,/...

+
-:\

Relationfor AnisotropicMaterials
2.1.5Stress-strain
to strainscan be
The generalizedHook's law relatingthe stresses
written in the form U2, 13,30-32]:

o,=C,,€, (i,i =1,2,.........,6)

Where:
o, - Stress
('ompttnents

C,, - Elasticity matrix

e,-Straincomponents

The material properties (elasticity matrix, Cr) has thirty-six

relationsin the materialcoordinatesare: [30]

constants,stress-strain

O1 LI CT6 a, l

O2

03_ a, -t
....(2-6)
T23 1/ )1

T32 1 /1 l

Tt2 C16 c66

'Vt)

The relations in equation (3-6) are referred to as characterizing

anisotropic materials since there are no planes of symmetry for the
materialproperties.An alternativenamefor suchanisotropicmaterialis a
triclinic material.
If there is one plane of material property symmetry,the stress-
strainrelationsreduceto:
 - '1+- /
)

o1 c| ct2 ct3 0 0 crc €l

o2 c12 c22 c23 0 0 c26 a:

o3 ct3 C23 ci3 0 0 c36 o-\

....(2-7)
y)1
723 000cqqc450

T3l 000c4sc5s0 Y3l

T1a ct6 c26 c36 0 0 c66 1/t)

Where the plane of symmetryis z:0. Such a material is termed

elasticconstants.
monoclinicwhich containstfirfen independent
If there are two brthogonalplanes of material property symmetry
for a material,symmetrywill exist relativeto a third mutuallyorthogonal
plane.
The stress-strainrelations in coordinatesaligned with principal
material directionswhich are parallel to the intersectionsof the three
orthogonalplanesof materialsymmetry,are'.

Ol ctl ct2ctl000 tl

O2 Ct2 c22c23000 a./

o3 ct3 c23c33000 * o-\

.. . . ( 2 - 8 )
T23 0 00c4400 y)1

yll
731 0 000css0
712 0 0000cr'e 1 /1 )

,
'lt"' :t -' i'
,/

is no interaction
Suchmaterialis calledorthotropicmaterial.,There
ot r 02, 03) andanisotropicmaterials.
betweennormalStreSSeS
There are only nine independentconstantsin the elasticitymatrix,

lr2l.
If at every point of a material,there is one plane in which the
mechanicalpropertiesare equal in all directions,then the material is
namedtransverselyisotropic, 12,l2l
 ti),t

For I -2 planeof isotropy,the stress-strain

relationshave only five
-.t I

independentconstantswhich are:

61 ctl ct2 c13 0 0 0 el

o2 ct2 c22 c23 0 0 0 e2
o3 ct3 c23 c33 0 0 0 e3
0 00 C44 0 0 .,,/,/ \
....(2-e)
T23

T3l
0 00 0 L)) 0
13r
C\t - Ct2
Tt2 0 00 0 0 r12

If there are infinite numbers of planes of material property

symmetry,then the foregoing relations simplify to the isotropic material
casewith only two independentconstantsin the elasticitymatrix. Stress-
strainrelationsbecome:

c| c12 c ) 3 0 0 0
Cl
Ol
ct2 c)2 c2l 0 0 0
o2 ct3 c23 0 0 0 a.z

O3 c\t - c12 o-)

00 0 0 0 ....(2-10)
L 2J
2 'l/
)1
c|-cn
731
0 0 0 Y31
z
Tt2 cr - ct2 a/t)

0 0

The elasticity matrix Ciifor an orthotropic material in terms of

engineeringconstantsis obtainedas follows:

(7-vr.v.r)*E,,
'll -
F

v r , ! v p r / " , t ) *E ,
-
L
[

F
 '?,

(v,r*vtzvzz)*Er,
l-r r
f

I
1 l- v , . , u r),* L ' r z
. rt

(7-v,rvr1)*Er,
13n

( v 2 r+ v 1 u ' , ) + E - , ,
z)
r
, s s : G t 3 ,C o a : G t z
C u : G z sC

F: I-V12V2t - Vt3V3t - ISZIZS - l121t2jl j1 - 121V1jl j2

LaminatedCompositeMaterial
Laminated compositeis made by the consolidationof prepreg
sheet,with individual plies having fiber orientations,here orthotropic
symmetry with nine independentelastic constants,has orthotropic
symmetry
Analogous to orthorhombicsymmetry:there are three mutually
perpendicularaxes of symmetry,and the elastic constantsalong these
threeaxesand different.For the cambricsystemthe elasticmatrix is:

F: j1 - l2fl1jV j2
I-V 12Vzt- Y tSVSt- lS:VzS- | 1212jV
 Relationfor An Isotropic
2.6The Stress-strain
. Material of Orthorhombic Symmetry(in plasticrange) i
' 'nl; i
i

r-evy-Misesequationsfor an isotropicplasticmaterialarel2Sl:
d",, = o i1d),

drr,
: - - - :--d r . r , -dr., - d-r -r .: - - d r = . , - d "- r=; c l- l. ", , .,.,.. (2-11)
O.rx Oy 6:: O ,, 6;x O :.v

By analogwith Levy-Misesequations.Hill 125,331hasproposed

the following relationsfor the tensor componentsof plastic strainsfor
anisotropicmaterialrelatedto the principleaxis of anisotropy

.l
d o, = dtrlH (or' - du') * G(o" - o=')l
, ,"t.,.

dr, = dblr@r,-o..)-r H(a',-o,")] ......(2-r2)

,1.- = il,lc(o,, - o,,)-rG(o,,- t,' )]

d*, = d)"Lor.

d,, = d)"Mo^

doy = cl)"No',

It is to be noted that in this casethe principal axesof the plastic

strain incrementonly coincide with the axes of anisotropywhen the
principal axesof stresscoincidewith the latter.It is also to be notedthat
the proportionality factor d,t is dimensionallydifferent from that in the (2-

1I ) Levy-Misesequationsfor an isotropicplasticmaterial.
2-7 Yield and Failure Criteria for Anisotropic
Material
The source of anisotropy in amaterial can be any of the

following12,25,34):

a- A single crystal can have different propertiesin different directions

due to its inherentcrystal symmetry.

b- A cold-rolledsheet,tube, or wire of a metal or alloy can show a very

high degree of preferred orientation of grains, polymers are also
frequently processedby drawing, extrusion, or injection moulding
techniques.Such techniquesimport a high degreeof anisotropyto the
polymer.
c- In a lined fiber-reinforcedcomposite,the properties Yary very
markedlywith the functionof the angle0 of the fiber direction.
A very simpleyield criterionfor anisotropicmaterialis the critical
resolvedshearstressLaw of Schmid.This law statesthat yield occurs
when the resolvedshearstressin the slip planereachesa criticalvalue for
a tensilestress(o) making anglescr and B with the slip directionand the
normalto the slip planerespectively.Thisgivesthe criticalresolvedshear
stressrc :

T c : O C O S CCI O S B

Althoughthis law is extensivelyusedin metalplasticityit is of

restrictedapplicationin polymers.For polymersa generalization of Vcln
Misesyield criterionby Hills hasprovedmoreuseful.Hills yield criterion
threemutually
is appliedto anisotropicmaterialswhich possess
orthogonalplanesof symmetryat everypoint i.e. the materialpossesses
at testorthorhombicsymmetry.It will alsoapply in a simplifiedform to
solidspossessing transverse isotropy.