f;

rgh curuusrs (E)

l:., '

Despite tlee fract it has always been desirable to tell the truth, l'
Clnuses OF it has seldom been necessaty'
CorucrsstoN A. t. Barfuur

' e alth**ghlTkoughlEven ihoughlif he was I

Despitelln sPite oll \ his competence,... (noun)

Regardless of I lrrespective of I I (his) being competent, ... (gerund)
the fact that he is competent,... (that clause)
f
,-i1 HOWEVER/ , lt doesn't matter/lt makes no difference how tired you are, you mustn't go to sle
\-:- l
No MlrreR l{ow. * However tired you are, you mustn't go to s/eep.
+ Ao.l/Aov
* No matte r how tired you are, you mustn't go to sleep.
(E uo Marren (wHo, W+tlr, wHlcH, Wuens...l = WnoeveaitUxarcvealwHtcHEvERtwlEREvEl 1r

,'lt doesn't matter/make any difference who you (may) ask, they'll all tell you the same thing'
* f,Io matfe r who you (may) ask, they'll all tell you the same thing.
= Whoever you (may) ask, they'll all tell you the same thing.

. Ao.l/Aov + -nEven though she was/may have been desperate, she never asked anyone for
Txoucxtas 'o Desperate thoughlas she waslmay have been, she never asked anyone for he
, MUCH ASi Although I enjoy sailing, I would not want t0 own a yacht.
THoUGH Q\ Much aslthough I enioy sailing, I would not want to own a yacht-
Evru lr + They can/might invite me to the wedding but I won't go.
Wrne ToiSuollLo q Even if they were tolshould invite me to the wedding, I wouldn'tlwoln't go.

Cc{aE€GHs Hu,: [,ee,gq"Es @P $rsmmc.ft*

ADJEcrtvE o Nourl Vens + Noutl
; far + distance 'hot + temperature -'ask 0 request ,r want + desire
.- heavy .) weight cold ) ,-r keep on + persistence j try * atterrptieffort
.,strong + Strength )worse + deterioration t say * statement/claim '; smell 0 odour, stench
,'old o age '; better * imProvement VeRe + AoveRs/Aouecrlvs
,clever o intelligence 'r ripped, torn, etc. + condition of . + Ao.lrcrtvr+Noulu
I expensive =) cost . less/more o reduction/increase ,,: tasted horrible + horrible taste
- afraid -> fear 'j explain clearly + clear explanation
,., contribute a little + negligible contribution

na lot of * numberlamount of s no (money) ,) lacklshortage of

Sprcral Tnlxsronmlrl oNs

. Though he's never been to Japan, he's an expert on its culture'
'..' He has never been to Japan, and yet he s an expert on its culture.
-' Although he cancelled his subscription, they continued to send him the magazine.
=' He cancel/ed his subscnption. For all that, they continued to send him the magazine.
, Although they gave him every opportunity, he failed to come through,
--, Though given every opportunity, he failed to come through.
- Although he's fabulously wealthy, he dresses like a pauper. 4 For all his wealth, he dresses like a pauper.
- He couldn't pronounce the word no matter how hard he tried. o lry as he might, he couldn't pronounce the word
, Harold eats to live, but Barry lives to eat, + WhereaslWhile Harold eats to live, Barry lives to eat.
. He still refused, even though I kept begging him. o HoweverlNo matter how much I begged him, he still refused'
. Althoughtherewasastorm,theysetouttosea. +Thestorm nofwrlhstanding,they sef outtosea.

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GRArudtvnAR AruNE-VSIS

CLAUSTS OT RESULT

SucH/So... TnEr ffi so + AolecnvE + A/AN + Nounr

l
; She's such a bore that everybody avoids her. ;l The story was so absurd that even the magistrate laughed
.'" /f was so absurd a story that even the magistrate laughed.
--, He was in such pain that he couldn't move.
-, Ted was so happyto be home that he threw a party '; He accepted the offer because it was so generous.
' They scrubbed it so thoroughly that it shone.

6Ij roo + lAou + AlAr,r +/Mucx oF A/AN + Nour)/Nor ENoucH or + AlAu + Nouu + lunurrrve
' She's a cautious person and won't take risks.. r She's too cautious a person to take nsks.
' The children are so excited they can't sleep. t The children are too excited to s/eep.
.' He doesn't have the nerve/courage to stand up to him. r+ He's too much of a coward to stand up to him.
, Anne's too much of a realist to enjoy this book. q Anne's not enough of a romantic to enjoy this book.
I

CuausES OF PURPoSE
, The departure time was delayed so as to accommodate passengers
s9 a9.(notl,to i from connecting flights.
,-+ J3-J',;J-Jd'',;^J

in order (not) to i ., He stayed up later than usual in order not to miss the film
-ii+,in.*l-^>J i
so thatlin order that I ,r He turned off the light so that/in order that people would think they were out

with a view tol ! ': The leaders met in order to establish a ceasefire.
the aimlpurpose of I ',,, Tha leaders met with a view tolthe aimlpurpose of estabtishing a ceasefire.
in an effortlafiempt
*:';---,1
b I '*' The leaders met in an effortlattempt to esfab/rsh a ceasefire.
-r,i)
i , He left the room so as not to/in order not to confront them.
avoid + gerund ,( ,* He left the room to avoid confronting them.
-----gu-r_-;---\j

+
I

prevent + (sth/sb i
", The door was locked in order to keep out reporters,
,.' The door was locked to prevent reporters (from) getting inlentering.
--JL1H n+,s:!u!!-.i
' 'i

(of) "-, We should have an alternative plan in case the originalfails/should fail.
%!
,..- ilgrge I - ln case of an emergency, call me at this number.
, He kept quiet for fear of angering her father.
,,
ltu
f,o1l9ar (of
-/€;,
lthat) j
, He booked well in advance for fear that there wouldn't be seats.

onll PRlcrlcg ,'.:r', : . : ::r-:::r,-';:i::i:I+.-se e'esegf€ & pelrg;osej

1. They're always out whenever I call. No...
2. I appreciate your offer but I really don't need your help. lilach...
=r, Although she instructed them not to, the twins watched TV while she was out. Despite..,
4.- They offered the service free so that their customers wouldn't be inconvenienced, so as,..
5. The serving was so large he couldn't finish it by himself. tt was too...
5" He won't tell a lie because he's extremely honest. Hes tuo...
?. James didn't want to enter into an argument so he left the room. lames teft the room to...
8. Though appearing relaxed, he was actually quite nervous. Retaxed...
S. She was so frustrated by.the experience that she gave up. tt was such...

f i, Although it was snowing heavily they continued their climb to the next base camp. Notwithstanding..
12. I don't care how long it takes, it has to be done. However.'.

