Disciplines and Ideas in

the Social Sciences

Quarter 4 – Week 1 to 2
 Grade 11 Worktext – DISS Quarter 4

KEY CONCEPTS AND IDEAS OF FILIPINO THINKERS IN

SOCIAL SCIENCES

Name: __________________________________ Grade: __________

I. INTRODUCTION

After going through this worktext, you are expected to examine the key concepts and ideas of
Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences. Specifically, to:
• discuss the key concepts and ideas of in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino
language/experiences;
• identify the historical trends of Philippine psychological thought;
• examine carefully the significance of the different key concepts/ideas influenced by Jose Rizal,
Isabelo de los Reyes and other Filipino thinkers from 19th-21st centuries to support
disadvantaged or unrepresented groups; and
• appreciate the contributions of the Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences.

II. START UP

ACTIVITY 1: UNSCRAMBLE ME!

Directions: Below are scrambled words that are mentioned in this lesson. Unscramble them
by referring to the definitions given. Write your answer on the blank provided for
each item.

1. I M S S C O A I L = __________________________
It is both an economic system and an ideology; a socialist economy features social rather
than private ownership of the means of production.

2. I T O N A R T U L E N U C = __________________________
It is the process of acquiring values from a neighboring culture.

3. N I I D E G I N A Z I O T N = __________________________
It is the act of making something more native; transformation of some service, idea, etc. to
suit a local culture, especially using more indigenous people in administration, employment,
etc.

4. E D O O C L A Z I N O I N T = __________________________
It is the process of leaving colonial rule, mostly occurring during the 20th century.

5. E E H G O M N Y = __________________________
It is the political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others.

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 DISCUSSION

LESSON ONE: 19th CENTURY FILIPINO THINKERS AND THEIR IDEAS OF SOCIAL THEORY
AND SOCIALISM

Orientalism, according to Syed Fasid Alatas, influenced the content of education that the origin
of social sciences and the question of alternative points are unmodified. This lack of thematization
made the thought style of our Filipino thinkers not getting attention compared to European and
American social theorists such as Max Weber, Durkheim, and others.

The Social Sciences are taught in the Third World in a Eurocentric manner (from the point of
view of the Europeans to Asians). This resulted in the alienation of social scientists from local and
regional scholarly traditions. We should note that during the 19th century, the impression given during
the period that Europeans such as Max Weber, Durkheim, and others were thinking about the nature
of society and its development, there were no thinkers in Asia doing the same. The absence of non-
European thinkers in these accounts influenced the development of social thought.

This history of social thought or a course on social thought and theory would cover theorists
such as Montesquieu, Vico Compte, Spencer, Max Weber, Durkheim, Simmel, Toennies, Sombart,
Mannheim, Pareto, Summer, Ward, Small, and others. Non-Western thinkers are excluded. It is
necessary to make a distinction between Orientalism as the obtrusive stereotypical portrayal of the
Orient and the new Orientalism of today which is characterized by the neglect and silencing of non-
Western thoughts.

What is meant by the silencing or marginalization of non-

Western thinkers? It is when all non-Europeans appear in the text
and courses, they are the objects of study and not the subjects who
were the sources of sociological theories and ideas. Alatas,
concentrated on the work, of Jose Rizal and Ibn Khaldun. In his
work, he said that “Jose Rizal (1861-1896) was the Filipino thinker
and activist and probably the first systematic social thinker in
Southeast Asia. He raised original problems and creatively treated
them. He lived during the formative period of sociology but theorized
about the nature of society in ways not done by Western
sociologists. He gave us a different perspective on the colonial
dimension of the emerging modernity of the 19th century. He
published his first novel, Noli Me Tangere in 1887. It was a reflection
of exploitative conditions under Spanish colonial rule and enraged
the Spanish friars. It was a diagnosis of the problems of Filipino
society and a reflection of the problems of exploitation in Filipino
colonial society.

His second novel El Filibusterismo, published in 1891,

examined the possibilities and consequences of revolution.
Sociological theory from Rizal’s work can be discerned in his
writings:(1) the theory of colonial society, that explains the nature
and conditions of colonial society;(2) Rizal’s critique on colonial
knowledge of the Philippines. (3) Finally, his discourse on the
meaning of /and requirements for emancipation. In Rizal’s thought,
the corrupt Spanish colonial government and its officials oppress and exploit the Filipinos, while
blaming the backwardness of the Filipinos on their alleged laziness. But his project was to show that

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in fact, the Filipinos were a relatively advanced society in pre-colonial times and that their
backwardness was a product of colonialism.

