JOURNAL OF TlEll OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA)R
Electron Binding Energies in Free Atoms*
WOLFGANGLOTZ
istiit t far Plasmnapltysik, D-8046 Garc/iing bei fintcnkent,Germany
(Received 2 May 1969)
Binding energies (ionization energies) of all subshells are given for free atoms up to Z= 108. X-ray data
for solids have been combined with spectroscopic data and work functions, and have been smoothed,
interpolated, and extrapolated.
INDEX HEADITNGS: Spectra; Photoionization; X rays.
The first attempt to calculate electron binding energies
(in the sense of ionization energies) for free atoms up to
Z=41 was made by Slater' in 1955. In the meantime,
Bearden and Burr2 published a least-squares adjustment
of all experimental x-ray and photoelectron data known
so far. This induced me in a recent paper3 to recalculate
binding energies of free atoms up to Z=30, which were
needed for electron-impact ionization cross sections.4
It seems to me that the methods employed in Ref. 3 are
reliable enough to justify a calculation as far as Z = 108.
Binding energy, in the literal sense of the term,
should be defined as the energy required to remove an
electron completely from the atom, with no changes of
the ni values of any of the other electrons. But from an
experimental point of view, for electron-impact ioniza-
tion, the question is: What minimum energy of the im-
pacting electron is necessary to remove an electron from
a given shell and ionize this atom within a time short
compared to the time scale of the experiment? This in-
cludes certain cases of excited levels reached by electron
impact with decay times against autoionization of less
than, e.g., 1 ysec. This implies that, for certain species,
the binding energy in the literal sense might be appreci-
ably higher than the above defined experimental value.
Examples are 3 Li K, 11 Na L 3, 19 K M3, but also the
M4 shell from Z= 21 to 30 or the N 5 shell for Z=47 and
48, etc.
2
I used the paper of Bearden and Burr as a basis and
tried to find corrections to their data, as in Ref. 3. For
the conversion of binding energies of solids into binding
energies of free atoms, the following statements hold
approximatelyi:
(1) Energy-level differences between (inner) shells
are approximately the same in a solid and in a free atom.
(2) For outer shells, the values given in Table I of
Ref. 2 can be compared with spectroscopic data from
Moore's AEL.6 Corrections thus found can be used to
get approximate values for the binding energies of inner
shells of a free atom by adding these corrections to the
values of Table I in Ref. 2.
* This work was performed as part of the joint research program
of the lstisLut fur Plasrltaphysik and Euratoni.
' J. C. Slater, Phys. Rev. 98, 1039 (1955).
2 J. A. Bearden and A. F. Burr, Rev. Mod. Phys. 39, 125 (1967).
XW.Lotz, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 915 (1968).
WV.Lotz, Z. Physik 220, 466 (1969).
C. E. Moore, Atomic Energy Le-eels,Natl. Bur. Std. (U. S.) Circ.
467 (U. S. Gov't. Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1952, 1958).
206
VO)LUMEl 60, NUMBER 2 F'EBRUARY 1970
(3) Binding energies for solids, which are given with
respect to the Fermi level, have to be augmented by the
work function in order to get the energy necessary to
remove the electron altogether. This energy is approxi-
mately equal to the binding energy of the respective
electron in a free atom. Work functions are known for
most metals except the rare-earth elements.6
(4) Binding energies of inner shells of free atoms give
a smooth curve in a Mosley diagram because there are
no chemical or solid-state effects. Instead of a Mosley
diagram, the difference method described in Ref. 7 can
be used.
Results obtained by applying statement (2) (AIP
and ABE in Table I) or statement (3) (WVFin Table I)
do not agree, but differ typically by 2 eV. Statement
(4) generally can be fulfilled with values lying within
=±2 eV of those found by statement (2) or (3), but with
higher Z values there are many exceptions, which, to a
large extent, can be attributed to experimental uncer-
tainties (see below).
Up to Z=30, the values of Ref. 3 have been taken
unchanged, with three minor exceptions: 11 Na L 1, 18
Ar L.3,8and 30 Zn 212. For Z between 30 and 108, the
following elements were taken as fixed points whenever
feasible: 30 Zn, 38 Sr, 47 Ag, 55 Cs, 73 Ta, 74 W, 83 Bi,
90 Th, and 92 U. Elements between pairs of these were
fitted by the difference method with smooth first and
second differences, taking statements (2) and (3) as
guides, which amounted to a mean correction of +4 eV
to the data of Ref. 2. The second difference has regular
discontinuities each time a shell is completed, e.g.,
shells 3d, 4p, 4d, 4f, 5p, 5d, 5f, and 6p, similar to the
example given in Ref. 3. For a given element, the correc-
tions of the various energy levels were kept equal, if
possible (see Table I). For the elements beyond 92 U,
extrapolations had to be made, taking into account the
regularities discovered in the second differences for
elements below 92 U.
The results of the calculations are given in Tables II
and III. The following ionization potentials have been
taken from recent publications: 57 La, 58 Ce, 59 Pr,
60 Nd, 61 I'm, 62 Sm, 63 Eu, 65 Tb, 66 Dy, 67 11o, 68
6 Landolt-B6rnstein, Zahlencwerte uind Funklionen, 1. Band, 4.
Teil Springer (Verlag, Berlin, 1955), 6th ed., p. 759, Table 15062.
7W. Lotz, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 57, 873 (1967).
8W. Mehlhorn and D. Stalherm, Z. Physik 217, 294 (1968).
February 1970 ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES IN FREE ATOMS 207

