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My mother always complained that the moment she managed to make ends meet, somebody moved the ends.
Pansy Penner

INTRoDUcToRY vERBs

@ or=.rroNs
asked, inquired, otfe,fed, wanted to know, wondered (what, where, how...)
*
"ls there anything in the fridge? l'm hungry," he said.
-
He wanted to know if there was anything in the fridge because he was hungry.
r
"Can I give you a hhnd?". he said. q
He ollered to help me.
r
"What shall I do?" she said. *
She wondered what she shoutd dolto do.

l,€E] Comuaruos/REeuEsrs/ADvrcE/THREATs .J

asi, warn, demand, encoirage, invite, promise, refuse...

I Forget your rifle again and l'll put you on a charge, private!" the sergeant barked.
* The sergeant threatened to put the private on a charge if he forgot his rifte again.

..---t
i- G: I lNFlNtrtvE/e LAUSE
* agree, claim, demand, vow, offer to... e' "l'm on first-name terms With the mayor," Victor said.
r advise, allow, ask, beg, remind sb to... 'q Victor claimed to be on first-name terms with the mayor.
+ add, agree, complain, recommend, o "lt's late; we should leave," he said.
remark, boast that clauses
'1 He remarked that it was late and recommended that we tefl

::Li'i Genuuo
a) admit, advise, deny, regret, propose, recommend, suggest,.
r "WhV don't we all take a break?" Sid said. + Sid suggested (our) taking a
break.
b) apologise for, decide on, disapprove of, insist on, persrst in, object to, speclalrse rn...
* "l shall speak to no one but the manager!" she cried.
..+ She rnsisted on speaking to no one but the manager.
c) accuse sb of , compliment sb on, excuse sb torlfrom, blamelcriticiselforgivelreprimand sb for... '
r "Jenkins, you are not working hard enough," the headmastei said.
- The headmaster reprimanded Jenkins for not working hard enough

-:---_l
.- t r No Graruees lN Vens TENsE
t reporting in the present $ John says rn his letter that he has found a new job.
-! 2nd & 3rd conditionals * She told me that if she had the money, she would buy it.
r subfunctives r Steye told us that he'd rather live in a smalltown.
. past tense rn time clauses * Beg said that he lost his keys while he was running for the bus,
t general truthslfacts s Our teacher told us that tigers come from Asia.

0Ral Pnlcrree
1. They said that the two boys had started the fire. The two boys were accused...
2. The phone company threatened to cut us off unless we paid the bill immediately. The phone conpany said..
3, "Have the invoices been sent?" she asked. she wanted...
4. "This is the last time I set foot in this placel" he said. He vowed-.
5. "l'm not sure, Sue, but I may visit them next week if I can find the time,,, Orla said. orta totd...
5. "What a lovely house you have, Jill," said Elaine. Etaine complimented...
7. "Don't touch this wire; it's live," the electrician said. rhe electrician warned...
8. "Don't forget that we are to be at the Browns at eight this evening," she said to Tom. she rerfiit ded...
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.LI
 ffiEP$ffiTEffi SPEECfrE ffiffiffi
'/!j SUGGEST!(}E€S + tet's, shalt, why {notl,".
s "Shall we hire a car?" s "Let's hire a car." q "What's wrong with (our) hiring a car?"
* "What if we hirelhired a car?" e "What/How about hiring a car?"
g "Why notMhy don't we hire a car?" * He suggested (their) hiring a carl(that)
* "What do you say fo (our) hiring a car? they (should) hirel(that) they hired a car.

'[: i tDrstappRovat/(&rs)SansrAer!o$t
s "This is good work."
s "l can't thank you enough for your help."
3 "l'm sorry but I can't stay."
* "Ouch!That needle hurts!"
s lN4V
purse is here. Oh,"thank goodness!"
r "Wow! What a fantastic hotel!"
+ He expressed his approval ol my work.
4 She expressed her (deep) gratitude for his help.
6 She expressed her regret at not being able to stay.
d He gave a cry of pain when he was given an injection.
q She gave a sigh of relief on finding her purse.
e He gave an exclamation of delight when he saw the hotel.

.r "l'm afraid He expressed his drssatisfactionldisappointment with her report.

I expected "_t
e Her repoft did not meet with his satisfaction. ,}.
your report to be better."
Her report did not comellive up tolfell shod of his expectations.

i:,,G::l Ge rIeATIoss/E EDucrEoro/AssuMpr!@N

"Someone must know." (assumption) + He sald that someone must know. !l'
"You must be here by ten." (obligation) + They said that we mustlhad tolwere to be there by ten.
"They must not be allowedin." (prohibition) + He said that they must notlwere not tolcould not he allowed in. ii
,1..., j Sxarr/tET,s !
I

"We shall be leaving early." (future) + He said that they would be leaving early.
"Shall I post it to you?" (request tor advice) + She askedlwondered if she shouldlwas to posf it to them.
"Shall I give you a hand?" (offer) + hlary olfered to give us a hand.
"Shall we have a party?" (suggestion) + Emma suggested (their) having a party.
"Let Fred do it; it's his job." (obligation) + He said Fred had tolshouldlwas to do if as lt was his job.
"Let him gol" (command) + He said that we had tolwere tolshould let him go. il
Sprcrnl Tnl NSFORMATIONS
e "There'S no way l'll agree." + She flatly refused to agree.
+ There is a rumour that/There is talk of... +
Rumour has it thatllt is rumoured thatlto be...
r She desperately wanted to know who had phoned. +
Her curiosity was aroused by the phone call.
s ',What would you do if yoU were me?" + She asked for my advice.
I "l can't make head or tail of this message ," + He was at a ,oss fo understand the message.
!r "Feed the cats and water the plants," + Parn's lnstructions/orders were to feed the cats and water the plants.
e "l'm not sure it would be wise to tell the police." + He guestioned the advisability of telling the police.
. He spoke so that we wouldn't hear him. + He saidlwhisperedlmuttered somelhing under his breath.
* "You can hardly expect me to do that." o
He said that what I was askrng her to do was unreasonable.
r "Pleadguilty." +
His advice wasto pleadguilty. r
"Nocomment." 4
Heretusedtocomment.

