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Module 2: Nature and

Functions of SocialSciences
Disciplines
MODULE OVERVIEW

This module was designed and written with you in mind.

It is here to help you master how social sciences emerge
and how does it link to the natural sciences. The scope of
this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the
diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.

GENERAL INSTRUCTION

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary

mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of
paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer PRE ASSESSMENT before moving
on to the other activities included in the module.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and
checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are
through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this

module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Always bear in mind that you are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience

meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant
competencies. You can do it!
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

The module have one lesson:

 Lesson 1 – Introducing the Disciplines within the

Social Sciences After going through this module, you

are expected to:

1. define the nine disciplines of Social Sciences; and

2. identify the natures and functions of each disciplines.

PRE-ASSESSMENT

Direction: Match the following terms from column A to

their definition from column B. Write only the letter of your
answer on the separate sheet of paper.

A B

1. Anthropology a. The study of human population and

dynamics
The study of languages and focuses on
2. Demography b. the three
aspects of language
The scientific study of humans, human
3. Economics c.
behavior
and societies in the past and present.
The study of the past and its records
4. Geography d. about
events.
The study of what constitutes
5. History e. rational human behavior in the
endeavor to fulfill needs and
wants.

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6. Humanities f. It deals with the study of the
relationship
between the earth and people.
7. Linguistics g. This refer to the academic
disciplines that
study aspects of human society
and culture.
8. Narrative - h. The scientific study of human
Chronology society and
social relationships.
9. Natural Sciences i. The scientific study of the mind
and
behavior.
The study of politics and power
10. Negativism j. from
domestic, international, and
comparative perspectives.
11. Political Science k. A branch of science which deals
with the
physical world.
12. Positivism l. The study of human social
relationships and
institutions.
13. Psychology m. It uses sources to provide an
accurate and
complete vision of the past.
The creation of narratives of the
14. Social Sciences n. past -
analysis plays less role as
the role of accidents is most
important.
It rejects human agency in
15. Sociology o. historical affairs.
Rejects all sources. Rejects the
possibility of empathetic
understanding of the past.

Lesson Introducing the Disciplines

1 within the Social Sciences

Social science tells us how society works. It provides a deeper

understanding about the world beyond our immediate experience.
It tells us that everything is interconnected, that the labor of
yesterday can be the fruits of today and that the actions of today
will have an impact in the future of humanity.
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 INTRODUCTION

HOOK ACTIVITY:

Concept Mapping!

Direction: Fill out a concept map showing the definition of social

science as a study of society. Write your answer on the separate
paper. Use the example below as your reference.

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 INTERACTION

Guess the Pic!

Directions: Using the pictures below, fill in the missing letters to

reveal the words. Then, rearrange the jumbled letters in the middle
of the pictures. Write your answer on the separate paper.

DISCUSSION

Social sciences consist of a variety of disciplines, subject

areas, and methods, and there is no reason to expect that these
disciplines will eventually add up to a single unified theory of
society. Political science, sociology, history, anthropology,
economics, geography, and area studies all provide their own,
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largely independent, definitions of scope, research agenda, and
research methods. Furthermore, there is no grand plan according
to which the disciplinary definitions jointly capture all that is of
scientific interest about the social.

Anthropology, Demography, Economics, Geography, History,

Linguistics, Political Science, Psychology, and Sociology are the nine
social science disciplines.

Table 1: Etymologies of Social Science Disciplines and

Definitions

Social
Science Etymologies Definitions
Disciplines
“anthopos” Scientific study of man or
Anthropology humanbeing and their
(human), “logos” societies in the past and
(study of) present
“demos” (people), Study of human
Demography “graphein” population and Dynamics
(description)
Study of what constitutes
“oikanomia” rational human behavior in
Economics the endeavor to fulfill
(household
needs and wants
management)
“geo” (Earth), Deals with the study of the
Geography relationship between the
“graphein”(descriptio
n) earth and people
“lingua” (tongue, Study of languages and
Linguistics focuses on the three
language)
aspects of language
“histoire” (recorded
History and The study of the past and
documented events) its records about events.
“politika,” “polis” Deals with the system of
Political (affairs Governance
Science of the cities)
“psyche” (mind), Scientific study of the
Psychology “logos” (study of) mind and Behavior