Co a0 UCo0%c C 0%
0 C') Coo
Cf C.)
C.)
)-.C.) .0
C)
C)
z '0
0%oX
I I 0I
C)-.
C)C II
'0

C)C) 10 '0-|

to
TT1
IV 10 I I
10 -'00
0
""0 0% Co

Co - t'MM) I 0 E -CD
I

'0 c Co Co CoU* Coe

CoI so)

10 CoC) 0sv C') Co

0 -
0 C.)
I ;-
I I
'0 -cCo
0o>)
- I
CC C, Co U')Co
U C' -cC II- I
Co Co Co
ICo1 CoCoC

Co C -±4 0
10 0C')C'
C.)rI) - 0 C CoCo -cCsvo

0 U CoCo C OC'.-00
CoCo Co
I 1 o~ t '
>C.)
C) CO s Co
-ItIC
C.) "'' ItCoC
CoC lCoI7 0 C' C
CC - I) 1-X
0%~ouC o

CoCoCoCoCoCoC
- XCO
C 0
-o~ -- cNCs
1 0% Co '.C
'0 -
.5 C') I
II
C.) C't CoC)CoVo)Coo
CC-.
C') C) C' C' Co
z1 I I.
0
C)'.-.
0
'tbfl
C))-,
C)
--C Co '0
I
- C.)
'0 10 10 0 0 00C'.' '0 )' '0
-1 el0
CC CoON CS'0

-'C Co; 0 '0 -o CoC

C)oCoel
C
Co '. 0,Co
CoO ItU:U It)t~ C)0
10I'
w 1

O =-e Co 0 C) C')

It 0\ \0
400 It It -o o OCoC l C' C') Co X Cl
'C 'I
Co 4-
C.)
4-. -0 ,)t ' It I'lo1 ' 0 '0 I ' ' It I I
It
10 10 c 0 010
.5 In C''0 Co C0".C'
C.
4-. 0')
o
¢ II I -S

C.)
0 Co~o'0-to Co Co CoSoC oC
10 Cot- PI

-C C)
01
000 10 10 0 .0 elC')C-cfi

10 C' o CoO r'.

I Iu~u Co Cot'.00 oOO
2 0 oI
CC')
C.)))
10
10 r r 0)'. C'.'
Pd
U' Uo It~o U o
It 10 I' C' 10 C -' Co Co o Co C
p
Cc)
-o '0'0'.C.C'
0 '0 ' '0 ' 00 Co It Co CoC Co U') t0 '0
CC)
*04 C) '0
'4-co
o Y) 0 o -ItO
0eCoe Co = oCoCo Co Co0o - 0
It ItNXto*
C.)'0 0
U).) Co. Co1t
C:C It Cororoltnvetn
Ct Co C o oC
C.)C. Co C') CIO
Co*t) -cc
It Co ItoXotoIt I

*0
C.) Co C C Co
CM Co
M
* .' 4-.
'C.) It
\0CU)U)o0C Co0
"t--
6
"''1 0 oC' C. '
Co Co 0 Co000
- C C)
C'CItC
It"70-C < CS
$1- -11
0
'0ou)+

