SP-91-1992 (R 96) Guidelines for..ManualOperation of Valves
SP-92-1999 MSS Valve Usar Guide
SP-93-1999 (R 04) Quality Slandard for Sleel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges, and Fittings and Olhar Piping Components Uquld Penelranl
Exarnination Melhod
-
SP-94-1999 (A 04) Quality Sld for Ferriticand Martensllic Steel Castings for Valves, Flanges, and Filtings and OIher Piping Componenls UJlrasonic
Exarnination Method
-
SP-95-2006 Swage(d) Nipples and Buli Plugs
SP-96-2001 (R 05) Guidelines on Terminology for Valves and Filllngs'
SP-97-2006 Inlegrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings- Sockel Welding, Threaded and BultweldingEnds
SP-98-2001 (R 05) Prolective Coatings for lhe Interior of Valves, Hydrants, and Rttings
SP-99-1994 (R 05) Inslrumenl Valves
SP-100-2002 Qualificallon Requiremenls for Elaslomer DiaphragrT1S for Nuclear Service Diaphragm Valves
SP-101-1989 -
(R 01) ParI-Tom Valve,Actuator Attachmenl Flange and DrivingComponent Dimensions and Perforrnance Characteristics
SP-102-1989 (R 01) Multi-TumValve Acluator Attachmenl - Flange and DrivingComponent Dimenslons and Performance Characleristics
SP-104-2003 Wrought Copper Solde r Joinl Pressure Fittings
SP-105-1996 (R 05) Instrument Valves for Cede Applications
SP-106-2003 Cast Copper AlloyFlanges and Flanged Fittings, Class 125, 150 and 300
SP-108-2002 Aesilient-Sealed Casl-lron Eccenlric Plug Valves
SP-109-1997 (R 06) Welded Fabricaled Copper Soldar Joint Pressure Fittings
SP-110-1996 Ball Valves Threaded, Sockel-Welding, Soldar Joinl, Grooved and Rared Ends
SP-111-2001 (R 05) Gray-lron and Ductile-IronTapping Sleeves
SP-112-1999 (R 04) Quality Standard for Evaluation of Cast Surface Finishes -Visual and Taclile Melhod. This SP must be sold wilha 1Q-surface.three
Dimensional Cast Surface Comparator, which is a necessary pari 01lhe Standard. Addltlonal Comparators may be sold separalely,
SP-113-2001 Connecting Joint belween Tapping Machines and Tapping Valves
SP-114-2001 Corrosion Resistanl Pipa Fittings Threaded and Sockel Welding, Class 150 and 1000
SP-115-2006 Excess FlowValves, 1 1/4 NPS and Smaller, for Fuel Gas Service
SP-116-2003 Service Une Valves and Fittings for DrinkingWater Systems
SP-117-2006 -BellowsSeals for Globe and Gate Valves
'SP-118-2007 Compact Sleel Globe & Check Valves - Ranged, Flangeless; Threaded & Welding Ends (Chemical & Petroleum RefineryService)
SP-119-2003 Factory-Made Belled End Sockel Welding Fittings
SP-120-2006 Flexible Graphite Packlng Syslem for Rising Stern Steel Valves (Design Requirements)
SP-121-2006 Qualification Testing Methods for Slem Packing for Rislng Stem Sleel Valves
SP-122-2005 Plastic Industrial Ball Valves
SP-123-1'998 (R 06) Non-Ferrous Threaded and Solder-Joinl UniDosfor Use withCopper Waler Tube
SP-124-2001 Fabricaled Tapping Sleeves
SP-125-2000 Gray Iron and Ductile Iron In-Une, Spring-Loaded, Center-Guided Check Valves
SP-126-2000 Sleelln-line Spring-Asslsted Cantar Guided Check Valves
SP-127-2001 Bracing for Piping Syslems Seismic-Wind-DynamicDesign, Selection, Applicalion
SP-128-2006 Ductile Iron Gate Valves
SP-129-2003 Copper-Nickel Socket-Welding Fittings and UniDos
SP-130-2003 Bellows Seals for Inslrumenl Valves
SP-131-2004 Melallic Manually Operaled Gas DislributionValves
SP-132-2004 Compression Packing Systems for Inslrumenl Valves
SP-133-2005 'Excess Flow Valves for Low Pressure Fuel Gas Appliances
SP-134-2006a Valves ler Cryogenic Service Including Requirements for Body/Bonnet Extensions
SP-135-2006 Hlgh Pressure Steel Knife Gale Valves
(R-YEAR)Indicales year standard reafllrrned without substantiva changes

A larga number of formar MSS Practices have beBo approved by lhe ANSI or ANSIStandards, published byothers. In arder 10malntain a singre source
of authoritative informatlon, lhe MSS withdraws its Standard Practices in such cases, ,

Manufacturers Standardization Society of theíValve and Fittings Industry, loCo

127 Park Street, N;-E.,Vienna, VA 22180';4620(703).281-6613 Fax #(703) 281-6671
MfS SP
Copyr~hl MSS
Prov;ded by IHS unOer license wilh MSS Sold 10:IHS SlanO...ds Slore Pw'chase, 392328
No repmducOon or nelworking permitled wilhoul '~ense from IHS Nol for Resale,O8/06/2007 08:54:04 Mor