Onal Pnncrrce
1. Rita's teacher said that she was not satisfied with her essay. Rtls essay did...
i. "Yes! We've won!" he shouted in joy. He gove...
3. "Whatever happens, keep your head," her father told her. Her fathers...
4. "lf only I had been able to meet Lisa's mother," he said. He expressed...
5. Trevor suggested that we should throw a surprise party for Annabel. "what do...
6. "l'm truly sorry about not being able to attend the wedding," Carla said. carla expressed...
7. "Put the cat out and don't let him in till the morning," dad said, Dads...
8, "l am afraid that I cannot approve of such an obvious attempt at deceit," said Owen. lwen expressed...
9. "l think your decision not to sell the house just yet is wise, Joan," Frank said. Frank agreed with...
10. "Why don't you plant hybrid tea roses around the front lawn, Diane?" said her aun| Dione's aunt... ,i,
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{jiG] "Key" woRo TRnNsroRMATroN

' 1-. "Nothing will persuade me to sleep in that haunted house,,, she said. (ttaily)

2. "Yes, I did see the accused going into the cinema," said the witness. (seen)
The witness into the cinema,
3. "You don't appreciate me, Gerry," she complained, (took)
She granted.

4. "They say he's left his wife," Susannah said to me. (rumour)
Susannah said that left his wife. ,:

5, "Are you being served?" the shop assistant asked. (know)

The shop assistant ,..... served.
6. "You should have waited for us," the team leader said to John, (criticrsed)
The team leader for them
7. "You can't have your supper until you've washed your hands," said [Vartha's mother. (to)
Martha's mother t-

8. "l've never seen such awful living conditions as in this country," said the inspector. (horror)
The inspector

9. "l'm afraid your pedormance was not up to par, Sophie," he complained. (teil)
He complained that

10. I'm not sure we should raise our prices right now," the sales manager said. (advisability) '
The sales manager ............... at that time.
+ m1 *ffii

i. b,:1 DEREVATTVES

JAKE,S PnTDICAMENT
It was difficult not to (0)..,,... with Jake in his predicament, SYMPATHY
even though we had (1)...,........... so much about things in the past. DIFFERENT
I had always questioned the (2).....,,,, of his decision to marry Carla. WISE
Since the marriage, his family had (3)........ their attitude against him HARD
and he had shown (4)............... courage in the face of this hostility. ADMIRE
He had told me in all (5).....,. .,..... that he had nothing to live for. CONFIDE
No matter how (6)........ he had behaved in the past, he felt he didn't FOOL
deserve this, which only served lo (t)...,....... his sadness and despair. DEEP
This (8). by the very people he had always counted on was a REJECT
severe blow, and the (9).......,, of losing all contact with them was too THINK
I

much for him to r-\ear. lt was a (10)... time for him indeed. STHESS 1

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CoSMETICS
c Both women and men, it seems, have always had a (0),,...!g.qp.ine.ti.qn...... for changing their appearance
(1)................the aid of paints, powders, dyes and other (2)......
.. devices. The use of
-cosmetics, (3)................
from being a product of civilisation, originates from an inherent human

is believed to have painted his body, and at a later period the people of the Stone (7)...................,..... probably
decorated themselves in a similar fashion, However, the original motivation (8) prehistoric man's
use of paint Was different from (9)...... ........ which inspired civilised cultures to adopt
cosmetics (10).............. a way of enhancing or creating beauty.
Prehistoric man must have been conscious that he was a weak animal struggling against a hostile
environment. He had lo (11)... his own tools for hunting because Nature had not
provided him (12).,..,,. .... sharp teeth or claws or the overwhelming physical strength of the wild
beasts which roamed the ancient world. He decorated his skin with the markings of the most
.power{ul animals because he believed that by representing their
physical characteristics on his own body he
acquired some of their power. But his fear (t3)................. wild beasts remained as (14)..........
constantly disturbing and inexplicable phenomenon, and inspired (15) primitive man the
belief that mysterioUs forces which he was able neither to understand nor control were at work around him

0. marvel lfascination lwonder lfantasy 6.

human I man I one lworld 11. develop I use I adopt lacquire
f . in lto lwith lthrough 7.
Age I Epoch I Era I Period 12. for I in lwith lthrough

,
s 2. false I imitation I mock I artificial 8. to I in I at lfor 13. for I of I against lfrom
3. long lfar lwide I away 9. that I which I what / such ' 14. ever la lthe I if
4. want I enjoyment I desire ltendency 10. for lto I as I like '15. in lfor I on lto
5. ago I long I back I old

ffi fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word.

tr-lvrruc Irrr SpncE

We are living at a critical point in our history. Once (0)..... a time primitive people
feared storms and the night, and lived by superstitions. Th'en science rationalised things and created
order, and brought us to the point (r)...... ........ we could invent theories of creation and test
them in the laboratory. We began to feel omnipotent. We were aware that (2)......,. ... were
man-made threats which could wipe us ofi the (3).............,. of the Earth. But the
Universe would go on lor (4).......... ... . Now we are not (5),........ ..... sure. We
are becoming increasingly aware of our vulnerability, and so far have done very (6)...............
:l
about it. With planning we (7)....,. , one day, escape the Earth and colonise space.
After (8)..... , transatlantic flight is commonplace today but would have been
(s)....,.......... a dream in Columbus'time, five hundred years ago.
scientists believe that mankind's arrival is so improbable that it
is as if Nature conspired to bring il(11).......... . They see hints that the Universe
created life to be its agents for immortality. (12)....'........
As .... as we know, we are the ones
who have to carry out the task, (r3)..... ....... we can avoid extinction in the short term, then
we may propagate throughout space into the indefinite future. You and I have no (14).............
to life; we inherited it by chance. Now that we are here, we have the duty to (15) our
paft in the great human relay race.

