Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Agusan Pequeño National High School

WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS

Disciplines and Ideas in Social Science 12, Quarter 2, Week 13

Filipino Social Thinkers

Name: ___________________________________________ Section: ____________________

Learning Objective:

- Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in
Filipino language/s and experiences:
a. 19th Century (Isabelo delos Reyes, Jose Rizal, others )
b. 20th- 21st Century (Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Pantayong Pananaw, others)
- Time Allotment; 8 days

Key Concepts

19th Century

The Literature on the development of the social sciences in the Philippines explicitly traces
the genealogy of the disciplines, except psychology, to the works of pioneering thinkers or the
teaching of particular subjects during the Spanish colonial period. As ethnographic accounts of
settled communities at the time, Abaya considered the Eurocentric writings of Spanish Chroniclers
like Pigafetta, Loarca, Plascenia, and Chirino in the 16th century as incipient anthropological
works.

The social sciences in the Philippines were colonial implants. Unlike in the West where
disciplines originated, they did not emerge as rational projects to make sense of concrete societal
experiences, e.g., the chaos and disorder wrought by the French and Industrial Revolutions.
Instead, they were shaped by American social science although continental influences that have
been integrated by American social scientists into their thinking and practice filtered in. The role
of the University of Chicago in shaping the thrusts and approach of Philippine Anthropology,
through the training of Filipino anthropologists who filled strategic positions in teaching and
research, eloquently illustrates the impact of American academia on the social sciences.

JOSE RIZAL (REFORMIST)

• Intelligence is the solution to the ills of the
country.
• Their consciousness should be freed from
fanaticism, docility, inferiority, and
hopelessness.
• He started La Liga Filipina with the job of
enlightening the minds of the people.
• Believed in Agnostic Deism – the view that
God created the universe with its law, never to
interfere with it again.
• “Human problems are irrational human creations and can be solved through rational
solutions. If reason commits mistakes, only reason can correct them.”
• “What is the use of independence if the slaves of today will be the tyrants of
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tomorrow?”
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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Agusan Pequeño National High School

ISABELO DELOS REYES (LABOR ACTIVIST/ ANTHROPOLOGIST)

• Father of Filipino Socialism
• Initiated labor strikes against American business firms
• Founded ‘El Ilocano’
• He organized the first labor union, Union Obrera Democratica Filipina
• MotherTongue based Multilingual Education
• His famous works are “The Tinguian”, “El Folk Lore Filipino”, and “Ang Diablo sa
Pilipinas”

ANDRES BONIFACIO (REVOLUTIONIST)

• Founded Katipunan/KKK.
(Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan)
• His philosophy of revolution was
published in the revolutionary
newspaper, “Kalayaan”.
• One of his famous written works was
the “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan”.
• Transformed the blood compact
(sandugo) as a kinship contract.
• According to him, a revolution of war is justified when there is breach of contract.

EMILIO JACINTO (REVOLUTIONIST)

• The youngest and brightest writer of the Katipunan.
• He is known with the pen name “Dimasilaw”
• His famous work is the “Kartilya ng Katipunan”.
• He capitalized on the idea of a free reign of reason, of the freedom
to think and do, rather than the freedom to will and do. (Gripaldo,
2002)
• “In a colonial situation where both will and thinking are
suppressed, where intellectual fanaticism is the rule, where one’s
will is conditioned to submit to tyranny, it is intellectual liberty
that comes primary.”
• Filipinos must get rid of slavery; must embrace liberty again with
a price, a bloody revolution.

20th-21st Century

The presence of a critical mass of trained social scientists did not only lead to substantial
revisions of the social science curricula. Bewailing their small number in the face of increasing
demands on their professions, the first batches of returning scholars focused on the recruitment
of bright students into their respective disciplines. They also organized professional associations
that were dedicated to the development of the disciplinal fields.

The formation of professional associations was a defining moment in the history of the social
sciences. It is interesting to note, for example, the evolution of the association of economists from
the Social Economy Association of the late 1950s that included other social scientists to the
Philippine Economic Society (PES) of 1961 that drew its members exclusively from the new breed
of economists schooled in the emergent tradition of mathematical models and econometric
analysis.