Isabelo Delos Reyes y

Florentino (Don Belong - July
7,1864 to October 10, 1938), was a
prominent Filipino politician, writer,
and labor activist in the 19th and
20th centuries. He was the founder
of Iglesia Filipina Independiente, an
independent Philippine national
church. He is known as the “Father
of Philippine Folklore”,” Father of
the Philippine Labor Movement”,
and the “Father of the Filipino
Socialism’”. He followed his
mother’s footsteps by initially
turning to write as a career; his
works were part of the 1887
Exposicion General de las Filipinas
in Madrid.

He later became a journalist, editor, and publisher in Manila and was imprisoned in 1897 for
revolutionary activities. He was deported to Spain where he was jailed for his activities. He had his
first brush with socialism during his stay in Barcelona where he mingled and was influenced by the
writings of European socialists and Marxists. He was acquainted with anarchists, syndicalists, and
other extremists and ideological thinkers. He was released in 1898 and was banned from leaving
Spain and became a drifter in Barcelona. During this time, he came to know radicals such as
Francisco Ferrer, Alejandro Lerroux, and others. On his return to the Philippines, he became the
leader of the Nacionalista Party. He took with his works by socialists such as Karl Marx, Proudhon,
Bakunin, and Errico Malatesta. He was the first president of Union Obrera Democratica, formed on
February 2, 1902, wherein they aimed to” achieve the longed-for alliance between capital and labor.”
He represented workers in various disputes, supervised educational discussions, and lead the
country’s May 1 protest-celebration, an annual tradition that is held today. His patriotism fed into his
desire for unionism: only through the unity of workers they could defeat the imperialists. Throughout
his life, he wrote and published multiple newspapers and works in various subjects such as history,
folklore, religion, and politics.

LESSON TWO: “SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO”: PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT

ORIENTATION OF THREADS AND CONTEXT

Filipino Psychology or (Sikolohiyang Pilipino) is defined as the psychology rooted in the

experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos. It was formalized in 1975 by the
Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (National Association for Filipino Psychology) under
the leadership of Virgilio Enriquez, also known as the Father of Filipino Psychology. Virgilio G.
Enriquez was born on November 24, 1942, at Santol, Balagtas formerly Bigaa, Bulacan. He is the
founder of the Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino, (National Association for Sikolohiyang
Pilipino, Inc.)

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 Filipino Psychology in the Philippines exists and grows as part
of the nationalist indigenization movement in the Philippines. Its roots
can be traced back to the introduction of the American education
system in the Philippines. Agustin Alonzo was among the first Filipino
psychologists to return from their education in America (1925) and
taught at the College of Education at the University of the Philippines.
His team brought with them psychological knowledge rooted in the
American tradition of psychology. This Western psychology is taught
in schools as universal and scientific despite generally considered by
some as insensitive and inappropriate to Philippine culture. This
hegemony (political, economic, or military predominance or control of
one state over others) is referred to as colonial psychology.

In the 1960s, other Filipino intellectuals and scholars were already aware of the limitations and
incompatibility of Western psychology. These Western-oriented approaches in research had led
scholars to paint the Filipino through the “judgmental and impressionistic views of the colonizers.” It
is with the use of these American categories and standards that the native Filipinos suffer from the
American comparison in subtle expressions to put forward Western behavior patterns as a model for
us. There were also early efforts to connect the traditional way of teaching and studying psychology
in 1960, which includes the translation of foreign materials and the use of Filipino language as a mode
of instruction. These efforts fail to address the problems brought about by the colonial and Filipino
psychology because of non-collaboration of psychologists.