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 U,s.E @F, E i,ure u[i s,F,r!r

G ..xev,, WoRD TRANSFoRMATIoN

I

Although he tried hard to dissuade her, she went on the trip alone. (al)
on the trip alone.

quiet.

3. Fred tried hard to start the car, but without success. (how)
No .............
.':"""""""""". the car, nothing happened
ti. Although Judy was severely disabled she participated in many sports. (her)
Despite in many sports.
5. They remain close friends despite many arguments. (fatten)
' They remain close fiiends ..... manytimes.
i:. This matter is of the utmost importance and we should not turn a blind eye to it. (too)
This matter
';. He took out another loan so that he could keep his creditors albay. (aim)
He took out another loan .....,..... at bay
, The law applies equally to everyone, no matter how old they are. (iriespective)
=.
The law applies equally age,

We called in at the bank to apply for a credit card. (with)

=-.
We called in at the bank ...,,,.... .......,,............. a credit card
:+. Although the desert was intensely hot, they left the oasis and continued their journey . (notwithstanding)
The the oasis and continued theirjourney

DrRrvanves
A DnUGHTER FOR. Fnro
ln ............,,::iiii;r,;,il:ri!.......,,..... of the birth of his first daughter after four sons, CELEBHATE
and to the .... of all his friends who were present, Fred AMUSE
promised to buy us allwhatever our hearts desired, GENEROUS
whatever the cost. He also wanted us to r'.'.::
j,,.. him as a father, although it VALUE
was obvious he expected a glowing report, as he i:)..... pointed out how PROUD
well brought up his sons were, and how other parents spoke .i:r:....,,......... ENVY
of them. , he had always been a modest man, but now he TRADITION
wanted to share his ...... , not only with us, but with the whole world. EXCITE
He . , ,.,,.,.,.. ...,,.. calling his daughter something exotic, like Zamina FAVOUR
or Cleopatra, but admitted the final .r",.,,................... would be his wife's, as it had EHOOSE
always been, and he had never dared show any with her. AGHEE
j

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[=isr oti- EruG["IsLri]

--
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FONTMAITEJffiE
There is no doubt that portraiture is a tricky subject for artists. There are some people who have the
li knack, ..........-............ capturing faces and expressions, ... even thinking
about it, and they are fortunate, although they are not necessarily good artists. However, the idea
- ii'... painting portraits, whether in watercolour or oils, is particularly difficult should be
resisted - it is simply not true. ,'..:................
good painting, least of
,,........,....................... a
poftrait, can be built a shaky foundation, so before you begin to paint a face you
understand its structure and be of drawing it
convincingly. A good of getting to know the basics is [q g5s ] :, AS
a model and staft with a seltportrait. There are,ir,:.............
artists who have not painted
themselves at ;., time or another. You can also practise by drawing
photographs but ;, rr.................
. they are very good ones, they
are not always helpful. Furthermore, shapes and forms are often obscured by dark shadows and
bleached-out highlights. Photographs are morQ useful in the later i,r,:,.............
... of painting
. a portrait. lVost professional painters take photographs as a useful reference for details of clothing and
background, but .......,,.,.
,,1:i"r f61the face itself.

ri. of lonlinlat ii. have I ought I must I can il. alnolanylone

1. still I yet I without I just i" able I good lskilled lcapable by lsome lfrom
tr'A. with I
l" about I of I for I that 8" idea I way lstyle /process '|fr. alkough if unless even
I I I
3" AlNolThel1ne $" one I someone I yours I yourself i4" parts / sfages / aspecls / degrees
A. ail lwhich lthat I course 'lLr" some
I number lfew I alot 1$. usually I always I rarely I hardly
:1" in I on I at lwith

/<:= n .:i.
€lil FEEE eaeEa ef EErc ffiuacmhen"ed hBamks Ecr &he passeffi€ wEth sme suEEahBe waord,
'

Wonun. Foon Dnv

Chronic hunger and malnutrition represent the most compelling dilemma of our times. There are
i'-:;......f,'f,...... simple solutions but there are signs of hope, perhaps the most important of these
iTj...^................. the growing number of people {2}...................... recognise the reality and nature of the
interdependence i.:r...... nations. This recognition'of the vital links i,i]................ the
problems of food, trade and international finance was the impetus for establishing World Food Day. The
observance of World Food Day has encouraged ii1,..........,............... around the globe who share a
commitment a.ir.,..,...,.... eliminating hunger and malnutrition to focus on the needs of the
poor. {71. to the statisticians, the estimated i1i..,......... of people afflicted
by hunger and malnutrition is about 500 million. But {S)....,.... alone do not begin
to tell the real story of humiliation, sickness and suffering which that total represents. Conditions tacing
the rural poor and the unemployed urban dweller are steadily worsening and litile has been done to
reduce their vulnerability to the impact of {i{}J.... ..... harvests and natural calamities. Even
more depressing is the prospect of over on e and a half billion more people to be fed by the
2000. NeverthelesS, a declaration put 1i:.;. ....,.. by experts at
the end of the World Food Day Colloquium held in Rome in October 1982 struck a cautiously optimistic
note. lt read "More than ever before, humanity {i:ti........ the resources, capital, technology
and knowledge to promote development and to feed all people, both,'i, .....,................,.. and in
the future. :..1,............. the year 2000 the entire world population can befed and nourished,,
We shall have to wait and spe,

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uYlt PREpos[T[oNs & Ftit"-Ff-il RASINIG