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 Study of groups - how they
“socius” (people
are formed, how they
Sociology together, associate),
change, and how the
“logos” (study of)
group impacts individual
Behavior

Table 2: Function of Social Science Disciplines

Disciplines Function
Essentially to understand as many aspects of
human life as can possibly be studied, to record
Anthropology
its findings, and contribute to both historical
understanding as well as to ascertain current
states of the human condition in an attempt to
better understand and/or act upon those
findings. (Fethe, 2017)
To understand basic physical systems that
affect everyday ife (e.g. earth-sun relationships,
Geography water cycles, wind and ocean currents). To
learn the location of places and the
physical and cultural characteristics of those
places in order to function more effectively in
our increasingly interdependent world. (Bonnett,
2008)
A useful for work. Its study helps create good
businesspeople, professionals, and political
History leaders. The number of explicit professional jobs
for historians is considerable, but most people
who study history do not become professional
historians. (Evans, 2001)
Can study society with a wide variety of focuses.
Sociology From studying the power elite, to the interaction
of the economy, society and the environment, to
the examination of various rights movements,
Sociology examines the way different
aspects of society behave and function. (San
Juan, 2011)

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 A social study concerning the allocation and
transfer of power in decision making, the roles
Political and systems of governance including
Science
governments and international organizations,
political behavior and public policies. (Mortel et
al. 2003)
The three most important functions of
Economics economics are as follows: Just as feeding,
digestion and growth are the vital processes of
living beings; similarly production,consumption
and growth are the essentials of economies.
(Leaňo, 2012)
Refer to the general social uses of language,
such as requesting objects and activities,
Linguistics initiating social interactions, expressing
personal feelings, describing aspects of the
world, requesting information, and pretending.
(Bernardez, 2013)
To know the population of a particular area;
To ascertain as to which factors are influencing
Demography the population of that particular area;
To explain the factors relating to changes in
population; and To study the population trends
on the basis of the above three factors.
According to earlier psychologists, the function
of psychology was to study the nature, origin
Psychology and destiny of the human soul. But soul is
something metaphysical. It cannot be seen,
observed and touched and we cannot make
scientific experiments in soul. (Kendra, 2020)

Table 3: Nature of Social Science

Disciplines

Disciplines Nature
 The aim of modern social anthropology is
Anthropology just not to study human society but also to
(Ramos, understand the complex issues of modern
2014) human life.
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  As primitive people have been the focus of
anthropological study, the problems faced
by these people in the process of
development in modern days become very
important for the anthropologists to study.
 Anthropologists not only deal with the study
of these problems but also try to find out a
solution for this.
 Developmental anthropology and Action
anthropology etc. are the specialized fields
within social anthropology which deal with
such problems.
 Therefore, we can say that the scope and aim
of social anthropology go together; one
influences the other. As
much as the scope increases a new aim
comes out of it.
 Geography is concerned to provide an
Geography accurate, orderly, and rational description of
(Semple, the variable character of the earth's surface"
2004) (Hartshorne, p. 21).
 Understandably this characterization has not
been universally accepted, and others have
suggested terms such as "areal
differentiation," and "spatial interaction" as
better expressing the core of geography.
 It has been seen as more akin to history than
to the systematic sciences (physics,
chemistry, biology, geology, meteorology, etc.)
in that it has no body of material peculiar to
itself, but rather adopts a point of view.
 But subjects studied by some geographers,
such as map projections, are highly
"scientific."

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  A study of the present in the light of the past:
History The present has evolved out of the past.
(Munslow,  Modern history enables us to understand
2001) how society has come to its present form so
that one may intelligently interpret the
sequence of events.
 The causal relationships between the selected
happenings are unearthed that help in
revealing the nature of happenings and
framing of general laws.
 History is the study of man: History deals
with man’s struggle through the ages.
History is not static.
 By selecting “innumerable biographies” and
presenting their lives in the appropriate
social context and the ideas in the human
context, we understand the sweep of events.
 It traces the fascinating story of how man has
developed through the ages, how man has
studied to use and control his environment
and how the present institutions have grown
out of the past.
 History is concerned with man in time: It
deals with a series of events and each event
occurs at a given point in
time. Human history, in fact, is the
process of human development in time.