In the 1970s, during the chaotic time of Ferdinand Marcos’ regime nationalist and radical
sentiments among scholars had allowed colonial and Filipino psychology to merge. Filipino
psychology along with the advances in Filipinology and History’s Pantayong Pananaw was led by
Virgilio Enriquez, Prospero Covar, and Zeus Salazar in the indigenization movement of their
respective fields. When Zeus Salazar returned to the Philippines after his training in Paris, he joined
the UP Faculty Department of history, where he taught for 30 years, using Filipino as the medium of
instruction from the very start of his teaching career in 1969 following the tradition adapted by his
mentor Guadalupe Fores-Ganzon in 1965. This gave way to the existence of the Pantayong
Pananaw, and its seed was already sown in Salazar’s published essay in 1970, entitled” Ang
Pagtuturo ng Kasaysayan sa Pilipino”. He insisted on the use of Filipino and emerged as one of the
main figures in the indigenization movement in UP-Diliman. He worked closely with like-minded
scholars such as Prospero Covar (Father of Pilipinolohiya), Virgilio Enriquez (Father of Sikolohiyang
Pilipino), and Leonardo Mercado (the last being a leading proponent of Filipino philosophy).

LESSON 3: PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT CONCEPTS AND METHODS

Filipino Psychology is the scientific study of the ethnicity, society, and culture of a people and
the application to the psychological practice of indigenous knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic
heritage and consciousness. It is based on Filipino’s true feelings, behaviors, and mostly derived from
indigenous Filipino source, language, and methods. It is described largely as post-colonial, and as
liberation psychology. Some argue that it is a local version of critical psychology since it served as
emancipatory Social Science that aims to decolonize academic nationalism.

There are several types of Psychology in the Philippines:

1) Academic Scientific or Akademiko-Siyentipikal na Sikolohiya - it follows the American
oriented psychological tradition that can be traced back to Wilhelm Wundt in 1876; introduced in the
Philippines through the formal American education system in universities.

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 2) Academic Philosophic Psychology or Akademiko-Pilosopiya na Sikolohiya - it was started
by priest-professors at the University of Santo Tomas during the 17 th century Spanish era. This
tradition originally came from the writings of the preachers and monks in philosophy and “pre-
scientific” Spanish elites and would later join with the American-oriented scientific psychology.
3) Ethnic Psychology or Taal na Sikolohiya - This includes the frame of Psychological
reasoning, enculturation, practices, beliefs, and proto-clinical practices that can be culled from
language, literature, myths, legends, etc.
4) Psycho-Medical Systems or Siko-Medikal na mga Sistema - A psychological tradition that
is closely related to ethnic psychology. The psycho-medical tradition has religion as the basis and
explanation. This includes the faith-healing practices of the Babaylan or Katalonan.

I. BASIC TENETS:
Core values or kapwa (shared inner self”). Kapwa is the core construct of Filipino psychology.
Kapwa has two categories: Ibang tao and Hindi Ibang Tao. Ibang tao (“outsider”). Ibang Tao has 5
interaction levels under this category:

A. IBANG TAO (“OUTSIDER”):

1. PAKIKITUNGO (civility) - right behaviour meant the right deportment toward authorities.
2. PAKIKISALAMUHA (an act of mixing) - social value that is primarily dwelling under common
condition. It is synonymous with the ability to adapt.
3. PAKIKILAHOK (an act of joining) - participation of the entire community to help a person or
someone.
4. PAKIKIBAGAY (conformity) - The act of socializing to conform or be accepted in a group.
5. PAKIKISAMA (being united with the group)

B. HINDI IBANG TAO: (“ONE OF US”)

There are three in function levels under this category:
1. PAKIKIPAGPALAGAYANG-LOOB: an act of mutual trust; you gain trust from a camaraderie
or fellow human being.
2. PAKIKISANGKOT: act of joining others; people join/share responsibilities in a particular
group.
3. PAKIKIPAGKAPWA: being one with others; social interaction with others.

II. PIVOTAL INTERPERSONAL VALUE

PAKIRAMDAM - shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use their inner perception of other’s
emotions, moods, or feelings as a guide in their dealings with other people.

III. LINKING SOCIO-PERSONAL VALUE

KAGANDAHANG LOOB - shared humanity; refers to being of help to other people in times
of need due to a perception of being together as a part of Filipino
humanity.

IV. ACCOMODATIVE SURFACE VALUES

1. HIYA - translated as “shyness” by most Western Psychologists. It is a “sense of propriety”
or quality of being properly following recognized custom.
2. UTANG NA LOOB (norm of reciprocity) - Filipinos are expected by others to return favors—
whether these were asked for or not_ when it is
needed or wanted.
3. PAKIKISAMA AND PAKIKIPAGKAPWA - smooth interpersonal relationships. This attitude
is primarily guided by conformity with the
majority; conformity to the group.

