LESSON 1:19th Century Filipino Thinkers in the

social sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and

experiences

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Examine the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/s and experiences.
At the end of the module, you should be able to:
1. Discuss the key concepts and ideas of in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino language/experiences.
2. Identify the historical trends of Philippine psychological thought; and
3. Examine carefully the significance of the different key concepts/ideas influenced by Jose Rizal, Isabelo de los Reyes and other
Filipino thinkers from 19th-21th centuries to support disadvantaged or unrepresented groups.

PRE-TEST:
DIRECTIONS: Choose the best answer to the following questions/statements below. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Who among the following Filipino thinkers was an activist and probably the first systematic social thinker in South-East Asia who wrote
two novels that was a reflection of exploitative conditions under Spanish colonial rule and the possibilities and consequences of a
revolution that enraged the Spanish friars?
A. Dr. Jose P. Rizal B. Zeus Salazar C. Virgilio Enriquez D. Isabelo de los Reyes
2. What kind of psychology deals with the study of ethnicity, society, and culture of a people and the application to the psychological
practice of indigenous knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic heritage and consciousness?
A. American Psychology B. Western Psychology C. Filipino Psychology D. Ethnic Psychology
3. Who was considered as the “Father of Filipino Psychology (Ama ng Sikolohiyang Pilipino)?
A. Zeus Salazar B. Virgilio Enriquez C. Isabelo delos Reyes D. Prospero Covar
4. Who among the following thinkers was best known in pioneering anemic perspective in Philippine History called “Pantayong Pananaw”
(to-us-from-us perspectives,” earning him the title “Father of New Philippine istoriography?”
A. Jose Rizal B. Zeus Salazar C. Virgilio Enriquez D. Isabelo delos Reyes
5.“Hermano Pule “or Apolinario de la Cruz established a religious order exclusive for the native Filipinos because Catholic religious orders
refused to admit native Filipinos as members. What is that kind of religious order?
A. Cofradias de San Jose B. Society of Jesus C. La Liga Filipina D. Iglesia Independiente
6. Which of the following is an emic perspective in Philippine history pioneered by Zeus Salazar, a Filipino historian, anthropologist, and
philosopher of history, which means (for-us, from- us-perspective), earning him the title,” Father of New Philippine Historiography?
A. Linear view B. Cyclical view C. Pantayong Pananaw D. Dialectic materialism
7. Who among the following was considered as prominent Filipino politician, writer and labor activist in the 19th and 20th centuries, and
the founder of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente and is now known as the “Father of
Philippine Folklore, Father of the Philippine Labor Movement, and the Father of Filipino Socialism’?
A. Isabelo delos Reyes B. Zeus Salazar C. Virgilio Enriquez D. Prospero Covar
8. Which of the following belongs to the confrontative surface values of the Filipinos?
A. Bahala na, lakas ng loob at pakikibaka
B. Hiya, utang na loob, at pakikisama/pakikipagkapwa
C. Pakiramdam at kagandahang loob
D. Pakikipagpalagayang-loob, pakikisangkot, at pakikipagkapwa
9. What is the category of the different Filipino values such as karangalan, puri, dangal, katarungan at kalayaan?
A. Confrontative surface values B. Societal values
C. Accommodative surface values D. pivotal interpersonal value
10. Which of the following methods and approaches in Filipino psychology refers to staying of the researcher in the house of his kalahok
or participant while he researches with consent by the host family, whose the head serves as the tulay to an umpukan?
A. Pagtatanong-tanong B. Pagdadalaw-dalaw C. Panunuluyan D. Pakikipagkuwentuhan

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ACTIVITY 1: STARTER ACTIVITY
Arrange the jumbled letters to know tho are the Filipino Social Thinkers. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. JSEOPOARTCOI ZIARL MCADERO YOALNOZ ROEALDNA

2. RAAEFL PAAML
3. AOPLINRIAO MAINIB
4. NUMAEL L. UQZONE
5. ISBAOEL LDEOS REESY

LET’S LEARN MORE!