/-l ] I.

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LUCKY EscAPtr
To this day I can't belieue my luch. I was concentrating on getting
home quich,ly from worlz and. I was a bit behind, schedule so I was
driuing slightly faster than usual. Naw, I'm not in the habtt of
speeding, and I certainly wasn't under the influence of alcohol,
Em, she's a little behind schedule, but suddenly I lost control of the car. I suspect someone had
Alan, but do come in. tampered with my brah,es, as without exception, I haue fiLy cdr
seruiced euery three months. I put her in a lower gear,but to no
effect. In an effort to sloru her down I ran into the side of the road
uh.ere I hit three bars..in quick succession and, trhen callided, with a milk uan at the bottom of the hiil.
The driuer jumped out and accused me of being drunk but he soorl saw that I wasn't. I was a neruous a

wreck - by rights I should haue been dead, but I walh,ed away from the rurechage without a scratch.
Of course, when I got home my wife was beside heryelf with. worry .,

i j F!Lt Eru wittt the appropriate prepositions. t'

i

r
check o control € + give an account.........
full + 3 the cards + the offing
doubt r) sure !a
delay + the double
L.
progress + way 3,
sorts o the weather

RTPHRASING
s persuade + talk sb into/out of * get sb to * o promise 0 pledge/swear/vodunderlake give one's *
get round sb o
bring/talk sb round lean on o o word o give an undertaking/an assurance/a guarantee
r'----
put pressure on/bring pressure to bear on o - 'l realise o occurto.o 6syy6on o sinftin o 5ss6r,
twistsb,sarm
aware of/that s wake up to the fact that
I say -) point out + put it o word it { make a ,. -r {^
have a low opinion of + 1e1v11 on
,

comment/observationiremark o drop a hint + lt1flt:',:-:f

come out with o blurt out
+ take a dim view of 0 not hold with + (notf go
along with + think badly of

,.,'[',.j,, Krv,, WoaE TnaelsroRMATloro

1. tr/any pedple do not approve of the new measures to control crime. (atong)
Few .,,,....... .,......r.,,,....,....... .,.. to controlcrime
2. I can't beiieve he said that to her face. (came)
lcan't ,!,,,,...,..; her face
3. He told us an amusing story about his trip to Finland. (account)
He ...,......,.. to Finland.
4. PIans are in progress for a new children's hospital. (way)
Plans ......... ...... children,s hospital.
5. lt's time you realised that he has no intention of paying that money back. (woke)
It's time you ,........... no intention of paying that money back.
6. The dressmaker promised Anna that her dress would be ready on time. (word)
The dressmaker .,,,.,..... . her dress would be ready on time.
7. Residents are trying to persrJade the company to relocate the factory. (bear)
Residents are trying to ...,........,., ...... to relocate the factory.
8. Many countries have yet to promise to abolish the use of landmine s. (undertaking)
lr/any countries have yet ............. of landmines.

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Knrp = ffigcE{ Expffirssg@rus ffiffiffi

o keep oneself to oneself: have little social contact; prefer one's own company
3 You can ask her to the parly but I doubt that she'll come - she likes to keep hersell to herself .
\) keep up appearances: make a good impression by hiding sth from others
* He lost all his fortune gambling, but to keep up appearances he sll// drives around in his Jaguar.
\) keep your head: not panic o Keep your head at the interview and l'm sure they'll take you on.
{ t9 keep an eye on: watch carefully; control
o Look at this bank statement - we'll have to try and keep an eye on our spending this month.
). o keep sth/sb at bay: prevent sth/sb from reaching/attacking/affecting one t Vitamin C keeps colds at bay.
o keep sb in suspense: delay telling sb what they eagerly want to know
) t Dad is not telling us where we are going for our holidays; he wants to keep us in suspense.
Q keep pace with: go/work as fast as sb else; advance at an equal rate
) * He is new to the job and is finding it extremely difficult to keep pace with his co-workers.
0 keep in touch (with sb): stay in contact (with sb)
t lfyougete-mail whenyougototheStales, ltwill besomucheasierforustokeepintouch.
O keep one's spirits/strength/morale/chin up: remain cheeduUstrong/confident
* The baftle-weary soldi.ers were finding it difficttlt to keep their spirits up.

r) pick up the pieces: get back to normal after a (personal) disaster

a Sarah took a long time to pick up the pieces after her fathef s death.
' O pick sb's pocket: steal sth from sb's pocket
a My wallet's mrssrng; someone must have picked my pocket on the crowded train.
) Q have a bone to pick with sb: have a reason to complain
t I've got a bone to pick with you. Who said you could use my tennis racket? l'm keeping an eye on
I pick sb's brains: ask sb for help/advice because they know more about the subject you in case that young
!
t Fred is an experl on electronics - why don't you pick his brains? man is still hanging around.
'j
; O pick one's way through/across: walk through/across very carefully :l
a We picked our way through the long grass, hoping not to come across a snake. .l

1 r)
+
pick a fight/quarrel: deliberately start a fight/quarrel
a
. lt's your own fault you've got a black eye; you shouldn't pick fights with people bigger than you. I

O pick holes in: criticise; find fault with t I think the plan is a good one so why are you picking hotes in it?
t',i r) pick sb/sth to pieces: criticise severely t t enjoyed the film, even though the critics picked it to pieces.
!
O pick up speed: increase speed a' The train picked up speed once it was out of the city timits.