AruIIGUA HUnRECAzuE
There has been widespread couerage of the hurricane Bobby which
recently struck the West Indian island of Antigua. Tlte forecast of its
arriual ruo,s a,ccurate to within six hours. It raged, witkaut respite,
for three days, and wos not confined, to Antigua alone, but caused
damage on neighbouring islands, too.In retrospect, more should haue
been done to protect local people. Worlting in conjunction with US
You can't stay confined to the
and Canadtan troops, the gouernment is proaiding people with food
house for ever, dear. Jqst face
and shelter, though lach of adequate equipment is making this a
it - he's not going to phone.
dfficult tash,. "It's like being under siege," said the Prime Minister.
"At first sight, I thought euerything was lost - all public works are at a
standstill. We are still', howeuer, on the brinh of a real disaster." In support of Antigua,
Jamaica has sent supplies and contributed to its recouery by sending people who qtecialise in
minimising hurricane damage. In reality the damage will take months, if ruot years, to put right,
and it is in doubt whether some of the old buildings will be restored to their former glory,

FlUf Eru with the appropriate prepositions.

agreement,
,...top......,,
J ,,... advance
l'rn in favour of the ban
on ivory trading. l'd like to
drive the point home to t'
t
a few more hunters, though,

.) make too much of c) blow sth out of all proportion o stretch the truth tt*-"::i.1f--1=:_'1
:r,:$.::-r::!'--r::
i::-,::i;i11:.l1l1 + play up + drive the point home o labour the point + with the accent on
I :.,:,s; + suffer a defeat (at the hands of) o meet one's match + come off worst o take a beating
; ::':i:rj:-:'l,e'r.:;,,i,,,.1 + have second thoughts + have a change of heart'+ revise one's opinion O do a Uturr

G "K=r" WoRD TnnrusrommATloru

'i. As long as you let us know well in advance, we can change your ticket for you. (time)
As long as ............... .......... r we can change your ticket for you.
i" The situation has been grossly exaggerated, l'm afraid. (proportion)

.i. The defendant accepted the judge's sentence in silence, apparently. (sound)
The defendant accepted . .... .-... ... , apparently.
"., Very few employees agreed with the new proposals. (favour)
Very few employees ......,,, proposals.
;r" Real tt/adrid lost heavily to Barcelona in the quarter final. (defeat)
RealMadrid in the quarter final.
6. Soames was given the post owing to his connections with the chairman. (reason)
Soames was appointed ........,...., with the chairman.
7. The company changed their minds and decided to withdraw the product from the market. (heart)
The company ................. to withdraw the product from the market.
8. Not only did we miss the flight, we also had to pay for another ticket. (addition)
ln ,.,..,......... .. to pay for another ticket.
q Many youngsters are addicied games. (hooked)
to video
Many ......... video games.
10" Although the article may make sense, I think it's making too much of the point. (tabouring)
The article may make sense, too much.
tl
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F€,#ttB - Lnv EXPREsstoru,s

\) hold fast/hold sth fast: not change one's mind when others try to persuade you to/hold sth tighfly and firmly
tl She always,,:...:;: . . :. to her principles.lHe moved along the ledge, ,',,,i,.,,:,r;., ,;l:,:, to the walt.
o hold out hOpe: have hope , Wedon't j'.;-1i,,, q,1.:r much't',-r.,: now, asthey've beenmrsslng forSdays.
o hold the fort; look after sth (a shop/business) while sb is away
\i Keith is on a business trip but his partneris i;,;i.ti;,:;i i.i;,r ,,,1l'r while he is away.
o hold court: be surrounded by many people who are paying attention because one is interesting or famous
Veronica was sifttng on the terrace i;,,'!ti;i',,i rlitirjii; as usua/.
o hold sb spellbound by one's words: fascinate, interest sb very much in what one says
/ was ,,'-lj.; jijr':rilrj,ii.iij:;r:.j ; :;.' r'1,11,' :,t:,.;:,::. and couldn't wait to meet her personally.
o hold sth dear: eonsider sth as precious; have affection for
Michael i:,:iri.s i:i.; i;::t: ',i,'.' "- ''- :.i:,:;i, dtld nevef lends them out.
o hold sb responsible: consider sb responsible for sth
My bOSS Will ;',t'jt; j:l'.: ,'i:r,; rr.:,1;i,,1r,i,1 fOf whateVef gOeS Wfong.
o hold in high eSteem have great respect/admiration for
Ne/son Mandela tLS ;;r;.., :.; ;;!;;i:: ,.:.:'..1tJ!i't all ovef the world.
All right everyone, l'm
going to i;::; '.lri;: rr:r
o lay claim to: say that sth belongs to you; claim that sth is true ,.:':,"' i.L':l - absenteeism

Three COuntrigS -dre 'i:' :...ir rr,, ;;ir:rjr ,., f. r that grOup Of uninhabited rS/andS. in this company has
o lay one's hands on: obtain (with difficulty) become a serious
DO yOU knOw whefe I C41 j,',',,' i!';,r rr,:r;"';". ,;i) a gOOd FrenCh teChniCal diCtiOnary? problem.
\) lay down one's life for: sacrifice one's life for
Tony is ihe besi friend I have in the whole wOrld; I'd:r:r:,/ ,,j,:;,i.riL :t't.: ii'tr; ;'t.:t hitn any day.
\> lay one's cards on the table: be honest/open about one's feelings/plans
He :;:ti jl:.t i:.';;:,j:: i:rit ,j,r:j ,i..j::,.;t: and told hiS employees that he waS facing..bankruptcy.
\> lay the foundations for: prepare the way for !
The historic meeting of the two presldenfs ;;;;c; i;;+ iri-ri.;;l*;liii:i,.;,: itir peacb between the fuvo countries.
o lay (sth) bare: reveal/expose -: She was ertremely timid and found it difficutt to :;ti i:,;;,t her feetings.
\) lay sth on the line: risk losing sth as a result of doing sth/express sth in a clear manner
By giving out company secrets, [/l/son is :.::r,,.,r,,r: ,:;i.:, ,j,.i,) r..,;: :,]':'t: !!r:+.
o lay down the law: give orders .i He's avery strictteacher and is alwayS jirj:rlili,i !,li-riittlj ,,jlr.: i:,1;;ii to hlS studenfs.