It0obo F4 I C Co Itl Co Co
.11 X
C."-'- ItxU)
CoC lC lC
nc tC'C Co C-) Co C) C)C

.5 r> + I -t1o1o -c'In Co 0

C0C0owoo COC'.C'-Co
C-c
0
'1'1 .11
i
q, M .
It Co
I'l _MM

1C'~i N ,,ilt,
clq14
1 1 .1
5, i
< I < < I < < < < < .1.1 .1.1 6< 6< 6.16.16< 4,4
.1l .1
208 WOLFGANG LOTZ Vol.60

TABLEII. Binding energies (ionization energies) of electrons in free atoms in the ground state (in eV). The last digit is
unertaiii by 1-10 units (probable error), but in no case more than 2 eV.

Z K LI L2 L3 M1r M2 M3 M4 M5 Ni N2 N3 N4 Ns 0, 02 03

1 EI 13.60
2 He 24.59
3 Li 58 5.392
4 Be 115 9.322
5 B 192 12.93 8.298
6 C 288 16.59 11.26
7 N 403 20.33 14.53
8 0 538 28.48 13.62
9 F 694 37.85 17.42
10 Ne 870.1 48.47 21.66 21.56
11 Na 1075 66 34 34 5.139
12 Mg 1308 92 54 54 7.646
13 Al 1564 121 77 77 10.62 5.986
14 Si 1844 154 104 104 13.46 8.151
15 P 2148 191 135 134 16.15 10.49
16 S 2476 232 170 168 20.20 10.36
17 Cl 2829 277 208 206 24.54 12.97
18 Ar 3206.3 326.5 250.6 248.5 29.24 15.94 15.76
19 K 3610 381 299 296 37 19 18.7 4.341
20 Ca 4041 441 353 349 46 28 28 6.113
21 Sc 4494 503 408 403 55 33 33 8 6.540
22 Ti 4970 567 465 459 64 39 38 8 6.820
23 V 5470 633 525 518 72 44 43 8 6.740
24 Cr 5995 702 589 580 80 49 48 8.25 6.765
25 Mn 6544 775 656 645 89 55 53 9 7.434
26 Fe 7117 851 726 713 98 61 59 9 7.870
27 Co 7715 931 800 785 107 68 66 9 7.864
28 Ni 8338 1015 877 860 117 75 73 10 10 7.635
29 Cu 8986 1103 958 938 127 82 80 11 10.4 7.726
30 Zn 9663 1198 1047 1024 141 94 91 12 11.2 9.394
31 Ga 10371 1302 1146 1119 162 111 107 21 20 11 6.00
32 Ge 11107 1413 1251 1220 184 130 125 33 32 14.3 7.90
33 As 11871 1531 1362 1327 208 151 145 46 45 17 9.81
34 Se 12662 1656 1479 1439 234 173 166 61 60 20.15 9.75
35 Br 13481 1787 1602 1556 262 197 189 77 76 23.80 11.85
36 Kr 14327 1927 1731 1678 292 222 214 95.0 93.8 27.51 14.67 14.00
37 Rb 15203 2068 1867 1807 325 251 242 116 114 32 16 15.3 4.18
38 Sr 16108 2219 2010 1943 361 283 273 139 137 40 23 22 5.69
39 Y 17041 2375 2158 2083 397 315 304 163 161 48 30 29 6.38 6.48
40 Zr 18002 2536 2311 2227 434 348 335 187 185 56 35 33 8.61 6.84
41 Nb 18990 2702 2469 2375 472 382 367 212 209 62 40 38 7.17 6.88
42 Mo 20006 2872 2632 2527 511 416 399 237 234 68 45 42 8.56 7.10
43 Tc 21050 3048 2800 2683 551 451 432 263 259 74 49 45 8.6 7.28
44 Ru 22123 3230 2973 2844 592 488 466 290 286 81 53 49 8.50 7.37
45 Rh 23225 3418 3152 3010 634 526 501 318 313 87 58 53 9.56 7.46
46 Pd 24357 3611 3337 3180 677 565 537 347 342 93 63 57 8.78 8.34
47 Ag 25520 3812 3530 3357 724 608 577 379 373 101 69 63 11 10 7.58
48 Cd 26715 4022 3732 3542 775 655 621 415 408 112 78 71 14 13 8.99
49 In 27944 4242 3943 3735 830 707 669 455 447 126 90 82 21 20 10 5.79
50 Sn 29204 4469 4160 3933 888 761 719 497 489 141 102 93 29 28 12 7.34
51 Sb 30496 4703 4385 4137 949 817 771 542 533 157 114 104 38 37 15 8.64
52 Te 31820 4945 4618 4347 1012 876 825 589 578 174 127 117 48 46 17.84 9.01
53 I 33176 5195 4858 4563 1078 937 881 638 626 193 141 131 58 56 20.61 10.45
54 Xe 34565 5452 5106 4785 1149 1001 939 689 676 213 157 147 69.5 67.5 23.40 13.44 12.13