rrl(6yn wono TRausponMATloit

1. Pam always maintains her composure in any crisis. (keeps)

Pam ....,,. .. idany crisis.
2. The book is slow in the beginning but the action gets faster after a while (picks)
The book is slow in the beginning .......,... while.
3. "Why do you criticise everything I do?" he said. (holes)
He wanted to ,........,,,.,, he did.
4. "lt is very difficult to stay up-to-date with technology," she complained. (pace)
She complained ..,..,..,.. .,.,.... with technology.
5. "We have a number of suspects under surveillance," said the detective. (keeping)
The detective said 1hey............ ......... suspects.
6. Readjusting one's life after a personal tragedy can be a very slow process. (pieces)
Picking ,. be a very slow process.
T, Staying cheerful in times of trouble is not something everyone can do," Val said. (sprnts)
' Val said that is not something everyone can do.
8. lt's a thriller that has you riveted all the way through. (suspense)
It's athriller . through.
9. l'm not happy with you - have you been telling lies about me? @ick)

10. "William is a very private person," remarked Amanda. (kept)

Amanda remarked ....., himself.
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Dnwru ATTACK
q,@, I
So men, unlessotherwise ind.icated., we attach, at d.awn on the 14th. Att
can say is you'ue been thoroughly aetted., and you're the best in the
world. Now, unfortunately our targets are widely scattered., but you
lads, more
It's becoming increasingly hand. Last
apparent that your training sandstorm,
methods just don't.work; that we are
AIbed. this off without dnyone getting fatally wounded. Now, the first gun
emplacement is easily accessible and Jones here is intimately
acquainted. with this dreo, so you'll be well-adaised to stick closely behind him. It's becoming
increasingly apparent that the enemy is running short of supplies, which can only help us.
I absolutely insist on seuecy - this rnission ls strietly confidential, of course
I don't haue to tell you that. If by chance you're captured, you'ue got your false Lebanese pl,pers and you
can all conaerse fluently in Arabic - the rest is up to you.

,::-li
(::,1s I Match the words in bold type with the sets of adverbs.
1

1. believe a. completely, greatly, thoroughly f.1 mL{E Et B $; O UUOe.:ay O t't S g

2. wounded b. definitely, positively, stubbornly a boldlYasserf

a' fully realise, clad
3. satisfied c. sincerely, strongly, mistakenly + pleasantly plump, surprised
3. insist l---
L^^^(
1 c. fatally, mortally, lightly, slightly I spotlessly c/ean
t eagerly await, devour
igl AoureflvE & NouN ColuoenrloNs 3 knit,

E. 1. conscientious a rich II. 1. thorny a. grace

2. brute b decision 2. takeover b. staff
3. snap c objector 3. saving c. statement
4. filthy r'--r
i_^,_l d force 4. skeleton d. thinking
5. laborious A power 5. sweeping e. problem
r-.'---
6. spending i_.-. -) f task b. wishful f. bid

i-.Q:,i M.G,Q" euoze TEsr

I suppose it was a (1).. .,,. ,,

thinking about it anpvay I nad a bad prernonition

about the inr minent takeover (2) ,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, {0r
our company, and had convinced rnyselt that I would Oe soon
out of a job anyway. I was part of a
(3)....,..:....... stafi keeping the factory going. but it would hrave been (4)...............
to imagine that the factory could ever Oe as Oig oi successful as before. thinking
I really don't think the worker6
(5)............... realise how close they are to losing their livelihood and how touch go
and
situation is. The only (6).......
.... grace lcan thi-nk of is that they will be obtiged
to pay us off
the
with a considerable sum of money in compensation.
1. i,,, bfute . . wishfui snap -r
{it" Iabo rious
2. :,.. forcg i. task -:, power Ll" bid
3. ,:r skeleton ir, takeover -: Sweeping d. laborious
4. ::, eOg0I -,. yy156111 :. SWeeping .T
6l
stu bborn
5. , fully I eagerly . strictly tl" easily
6. thorny conscientious saving fi,. wishfu
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So:UNES
I a booming economy e' screech to a halVstop/standstill I my stomach is rumbling
I business is booming s don't care/give a hoot/ o roar of applause/laughter/
e hum of conversation two hoots thunder

ffi

M,C.Q. Grozc Tesr

l'd been at the party for nearly two hours, and there was no sign of food, so my stomach was
(1)........,...... ..,.. . l\4ost of the people there were boring business types talking about how their
business was (2),...... and how the economy of such and such a country was not booming
enough for them to make a fortune, you know the type of stuff. euite frankly, I didn,t give two
f3)....,........,. whether they made a fortune or died of starvation, I was so bored. Then suddenly
a car (4)...... ... to a halt outside and this crazy man dressed like a clown ran into the room and
stafted throwing water over everyone, lt was the funniest thing l,ve ever seen, The (S),.......
qf qonve-fSaljon turned into a (6)..... of laughter. Tears were rolling down my cheeks
I was laughing so much. Suddenly the party was saved!

1. a. thundering ,r. booming e. screeching d. rumbling

, a. booming r.:. humming e. rumbling d. cracking
3. a. clanks ,.'. hoots e. hums J
U" hisses
4. a. thudded ,-t" fOafed e" screeched d. clanked
5. a. hiss i:i. chime e, boom 6'{
hum
o. a" roar i:. rumble c. chime d. crash

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(rN)EXPERTENCE

I s
DISCUSSION
wg $l
a be nerv to
r. olcj hand/pro r
know sth inside out
know one's onions/stuff i.
talk shop
sth around
put your heads NF(m
Fa \^s I

I kno,rv the ropes * know hardship/joy/sorrow I beon - By the looks of it,

'. go/live through r be green/wet behind the ears * sb

it out with (much) Ernest and lngrid

lack of experience s do iVsth with one's il thrash/hammer out n' be open to discussioni
are only hall
{ have been around eyes closed t be under discu ssion negotiation
serious about
getting manied.

