EXAMINATION PAPER: ACADEMIC SESSION 20XX/20XX

Campus All

Faculty Architecture, Computing and Humanities

Department Mathematical Sciences

Level Four

TITLE OF PAPER Logical Foundations

COURSE CODE MATH1110

Date and Time Month 20XX - 1 hour

Answer all questions.

Answer questions on answer sheet provided.
Mark only one answer per question, clearly note any changes to answers.
Marks will not be awarded to a question with more than one answer marked on the
answer sheet.
There is no penalty for an incorrect answer.

There are 20 questions, each question is worth 5 marks.

Calculators are permitted.

Formulae sheets are attached at the end of the exam paper.

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Section 1:

1. The universal set, U, is the set of all computer games. The following subsets
are defined:
M = the set that can be multiplayer.
P = the set that are for Playstations.
W = the set that can be played over the internet.
Which of the following statements is the closest to the set defined by:
M P ≠ 

(a) There are no multiplayer games for the Playstation.

(b) There are multiplayer games but not Playstation computer games.
(c) There are multiplayer games for the Playstation.
(d) There are only internet games for the Playstation.
(e) There are no internet games for the Playstation.

2. Using the sets as defined in question 1, which of the following translates to the
phrase:
All multiplayer games can be played over the internet.

(a) MW
(b) WM
(c) MW
(d) W=M
(e) W M = 

3. In a class of 30 students, 20 had a Wii console and 12 had a DS Nintendo. If 3

students had neither how many had both?

(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 4 (e) 0

4. Two sets A and B are presented on a Venn diagram. Which Venn diagram
displays the region B \ A shaded?

(a) A B (b) A B (c) A B

(d) A B (e) A B

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Section 2:

5. Three propositions are defined as:

e: I use email, m: I use my mobile phone, h: my phone bill is high
The associated argument is defined as:
I use email and I use my mobile phone. If my phone bill is high I use email.
I do not use email therefore my phone bill is high.
Which of the following options is the correct symbolic form translation for the
argument?

(a) e, m, h  e, e ├ h (b) e  m, h  e, e ├ h
(c) e  m, h  e, e ├ h (d) e  m, h  e, e ├ h
(e) e  m, h  e, e ├ h

6. Let propositions s and g be defined as:

s: Mary speaks Spanish , g: Mary speaks German
Which of the following represents the symbolic statement: s  g

(a) Mary speaks German and not Spanish

(b) Mary speaks Spanish and German
(c) Mary doesn’t speak Spanish and German
(d) Mary speaks Spanish or not German
(e) Mary speaks Spanish but not German

7. Using electrical circuit notation, what is the output from the circuit shown
here?
p
(a) (p + q) . ( p. q ) q
(b) (p . q) + ( p + q )
(c) (p + q) . ( p. q )
(d) (p + q) + ( p. q )
(e) (p . q) + ( p. q )

8. Let the universe of discourse be the set of all fruits. When considering the
following predicates: j(x): x is juicy, r(x): x is red
What is the natural language translation of the statement shown below?
 x (r(x)j (x))

(a) there exists red fruit that is juicy

(b) all red fruit is juicy
(c) some red fruit is juicy
(d) no red fruit is juicy
(e) there does not exist red fruit that is juicy

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Section 3:

9. You spent five times as much as your friend on your mobile phones. Together
your bills come to £349.20. If variables are defined as:
y – the amount you pay (£),
f – the amount your friend pays (£).
What are two simultaneous equations that can be solved to find the answer?

(a) 5 y = f, y + f = 349.20
(b) y + f = 5, y f = 349.20
(c) yf=5 y + 5 f = 349.20
(d) f=5y y + f = 349.20
(e) y = 5 f, y + f = 349.20

10. Solve these simultaneous equations for x and y: 2x + y = 11, 3y = 4x-7

(a) x = 4, y = 3
(b) x = 8, y = 6
(c) x = 3, y = 4
(d) x = 4, y = -3
(e) x = 2, y = -3

11. Given the equation: ( ) where P, S and R are variables.

What does the equation become when it is rearranged to make P the subject?