Er, 69 Tm, and 70 Yb from Reader and Sugar9 ; 64 Gd
from Russell"'; 32 Ge from Andrew and Meissner"; 53 I
from Minnhagen"; 76 Os from Van Kleef and Klinken-
berg'3 ; 77 Ir from Van Kleef'4 ; 92 U from Bakulina and
9 J. Reader and J. Sugar, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 56, 1189 (1966).
10H. N. Russell, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 40, 550 (1950).
11K. L. Anflrew and K. W. Meissner, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 49, 146
(1959).
12L. Minnhagen, Arkiv Fysik 21, 415 (1962).
13 Th. A. M. van Kleef and P. F. A. Klinkenberg, Physica 27,
83 4(1961).
1 Th. A. M. van Kleef, Physica 23, 843 (1957).
Ionov"; and 95 Am from Fred and Tomkins.16 I did not
succeed in obtaining well-founded values for the ioniza-
tion potentials of the following elements (I had to sub-
stitute estimates): 71 Lu, 85 At, 87 Fr, 89 Ac, 90 Th,
91 Pa, 93 Np, 94 Pu, 96 Cm and higher. All other ioniza-
tion potentials with Z larger than 30 and some binding
energies of electrons in the next inner subshell are from
15 I. N. Bakulina and N. I. Ionov, Sov. Phys.-JETP 36, 709
(1959).
16M. Fred and F. S. Tomkins, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 47, 1076 (1957).
Februaryl1970 ELECTRON BINDING ENERGIES IN FREE ATOMS 209

0i CCCCV0 V V '00V0 I V V V, V' c C"c

0~ IVV C-VV'-'V V t-CCC.,

CC -C "IM4C-
CCCMVNC 0 ~CN Vl .- , C %1

W CC, Q,

C C- 0%CCMC~ -C0 C~ - C %C C C0C %C CC CC CC

-%CC CCC %C C CVC CC 0CC CC 0CC W 0% 00% CC,- 0 o1C0 C C- lCa0 N CCM M C NMC-C
C C 00 0 , 0 ,

0W M 1 m 1 CCC C- C-W CCCM

0 0 C- C- CC CC
...-
C, 0%CC-CC C, CCCC IC,-CVCVCN nCC0%CCC C, CC ICCC
o*CN N-N MCCCCCCCCCn
0CCC-CCCCCVCC %0.
0 C,

CC I WWWC C C C-C-C-C-C-010

~CCC,
- N
C, 0
w - - c,-
N
- -- - - - -
C
-
,C
o- ,N- --
t'O-
~ nc,--
C O O
-C-C-C-o '
M C-C- I
0CC V CC CCC-C CC CC 'I C- CC0CC C - ' CC,. 00 0 0% ON NC -C
- - - - - - - - - - CCC
- - - - -C~~C
- - - - -C-CC-CC
CCCC CVVCCC C C

0-,Il o , ' oN -
0 c ww VV
V V V VC-CCCCcC0CC-VCCCCC-C-C0CC-C-CVCC
Nd oI C- -C
, C-
m '
-C-VCCVCCC-CC,

CCCNC NCC
wo -CCN0VCCCCVCO

CC VV C-
c
-C CC C0
l
C.