, IMPRESSIONS I
t^^*^*-_-J - What do you mean,
hall serious?
r judgingbyffrom It to/byall appearances r haveanair/asemblanceof -lngridis.Ernestisn't,
*'beapparent
itlooksasif . bythelook$ofit $ onthesurfaceffaceofit r beundertheimpressionthat
3 come across as , show (no) signs of :{ have all the hallmarks of r create/have/rnake/give an imp resston

,€Ej Co.rED SENTENoEs (wtrH coMMoN woRD)

1. Our terms are laid down in the contract and are not ,...... to negotiation.
think l'll keep a(n)
I ..,......... mind until l've heard allthe evidence.
After the storm, the roof of the house is ........,....... to the elements.
2. The doctor said I needed a change of ,.................... so l'm going to the mountains for a week.
Our plans are still in the ....,..... but l'll be able to let you know definitely by next Friday.
She had a(n) ..,..............,... of such melancholy that she was rather a depressing dinner guest.
3. John's success only goes to ..........,.... that there,s no substitute.for hard work.
[t/y grandparents worked hard all their lives and yet had nothing to ......r,.,.,.....,.... for it at the end.
He seemed to .....,,........ no signs of regret or remorse for what he had done.
David
4. We were at a standstill until .. up with the idea of putting sand in the paint.
........,..
The plan for a new road up against so much opposition thai it naO to be dropped.
The new assistant .. across as clever simply because she used everyone else,s'ideas.
5. I sometimes play snooker at the club just to keep my ,...... in.
Uncle Tom's an old ...,... at house repairs so why don,t you ask his advice?
I wanted some time to think about it but they forced my ......,..,..............,.. by saying
I had to decide by Monday.
6. You need your ..,.... examined if you think dad will let you go alone.
l Let's put our .........,... together and see if we can work something out.
I think will roll in the marketing department when th'ey realise how low our profits will be this y

,.. ] *KEY, Wono TnarusponMATIoN

1. We are schbduled to discuss that matter at the next meetin g. (on)

That matter ....... the next meeting.
2, The police think the robbery was an inside job. (hailmarks)
The robbery
, according to the police.
3. Debbie is the only one who knows everything there is to know in this office (ropes)
The only one in is Debbie.
4. The least we can do is talk about his ideas for a while before we decide. (around)
The least we can do before we decide.
5. Apparently we'll have to start from scratch. (of)
By .,,........... start from scratch
6. A lot of people have been talking about his new film lately. (much)
His new film ......... lately
7. At first sight, it seems like a worthwhile plan of attack, but we, llsee. (face)
on,............. ................ a worthwhile plan of attack, but we'll see.
8. lf you're so angry with Kathy, why don't you setile the matter
lf you're so angry with Kathy, ...... ::::::: 1:':l wi,h her? j
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* Think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.

Srr A (based on FBEPOSITTOI{S & BEPHBASING, KEEP - PICK EXPRESSIONS, EXPBESSf,ruG,,.)

al
1. It's about time you it out with Trevor about the dirty trick he played on you.
The police said the fire ........,....
..,... allthe hallmarks of arson.
I can't believe you spoke to the boss like that; I didn't know you it in you.

2. It wasn't very clever to .............,. ..., a fight with such a big boy, was it?

Be careful what you say because I think they're here to our brains.

3. We ..,,,.,.......,. . . .......... ..,... over the vaiious proposals but didn't come to a decision.
He didn't agree at first but I eventually him round to my point of view.
.L

4. ln ............,...........r......,.....,, of your lack of experience, this is the most we can pay you.
They went down to Brighton with a(n) to buying a little house near the sea.
l'm afraid I take a dim .......,.... ....... of your behaviour during the school concert, Jones.

5. He has us his assurance that we'll all get a bonus at Chr:istmas.

Having his word not to see her again, he decided to emigrate to America.

6. P.D. James is an author who likes to ,, her ieaders in suspense.

The imporlant thing is to ................... your head in an emergency.
Jack has promised to ....................,... ...,.. in touch with us when he goes to lndia.

Ser B (guided)

1. Both of us had to get a second job to keep the ..,.................,. from the door. t rat
He's such a lone .. thatwe rarely see him out of working hours. a lion
A man like that is a(n) in sheep's clothing so be on your guard against him. a wolf

2. The lift is out of order and I really felt my .. climbing all those stairs. a time
NoboQy makes their own bread in this day and ..,,,.......
do they? 3 era
This is the ....................,. of the computer, so it's vital you learn to use one, $ age
rl
3. I have my .................,... full all day, cooking and cleaning for you and the children. t fingers
You have so much time on your these days, you should start a hobby o hands
He's not very good with his . , although he's a clever boy. €,afl?s

4. lt's hard to unhappy because she never smiles anyway.

, if Mary is o te//
I'll invite the neighbours to the pafty though I dare .........
they won't come. s speak
He didn't have much to ,....,,..,,..,. for himself when he came back from the interview a SOy

5. Judy will have to come to .................,,.. with the fact that she will never work again. o lerms
my
You either do this on . or you look for another job, young man. . words
uncertain
She told us in no . that we must be home by eleven, E WAYS

6. You could use dad's car but in that you must fill it up with petrol.
. o case
This is the first serious ...................,. of influenza we've had all winter, t fact
We must get home before dark in any .....".....,........ because the lights on a event
the car don't work.