Orientalism, according to Syed Fasid Alatas, influenced the content of education that the origin of social sciences and the
question of alternative points are unmodified. This lack of thematization made the thought style of our Filipino thinkers not
getting attention compared to European and American social theorists such as Max Weber, Durkheim, and others.
The Social Sciences are taught in the Third World in a Eurocentric manner (from the point of view of the Europeans to Asians).
This resulted in the alienation of social scientists from local and regional scholarly traditions. We should note that during the
19th century, the impression given during the period that Europeans such as Max Weber, Durkheim, and others were thinking
about the nature of society and its development, there were no thinkers in Asia doing the same. The absence of non-
European thinkers in these accounts influenced the development of social thought. This history of social thought or a course
on social thought and theory would cover theorists such as Montesquieu, Vico Compte, Spencer, Max Weber, Durkheim,
Simmel, Toennies, Sombart, Mannheim, Pareto, Summer, Ward, Small, and others. Non-Western thinkers are excluded. It is
necessary to make a distinction between Orientalism as the obtrusive stereotypical portrayal of the Orient and the new
Orientalism of today which is characterized by the neglect and silencing of non-Western thoughts. What is meant by the
silencing or marginalization of non-Western thinkers? It is when all non-Europeans appear in the text and courses, they are
the objects of study and not the subjects who were the sources of sociological theories and ideas. Alatas, concentrated on
the work, of Jose Rizal and Ibn Khaldun.

In his work, he said that “Jose Rizal (1861-1896) was the Filipino thinker and activist and
probably the first systematic social thinker in Southeast Asia. He raised original problems and
creatively treated them. He lived during the formative period of sociology but theorized
about the nature of society in ways not done by Western sociologists. He gave us a different
perspective on the colonial dimension of the emerging modernity of the 19th century. He
published his first novel, Noli Me Tangere in 1887. It was a reflection of exploitative
conditions under Spanish colonial rule and enraged the Spanish friars. It was a
diagnosis of the problems of Filipino society and a reflection of the problems of
exploitation in Filipino colonial society. His second novel El Filibusterismo, published in
1891, examined the possibilities and consequences of revolution. Sociological theory from Rizal’s work can be discerned in
his writings:(1) the theory of colonial society, that explains the nature and conditions of colonial society;(2) Rizal’s critique on
colonial knowledge of the Philippines. (3) Finally, his discourse on the meaning of /and requirements for emancipation. In
Rizal’s thought, the corrupt Spanish colonial government and its officials oppress and exploit the Filipinos, while blaming the
backwardness of the Filipinos on their alleged laziness. But his project was to show that in fact, the Filipinos were a relatively
advanced society in pre-colonial times and that their backwardness was a product of colonialism.

Isabelo Delos Reyes y Florentino (Don Belong-July 7,1864 October 10, 1938), was a
prominent Filipino politician, writer, and labor activist in the 19th and 20th centuries. He
was the founder of Iglesia Filipina Independiente, an independent Philippine national
church. He is known as the “Father of Philippine Folklore”,” Father of the Philippine Labor
Movement”, and the “Father of the Filipino Socialism’”. He followed his mother’s
footsteps by initially turning to write as a career; his works were part of the 1887
Exposicion General de las Filipinas in Madrid. He later became a journalist, editor,
and publisher in Manila and was imprisoned in 1897 for revolutionary activities. He
was deported to Spain where he was jailed for his activities. He had his first brush with
socialism during his stay in Barcelona where he mingled and was influenced by the writings of European socialists and
Marxists. He was acquainted with anarchists, syndicalists, and other extremists and ideological thinkers. He was released in
1898 and was banned from leaving Spain and became a drifter in Barcelona. During this time he came to know radicals such
as Francisco Ferrer, Alejandro Lerroux, and others. On his return to the Philippines, he became the leader of the Nacionalista
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 Party. He took with his works by socialists such as Karl Marx, Proudhon, Bakunin, and Errico Malatesta. He was the first
president of Union Obrera Democratica, formed on February 2, 1902, wherein they aimed to” achieve the longed-for alliance
between capital and labor.” He represented workers in various disputes, supervised educational discussions, and lead the
country’s May 1 protest-celebration, an annual tradition that is held today. His patriotism fed into his desire for unionism:
only through the unity of workers could they can defeat the imperialists. Throughout his life, he wrote and published multiple
newspapers and works in various subjects such as history, folklore, religion, and politics.

Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/ Isabelo-delos-Reyes;ecumenico.org/teaching-social-theory-as-alternative-
discourse/;https://www.esquiremag.ph/long-reads/features/the-underrated-ilustrado-isabelo-de-los-reyes-a-filipino-
renaissance-man-a22212-20190628-lfrm

LESSON 2: ”SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO”

Filipino Psychology or (Sikolohiyang Pilipino) is defined as the psychology rooted in the experience, ideas, and cultural
orientation of the Filipinos. It was formalized in 1975 by the Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino (National
Association for Filipino Psychology) under the leadership of Virgilio Enriquez, also known as the Father of Filipino Psychology.
Filipino Psychology in the Philippines exists and grows as part of the nationalist indigenization movement in the Philippines.
Its roots can be traced back to the introduction of the American education system in the Philippines. Agustin Alonzo was among
the first Filipino psychologists to return from their education in America (1925) and taught at the College of Education at the
University of the Philippines. His team brought with them psychological knowledge rooted in the American tradition of
psychology. This Western psychology is taught in schools as universal and scientific despite generally considered by some as
insensitive and inappropriate to Philippine culture. This hegemony (political, economic, or military predominance or control
of one state over others) is referred to as colonial psychology.

In the1960s, other Filipino intellectuals and scholars were already aware of the limitations and incompatibility of Western
psychology. These Western-oriented approaches in research had led scholars to paint the Filipino through the “judgemental
and impressionistic views of the colonizers.” It is with the use of these American categories and standards that the native
Filipinos suffer from the American comparison in subtle expressions to put forward Western behavior patterns as a model for
us. There were also early efforts to connect the traditional way of teaching and studying psychology in 1960, which includes
the translation of foreign materials and the use of Filipino language as a mode of instruction. These efforts fail to address the
problems brought about by the colonial and Filipino psychology because of non-collaboration of psychologists.

In the 1970s, during the chaotic time of Ferdinand Marcos’ regime nationalist and radical sentiments among scholars had
allowed colonial and Filipino psychology to merge. Filipino psychology along with the advances in Filipinology and History’s
Pantayong Pananaw was led by Virgilio Enriquez, Prospero Covar, and Zeus Salazar in the indigenization movement of their
respective fields. When Zeus Salazar returned to the Philippines after his training in Paris, he joined the UP Faculty Department
of history, where he taught for 30 years, using Filipino as the medium of instruction from the very start of his teaching career
in 1969 following the tradition adapted by his mentor Guadalupe Fores-Ganzon in 1965. This gave way to the existence of the
Pantayong Pananaw, and its seed was already sown in Salazar’s published essay in 1970, entitled” Ang Pagtuturo ng Kasaysayan
sa Pilipino”. He insisted on the use of Filipino and emerged as one of the main figures in the indigenization movement in UP-
Diliman. He worked closely with like-minded scholars such as Prospero Covar (Father of Pilipinolohiya), Virgilio Enriquez (Father
of Sikolohiyang Pilipino), and Leonardo Mercado (the last being a leading proponent of Filipino philosophy).
Virgilio G. Enriquez was born on November 24, 1942, at Santol, Balagtas formerly Bigaa, Bulacan. He is the founder of the
Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino, (National Association for Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Inc.)

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 LESSON 3: “PHILIPPINE PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT
CONCEPTS AND METHODS”
Filipino Psychology is the scientific study of the ethnicity, society, and culture of a people and the application to the
psychological practice of indigenous knowledge rooted in the people’s ethnic heritage and consciousness. It is based on
Filipino’s true feelings, behaviors, and mostly derived from indigenous Filipino source, language, and methods. It is described
largely as post-colonial, and as liberation psychology. Some argue that it is a local version of critical psychology since it served
as emancipatory Social Science that aims to decolonize academic nationalism.
There are several types of Psychology in the Philippines;1) Academic Scientific or Akademiko- Siyentipikal na Sikolohiya-it
follows the American oriented psychological tradition that can be traced back to Wilhelm Wundt in 1876, introduced in the
Philippines through the formal American education system in universities.
2. Academic Philosophic Psychology or Akademiko-Pilosopiya na Sikolohiya- it was started by priest-professors at the
University of Santo Tomas during the 17th- century Spanish era. This tradition originally came from the writings of the
preachers and monks in philosophy and “pre-scientific” Spanish elites and would later join with the American- oriented
scientific psychology. 3) . Ethnic Psychology or Taal na Sikolohiya- This includes the frame of Psychological reasoning,
enculturation, practices, beliefs, and proto-clinical practices that can be culled from language, literature, myths, legends, etc.
4. Psycho-Medical Systems- or Siko-Medikal na mga Sistema- A psychological tradition that is closely related to ethnic
psychology. The psycho-medical tradition has religion as the basis and explanation. This includes the faith-healing practices of
the Babaylan or Katalonan.