0)
0%-C-C 2) ---- C0-z.0-CCCloCCCCCCCC-%C0CC
'o NNm o m Im
~
wc
C-%-C0V0%lC0
owc
CC
- - -- la0 - - - - C C- - - - -C C C C CC C C C VV - - - CC C 0 . . .- C e C

m
CC0%0 elCC CCN CCVCC %0 C 'VC %CCC C'~C C C' C-C CC CC C- CC 0 CCV 0o CC CCC C- C-el~
C- - - - - - c-C--CC--CCC CCCCw'o CC CC VV- C-C-C CCC0%0% %00c
1 - Iwc
.. "ICCCC

11 N
VVCCC0C N00.C-CCNC-NCV0
C- CC0 CCC -m mCCC00CC0 CCC-C 0%0loV0 VN0 N~e

U
V C0%0 C-C 'ICV -C
ll
0loC C
lI l
C
IIw
-CCC 0 -0 -- CCCC
oo.1ol
0 C CC C
~
CC-V 0 CCCC
n oIoml
-C I C VIC -C

C-0 C-C CCV-CONC C- "I 10%-CC CCC

N
CCVCC C0C0VC-C--ICCC0In..InCCC-
~- m
-0C
c
C-

CC - C C C ~0%0 C 0%-~ C C C %- 'N C- 0, C-l Vm 0% C- V7t 0m CC 0%% %~0 C - -C 0nV C- CCID C-o CC 0 C-O c- 0 CC V cC,(.

~ C -C
CC '0%C CC
CCCC -C 0 C-CCV~ -. C %0 C %0 -CC - C- CC - CCVC - - CC CC CC0C V 01 1 CC CC C- C-

C ~ C
- 1
-'CCw 'CC
C0CCCCCVCC-C0%
lo
~
loC-CCC0-%0I%00I
' 0,
I
C-CCVCN
C
-0V 'C C0 wc C0 C- V C- 00% -v o CC CC
CCCC-%CCCCC-CCV0%C-V0m
C-C-l0C m c V V o VO
wCC0VCC
NO V
0 %
N l

U.-
w C-
- -- - - -
nw
- - - -
3,
c0CCCCC VCCCCVC-CI-C-
-
~=c
-
-
~ - -

C-CC0%CC
-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-CNNC-C-CCCCICCCCI
mI
-c
1"PMl l , m"
0C-tCCCC lo-NCC
,-:
CCCCCCCN

%nCCC0
oN
c

0
~ I
N00VNC
n'
CCCCCCCC

C-N
,z3
lo00%
lo-C cCCw -C w'- -~
,cc -C CC %C - CVC C0C-~ V 0 -~C N 0N N--~ CCCC -C C0%C -0C

- - - - - - - - - -
cl
- -I
"m
- -c
~ NM-C----I
-C
o ,c o c ,w'
CCCC- C
oc
C CC C C C CC
oc'
C C CC C V
.
VI.CC
C0C-~0 CCC
C -C C- w
CV C-. C0 CIVC -C 0 % -C V cC0- -0 C CCC C C 0. -V oC
j C CC -- J%V CC C C C C C-C2
-0 oo - C , 0'%C C .0 C, %
Vc
- - -
, o
-- -
-
owc
- - -
loV
C-CC-C
0%-CVCC
mC-0
lol
n
ol
c,
o
'
IIwwWwc
~ C 0V
,(,c
nW c w ~ VC
lNcc
0 CV C-
Ic

0) 4-' o 7
0 CCC -0 CC C4C CCC00 %~C CC C0 z
C- 0 P. C-
C- '-4 0 CC C- C- CC C CCCCC V. CC 0% 00 Nz 0 0 CN VNC
-1l lo-~Nm I oIwc m a md 1 oIwc 5Nm1 nl lo m- 1l
N C- C- C C CC V C- C CC 0 0- C-o CC
o V C- CC
I% 0- CC CC C- CC0 CC w V CC 0C CC CC C- 0% ., CC CC C- 0 C- c V % d o C- % C-
210 WOLFGANG LOTZ Vol. 60