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Human groups range in size and complexity, from primary groups such as the neighbourhood,,
'through social institutions such a,s schools, churches, ind.usiriei and, gouernments, to society as
, a-whole. Sociology concerns itself with the study of all these hinds of grolrps ood. how they affeci one
Sociologists haue deueloped their own leind of data from which they arriue at principles or lauss
explaining and describing lrumaru social behaaiour. They may h.oweuer combiie with other social
scientists such as anthropologists, economists, historians, and, politicat scientists in reseqrch
prog-ramtlles wherb each ad,is hii own potnts of uiew and, experience. They d.eq,t with such social problems
q.s those relating to marriage and the
family, crime and juuenile delinquency, urban and, riral life,
public opiniort, rclce relations and other aspects of group tiuing.
The study of sruall groups'is hnown as social oiganisation and, iiclud,es clubs, ted.rns, neighbourhood,
garlgs and larger organised groups such as churches, schools and prisons and, established, ways of
doing thirugs such as maruiagq the family and gouernmerut. This branch of sociology concerns itself witit
explaining how particular groups and, institutions operq.te, change and adapt.
V{hat ltappens to an indiuidual in these social groups and how indiuid,wals
ffict social group life is called.
social psychology. As group life deperuds upon conxm,unication, social psychologisti also stud,y means
I

I of communication such as press and teleaision, and the ways in which they iffect ind,iuiduals and,
)
groups. Ecology and demography together form anotlter major
field, of sociology. Ecology stud,ies how
social and economic factors, and, the physical distribution of populqtion. DeiLgraphy concerns itself
I with the study of populqtion a,s shown in rates of birth, marriage, diaorce, aioit , occupation
and economic conditions. "rt*n,

,
lDtoMs " EXPRESSTONS
.: to err is human: everybody makes mistakes .i, keep up with the Joneses: want things
: sb
club together: to get together to buy sth, help becius'e others have them
.: bad.blood: anger/unfriendly feelings between people r gang up on: bu.lly, get together to bully
: the law is an ass: the law makes no sense, sn irito itoing/not'Oding si-n
because it is man-made r
: man is a social animal: people need the company history is b[nk: therels no point learning
history, it is boring, meaningiess
of others , mutuil admiratio-n societyl two/a group of people
.; it's/as a matter of principle: (not) do sth who continually praise each other
because it is morally correct r from the crad[e'to the grave: all through one,s life

,.-l bl "KEY': wOnp TnarosroRMATlON

1. People may need the company of others, but some prefer their own. (man)
Although . , some people prefer their own company,
2. The Jones and Smith families seem always to be at loggerheads. (btood)
There the Jones and the Smith families.
3. I know we all make mistakes but did you really have to marry him? (human)
Iknow ......... but did you ieally have to marry him?
4. "The headmaster should not allow older boys to pick on the juniors,,,
said Mrs Brown, (on)

5. Many people say that nine times out of ten the law makes no sense. (ass)
It isoften ........ because it usually makes no sense.
6. Roy and Jackie never seem to have anything but good to say about each olher. (mutuat)
Roy and Jackie have ...,....... .. by the sounds of it,
7. Wanting what other people have is a waste of time, energy and money. (keep)
Trying .,,....., a waste of time, energy and money.
8. "l will not join the strike because I think it is morally incorrect,,, Fiona
said. (of)
Fiona said that ,,,..,...... would not join the strike,
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- fought (2), .... equality with men, "feminism" - the belief that women should have equal
(3).....,....... with men - and "sexism" - the belief that one sex is inferior (4).........,........ihe
other - became part of the language, Women finally began to be accepted in jobs traditionally reserved
for men, and today we have female postmen, female engineers, pilots and, in some countries, they even
work (5).... "nawies" on building sites.

t0 supplement the family income, to fulfit themselves, lo (7). up a challenge, or

simply to escape the boredom when the children have (8)............... ....... up and flown the nest. And
(e)......,...,..,,..,... ........... on.
However, there are still not many women, comparatively, in top jobs, and it is a common complaint that
' they must work (10)r than men, not (11).......
... to justify the position they
hold, but also to gain promotion.
ln some jobs they still (12)....... ......... less pay than men for the same work and even when
they work they usually have more responsibility for the children than the father. J

But things are changing. What will things be like in the future?
Some people argue that men and women are (13)....... to become more and more equal.
--.: They say that recent advertisements showing men (14).................:'........... care of the children and
,
(15).............. the housework reflect what is happening in socitity and feel this trend will continue.

',9i GappEE SENEENGE$ ' , : r'.',,' i,"r ' ,'; rj r"']r'

1. l've only one about buying the house, and that is the busy road it's on
We hadn't made a(n) ....... ....... at the restaurant so we had to wait ages for a table.
A lorry crashed into the central on the motorway

2. ls that ghastly woman any ............. ...... of yours?

ln the painting the people seem to be too large in .........:..,....... to the ships.
His story bore no to the truth

3. Not all snakes are able to wrap themselves around the ............. ...,.. of a tree. I

Which of the family do you come from?

As we were driving we came to a(n) .... in the road and didn't know which way to go.

4. A watch usually quite well till you have it fixed

Joe goes to the gym at night and ...... off his frustrations.
It usually .,. with children if you try listening to them

S. ffre extreme right ,.......... ,....... a lot of ground in the last election.
Maftha weight while she was on holiday.
Jimmy nothing by cheating in the exams because he still came bottom.