"KEY, WOno TRnr'lsroRMATIoN

"i= Mr Atkinson is a very well-respected member
of the community. (esteem) )
Mr Atkinson by the community.
'1. l'm having a hard time finding a second-hand petrol pump
for my car. (hands)
l'm having a hard time .,,......,. pump for my car
::. Although they tried hard to convince her, Claire would not change her opi nion. (fasf)
Try as they might to convince her, ............ opinion
i" Can you look after the shop for a couple of hours tomorrow? (hotd)
Can you for a couple of hours tomorrow?
e:. Derek does not appreciate that Lisa risked her career (line)
Derek does not appreciate that Lisa llu: l:lll: his job
;;:. Why don't you be frank with us and tell us what's on your mind? (cards)
Why don't you .........,.. ..... us what,s on your mind?
both say that the island is theirs. (tay)
island.
:i. My brother is very attached to his stamp collection, and keeps it locked up. (hotds)
My brother and keeps it locked up.
:;'" A true patriot would willingly die for his country. (Iife)
A true patriot his country
:+. They blamed her for the error, even though
:i: ::: :::: :::::: iJtiffi.j;"il:fi,i51n.,,,.

I
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 r9) ADVEMBS * CffiLE-@CATIGNIS

Tnr PnsslNG Or Aru Emn

"Well, I always was a great traueller, Brenda, but it's well-nigh
impossible to find anywltere uorth going any more. Charles and I used
a, to greatly enjoy our sojourns in the South of France, but that's before
),
i. the masses started, trauellin g, of course. I mean that part of the world was

would go. Beirug ertremely rich, we knew more royalty than

You see, Doctor;
practically anyorue else. I'm completely baffied why they let these
l'm not thoroughly
awful tourists fill up the beaches and restaurants - I find them highly
convinced I need glasses
annoying. Our fauourite hotel tn Nice seems to be permanently booked.
solid. In fact, the whole of Prouence has changed drastically. I
thoroughly deplore thb fact that euen my chauffeur and cooh go there on holiday. And I was
completely d.umbfounded one year when I saw our gardener in tlte casino. Far too many people are
upwardly mobile as far as I can see. I distinctly recall the days when the person at the next table
in a restaurant would be a Duhe or a Baron, not a bus driuer. I'm d,eeply uexed, by the whole business.
We may euen sell the house in Cannes. Another biscuit, dear?"

-,
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\-j_:l AIBnr l€ e # &LLot:,,ii:l @ha s
Eq
g

, r' thoroughly convinced, prepared

. impossible generally, universally, officially, widely i
i:: deeply offended, engrossed
completely, flatly, totally vividly describe, recount
vaguely allude (to), familiar
, -,,. reject [] almost, practically, virtually face squarely
.:, enjoy enormously, immensely, very much profoundly religious, imbued
I
^:,,iru<,;-l;rtqr;i.;r:j.i':r).t;*:;-..',r,J{:.; \:{,1t,:1

E" 1. d rsce rn ble r^-___ j ,,, explanation !5 1

official ,,r, r€ffi€ttk, death, visit
z" last improvement, difference momentary r.,, value, interest, quali
3. climatic respect, benefit, friend, feelings .s. untimely r , point,
luestion
A plausible , prospect, task rl unanimous , r confirmation, staten
L
--: .
- :.
E mutual i____-,., name, wofd, time, resort intrinsic . approval, vote, decir
6. daunting i---.-l : effects, conditions, changes b" moot r, weaknesS
:

G] nn.e"Q" Groze TEST

There has been ,. confirmation of the death of George Handelsman. His body was
found in a remote Amazonian village by telephone engineers, according to a Brazilian newspaper. His
friends and colleagues are ' convinced that he was murdered because he knew too
much. According to them, the only explanation for his death is that he had
discovered plans to expand the drugs trade in the area. A(n) ,l:i,......
religious man, he was
both feared and respected by natives and drug traffickers alike. His i,;i,..................... death at the age
of 48 will be a blow to the local tribes, for whom he had fought in the Brazilian Parliament. He had
made a {6}........ difierence to the way they had been treated
1. ,,, mutual official flat moot
2. . vividly immensely vaguely thoro ughly
.:, plausible
' ..
t}.
" daunting discernible untimely
4. .,. upwardly , distinctly profoundly practically
5. intrinsic untimely plausible mutual
h
discernible daunting square deep
:
t,
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 REE_ATEM WOMMS

M.O.VEMENT
' i in full swing ;: start/get the ball rolling .r duck one's responsibilities i
; jostle for (position) :, a slip of the tongue ir, get (back) into the swing of

twitch

skid

bounce

slither

M,C.O. Oloze Tesr

The party was in full , by the time I arrived, I was feeling a litfle nervous and shy, so
I had a couple of drinks to relax, Suddenly I looked across the room and saw a woman who made my
heart itr:..... . I couldn't help staring at her. Then she turned towards me and smiled.
I smiled back. I just hoped I wasn't ... backwards and forwards after my two drinks.
Finally, I plucked up courage and walked over to her and started a conversation. To get the ball
i,jj..,,..........,....... , I asked her about her job, but I was so busy looking at her, I didn,t really get the
1-1

i,jj..,.........,..,,...., of what she was talking about, Suddenly I heard myself saying ,,That,s interesting, my
brother is a liar, too." She looked at me strangely and said "No, I said I was a lawyer.,,
- ' "l'm so sorry," I stammgred, "Just a of.-the tonEue." Not a good start to the evening.