TABLE IV. Ionization potentials of the le I sequenceaccording all levels; 86 Rn all levels; 87 Fr all levels; 88 Ra K
to Pekeris. 10 Digits
L that are different from those of Rtef. 7 are
printed in italics. (-6), NV 7 (-15), 01 (-4), 03 (+5); 89 Ac L 1 (+6),
M 3 (+8), N2 (+32), N 3 (+34); 90 Th P2 (-4), P3
Z Species IP (-5); 91 Pa NV4 (+5), 03 (-32); 92 U P2 (+10), P3
2 He I 24.587 (+11); 93 Np K (-5), Ml (+16), 02 (-12); 94 Pu K
3 Li II 75.638 (-21), L1 (+9), M 2 (+13), M3 (+14), N2 (+9), N 3
4 Be III 153.893 (+10), 01 (+8), 02 (+10), 03 (+10); 95 Am all levels;
5 B iv 259.369
6 Cv 392.083 96 Cm all levels. 97 Bk levels are all within the stated
7 Nvi 552.057 error limits, but 98 Cf-103 Lw need revision with respect
8 0 vii 739.316 to the K, L1 , and L 2 shells.
9 F viii 953.89
10 Ne ix 1195.80 Most of these suggested corrections are comparable to
11 Na x 1465.08 the error limits given in Table I of Ref. 2 and thus most
12 Mg XI 1761.79
13 Al xii 2086.0 probably are due to experimental uncertainties. The
14 Si XIII 2437.6 value of 65 Tb NV 3 obviously is a misprint, but there are
15 P Xiv 2816.9 still some discrepancies for which no explanations can
16 S xv 3223.7
be found: 32 Ge Li, 35 Br N1 (misprint?), 50 Sn 01, 56
Ba 01 (misprint?), 59 Pr Ml, 63 Eu 01, 64 Gd N2, 01,
65 Tb Ml, 01, 66 Dy 01,67 Ho Nl, 68 Er Ml, 72 Hf K,
Moore's AEL. 5 36 Kr M4, M 5 and 54 Xe N4 , N 5 have 75 Re 02, 03, 81 TI 02, and 93 Np 02-
been taken from Codling and Madden.1 7
The probable error (68% confidencelevel) of the data APPENDIX
given in Tables II and III is 1-10 units of the last digit,
but in no case up to 92 U more than 2 eV. If the last My attention has been drawn to the fact that I over-
digit is uncertain by more than 10 units (transuranium looked a theoretical paper by Pekeris"8 concerning ion-
elements), it has been italicized. The data are experi- ization potentials of the He i sequence. The accuracy of
mental binding energies in the above defined sense, his calculations seems to be appreciably higher than ex-
rather than binding energies in the literal sense. The perimental measurements and, therefore, should have
physical constants of 1963 have been used: for wave- been preferred in Ref. 7. I should like to substitute the
numbers, 1 cm-l=1.23981X1O- 4
eV. values of Table IV for the respective values in Table I in
A close inspection of the data given in Table I sug- Ref. 7. Table IV contains the values Jtheor of Table XI of
Pekeris' paper. I extrapolated these by the difference
gests that the following values of Table I in Ref 2 most
probably need revision by more than 2 eV (suggested method, using the H i sequence for comparison. Digits
corrections in parentheses): 32 Ge L1 (-4); 35 Br N1 that are different from Ref. 7 are printed in italics,
values for Cl xvi and higher are unchanged.
(-10); 36 Kr M2 (-4), M3 (-3); 49 In 01 (+4);
50 Sn 01 (+7); 56 Ba 01 (-10); 59 Pr Ml (-5); 61 In additon, the following alterations should be made
9
Pm N3 (-7); 63 Eu0 1 (+8); 64 Gd N2 (+7), 01 (+5); in Table I of Ref. 7: 7 N i 14.534 eV," 8 O v 113.896
eV,20 10 Ne ii 40.962 eV,2 ' 20 Ca iii 50.908 eV,22 30 Zn
65TbMI (- 6), N3 (- 100),01 (+6) ;66 Dy 0 (- 15); 23
iii 39.722 eV.
67 Ho N 1 (-5), 03 (+6); 68 Er M 1 (+11), N2 (-4),
01 (-9); 69 Tm N2 (-6), 03 (-4); 70 Yb 03 (+5); 38 C. L. Pekeris, Phys. Rev. 112, 1649 (1958).
'9 J. W. McConkey and J. A. Kernahan, Phys. Letters 27A, 82
71 LuN 2 (+4); 72IHfK (-5); 75 ReQ2 (+5), 03 (+5); (1968).
80 Hg 0 3 (+5); 81 Tl 0 2 (-6); 84 Po all levels; 85 At 10K. Bockasten and K. B. Johansson, Arkiv Fysik 38, 563
(1969).
21 W. Persson and L. Minnhagen, Arkiv Fysik 37, 369 (1968).
17 K. Codling and R. P. Madden, Phys. Rev. Letters 12, 106 22 A. Borgstr6m, Arkiv Fysik 38, 243 (1968).
(1964). 23 K. A. Dick, Can. J. Phys. 46, 1291 (1968).