6. Clothes are often a(n) ,.,.....,... .'..... of the job a person does.
0n ..,........,,. ,,.., , lthink I preferthe blue one.
First thing in the morning is not a good time to come across one's ,,..,.... in the rnirror

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How To Rnlsr Morury Fon CHnRlry
I This year, uoluntary fund-raisers are expected to generate more than 100 million pounds for
charities in Britain. Many projects are small,
eueryone experiences the same sense of fun and achieuement that comes
l frorn tahing part and helping
others. Nothing is more satisfying than to see the nxoney rolling in your ou)n ffirts for a good
]
from
cd,use. If you want to help one of the larger charities, there are two ways to do so. The
first is to tahe
part in a natioru-i.uide actiuity - there are scores of intriguing projects on. offer.
Last summer, Spastics Society supporters raised, 30,000 pounds from a sponsored "jailbreah"
from
Dartmoor prLSon, '. in which the object was to get as far AS possible in 24 hours. Rugby
enthusiasts raised 25,000 pounds for Help the Aged through a charity run. Team members
from 1L4
clubs ran a mile each with a rugby ball from the north of Scotland to the south of Wales. Altematiu ely,
lou can plan your own euent, and the crazier the,ideas, the more publicity you cdn be assured of.
. When planning these,euents, it is aduisable to choose something you would enjoy doing yourself. If
not, the chances d,re no one else will enjoy it, either. It is also a good idea to consult your charity's area
rbpresentatiue. He or she can offer ualuable aduice, and is likely to haue a list of local companies who
might art as sponsors, Next, appoint your committee - eight to ten people is about right. Don,t
forget - too
line IO . maft! coohs spoil the broth. Find out if any celebrities liue in the area: rnost TY personalities lihe to 1

play a part in local life. Wen you haue decided on a reasonable charge, make it clear what
people will be getting for their nxoney. If you print in one corner of the ticlaet " 10 pounds to include
one drinh and buffet supper," people h,now where they are. "Raffie and auction" printed in the other
corner slrould be a sufficient hint to bring their ch.eque books. A local trauel agent migltt be persuaded to
donate a holiday as the rffie's first prize.

,.zri VgcaBULARY " Marcn

X. generate a. make news

2. hit the headlines b.. give
3. consult c. well-known people
4. celebrities d. produce, create
5. raffle e. suggestion, clue
6. auction t. check, discuss with
7. hint g. sale of things to highest bidder
L donate h. sale of tickets to win prizes

,.,_L.-l Ahswer with a word or short phrase.

1. According to the writer, what positive effects can taking part in these events have
on the individual?

2. Explain in your own words what the writer is referring to when he uses the expression
"too many cooks spoil the broth". (line l6)
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PInNNING Is EssINTIAL
Organisation is the key to a successful fund-raising euent. Young farmers of Nottingham raised 9,500
t' pounds on tlr.eir sponsored run, but they started planning more than d, yeo,r altead. Their seretary
began by contacting local firms to get sponsors. She wrote to more than 20 local authorities to obtairu
permission to collect iru their areas, and ruotified the chief of police in tltree counties. They showed
responsibility by putting flashing lights on their uehicle and keeping in contact with the police with a
two-way radio. Much the same sort of planning goes for other outdoor euents, such as a garden f\te
or car-boot sale. Remember to think of car-parking, safety of access and tlre problems posed by
unaccustomed trffic in a normally quiet area. For euen the smallest euent, notify the police; in case
of large crowds, a Red Cross team should be on hand.
Your scheme doesru't haue to be spectacular. Don't underestimate the humble coffee morning or bring- . Iine 10
and-buy sale, which can bring in surprisingly large sums of money.
It is uital to chech that your euent does not clash with another being Jteld on the same day - your
public library may haue a charity euents diary, and local newspapers often list future attractions.
, Always confirm tlte boohing of your site. And be careful not to ouerspend - a danger if you ltire
expensiue tnarquees or sound equipment.
Be cLear on sponsorship, which is basically of two kinds. The first is when, you collect a nuntber of
supporters wlto will each back you for, say, an agreed sunx per mile on a Z}-mile walh,. The second is
!
when a business firm helps to subsidise your euent, in return for free aduerttsing. Take care to thintz
out your first approarh to a potential sponsor. Don't ouerdo requests. Ifyou startby ashirug for 50,000
pounds it will reduce your credibility. Aboue all, enjoy your fund-raising. It requires dedication, and . line 20
hard work, but you not only help others, you uastly enrich your own life,

i,:E] voeaBulAny . flfarem

1. notified a. not usual

2. f6te b. support, sponsor
3. unaccustomed c. informed
a

4. clash with d. possible

5, marquees e. outdoor entertainment
6. back f. be on same date as
7. subsidise r_:l g. large tents
8. potentiai h. give money to

#ffi msrrer with a word or short phrase.

1. ln your own words, why does the writer use the word l'humble,, in reference to the coffee
. mornings? (line 10)

2. What does he mean by "reduce your credibilily" (line 20)?

3. ln a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise, in your own words as far as possible, what
could happen if you failed to plan ahead when organising an event.