1" ', gear swing '0."Sway

i.l. rock
2. swing trip 'e.'flutter i.i. glide
, rolling gliding e.'drifiing ::" swaying
A
drifting rolling e. bouncing
'.1" vaulting
,. drift idea c. opinion r.,. slip
6. :.. trip skid s. slip r.l. vault

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.4./4' ExpRESSE'ruG.""
')
, SotvtttrclDEAltNc
L v v J Lra
WrrH A PRosLrM
tr g L€ astsi J'q+^^;;di,."lfu<-^J
)

+ work out s clear up (sth) r come up with a solution

r figure out * sort (sb/sth/itself) out 3 put (sb/sth) righVto rights
:
?*P;#a=nff, r resolve itself I straighten (sb/sthl oyt I ilon out (sth/a problem/the difficulties)
-*SE-g-x-s
Mr Woods goes to great pains to
, THINK ) ;}+ii4€i^u
establish a with his students.
.' occur to e' sleep on it .l cross sb's mind o be wrapped up in
r'dwell on .' spring to mind .' toy with the idea 'r' off the
top of your head
a * go down r weigh up I the way I see it I take it for granted I turn sth over in your mind
L_osE ) I be behind '
e not be in the running l.*,Iry-ori
a be a pushover * have a stab at put one's mind to sth
i' I bend over backwards to do sth
I norvhere to be found i o tryone's hand at .r giVe sth one's best shot {,go to/take great pains to do sth
r lose one's bearings * pull out all the stops i'go out of one's way to do sth r'take the trouble to do sth (= bothefl

G e appED S E N T E N e E S { U,lfFTF,?,c0j tr"rf ii{ 0 llJi'il,l # &2 fri}"i

:. Iaccepted their invitation like a(n) ....... because l'd never been to Spain before.
Winning the contract to build his house was a(n)
....... in the arm for our new company
I doubt whether l'll win this race but l'll give it my best ,,,.,..,,.,:,...........,,, anyway.
:i. I suppose you know your own
....... best, but I wouldn't work for such a low salary.
Wnen I had turned it over in my ...........
once or twice, ldecided against going.
As she was telling us what had happened, it crossed my that she was lying. ..........
.:. .........
He called for help at the of his voice but no one heard'him,
a
I can't give you an answer off the .,.,... of my head, you know.
They are engaged in ........,..,,,.. secret work for the government.
+" We were so embarrassed by what he said that we didn't know which .,....... to look.
We could buy a new house or renovate this one, but either it's going to be expensive,
You might have thanked me when l'd gone out of my ..,.... to help you with this.
i:,. lf you ....... your mind to it, you can get it finished before five.
ii
I

A single red rose at each place setting will ,...,........

the finishing touch to the dining table, ,l

I made a bad mistake at the very beginning and I don't know how l'm going to ......,........... it.right.
::: When the policeman approached him, Trevor
........ his head and ran for it.
We're late because we ..,,,....,..,.
our bearings in allthose narrow little streets.
Walking by the river was so peaceful that I ..........
track of time and missed my bus.

.'..Tl *ffisy,, Wono TRANsFoRMATIoN

'i. I think this ditficult situation will resolve itself after a while. :.,.rr:;;!

after a while.
!. There was nothing he wouldn't do to try and help us. ,-::;',:ir,
He .,.....,...... ...,..,,... us,
rj. He didn't think she would tell everybody about the meeting ;,,;;
I1 ..........,....,. tell everybody about the meeting
,'1. Both candidates were trying hard to avoid the issue. ,,.,,,:,,i;
Both candidates .........., the issue
:-. The two sides met with a view to settling the problem. ., ,

the problem.
::. Don't decide right away - give it some thought and ring me next week.
Don't decide right away week
i. The mayor did everything imaginable to impress the visiting dignitaiies
The mayor the visiting dignitaries
,,:. I had such faith in him that it never entered my head that he was lying.
Such was my faith in him he was lying
:

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 [r-nltu 0tF EruG[-usi]il

Gappeo SsNreilees (wtrH coMMoN woBD)

Ser A (based m
|!ff9:T19ff^&IEPHBAs,rrc,
cot tocATloils, REIATED lyonos)
L00K ExpREss,oNs, AoyEEBs .
l1

- i. find that jogging in the morning makes me

I ..........,.. up an appetite.
Harry has a lot of problems to............,,. out with his wife and family.
We are way behind schedule so everyone will have to ........,......
overtime.
.1" Clara always bends over ........... .. to help her friends.
David knew the business ,..............., by the end of his first year of employment.
. lf you spell the word "radar ................
you still get "radar,,.
ir. I hope those old water pipes don't........,, ... a leak while we,re away.
Let's .,..,...... .. a surprise on John and invite l\Iarion to the party,
I don't know why it should suddenly .,..,...,..:........ to mind but it,s a year since Henry died.
' .," I felt a terrible ....,:.......,......
of pain in my left leg when I slipped on Ken,s toy trains.
It's a lot of work, I know, but l'm sure you'll have a good .........,
... at it.
Linda's refusal to help Peter pay off his loan came as a real in the back.
,-. The I see it, we either pay the fine or go to jail.
Please keep out of dad's when he's cleaning the car.
I was late because I lost my on those back cduntry roads.
:i, Agassi had a tough match yesterday but finally managed to .........,.....
out on top.
I don't know what to buy Jane for her birthday but I will doubflessly
.. up with something
One has to ........,......
to grips with one's problems if one wants to succeed in life.

Ser B (guided)

'i. lt looks like a simple task on the ,.............,^..,.. of it but l'll need a few more details. a look
She found it hard to keep a straight . when she saw what he was wearing. a face
That new shopping mall has changed the .............,.....,. of my hometown entirely. a front
!i. I spent hours getting to Tina's flat only to ......, ....
....,. that she had gone out for the day .r see
It will take time to . your feet in this office but I know you will enjoy the job. a discover
She looked so happy I couldn't . it in my heart to tell her the truth. a find
l':. I had to put Jimmy in his .....,.... when he kept talking in church. * place
The silver cup I won for gymnastics takes pride of .. in the sitting room. e part
That old fridge looks really out of ..,.,,,.,..,......,.. in your ultra-modern kitchen. a order
4. If Janet doesn't get her own ..................... , she makes an aMul fuss. r side
You've put the cassette in the wrong . round, I think. { turn
Peter really knows his .,..,.........;,,,;.; oroufld the back streets of London. o way
S. Everyone . on Johnny because he was useless at sport. a looked
She said very little and only . at her food so I don,t think she,s very well. t picked
We went slowly through the town but ....,...........,.... up speed on the dual carriageway a went
,3" Half the ....,......,.,....... witfr Tommy is that he's so lazy.
n problem
Billy's in a spot of ...,,.....,.,...,,... with the police because of a watch he said he,d found ,t luss
I don't think you realise the ....,,...,..., ve taken to get you these tickets, t trouble

