Chapter 5

General Analysis Procedure

Chapter 5 - General Analysis Procedure
Overview Training Manual

INTRO
• The objective of this chapter is outline a general analysis
procedure to be used to solve a simulation. Regardless of

ODUCTIO
the physics of the problem, the same general procedure can
be followed.

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• The problem on the following slide will be used to
demonstrate the general analysis procedure.

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 Chapter 5 - General Analysis Procedure
…Overview Training Manual

INTRO
Given: A 1” thick spherical aluminum tank with a height of 180” and
radius of 100” tank is filled with water to a height of 80”. The

ODUCTIO
aluminum
l i properties P i ν = 0.3.
ti are E = 10E6 Psi, 03
A

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100 “ A
100 “
1“
Section Definition

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σm
lbf
80 “ ρ = 1.163279 3 σc
in

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Section A-A
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 Chapter 5 - General Analysis Procedure
…Overview Training Manual

INTRO
Every analysis involves four main steps: Preliminary
Decisions

ODUCTIO
• Preliminary Decisions
– Which analysis type?
– What to model?
– Which element type?

ON TO AN
• Preprocessing Preprocessing
– Define Material
– Create or import the model geometry

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– M h the
Mesh th geometry
t

• Solution
– Apply loads Solution

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– Solve

• Postprocessing

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– Review results
– Check the validity of the solution
Postprocessing
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Chapter 5 - A. Preliminary Decisions
Which analysis
y type?
y Training Manual

INTRO
• The analysis type usually belongs to one of the following
disciplines:

ODUCTIO
Structural Motion of solid bodies, pressure on solid bodies, or
contact of solid bodies
Thermal Applied heat, high temperatures, or changes in
temperature
p

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Electromagnetic Devices subjected to electric currents (AC or DC),
electromagnetic waves, and voltage or charge
excitation
Fluid Motion of gases/fluids
gases/fluids, or contained gases/fluids

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Coupled-Field Combinations of any of the above

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•The appropriate analysis type for this model is a structural analysis!

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Chapter 5 - A. Preliminary Decisions
…What to model? Training Manual

INTRO
• What should be used to model the geometry of the spherical tank?
– Axisymmetry since the loading, material, and the boundary

ODUCTIO
conditions are symmetric. This type of model would provide the
most simplified model.
– Rotational symmetry since the loading, material, and the

ON TO AN
boundary conditions are symmetric.
symmetric Advantage over
axisymmetry: offers some results away from applied boundary
conditions.
– Full 3D model is an option,
p , but would not be an efficient choice

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compared to the axisymmetric and quarter symmetry models. If
model results are significantly influenced by symmetric
boundary conditions, this may be the only option.

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An axisymmetric and a one-quarter symmetry (i.e. rotational

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symmetry) model will be analyzed for this model!

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Chapter 5 - A. Preliminary Decisions
…Which Element Type?
y Training Manual

INTRO
• What element type should be used for the model of the spherical
tank?

ODUCTIO
– Axisymmetric model:
• Axisymmetric since 2-D section can be revolved to created 3D
geometry.

ON TO AN
• Linear due to small displacement assumption.
assumption
– PLANE42 with KEYOPT(3) = 1
– Rotational symmetry model:
• Shell since radius/thickness ratio > 10

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• Linear due to small displacement assumption.
• membrane stiffness only option since “membrane stresses” are
required.

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– SHELL63 with KEYOPT(1) = 1
• Since the meshing of this geometry will create SHELL63 elements

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with shape warnings, a mid-side noded equation of the SHELL63 was
used:
– SHELL93
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Chapter 5 - B. Preprocessing
…Create the Solid Model Training Manual

INTRO
• A typical solid model is defined by volumes, areas, lines, and
keypoints.

ODUCTIO
– Volumes are bounded by areas. They represent solid objects.
– Areas are bounded by lines. They represent faces of solid objects, or
planar or shell objects.
– Lines are bounded by keypoints. They represent edges of objects.

ON TO AN
– Keypoints are locations in 3-D space. They represent vertices of
objects.

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Chapter 5 - B. Preprocessing
…Create the Solid Model Training Manual

INTRO
• What geometry should be used to model the spherical tank?

ODUCTIO
ON
ON TO AN
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Chapter 5 - B. Preprocessing
Create the FEA Model Training Manual

INTRO
• Meshing is the process used to “fill” the solid model with nodes
and elements, i.e, to create the FEA model.