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 It is time which affords a perspective to
events and lends a charm that brightens up
the past.
 History is concerned with man in space:
The interaction of man on environment and
vice versa is a dynamic one. History describes
about nations and human activities in the
context of their physical and geographical
environment.
 Out of this arise the varied trends in the
political, social, economic and cultural
spheres of man’s activities and achievements.
 Objective record of happenings: Every
precaution is taken to base the data on
original sources and make them free from
subjective interpretation.
 It helps in clear understanding of the past
and enables us to take well informed
decisions.
 Multisided: All aspects of the life of a social
group are closely interrelated and historical
happenings cover all these aspects of life, not
limited only to the political aspect that had
so long dominated history.
 History is a dialogue between the events of
the past and progressively emerging future
ends. The historian’s interpretation of the
past, his selection of the significant and the
relevant events, evolves with the progressive
emergence of new goals.
 The general laws regulating historical
happenings may not be considered enough;
attempts have to be made to predict future
happenings on the basis of the laws.
 Not only narration but also analysis: The
selected happenings are not merely narrated;
the causal relationships between them are
properly unearthed.
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  The tracing of these relationships lead to the
development of general laws that are also
compared and contrasted with similar
happenings in other social groups to improve
the reliability and validity of these laws.
 Continuity and coherence are the necessary
requisites of history: History carries the
burden of human progress as it is passed
down from generation to generation, from
society to society, justifying the essence of
continuity.
 Relevant: In the study of history only those
events are included which are relevant to the
understanding of the present life.
 Comprehensiveness: According to modern
concept, history is not confined to one
period or country or nation. It also deals
with all aspects of human life-political,
social, economic, religious, literary, aesthetic
and physical, giving a clear sense of world
unity and world citizenship.
Sociology  Sociology is an independent science:
(Lo, 2019) Sociology is not treated and studied as a
branch of any other science like philosophy,
history. Now it has emerged into an
independent science. As an independent
science it has its own field of study.
 Sociology is a social science and not a
physical science: All the sciences are
divided into two categories: natural sciences
and social sciences.
 Natural sciences study physical phenomena
where as social sciences study social
phenomena. Social sciences include
Economics, Political Science, and
Anthropology etc.
 Sociology belongs to the family of Social
science. As a social science it concentrates
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 its attention on man, his social behavior,
activities and social life. In other words, it
studies man as a social being.
 Sociology is a pure science and not an
applied science: The aim of applied science
is to apply the acquired knowledge into life
and to put it to use.
 But the aim of pure sciences is the
acquisition of knowledge and it is not
bothered whether the acquired knowledge is
useful or can be put to use. Sociology is a
pure science, because it aims at the
acquisition of knowledge about human
society, hot the utilization of the knowledge.
 Sociology is an abstract science and not a
concrete science: This doesn't mean that
Sociology, is an art and not a science. It
only refers that Sociology is not interested
in concrete manifestations of human
events.
 It is more concerned with the form of human
events and their patterns. Similarly,
Sociology does not confine itself to the
study of this society or that particular
society. It simply means that Sociology is an
abstract science, not a concrete science.
 Sociology is a categorical and not a
normative discipline: Sociology "confines
itself about what is, not what should be or
ought to be."
 As a science it is silent about questions of
value. It does not make any kind of value
judgment. It only means Sociology as a
discipline cannot deal with problems of
good and evil, right and wrong.
 Sociology is a generalizing and not a
particularizing science: Sociology does not
study each and every event
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 that takes place in society. It makes
generalization on the basis of some selected
events. For example, not by studying or
examining all the secondary groups but by
observing a few secondary groups, a
sociologist makes generalization of
secondary groups.
 Sociology is a general science and not a
special social science: The area of inquiry of
Sociology is general and not specialized.
Social sciences like Political Science,
History, Economics, etc. study human
interaction but not all about human
interactions.
 But Sociology does not investigate special
kind of phenomena in relation to human
life, and activities but it only studies human
activities in a general way.
 Sociology is both a rational and empirical
science: Empiricism is the approach that
emphasizes experiences and the facts that
result from observation and
experimentation.
 On the other hand, rationalism stresses
reason and theories that result from logical
inference. The empiricist collects facts, the
rationalist co-ordinates and arranges them.
 In sociological theory both are significant.
Thus, Sociology is both a rational and
empirical science.