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 -9b E:'o,pnc B/&crtmu'LAffiv &
Bmnovds ExpmESSnoNS /
&ctEklc_E
Wecall the organised hnowledge of nature, "science", especially natural science. Natural science
'includes such, branches as physics, chemistry, zoology, botany, geology
und astronomy, the study of
which is known as pure science. Then there is applied. science which includes engineering,
pharntacy, animal husbandry, forestry and nauigation. Our aim in pure science is to find and test
basic hnowledge which is built around ruajor ideas, or seientific principles. In applied science the
principles of pure scieruce are put to worlz in the solution of eueryday problems.
Physics is primarily a study of energy such as heat, light, electricity, sound, and mechanical and
atomic energy. Physicists, chemists, astronomers and. geologists need to haue a good understandirug of
the principles of physics. So olso do engineers and doctors, opticians, weq,ther forecasters and
maruy oth.ers. A knowledge of botany is importarut not only to botanists but also to those worhing in such
areas o,s forestry, pharrnacy and farming. Lines diuiding the uarious sciences q.re not often clear. For
instance, radioactiuity concerns both chemists and'physicists; biochemistry is the prouiruce of chemists
and biologists ; geophysics is geology and phy sics.
Aeroplanes, radio, teleuision und labour-sauing deuices are applications of scientific principles. The
scientific method, howeuer, that scientists use to find, and test lenowledge, has also been useful in such
sqcial sciences as sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics and ed,ucation.
The metltod is not a simple orue. Exploratory experiments may be needed in order to mahe the problent
clear. A conclusion may turn out to be a good "hypothests" for a more careful experiment, arud attempts
to aerify tlte conclusion may mereLy result in new problems and new hypotheses. Often tltere are seueral,
equally reasonable, hypotheses a.rud these are called "worhirug hypotheses". And of course hypotheses are
discqrded when prouen false.

t
loronns " Expnesslolrs

: good as gold: description of sb who .:' nerves of steel: describing sb who

behaves very well
; set the wheels turning/in motion: do sth to
get a process started
= not have an atom of sense: a very small
amount of common sense
j be in one's elementr in a situation one
enjoys/in which one does sth very well
-:' blind sb with science: explain sth to sb in a
scientilic way so that they do not understand
is not afraid in any situation
;' square the circle: (seemingly) do the impossible
.+ cog in the machine: a person having a small
(and unimportant) role in a large organisation
; do a 180o turn (of attitude): to change one's
mind completely, reverse one's attitude
.: a mercurial temper: a very quick temper ,
: in the heat of the moment: in a state of strong
emotion, anger or excitement

'i. ln this company, nobody's job is regarded as importoflt. ,:,,.,.,

Everyone is just a ...,... this company's concerned.
:;. Dad has changed his mind completely and says you can take the car after all. ..,iir-r,
Dad and says you can take the car after all.
1

l
:i. Trapeze artists who perform without a net must have tremendous courage. ;1;:,,,,.:1',,;,
Trapeze artists ....... without a net.
4. Eric is never happier than when he's out on the lake in his boat, ' ,::,:1,::,;..."1
Eriq he's out on the lake in his boat.
l-r. The negotiator achieved the impossible when he got both sides to meet for talks. .i,;;:.,::,,:.. ,

The negotiator ..,.,,.. getting both sides to meet for talks.

5" lf you peel some potatoes it will get us started. . . ,'
You can ....... peeling some potatoes.
?, . You just don't think at all, giving a lift to perfect strangers. ,':.:: :

You giving a lift to perfect strangers

i" Could you leave out the technical details and tell me how this battery works? . 'r l

Without . , can you tell me how this battery works?

G !
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 Lnss ffiF Erueffi*srl
.t.t ,.-l
\-:-J

EtrcFrzusB-ffiGV
I
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Science and technology are ............r....... related. Technology uses the discoveries of science to
produce tools, machines and methods ........ may be used in industry, communications,

technology are often used by scientists , ............... further their investigations. Major
industries use advanced production techniques :,....................... as automation, health institutions use
laser, beam swgery and, similarly, in most other everyday activities use is made iii,l
upto-date scientific knowledge. The electronics, aerospace and national defence industries are
generallyhighlyqdvancedtechnologically.Agriculture,ontheother r.r;............... isatechnologically
backward industry in most : . ,............... ..,.. of the world, Even in the most advanced nations,
comparatively few farms use all the advanced machines and techniques developed by agricultural
technology. The making of tools and machines , ,1.,,,...,.. ..... most of man's history has been
, the .....\............ of craftsmen. Their skills have been handed , ',,'.......... from
generation to generation. Progress has often been slow, depending rr,"1r.......,.... chance
discoveries. Until more recently, no attempt was made to ascertain the scientific principles behind
various techniques used by crafismen, and their skills were often considered gifts of the gods. The study
of nature which today is the field of science was left to philosophers and religious thinkers,
r, ;.,........... studies and conclusions seldoffr '."r,........ ...,.... any relation to
practical problems. The Greek philosopher and scientist, Archimede!, was exceptional in that he used
his discoveries in physics and mechanics to :'ri1,............ ...... many useful
machines. Until World War ll the scientist often worked and studied with no concern for, and often
uninformed ''i:'i.......,...,. , the problems of everyday life. The technologist used whatever
scientific knowledge he found useful but made no attempt to inform scientists of how he was applying
the they discovered.

i" Dad's in his ..... marking school books.

When Peter was young, he made a(n) ...,......, of British butterflies.
Jenny's face was a(n) .. of concentration during the Latin exam
2" lt was a(n) .... ... accident that I should run into Mr Robinson
ls this water ...,.. enough to drink? a

Jimmy failed his exams because he's bone idle, and simple
3. Take very good before you shoot at an elephant.
ti
John's........,.,.,. in life is to become a teacher.
The of this lesson is to improve pronunciation.

4. The latest ,......... of "Hamlet" is one of the best l've seen

. When do you intend to go into ,.... .. with the new books?
You may only enter these doors on ... of a membership card

Thomas has finally
This antique furniture was
S" The first time I played oh a
Richard lll died on the
What .,,.,.......
,. in his notice, three months after he said he would
down to me by my grandmother
cricket .. was when I was ten
of battle and was succeeded by Henry Tudor
of science do you wish to study at university?