ODUCTIO
– Remember, you need nodes and elements for the finite element
solution, not just the solid model. The solid model does NOT
participate in the finite element solution.

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meshing

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Solid model FEA model

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Chapter 5 - B. Preprocessing
…Create the FEA Model Training Manual

INTRO
• What would the mesh of the spherical tank look like?

ODUCTIO
ON
ON TO AN
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Chapter 5 - B. Preprocessing
Define Material Training Manual

INTRO
Material Properties

ODUCTIO
• Every analysis
E l i requires
i some material
t i l property
t input:
i t Young’s
Y ’
modulus EX for structural elements, thermal conductivity KXX for
thermal elements, etc.

ON TO AN
• There are two ways to define material properties:
– Material library
– Individual properties

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Chapter 5 – C. Solution
Define Loads Training Manual

INTRO
• There are five categories of loads:
DOF Constraints Specified DOF values, such as displacements

ODUCTIO
i a stress
in t analysis
l i or temperatures
t t in
i a
thermal analysis.
Concentrated Loads Point loads, such as forces or heat flow rates.
Surface Loads Loads distributed over a surface,, such as

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pressures or convections.
Body Loads Volumetric or field loads, such as temperatures
(causing thermal expansion) or internal heat
generation.

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Inertia Loads Loads due to structural mass or inertia, such
as gravity and rotational velocity.

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 Chapter 5 – C. Solution
…Define Loads Training Manual

INTRO
• What are the loads on the spherical tank models?

Edge
g Symmetry
y y

ODUCTIO
constraint Tangential
T ti l
Tangential Constraint*
Constraint*

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Hydrostatic
pressure
Edge Symmetry
constraint

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Hydrostatic
pressure

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Edge Symmetry
constraint
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* Tangential constraint used to allow comparison to Roarke closed form solution.
Chapter 5 - D. Postprocessing
Review Results Training Manual

INTRO
• Postprocessing is the final step in the finite element analysis
process.

ODUCTIO
• It is imperative that you interpret your results relative to the
assumptions made during model creation and solution.

ON TO AN
• You may be required to make design decisions based on the
results, so it is a good idea not only to review the results carefully,
but also to check the validity of the solution.

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• ANSYS has two postprocessors:
– POST1, the General Postprocessor, to review a single set of results
over the entire model.

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– POST26, the Time-History Postprocessor, to review results at selected
points in the model over time. Mainly used for transient and nonlinear

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analyses. (Not discussed in this course.)

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Chapter 5 - D. Postprocessing
…Review Results Training Manual

INTRO
• What are the circumferential stress results in the spherical tank
models?

ODUCTIO
ON
ON TO AN
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Chapter 5 - D. Postprocessing
…Review Results Training Manual

INTRO
• What are the meridional stress results in the spherical tank
models?

ODUCTIO
ON
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Chapter 5 - D. Postprocessing
Verification Training Manual

INTRO
• It is always a good idea to do a “sanity check” and make sure that
the solution is acceptable.

ODUCTIO
• What you need to check depends on the type of problem you are
solving, but here are some typical questions to ask:

ON TO AN
• Do the reaction forces balance the applied loads?

• Where is the maximum stress located?

– If it is
i att a singularity,
i l it such
h as a point
i t load
l d or a re-entrant
t t corner, th
the

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value is generally meaningless.
– Are the stress values beyond the elastic limit?
– If so,, the load magnitudes
g mayy be wrong,g, or you
y mayy need to do a

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nonlinear analysis.

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 Chapter 5 - D. Postprocessing
…Verification Training Manual

INTRO
• How do the ANSYS results compare with Roarke?

ODUCTIO
Membrane Stress Distributions for Axisymmetric Model Membrane Stress Distributions for Quarter Symmetry Model

180 180

160 160

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140 140

120 120

100 100
y (inches)

y (inches)
80 80

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60 60
Circumferential Stress (Roarke) Circumferential Stress (Roarke)
Circumferential Stress (Axisymmetric) Circumferential (quarter symmetry)
Meridional Stress (Roarke) 40 Meridional Stress (Roarke) 40
Meridional Stress (Axisymmetric) Meridional Stress (quarter symmetry)

20
y 20
y
0 0

P
000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000

000
-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

20

40

60

80

100

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

20

40

60

80

100
Stress (Psi) Stress (Psi)

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