Conclusion:

Thus, from the above discussion we come to

know that the nature of Sociology is
independent, social, a categorical, pure,
abstract, and generalizing; both are a rational
and an empirical social science.
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  Politics is not only a mere institution of
Political governance but also a mechanism for
Science achieving societal goals.
(Bhargava,2  Political Science is thus a study of the
008)
state in the past, present, and future;
 Study of Political organization, political
processes and political fun
 Study of Political Institutions and Political
Theories.
 Study of several subfields: Political Theory.
 Economics is a science: Science is an
Economics organized branch of knowledge that analyses
(Metu, 2016) cause and effect relationship between
economic agents.
 Further, economics helps in integrating
various sciences such as mathematics,
statistics, etc. to identify the relationship
between price, demand, supply and other
economic factors.
 Positive Economics: A positive science is one
that studies
the relationship between two variables but
does not give any value judgment, i.e.it states
“what is”. It deals with facts about the entire
economy.
 Normative Economics: As a normative
science, economics passes value judgment,
i.e. ‘what ought to be’. It is concerned with
economic goals and policies to attain these
goals.
 Economics is an art: Art is a discipline that
expresses the way things are to be done, so
as to achieve the desired end.
 Economics has various branches like
production, distribution, consumption and
economics that provide general rules and
laws that are capable of solving different
problems of society.
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  Therefore, economics is considered as
science as well as art, i.e. science in terms
of its methodology and arts as in
application.
 Hence, economics is concerned with both
theoretical and practical aspects of the
economic problems which we encounter in
our day to day life.
 An academic discipline – a body of knowledge
Linguistics given to—or received by—a disciple (student);
a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of
study, that an individual has chosen to
specialize in.
 A field of science – a widely recognized
category of specialized expertise within
science, embodying its own terminology,
nomenclature, and scientific journals.
 A social science – a field of academic
scholarship that explores aspects of human
societies related to the languages they speak.
 Psychology is the scientific study and
Psychology practical application of observable behavior
and mental processes of organisms.
 Psychology differs from other social sciences
such as: Sociology, History, or Economics,
because psychology specifically deals with the
study of an individual. The other social
sciences will study groups, or history.
 Psychology is less a science of reported
findings, it attempts asks and answers
questions using observable behavior and
what can be determined as mental
processes of the subject.
 The symbol for psychology is the Greek letter
“psi” (Ø). The subject matter of psychology is,
affect, behavior, and cognition.
 The affect for psychology is the actual
mental processes that make up: moods
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 Table 4: According to Banaag, 2012 the Methods of Creating
History:

Methods Description
Embraces human agency in history. Uses
Positivism sources to provide and accurate and
complete vision of the past. Also
embraces and empathetic approach
towards people in the past.
The creation of narratives of the past -
Narrative - analysis plays less role as the role of
Chronology accidents is most important.
The “Great Men” method which creates
Biography - chronological narratives. Often look at the
Hagiography agency of one individual in history.
These are created which become
orthodoxies. New theses then arrive to
Dialectics - Analysis challenge these - revisionism - and a
synthesis is produced from the old and
the new. The synthesis becomes the new
thesis or paradigm and the process of
clashes (dialectics) repeats.
Works of the Annales school are
characterized by a multi - layered
Meta - Narrative/ approach which seek to integrate long
Total History term, midterm and short term factors in a
“total history”. There is an effort to
explain large amounts of human history
through the application of theory and
social sciences.
Rejects human agency in historical
Negativism affairs. Rejects all sources. Rejects the
possibility of empathetic understanding of
the past.

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 Table 5: According to Gans, 2020 the School of
Psychology

School of
Psychology Proponents Description
 Considered to be the
first school of thought
in Psychology.
 This outlook focused on
Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt breaking down
and Edward mental processes into
Titchener the most basic
components.
 The focus was on
reducing mental
processes down into
their most basic
elements.
The structuralists used
techniques such as
introspection to analyze
the inner processes of
the human
 mind.
 A general psychological
philosophy that
considers mental life and
John Dewey,
behavior in terms of
James Rowland
Functionalism Angell, active adaptation to the
and
person’s environment.
Harvey Carr.
 A theory of the mind in
Founder: William
James contemporary
philosophy, developed
largely as an alternative
to both the identity
theory of mind and
behaviorism.