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)

12. Solve the following quadratic equation to obtain a value(s) for x.

(a) x = -5, 2
(b) x = -2, 5
(c) x = -1, 10
(d) x = -3, 7
(e) x = 5, 2

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Section 4:

13. What is the answer to: 8F916 + 23A16

(a) B3316
(b) 113316
(c) 103316
(d) C2316
(e) 112316

14. Convert the binary number shown to octal: 111010001001102

(a) 351168
(b) 710468
(c) 350468
(d) 731138
(e) 350438

15. Convert the octal number shown to decimal: 5678

(a) 337 (b) 335 (c) 275 (d) 327 (e) 375

16. The grammar and production rules shown below have been designed to
produce a very restricted set of possible English sentences.
Production rules
1. a sentence is made up of a noun phrase followed by a verb
phrase followed by a noun phrase
2. a noun phrase is made up of an article followed by an
adjective followed by a noun
3. a verb phrase is made up of a verb followed by an adverb
an article is the/a/an
an adjective is small/yellow/red
a noun is apple/boy/banana
a verb is eats/buys
an adverb is slowly/impulsively
From the definitions which sentence of the five listed is not possible?

(a) the small boy eats slowly the yellow banana

(b) a yellow apple buys impulsively a small banana
(c) the red boy eats impulsively the small apple
(d) the small banana eats impulsively the yellow boy
(e) a small boy slowly eats the yellow banana

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Section 5:

17. In a class test, the following marks were obtained, 40 is the maximum mark.
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 25, 30, 30, 30, 35, 35
Identify the mean, mode and median to the nearest whole numbers.

(a) mean 26, mode 35, median 25

(b) mean 28, mode and median 30
(c) mean 24, mode 30, median 25
(d) mean 25, bi-modal 25 and 35, median 30
(e) mean 25, mode and median 30

18. Which of the examples of data below will lead to discrete values?

(a) Temperature of a computer

(b) Number of system failures per year
(c) Age of a student
(d) Weight of my pet dog
(e) Time spent travelling to exam today

19. Data collected for 30 houses identified the number of people living in the
house. This information is displayed in the bar chart below.

From the bar chart, identify the mode

(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) bi-modal 2 and 3
(e) 2.5

20. Using the bar chart in question 19, identify the median value.

(a) 3.5 (b) 2.5 (c) 4 (d) 2 (e) 3

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Formulae
Sets
Sets are normally denoted by capital letters and the list of elements is enclosed in
‘curly brackets’.
Symbols used:  'is an element of' or 'belongs to',
    'is not an element of' / 'does not belong to'.

Let A and B be sets with universal set U.

The complement of A is the set of elements in U which are not in A, written A or A'.
The intersection of A and B is the set of elements which are in A and also in B,
written A  B.
The union of A and B is the set of elements which are in A or in B or in both, written
A  B.
The difference of A and B is the set of elements which are in A but not in B, written
A \ B,
If a set A is finite then the number of elements in A is called the order of A denoted
byA.


 A  B = A + B - A  B
A B

   = (x - r) + (y - r) + r
x-r r y-r
=x+y-r
  

Laws of Operations of Sets:

Commutative AB=BA AB=BA
Associative A  (B  C) = (A  B)  C A  (B  C) = (A  B)  C
Distributive A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C) A  (B  C) = (A  B)  (A  C)
Identity AU=A A=A
Domination A= AU=U
Idempotent AA=A AA=A
Complement A  A'=  A  A'= U U'=  '=U
De Morgan's (A  B)'= A' B' (A  B)'= A' B'
Involution (A')' = A

Product Set: The Cartesian product of sets A and B, the set A  B, is the set
of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a  A and b  B.

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Logic: Propositional Calculus

Truth values and tables:
And Or Not  
p q pq p q pq p p 
T T T T T T T F
T F F T F T F T
F T F F T T
F F F F F F

Exclusive Or Implication, If p then q p if and only if q

p q pq p q pq p q pq
T T F T T T T T T
T F T T F F T F F
F T T F T T F T F
F F F F F T F F T

A tautology - t - is a proposition which is always true e.g., p  p

A contradiction - f - is a proposition which is always false e.g., p  p
Valid and Invalid Arguments:
An argument has the form p1, p2,... pn therefore├ q.