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V. CONFRONTATIVE SURFACE VALUES
1. BAHALA NA - translates literally as “leave it up to God” (Bathala”). It is used as an
expression, almost universally in Filipino culture. Filipinos engage in this
attitude as a culture-influenced adaptive coping strategy when faced
with challenging situations.
2. LAKAS NG LOOB - characterized by being courageous in the midst of problems and
uncertainties; bravery.
3. PAKIKIBAKA - it means concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability of the Filipino to
undertake revolutions and uprisings, fights against a common enemy.

VI. SOCIETAL VALUES

1. KARANGALAN - translated as dignity, this refers to what other people see in a person
and how they use that information to make or judge about one’s worth.
2. PURI - the external aspect of dignity; refers to how other people judge a person of
his/her worth. It is based on conformity to social norms, regardless of how
obsolete they are.
3. DANGAL - The internal aspect of dignity; refers to how a person judges his worth.
4. KATARUNGAN - translated to justice; refers to equity in giving rewards to a person; fair
judgments.
5. KALAYAAN - Freedom and Mobility; this may clash with the less important value of
pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity)

VII. APPROACHES AND METHODS

Some of the approaches and methods used in Filipino psychology are:
1. PAKIKIPAGKUWENTUHAN - the researcher engages in a storytelling with an
umpukan. The researcher merely serves as the facilitator, while the kalahok or participants are
the ones who are to talk to them,kwento from the Spanish word “cuento” literally means “ to tell
a story.”
2. PANUNULUYAN - method in which the researcher stays in the home of his kalahok or
participant while he researches with consent by the host family, whose head serves as the tulay
to an umpukan.
3. PAGDADALAW-DALAW - the researcher occasionally visits the house of his host or
tulay as opposed to staying in the house.
4. PAGTATANONG-TANONG - the researcher undergoes a kind of questioning session
with his kalahok or participants. In this method, however” lead questions” (those questions which
directly refer to the topic being studied) are not supposed to be asked; instead, the questions to
be asked are supposed to have been derived from the kalahok’s answers themselves.
5. PAKIRAMDAM - the researcher uses entirely his/her feelings or emotions to justify if
his participants or kalahok are ready to be part of the research or not.

VIII. PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Filipino psychopathology or sikopatolohiya in Filipino, from Spanish” psicopatologia” is the
study of abnormal psychology in Filipino context.
Several mental disorders have been identified that culture-bound syndromes, can, therefore,
be found only in the Philippines or in other societies with which Filipino share cultural connections.
Examples of such are:
1. AMOK - Malayan mood disorder, more aptly called “Austronesian Mood” in which a person
suddenly loses control of himself and goes into a killing attitude, after which he/she hallucinates and
fails into a trance. After he/she wakes up, he has no memory of the event.

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 2) BANGUNGOT - a relatively common occurrence in which a person suddenly loses control
of his respiration and digestion, and falls into a coma and untimely to death. The person is believed
to dream of falling into a deep bottomless onset of his death. This syndrome has been repeatedly
linked to Thailand’s Burgada syndrome and the indigestion of rice. However, no such medical ties
have been proven.

III. ENGAGE

ACTIVITY 2: Q AND A

Directions: Your task is to discuss on the table below the key concepts and ideas of Filipino
thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences. You
can go back to the text you’ve read to get the answers. Write your answers on the
space provided. You may use an additional sheet of paper if necessary.

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. What is social theory? Why is it that Rizal was
considered as the first systematic thinker in
Southeast Asia?
2. What is the core concept of Filipino
psychology?
3. Discuss your point of view on the Pantayong
Pananaw (for-us-from-us perspective) of the
Filipino thinkers. How does this perspective help
in teaching Social Sciences course/subjects in
the Philippines?

ACTIVITY 3: GETTING TO KNOW WHO?

Directions: Your task is to examine carefully the significance of the different key
concepts/ideas influenced by Jose Rizal, Isabelo delos Reyes and other Filipino
thinkers from the 19th-21st centuries to support disadvantaged or unrepresented
groups. Write your answers on the space provided. You may use an additional
sheet of paper if necessary.