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  Studies the
unconscious mind.
 This school of thought
emphasized the
Psychoanalytic Sigmund Freud influence of the
unconscious mind on
behavior.
 Freud believed that the
human mind was
composed of three
elements: the id, ego,
and superego.
 Focuses on observable
behavior.
 Suggests that all
behavior can be
explained by
environmental causes
rather than by internal
forces.
John Watson and  Theories of learning
Behaviorism B.F. Skinner including classical
conditioning and
operant conditioning
were the focus of a
great deal of research.
 An approach to
psychology that
combines elements of
philosophy, ethodology,
and theory.
 Psychology should
concern itself with the
observable behavior of
people and animals, not
with unobservable
events that take
place in their minds.
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  The school of
psychology that studies
mental processes
including how people
Cognitivism
think, perceive,
remember and learn.
 As part of the larger
field of cognitive
science, this branch of
psychology is related to
other disciplines
including neuroscience,
philosophy, and
linguistics.
 Studies the mind and
behavior as a whole
 A school of psychology
based upon the idea
Gestalt
Max Wertheimer, that we experience
Psychology
Wolfgang Kohler, things as unified
and Kurt Koffka wholes.
 Means “form”
or “configuration”
 The whole is other
than the sum of its
parts

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 SYNTHESIS

Independent Activity 1

Directions: Find the words being defined in the sentences inside

the word hunt. Encircle them using a pen with blue color for
number one, yellow for number two, green for number three, red
for number four, and violet for number five. Use a separate bond
paper.

1. Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener are the proponent of

this school of psychology.

2. A theory of the mind in contemporary philosophy, developed

largely as an alternative to both the identity theory of mind and
behaviorism.

3. An approach to psychology that combines elements of

philosophy, methodology, and theory.

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4. The school of psychology that studies mental processes
including how people think, perceive, remember and learn.

5. This school of thought emphasized the influence of the

unconscious mind on behavior.

Independent Assessment 1

Crossword!

Direction: Complete the crossword puzzle by filling in the word

that fits in each clue. Use separate bond paper.

PS Y C H O L O G Y

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Independent Activity 2

Experiment 101!

Directions: You are required to do a simple experiment with three

of your family members. Ask them to help you out with your school
project. Once you are assembled as a group, start asking each one
of them to complete a part of your research project. Make sure that
you vary your approach to each of your family members. Use a
separate bond paper to complete this activity.

With family # 1 - You should give him/her a high five

and sound so warm and friendly.

With family # 2 - You should act like you are commanding

his/her to do the task for you.

With family # 3 - You pretend to ignore his/her after you make your
request.

Note: Observe your family’s reactions or responses, and answer

the following questions in the worksheet.

How did your Who among Who do you

friends react? your friends think
(single words or helped you out among your
adjective only) with your family
research helped you
project? out?
Please put a (√ Or did not
) or help
(x) mark. you out?
family # 1

family # 2

family # 3

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 1. Do you think your manner of approaching each
one of them, that is, your way of
asking/requesting for help mattered to each one
Processing of them? Explain your answer.
Questions 2. Would you get the same results if you
approach each one of them in the same manner?
Elaborate your answer.

Independent Assessment 2

Contextualizing Social Sciences Disciplines

Direction: Determine the appropriate discipline applicable in the

given situations. Explain your answer.

Appropriate Social
Situation Sciences
Discipline
1. Evaluation of the career path
with respect to the
qualifications of the individual
employees in your company.
2. An analysis of the
consumption patterns
among housewives in a
middle - income community.
3. A description of the different
Cultural practices of the
Igorots.
4. An analysis of the voting
Behavior among young adults.
5. An analysis on the causes of
Fraternity wars and gang
violence.
6. A policy recommendation on
how to raise the incidence of
birth in countries that have
an aging population.
7. A study on what causes severe

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 depression which leads to
suicide.
8. An injury on how colonial
occupation has changed the
values of the native
population.
9. An investigation of areas or
Locations where the incidence
of earthquakes are most likely
to occur.
10. An inquiry on the causes of
Juvenile delinquency among
adolescents.