Prior to the late 1960s and 1970s, social science discourses in the country avoided areas of
intense ideological debate.
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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Agusan Pequeño National High School
Marxism was one of two movements that influenced the Philippine social science disciplines
in the 1970s and 1980s. The other movement advocated for indigenization of knowledge.

MANUEL LUIS QUEZON (POLITICAL PHILOSOPHER)

• Political pragmatism & political operation for an eventual
Philippine independence
• Political Pragmatism – “one must fight for a goal but if
obstacles towards that goal are difficult to summon then
one must fall back to an alternative that is better than
nothing provided it’s in the right direction.”
• Believed in Social Darwinism – governments are products
of political struggles for survival.
• “Partyless Democracy” – political parties influence the
politician, the people.
• Believed in the democratization of education for all,
national language, and justice.
• One of his famous line is “My loyalty with my party ends when my loyalty to the
country begins.”

JOSE P. LAUREL (POLITICAL PHILOSOPHER)

• Individuals cannot forever remain in solitude.
• Social differences
• “Human rights cannot be guaranteed unless the citizens first do their obligations
towards the state.”
• “Good governance is founded on righteousness and foreign relations must be based
on full reciprocal rights and privileges between and among nations.”

RENATO CONSTANTINO (NATIONALIST)

• Colonial experience has developed a captive
consciousness. An effect of this “crab mentality”.
This is the tendency to those on top of the hierarchy
to push those below while those below to pull down
those up above.
• “When one makes a nationalist choice, he or she
chooses not for himself or herself alone but for the
entire nation as well.”

R. ESQUIREL EMBUSCADO (DISSECTIONIST)

• As a painter, he believed that the task of an
authentic artist is to cut the umbilical cord of the
past, to make use of the present, and to protect that
present to the open future. He called this art of
“dissectionism.”
• True art must not be past-oriented, but present-
future oriented.

CIRILO BAUTISTA (POLITICAL

THEORIST)
• “RubberToner” – a poem
• “History can be read as a poem in the
same way a poem can be read as history.”
• He won the National Artist for
Literature in the year 2018.

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Agusan Pequeño National High School

CLARO R. CENTEZA (META PHYSICIAN)

• To “exist” is to “stand out.”
• •To “exist” is “to make a difference.”

ROLANDO M. GRIPALDO (CIRCUMSTANTIALIST)

• “free choice” - Choices are done in situations, which are of 2
broad types: rational and non- rational.

TEODORO M. KALAW
• Published Cinko Reglas de Nuestra Moral Antigua

CAMILO OSIAS
• “TAYO” concept
• Believes that education must secure for every Filipino the fullest
measure of efficiency, freedom, and happiness

VICENTE SINCO, FRANCISCO DALUPAN, CONRADO AQUINO

• Liberal Education – an approach to learning that empowers
individuals and repairs them to deal with complexity, diversity,
and change.
• Sinco envisioned the need for well-trained teachers as one of the essential factors to
improve the quality of the educational program in schools.
• Aquino also stressed that those responsible for the education of the citizens must
also educate them in the fullness of their rational nature.

SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO (Filipino Psychology)

Drawing inspiration from ethno-science or cognitive anthropology, Enriquez developed

Sikolohiyang Pilipino, a school of thought that privileged the emic or “native point of view” over the
etic or “researcher’s viewpoint”. Sikolohiyang Pilipino (SP) was posited as a new consciousness
reflecting Filipino psychological knowledge that has emerged through the use of local language as
a tool for the identification and rediscovery of indigenous concepts and an appropriate medium for
the delienation and articulation of Philippine realities.

It produced a plethora of works that offer an alternative to traditional psychological writings

in the Philippines. Torres credited SP with other significant achievements. They include the
refocusing of explanations of Filipino personality on indigenous values, of which kapwa is the
most noteworthy.