Laws of Propositional Calculus: Given any propositions p, q and r,

tautology t and contradiction f, the
following hold:
Idempotent ppp ppp
Associative (p  q)  r  p  (q  r), (p  q)  r  p  (q  r)
Commutative p  q  q  p, pqqp
Distributive p  (q  r)  (p  q)  (p  r), p  (q  r)  (p  q)  (p  r)
De Morgan's (p  q)  p  q, (p  q)  p  q
Identity p  f  f, p  t  p, p  t  t, pfp
Complement p  p  f, p  p  t, t  f, f  t
Involution p  p,

Equivalent systems: In general many aspects of logic can be re-expressed using

Boolean forms, Set theory or Logic gates.

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and or complement
pq pq ¬p ~p f t
PQ PQ P P´  U

P.Q P+Q P 0 1

Logic: Predicate Calculus

The symbol  is used to denote for every or for all
The symbol used to state existential quantification is  for there exists or at least one.

Number
Number systems:
N Z Q R

the set of natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3,...}

the set of integers
the set of rational numbers
the set of real numbers
(note 0 is included in some books)
Z = { ..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,...}
extended to include negatives
Q = {p/q : p,qq  0}
extended to include fractions
R
extended to include 2 e.t.c.

Exponents and Scientific Notation

It is common on calculators and in programming to find that 5 000 000 is written in a
different format e.g. 5 EXP 6 or 5 6 or 5 e +6 because 5 000 000 is 5 million and a
million is 101010101010, 10 to the power of 6.

Naming conventions
Smallest largest

10-
10-9 10-6 10-3 10-2 10-1 1=10 101 102 103 106 109 1012
0
12

Pico nano micro milli centi deci deca hecto kilo mega giga terra

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Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal:

Binary: Another name for base 2, digits used are 0-1.
Octal: Another name for base 8, digits used are 0-7.
Hexadecimal: Another name for base 16, digits & characters used 0-9,A,B,C,D,E,F

Changing between Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal:

System Place value in each system
n 9 8 7
2 2 2 2 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
Binary 512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Octal 512 64 8 1
Hex 256 16 1

2’s Complement arithmetic for binary numbers

(binary number X – binary number Y):
Step 1: make sure binary number X and binary number Y have the same number of
digits, add 0’s to the front of Y if needed.
Step 2: take binary number Y and replace 0’s by 1’s and 1’s by 0’s
Step 3: then add 1 to the new Y binary number.
Step 4: add together binary number X and the altered binary number Y.
Step 5: ignore first 1 on left of step 4 result and that is the answer.

Formal Languages and Grammars

Definition: A Phrase Structure Grammar or simply a grammar G consists of
four parts
G = {VT, VN, S, P}
VT = A finite set of terminal symbols
VN = A set of variables (or non-terminal symbols)
S = A non-terminal start symbol
P = A set of production rules defining how members of VT and VN can be
combined.

V = VT  VN is known as the vocabulary.

The phrase structure of a language can be represented by parse trees which show how
a particular grammar generates the phrases of the language.

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Data & Statistics

MEAN: Usually written as x for a sample or  for the population

n

(x 1  x 2  x 3 .... x n )

i 1
xi
With n values given as x1, x2, ... , xn the mean is = =
n n
If data values are repeated so that value xi occurs fi times, then n = f1 + f2 + ... + fn
the total frequency and
n n

(f1 x 1  f 2 x 2  f 3 x 3 .... f n x n )
 fi x i
i 1
f x i i
i 1
mean = = = n
n n
f
i 1
i

MODE: This is defined as the most frequently occurring value and so in a bar
chart showing the frequency it will be the values giving rise to the
highest bar.
MEDIAN: The value of the middle term of the sorted data

Measures of dispersion:
Range: Range = MAXIMUM VALUE - MIN.VALUE

Inter-Quartile Range: IQ range = UQ - LQ

If using median use the Inter-Quartile (IQ) range for the spread. Find Upper Quartile
(UQ) (75% value) and Lower Quartile (LQ) (25% value)

The standard deviation: This looks at the difference between the data values and
the mean.
( x  x ) 2
2
(Average Deviation) =
n
This is also known as the variance written 2 for a population or s2 for a sample.

( x  x ) 2
=
n
The average deviation is given the technical name of the standard deviation

 x2
Standard deviation =  x2
n
For grouped data the standard deviation is given by the formula

Standard deviation  =
 fx 2

x
2

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