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 USm @,F Eh!,qft F:El$lHli

t0E_ *urERvtEws
'Job interuiewing is a minefi,eld. Many excellent people haue been rejected
because of a single faux pas,
libe hauing socks which. sagged, or being ouer-familiar with the interuiewer. There is no trick
for being the perfect interuiewee, but you can increase your odds by hnowing what you're up against.
When asked what tlt ey want from a job, marry candidates dodge the question by giuing a generic, safe
answer. To mahe a better impression, you should prepare yourself by writing an "employment ad" that
' describes your dredm job. Include a headline and seueral adjectiues outlining the conxpany, the job and,
yourself. This forces you to concentrate on exactly what you want and what you haue to offer euen if
the interuiewer doesn't ask you.
Sometlting would-be employers are not too keen on hearing is that son'teone teft their last job
Iine 10 because th.ey couldn't get on with their boss. This, understandably, puts up a red flag. It is better to
.
, al
concentrate on business reasors for joining a neu) compo.ny. People are often ashed why they
arc switching co.reers, and to giue the reply that you want to try something dffirent can giue the
impression that you don't hnow where you're going. Instead, you should explain that your sh,ills,
personality and goals are more suited to the new cd,reer, or that you want to add something to your
experience that will help you achieue a longer-term goal. You should also be careful how you o,nswer
the question of wltere you want to be in 5 years' time. Not hauing o,n ansu)er, or hauing an answer that
is inconsistent with the company's own goals are obuiously unsatisfactory, and you can also alarm
your interuiewer by giuing th.e impression that the job is merely a stop-off on the way to something
t bigger for you. An organisation may fear that, if tahen on, such a candidate would spend more time
Iine 20 . jocheying for the next position than worh,ing.

faux pas :--i cefta n

over-familiar potential
surejire not matching
increase one's odds -: too friendly
dodge temporary stop
' would-be improve one's chances
' inconsistent avoid
' stop-off socially embarrassing mistake

: Why is it that saying you couldn't get on with your previous boss "puts up a red tlag" (line 10)?

,,.. Explain, in your own words, what the writer means by "jockeying for the next position" (line 20)?

I
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Tulru x Eeso&E You Sprax

One question. that many candidates mess up is when they are ashed what their greatest achieuements
ti are. They tend to talh about responsibilities rather than results, "I wrote the copy, superuised tlte
photograplry and proof-read the layouts," rather tlt an, " First we loohed at the strategy of the company.
Then we researched the audience. Then we determined what sort of paybach, we could achieue...". This
dnswer describes the big picture, not just the actiuities. Candidates are often ashed wltat th.eir strengths
and weahnesses ore. Many people try to highlight uague rueah,nesses that canbe uiewed as assets. They
say, "I'm impl,tient," hoping the interuiewer will see them as a go-getter. Or "I work such long hours line 7

that mry family hardly euer see me." Tlterefore you're a dedicated worher. Unfortunately, most
interuiewers are used to this line and tired of hearing it. Instead, be honest, but emphasise the actions line I
you'ue taken to deal with a weakness, saying somethirug lihe "Sometimes I would push bach, deadlines
to turn in h.igher quality work. Howeuer, I'ue learned to delegate fiiore." As for strengths, you should
limit yourself to three examples, all of them showing benefits to tlte company.
If asked ltow you thiruk you wilL get on with your future boss, tell the interuiewer that you concentrate on
tlte job and tlrc results, and that you are flexible eruough to worh with almost anyone. If the question is
euen more explicit, such as "Describe the worst boss you haue euer worh,ed for," couch ylur answer as a
disagreement ouer a business issue or as a dffirerrce in styles - not as a personal dislilze. Don't be
surprised or annoyed if you are ash,ed how your health is, if you are married or if you haue any children.
Chances are that the interuiewer is really aslzirug how much you are willing to trauel or worlt, ouertime.

i Al Y.,l;.j:::i-;ra!i.j,i!rri . :jt ,i i':: :t':r l-l

,. meSS Up
((
(--.--.-J ar. open/direct
:.:. strategy i _ _.--) l:.:'" spoil, do badly
tl
-.r. highlight L^^-J r.:,, give work to someone else
-:. assets tt
,.-.^.4 i:i, emphasise
,. deadlines ,)
.r-.--^.?
s. plan'
.,. delegate (\
-------,
L_- .--J [, able to change
';'" flexible t----1 !
i^_--,' .{.1" point in time something must be done by
r'..'" --
i:. explicit i ___l

r--

( g***rer *,..lltlt il ";:,i:;:'r; i::r' Sili:e:'E pPafeSe,

- 1. What is your understanding of the word "go-geller" (line 7)?

:t. What does "this line" refer lo (line 9)?

:.i. ln a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarise in your own words as far as possible,
the mistakes an interviewee should avoid during an interview.