Despite its weaknesses, Sikolohiyang Pilipino represents the most advanced attempt at
theoretic indigenization among the social sciences.

PANTAYONG PANANAW

“Pantayong Pananaw” as a descriptive concept can pertain to any social collectivity which
possesses a relatively unified and internally articulated linguistic-cultural structure of
communication and interaction and/or a sense of oneness of purpose and existence.

Pantayong Pananaw is an excellent notion in the field of Philippine Social Sciences which
eliminates colonial thinking in the writing of Philippine culture. It literally means “from-us-for-us”
perspective that emphasizes the Filipino way, deviating from the “from-us-for-you” mentality that
highlights westernization.
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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Agusan Pequeño National High School

The most controversial issue regarding PP is the linguistic aspect of Philippine Social
Sciences. It is true that it is quite ironic that Filipinos write about their culture using a foreign
language—English—instead of the Filipino language. Pantayong Pananaw demands the use of the
latter in order to eliminate the elitist feel of the field. However, the truth of the matter is, it can
also be quite difficult to record the Filipino culture using the country’s national language because
there is no national language in the first place. With this being said, not all Filipinos actually know
how to read or write the so-called Filipino language. This just defeats the purpose of oneness which
Pantayong Pananaw aims to achieve.

Exercises / Activities
Activity No. 1 I THINK
Direction: Express your own opinion about the “Pantayong Pananaw”. Why do we
use multiple language to express our ideas or works? Is it important to become
ethno-centric in the language that we use in expressing our ideas?

___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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Evaluation
Direction: Select the letter of the answer that BEST describes the sentence.
1. He is the youngest and smartest of the writers of Katipunan.
a. Jose Rizal c. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
b. Emilio Jacinto d. Andres Bonifacio
2. “My loyalty with my party ends when my loyalty to the country begins” means
a. I cannot do you any favor that is in conflict with my duty.
b. I will do anything because you are my friend.
c. I will make sure you will get punished because you are not a friend.
d. Friends are not good for work.
3. Which of the following statement is NOT doing their obligation towards the
state according to Jose P. Laurel?
a. Not paying business taxes
b. Not exercising their suffrage
c. Blaming the government in the Social Media
d. Voting in the national election
4. An approach to learning that empowers individuals and repairs them to deal
with complexity, diversity, and change.
a. Free education c. Liberal education
b. Free choice d. Free wifi
5. His famous work is the “Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan”.
a. Isabelo Delos Reyes c. Renato Constantino
b. Manuel L. Quezon d. Andres Bonifacio
6. What does Camilo Osias mean that “education must secure for every Filipino
the fullest measure of efficiency, freedom, and happiness?
a. Education must be able to help us succeed in life.
b. Education will free us from slavery.
c. Education will make us happy.
d. downloaded
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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Agusan Pequeño National High School
7. He thinks that choices are done in situations which are rational and irrational.
a. Teodoro Kalaw c. Camilo Osias
b. Rolando Gripaldo d. Camilla Cabello
8. This man won the National Artist for Literature award last 2018.
a. Cirilo Bautista c. Yeng Constantino
b. Renato Constantino d. Claro R. Centeza
9. Which of the following statements exhibits “crab mentality”?
a. They are praising you for the good things you have done.
b. People are talking about you constantly.
c. Your co-worker will badmouth you from your boss so that you will not get the
promotion.
d. People only want to make friends because you have money.
10. Father of Filipino Socialism
a. Jose Rizal c. Isabelo Delos Reyes
b. Manuel Quezon d. Emilio Jacinto

Reflection
Give your reflection using the guide sentence.
I observed…
I realized…
I understood…

References for learners:

Tabajen, Rhene C. and Pulma, Erlinda B. “Philippine Politics and Governance”. 2016. JFS
Publishing Services. Manila Philippines.

Answer Key
10.C
9. C
8. A
7. B
6. A
5. D
4. C
3. B
2. A
1. B

Evaluation

Prepared By:

JOSEPH LESTER G. LAZARTE

T-II/HUMSS CORE SUBJECT

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