Independent Activity 3

Direction: Fill in the table below. List down the nine

disciplines of social sciences on the first column then give social
issues on the second column and explain how these disciplines
help the issues on the third column. Use a separate bond paper.

Disciplines of How the

Social Social Issues Discipline can
Sciences help the issue

Independent Assessment 3

Chart Completion!

Direction: Compare and contrast the different social sciences

disciplines by completing the table below. Use a separate bond
paper.

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 Disciplines Function Nature

Anthropology

Demography

Economics

Geography

History

Linguistics

Political Science

Psychology

Sociology

REFLECTION

Direction: Answer the following questions below and write

your answer on a separate bond paper.

1. How do the disciplines of social sciences differ from natural

sciences and humanities in terms of nature and function?
Explain your thought in at least five sentences.
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2. Cite at least five examples on how the disciplines of social
sciences, natural sciences, and humanities come in common.

EVALUATION

Crime and Punishment!

If you have been a victim of the following crimes, state

whether or not you will inform the police, and why.

Tell the
Crime Police Why?
(Yes or No)
Robbery
Blackmail

Assault

Car theft
Cyber
bullying

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 POST ASSESSMENT

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write

the letter of your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is NOT an example of a social science?

a. Anthropology c. Physics
b. Economics d. Psychology
2. If you were to explore the reason why a group of people
speak the way they do, which discipline would be the MOST
applicable to use?
a. Chemistry c. Linguistics
b. Economics d. Psychology
3. Which of the following BEST describes what social sciences
have in common?
a. A focus on material culture
b. The study of the human mind
c. Research that overlaps with genetics
d. An interest in studying human beings
4. This social science is most closely related to sociology.
a. Anthropology c. Psychology
b. Biology d. Social Psychology
5. One would study this to learn about past events and how
we are affected by them.
a. Anthropology c. Political Science
b. History d. Social Sciences
6. The study of choices people make to satisfy their needs and
wants.
a. Economics c. Political Science
b. History d. Sociology
7. With this social science one would study voting patterns,
and the formation of politically based groups.
a. Economics c. Political Science
b. History d. Sociology
8. Being able to put yourself in someone else’s shoes is
important in this social science.
a. Economics c. Social Psychology
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 b. Geography d. Sociology
9. studies the relationship the human race has with its
environment.
a. Geography c. Psychology
b. Geology d. Sociology
10. This social science deals with the behavior and thinking of
organisms.
a. Anthropology c. Science
b. Psychology d. Social Psychology
11. Anthropology most often studies the relationship between .
a. Physics and Biology
b. Marketing strategies and geography
c. The natural environment and trading system
d. Biological traits and socially acquired characteristics of
humans
12. Who believed that the human mind was composed of three
elements: the id, ego, and superego.
a. Kurt Koffka c. Sigmund Freud
b. Max Wertheimer d. Wolfgang Kohler
13. A school of psychology based upon the idea that we
experience things as unified wholes.
a. Behaviorism c. Functionalism
b. Cognitivism d. Gestalt Psychology

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14. The study on why different cultures grow different sorts of
crops is a question of .
a. Cartography c. Geography
b. Demography d. Geology
15. In the statement “the less time you spend online, the
higher your test scores are”.
a. Test scores are the independent variable.
b. The amount of time spent online is the dependent
variable.
c. There is a positive relationship between time online and
test scores.
d. There is a negative relationship between time spent
online and test scores.

References

Banaag,Lee Mark T.Socio Anthro;An Interdisciplinary Approach to

the Study and Culture.Mandaluyong City;Books
Atbp.Publishing Corp.2012.

Bernardez, Edisteo B. and Rowena T. Ulalan. Introduction to

Linguistics. Malabon City: Jimczyville Publications.2013.

Bonnett, Alastair (2008) .What is Geography? (p.102). London:

Sage Publication.

Economic and social research council. Retrieved July 18, 2016 at

www.esrc.ac.uk/about-us/what-is-social-science

Gigante - Labiste, Maria Caridad and Tumoroh Caridad and

Tumoroh Carin Brazalote. General Psychology. Mandaluyong
City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp. 2011.

Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD Updated

on January 05, 2020.Major Schools of Thought in
Psychology https://www.verywellmind.com/psychology-
schools-of-thought-2795247