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You are going to read an extract from a newspaper article. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the ertract.
Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (1.7). There is one ertra paragraph that you do not
needtouse'
wrrH THr Hrlp or Dolp.HlNS
It began as a deep rumble, shattering the pre-dawn
silence. Within minutes on that January morning in
1994, the Los Angeles area was in the grip of one of
the most destructive.earthquakes in its history. At Six
Flags lVagic MountAin theme park, 20 miles north of
the city, three dolphins were alone with their terror.
They swam frantically in circles as heavy concrete
pillar's collapsed around tlreir pool and roof tiles
crashed into the water.
r [a"it
Je.ff Siegel was born hyppractive, partially deaf and
lacking normal co-ordination. Since he couldn't
hear words clearly, he developed a severe speech
impediment that made it almost impossible for others
to understand him. At nursery school, the small
sandy-haired child was taunted for being backward
by other children, Even home was no iefuge. Jeff's
mother Bonnie was unprepared to deal with his
problems.
: hand{o{lipper "high'five" claps. To Jeff, the games
i :i
Furious, his mother hauled him back to school and
forced him to apologise to the teacher. The entire
class overheard. As the mispronounced and barely
intelligible words were dragged out of him, he became
instant prey for his classmates. To fend off the hostile
world, Jeff kept to isolated corners of the playground
and hid in his room at home, dreaming of a place
where he could be accepted. Then one day when Jeff
was nine, he went with his class to Los Angeles'
Marineland. At the dolphin show, he was electrified by
the energy and exuberant friendliness of the beautiful
animals,
He was transferred from the state school to the centre.
Over the next two years he became less anxious, and
his academic achievement improved dramatically. At
the start of his eighth year he returned, unwillingly, to
state school. Tests now showed his lQ to be above
130, the gifted range. Therapy had improved his
speech, but to classmates Jeff was still the victim. The
year was unfolding as the worst of Jetf's life until the
day his father took him to Sea World in San Diego,
Califoinia.
t'
,
The first to swim over was Grid Eye, the dominant
female in the pool. The 650-pound dolphin glided to
where Jeff sat and remained motionless below him.
Will she let me touch her? he wondered, putting his
hand in the water. As he stroked the dolphin's smooth
skin, Grid Eye inched closer.
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it was tmomeni oi iheeiCCitasV for the young boy.
The outgoing animals quickly became the friends Jeff
had never had, and he began to live from visit to visit.
And since the dolphin area was isolated at the far end
of Marineland, Jeff often found himself alone with the
playful creatures. One day Sharky, a young female,
glided just below the surface until her tail was in Jeff's
hand, and then stopped.
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When Sharky surfaced to breathe, boy and dolphin
;
faced each other for a minute, Jeff laughing and the
dolphin open-mouthed, grinning. Then Sharky circled
and put her tail back in Jeff's hand to start the game
again. The boy and the massive animals often played
tag, with Jeff and the dolphins racing round the pool
to slap a predetermihed point, or giving each other
were a magical connection that he alone shared with
the animals.
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He was unprepared for the result. Embarrassed
by the extent to which he'd been playing with
the dolphins without their knowledge, Marineland
management revoked his pass. Jeff returned home
numb with disbelief. For their part, Jeff's parents were
relieved. They could see no benefit to the time their
strange, misfit son was spending with the dolphins -
no benefit until a day in June 1984, when Bonnie
Siegel took an unexpected long-distance telephone
call. That evening she asked her son, "Have you
entered some kind of contest?" Sheepishly Jeff
confessed that he had written an essay for a highly-
coveted Earlhwatch scholarship. The winner would
spend a month in Hawaii with dolphin experts. Now,
telling his mother about it, he expected a tirade.
lnstead she said quietly, "Well, you won."
Though already holding down two jobs, he wanted to
do volunteer work with Magic Mountain's dolphins on
his days off. Suzanne Fortier gave him the chance -
and was immediately amazed. Of the 200 volunteers
she'd trained in ten years, she'd never seen anyone
with Jeff's intuitive ability with dolphins.
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and devoured books on marine biology. He became a
walking encyclopaedia on dolphins and, to his
They seemed to smile directly at him, something
family's amazement, braved his speech impediment to
that happened rarely in his life. The boy sat transfixed,
become a volunteer tour guide. ln 1983 Jeff wrote an
overuhelmed with emotion and a longing to stay. By
article for the American Cetacean Society's newsletter,
the end of thal school year, Jett's teachers had
describing his experiences with the [t/arineland
Iabelled him emotionally disturbed and learning
dolphins.
disabled. But testing at the nearby Switzer Centre
for children with disabilities showed Jeff to be
averageto-bright,. though so anxiety-ridden that his
fi/aths{est score indicated learning difficulties. Jeff spent the month in Hawaii, teaching strings of
commands to to test their memories. ln
dolphins
the autumn, he fulfilled another condition of the
Now what? he wondered, Suddenly Sharky dived a foot scholarship by giving a talk on marine mammals to
or so below the surJace, pulling Jeff's hand and arm fellow pupils at school. lt earned him, at last, grudging
undenryater. He laughed and pulled back without letting respect from his peers. After leaving school, Jeff
go. The dolphin dived again, deeper. Jeff pulled back struggled to find work at various marine-research jobs,
harder. lt was like a game of tug-of-war. supplementing the low pay by moonlighting. He also
continued his biology studies. ln February 1992, he
turned up at the'office of Suzanne Fortier, director of
Transporting dolphin is normally a routine
a marine-animaltraining at Six Flags Magic Mountain.
procedure, after it has been safely guided through
a tunnel and hoisted on a canvas sling. But the
water-level in the connecting tunnel was too low for
Brought up in a rigid, authoritarian household,
the animals to swim through. The three dolphins
she was overly strict and often made angry by his
would have to be caught in open water and then
differences. She simply wanted him to fiFin, His iather,
manoeuvred into the slings.
a police otficer, took extra jobs to make ends meet
and wps often gone for 16 hours a day. Anxious and
frightened on the first day of primary school,
Forty miles to the south, 2&year-old Jeff Siegel was
five-year-old Jeff climbed over the playground fence
thrown out of bed. Crawling to the window, Jeff looked
and ran home,
out at the convulsing city and thought of the creatures
who mattered more to him than anything else in the
world. /'ve got to get to the dolphins, he told himself.
They rescued me, and now they need me ta rescue The minute the boy saw the dolphins, the same rush

them. To those who had known Jeff in childhood, a of joy welled up in him. He stayed rooted to the spot
more unlikely hero could not have been imagined. as the sleek mammals glided past. Jeff worked to earn

money for an annual pass to ftIarineland, closer to his

home. On his first solo visit, he sat on the low wall
Jetf's acceptance by the dolphins boosted his surrounding the dolphin pool. The dolphins,
confidence, and he gradually emerged from his dark accustomed to being fed by visitors, soon approached

shell. He enrolled in a coursil at a nearby aquarium the astonished boy.

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