L37l
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You are going to read an ertract from a newspaper artic;le. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the ertract.
Choose from the paragraphs A-H the one which fits each gap (l-7). There is one ertra paragraph which you do not
need to use.
GIvING Hopr To THr HopETESS
As Mrs Pep Atkins approached Lilian Baylis School
with her 11-year-old son Glyn, her heart sank.
Disappointed by interviews at most of the other
secondary schools in_ the run-down inner-city borough
of Lambeth, she already had half a mind to 3end Glyn
to her native Ghana for his education. She saw
nothing to lift her spirits in this South London mixed
comprehensive, its sprawling, vandalised buildings
defaced by graffiti.
Her belief was justified. Today, after five years at Lilian
Baylis School (named aftdr the determined woman
who brought Shakespeare to the Old Vic music hall
half a mile away), Glyn is working at a college of
further education for A levels in Business Studies,
Sociology and Law. He aims to be a barrister. Within a
decade Hazel Hardy, now 57, with her deputy heads
Daya Moodley and Cliff Stubbs, has turned a blighted,
unhappy school, plagued by disruptive pupils, into an
exciting educational adventure, universally admired as
t
a showcase of what good teaching can achieve.
It was not always like that. When Hazel took over in
1983, she faced a daunting challenge. She had to
create the school from scratch, using the dilapidated
buildings of Beaufoy, an existing boys' school, and
merging its teachers and pupils with those of newly
closed Vauxhall Manor school for girls. parents,
pupils, even some teachers, resented the merger. "The
children didn't want to be with us," she recalls, "and
they let us know it." The school, already damaged,
suffered more broken windows. Graffiti spread. pupils
showed little respect for teachers. Truancy soared.
"After that filst year of indiscipline, anger and
vandalism, there was nowhere to go but up."
So on a wet winter's night, Hazel Hardy and Daya
Moodley, a Hindu from South Africa whd has taught
for many years in London schools, ventured out to visit
the wrongdoers' parents. They were nervous of being
mugge$ in the ill-lit streets, but even more of meeting
a hostile response when they told parents thefr
offspring were badly behaved and disruptive.
That moment saw the start of Hazel's Family
Programme, a unique initiative to involve parenti
deeply in their children's school work and draw in
whole families to study together outside school hours.
Says Hazel, "0ur vision has been the idealistic
concept of the village school - open, welcoming,
accessible, days, evenings and weekends."
G !i
ffiEADING
So successfully has this vision been achieved that in
July 1990, Lilian Baylis beat 2BZ contenders to
win the biggest educational award ever to go to a
British school: t100,000 top prize from The JErwood
Award, a foundation set up by philanthropic pearl
merchant John Jenryood "for an original and significant
contribution to the theory and practice of education."
,]:
#* t,
Soon they were visiting three homes an evening, twice
a week. Over the next five years, they mei more
than 750 families. lf ever Hazel felt like flagging, the
memory of one single mother's moving words about
her little girl would reinforce her resolve to make the
school a source of success. "Look after her for me,"
the woman said. "She's all l've got."
With parents recruited as valuable allies, the school
has become a centre for the whole family. Children
at the 51 primary schools that "feed" Lilian Baylis
come with their parents to learn what to expect when
they move up. "At other schools I visited, you can
meet teachers after hours," one visiting primary-school
mother told me, "but you really need to see what the
pupils are like. l'm very impressed by children here.
They don't mumble and hide away - they can carry on
a coherent conversation."
i
j
On the Costain course Mrs Carol Brennan sat with her
son and daughter, discovering how to estimate the
cost of building a bridge.
"You learn a lot about your children, and they see you
as more than just the mum at home who tells them
off," she says, "l wish l'd gone to a school like this. At
my secondary school, I played truant for a whole year
and nobody missed me." Adds her daughter Shani,
12, "Knowing that mum understands what we're doing
really makes me want to work."
Parents on these courses eat and sometimes
sleep at Gurney House, a former education authority
residential centre next to the school. I watched Hazei,
in trousers and sweatshirt, making stacks of
sandwiches and enough ratatouille and cottage pie for
70 adults and 70 children. Daya Moodley, Cliff Stubbs
and his wife Veronica, who works at another school,
serued food and drink, cleared away and washed up.
Hazel and her deputies often work a 70-hour week.
"The courses really bring results," Hazel told me.
"Othenryise I wouldn't do it. I mean, this is hard work.
I left home at seven yesterday morning. We stayed the
night here and were up at half-past five."
t
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 ffiEAEENJG
Printed big on Hazel's office wall is the motto, "Not
ti failure, but low aim is sin." And behind her friendly
- manner lies a steely determination to aim high in order
to give her pupils a chance in life. Ivlost live in
decaying high-rise flats, hemmed in by streets too full
of menace to be the playgrounds they once were.
"These kids are deprived of too much," she says.
"A good education is their only way out, and we're
determined that at Lilian Baylis they'll get t[eir fair
share."
, Today's volunteers-forrner antique dealer [t/aftin Nash,
local vicar Andrew Grant and PC ttlark Perou, one of
several policemen who do a pre-duty stint-listen,
encourage and help with the harder words. Over by
rhe wall, two 12-year-old boys sit with backs to the
room; one, a good reader, has come in early to help
his friend to catch up. Hazel Hardy, not one to ask
others to do what she won't do herself, can be seen
through the open door of the big, untidy office she
\ calls "Paddington Station," already discussing the
day's problems with colleagues.
One recent Saturday, in room after room I saw
parents squeezed into desks beside young children.
Some were learning what kind of English teaching
their children could expect in secondary school,
others brushing up simple Maths skills or doing
pottery ahd art. Says Glyn"Atkins, "The best thing
about the Family Programme is that you really have
fun while'you're working with your parents, What the
school tries to create is one big, happy family."
\:-,
Each day in assembly Hazel read the riot act to pupils
from a wide range of ethnic backgrounds - Britain,
Africa, the West lndies, lndia, Pakistan, China and
Vietnam. No result. Then one morning, desperate, she
flung out an angry warning: "Anybody who
misbehaves today can expect a visit from me at home
tonight." Once the threat was made there was no
drawing back.
Hazel and Daya got the Family Programme under way
by systematically calling on parents of first-year pupils
with good news of their children's achievements. They
encouraged parenls to make a corner for study, to
listen to their children reading, supervise writing and
spelling practice, and keep a homework diary with
space for parents' comments.
Then she heard laughter. lnside, instead of a formal
interview with a forbidding head teacher, she found a
group of parents chatting animatedly. "There was tea
and biscuits. And so much laughter." A bouncy blonde
woman came forward to introduce herself as l/rs
Hazel Hardy, the head. "And it's like she's known me
all my life," says Pep Atkins. 'With that wondedul
welcome and the happy, lively atmosphere, I knew
this was the school for my son."
Weekend courses attract droves of parents eager
to learn what they can do to help with their children's
studies. Befoie last Christmas, children who were
promised computers brought along parents for a
Saturday lesson from science teacher Qob Bellini on
computers that would educate and not simply play
games. National supermarket chain Sainsbury's, and
engineering and construction firm Costain are two big
companies which offer coLlrses, work visits and talks
for parents and children.
But they underrated the parents, ln home after home
in Lambeth's densely populated tower blocks, the
teachers were invited in, offered food and drink.
Parents, aware that life had dealt them a poor
hand, were eager to set their children on the road to
educational success. As Hazel felt her way down the
dark stairway of one block, she said to Daya: ,,lf that,s
the response we get from bringing bad news about
their children, just think what would happen if we
brought good news.,,
@ :
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