FILIPINO THINKERS SIGNIFICANT KEY EXAMPLES

CONCEPT/S (Real-Life Situations)
1.

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2.

3.

ASSESSMENT

Directions: Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer. Encircle the
letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. Who among the following Filipino thinkers was an activist and probably the first systematic
social thinker in South-East Asia who wrote two novels that was a reflection of exploitative
conditions under Spanish colonial rule and the possibilities and consequences of a revolution
that enraged the Spanish friars?
A. Dr. Jose P. Rizal C. Virgilio Enriquez
B. Zeus Salazar D. Isabelo de los Reyes

2. What kind of psychology deals with the study of ethnicity, society, and culture of a people
and the application to the psychological practice of indigenous knowledge rooted in the
people’s ethnic heritage and consciousness?
A. American Psychology C. Filipino Psychology
B. Western Psychology D. Ethnic Psychology

3. Who was considered as the “Father of Filipino Psychology (Ama ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino)?
A. Zeus Salazar C. Isabelo delos Reyes
B. Virgilio Enriquez D. Prospero Covar

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4. Who among the following thinkers was best known in pioneering anemic perspective in
Philippine History called “Pantayong Pananaw” (to-us-from-us perspectives,” earning him the
title “Father of New Philippine Historiography?”
A. Jose Rizal C. Virgilio Enriquez
B. Zeus Salazar D. Isabelo delos Reyes

5. Who among the following established a religious order named Cofradia de San Jose
exclusive for the native Filipinos, because Catholic religious orders refused to admit native
Filipinos as members?
A. Zeus Salazar C. Dr. Jose P. Rizal
B. Isabelo de los Reyes D. Apolinario de la Cruz/ Hermano Pule

6. Who among the following Filipino thinkers is a historian, anthropologist, and philosopher of
history that pioneered the Pantayong Pananaw (for-us-from-us) perspective?”
A. Isabelo de los Reyes C. Zeus Salazar
B. Dr. Jose P. Rizal D. Virgilio Enriquez

7. Which of the following were the titles given to “Isabelo delos Reyes” being a prominent
politician, writer, and labor activist in the 19th and 20th centuries and the founder of Iglesia
Filipina Independiente?
A. “Father of Philippine Folklore, Father of Philippine Labor Movement and Father of
Filipinos Socialism”
B. “Father of New Philippine Historiography”
C. Father of Filipino Psychology”
D. Father of Pilipinolohiya at Filipino Philosophy”

8. The following Filipino values such as “bahala na, lakas ng loob at pakikibaka” belong to
what kind of values?
A. Confrontative surface values C. Accommodative surface value
B. Societal values D. Pivotal interpersonal value

9. Which of the following values belongs to societal values?

A. Bahala na, lakas ng loob at pakikibaka
B. Karangalan,(Puri, Dangal), Katarungan at Kalayaan
C. Hiya, utang na loob, pakikisama at pakikipagkapwa
D. Pakiramdam at kagandahang loob

10. Which of the following statement about methods/approaches in Filipino Psychology best
describes “Panunuluyan?”
A. The researcher stays in the home of his kalahok or participant while he researches
with consent by the host family whose head serves as the tulay to an umpukan.
B. The researcher occasionally visits the house of his host or tulay as opposed to
staying in the house.
C. The researcher undergoes a kind of opportunity session with his kalahok or
participants.
D. The researcher uses entirely his/her feelings or emotion to justify if his participants
or kalahok are ready to be or part of his research or not.

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IV. DEEPENING

REFLECTION

Direction: Share your reflection on this lesson by completing the sentences below.

I understand that ____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.

I realize that _______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________.

References:

Dacara, Lourdes A. (2020). Disciplines and Ideas in the Social Sciences, Quarter 2 - Module 13:
Key Concepts and Ideas of Filipino Thinkers in Social Sciences

https://en.wikipedia.org/ Isabelo-delos-Reyes;ecumenico.org/teaching-social-theory-as-alternative-
discourse/;https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/the-underrated-ilustrado-isabelo-
de-los-reyes-a-filipino-renaissance-man-a22212-20190628-lfrm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino-psychology

https://www.slideshare.net/yanloveaprilbordador/filipino-psychology-concepts-and-methods

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