According to Salazar, he believes that “no real’ healing could take place if there were no common ideologies or frames of
reference, understood and accepted both healer and patient.
1. BASIC TENETS:
Core values or kapwa (shared inner self”). Kapwa is the core construct of Filipino psychology. Kapwa has two categories: Ibang
tao and Hindi Ibang Tao. Ibang tao (“outsider”). Ibang Tao has 5 interaction levels under this category:
A.IBANG TAO (“OUTSIDER”):
1. PAKIKITUNGO-(civility)—right behaviour meant the right deportment toward authorities.
2. PAKIKISALAMUHA-(an act of mixing)- social value that is primarily dwelling under common condition. It is synonymous with
the ability to adapt.
3. PAKIKILAHOK-( an act of joining) participation of the entire community to help a person or someone.
4. PAKIKIBAGAY (conformity)-The act of socializing to conform or be accepted in a group.
5. PAKIKISAMA-(being united with the group).

B. HINDI IBANG TAO: (“ONE OF US”) –There are three in function levels under this category.
1. PAKIKIPAGPALAGAYANG-LOOB: an act of mutual trust; you gain trust from a camaraderie or fellow human being.
2. PAKIKISANGKOT: act of joining others; people join/share responsibilities in a particular group.
3. PAKIKIPAGKAPWA: being one with others; social interaction with others.
II. PIVOTAL INTERPERSONAL VALUE
A .PAKIRAMDAM- shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use their inner perception of other’s emotions, moods, or feelings as a
guide in their dealings with other people.
III. LINKING SOCIO-PERSONAL VALUE
A.KAGANDAHANG-LOOB- shared humanity; refers to being of help to other people in times of need due to a perception of
being together as a part of Filipino humanity.

IV. ACCOMODATIVE SURFACE VALUES

A.HIYA- translated as “shyness” by most Western Psychologists. It is a “sense of propriety” or quality of being properly
following recognized custom.
B.UTANG NA LOOB-(norm of reciprocity). Filipinos are expected by others to return favors—whether these were asked for or
not_ when it is needed or wanted.
C. PAKIKISAMA AND PAKIKIPAGKAPWA- smooth interpersonal relationships. This attitude is primarily guided by conformity
with the majority; conformity to the group.

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V. CONFRONTATIVE SURFACE VALUES
A. BAHALA NA- translates literally as “leave it up to God” (Bathala”). It is used as an expression, almost universally in Filipino
culture. Filipinos engage in this attitude as a culture-influenced adaptive coping strategy when faced with challenging
situations.
B. LAKAS NG LOOB- characterized by being courageous in the midst of problems and uncertainties; bravery.
C. PAKIKIBAKA- it means concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability of the Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings, fights
against a common enemy.

VI.SOCIETAL VALUES
A.) KARANGALAN: translated as dignity, this refers to what other people see in a person and how they use that information
to make or judge about one’s worth.
B. PURI: the external aspect of dignity; refers to how other people judge a person of his/her worth. It is based on conformity
to social norms, regardless of how obsolete they are.
C.DANGAL: The internal aspect of dignity; refers to how a person judges his worth.
D. KATARUNGAN: translated to justice; refers to equity in giving rewards to a person; fair judgments.
E. KALAYAAN: Freedom and Mobility; this may clash with the less important value of pakikisama or pakikibagay(conformity)

VII. APPROACHES AND METHODS

Some of the approaches and methods used in Filipino psychology are:
1. PAKIKIPAGKUWENTUHAN- the researcher engages in a story-telling with an umpukan. The researcher merely serves as the
facilitator, while the kalahok or participants are the ones who are to talk to them,kwento from the Spanish word”cuento”
literally means “ to tell a story.”
2. PANUNULUYAN- method in which the researches stays in the home of his kalahok or participant while he researches with
consent by the host family, whose head serves as the tulay to an umpukan.
3. PAGDADALAW-DALAW- the researcher occasionally visits the house of his host or tulay as opposed to staying in the house.
4. PAGTATANONG-TANONG- the researcher undergoes a kind of questioning session with his kalahok or participants. In this
method, however” lead questions” (those questions which directly refer to the topic being studied) are not supposed to be
asked; instead the questions to be asked are supposed to have been derived from the kalahok’s answers themselves.
5. PAKIRAMDAM- the researcher uses entirely his/her feelings or emotions to justify if his participants or kalahok are ready
to be part of the research or not.

A) PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Filipino psychopathology or sikopatolohiya in Filipino, from Spanish” psicopatologia” is the study of abnormal psychology in
Filipino context. Several mental disorders have been identified that culture-bound syndromes,
can, therefore, be found only in the Philippines or in other societies with which Filipino share cultural connections. Examples
of such are:
1.) AMOK- Malayan mood disorder, more aptly called “Austronesian Mood” in which a person suddenly loses control of himself
and goes into a killing attitude, after which he/she hallucinates and fails into a trance. After he/she wakes up, he has no
memory of the event.
2.) BANGUNGOT- a relatively common occurrence in which a person suddenly loses control of his respiration and digestion,
and falls into a coma and untimely to death. The person is believed to dream of falling into a deep bottomless onset of his
death. This syndrome has been repeatedly linked to Thailand’s Burgada syndrome and the indigestion of rice. However, no
such medical ties have been proven.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino-psychology;
https://www.slideshare.net/yanloveaprilbordador/filipino-psychology -concepts-and-methods

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ACTIVITY 2: Questions to Ponder
Discuss on the table below the key concepts and ideas of Filipino thinkers in the Social Sciences rooted in Filipino
language/s and experiences. You can go back to the text you’ve read to get answers. Copy the table and write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.

QUESTIONS ANSWER
1. How significant are the social ideas of the presented
Filipino Thinkers?
2. Why is there a need for us to understand their ideas?
3. What is the core concept of Filipino Psychology?
4. What is social theory? Why is it that Rizal was
considered as the first systematic thinker in Southeast
Asia?
5. Who among the Filipino thinkers mentioned in the
lesson was the founder of the first labor union upon his
return to the Philippines (1901) from his exile in Spain,
where he was jailed because of revolutionary activities
in 1897 – 1898? Explain his ideas about socialism.

ACTIVITY 3: HOW CAN YOU BE A STRIKING FILIPINO SOCIAL THINKER?

Apply some of the striking social ideas of our Filipino thinkers in your life. Copy the shapes/organizers and write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.
SOCIAL THINKERS LIFE APPLICATION

JOSE RIZAL
1.
Intelligence is the solution to the ills of
the country.

ANDRES BONIFACIO
2.
According to him, a revolution of war is
justified when there is breach of
contract.

MANUEL L. QUEZON

Political Pragmatism – “one must fight

3.
for a goal but if obstacles towards that
goal are difficult to summon then one
must fall back to an alternative that is
better than nothing provided it’s in the
right direction.”

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ACTIVITY 4: HOW CAN YOU BE A STRIKING FILIPINO SOCIAL THINKER?
Choose from the following output and base your content on how a Filipino should value the role of interpersonal relations
in Philippine culture.

A. Drawing (it could be cartooning or caricature)

B. Poem (3-5 stanzas)

LESSON 4: Roles and significance of Filipinos’ indigenous

social ideas to national development

LET’S WATCH!
Visit this youtube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9n6qeXx5Sk

ACTIVITY 5: Documentary Analysis

After watching the video, answer the following questions:
1. What are the qualities of Aling Eli?
2. What are the qualities of people around Aling Eli?
Make 2 Tcharts (for Aling Eli and the People around her). Using Tchart,
they can list on the left side all qualities which correspond with the core
value or the 8 manners of Filipino social interaction, while, on the right side, they
can list all the qualities which do not correspond to the core value.
T-CHART ( Aling Eli )
Core Values Do not Correspond to Core Value

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 T-CHART ( People around her )
Core Values Do not Correspond to Core Value

ACTIVITY 6: Share your XP!

Share your experiences on how you possessed the 8 manners or the core values.

Core Values Experience

PAKIKITUNGO
PAKIKIBAGAY
PAKIKILAHOK
PAKIKISALAMUHA
PAKIKISAMA
PAKIKIPAGPALAGAYANG-LOOB
PAKIKISANGKOT
PAKIKIPAGKAPWA

LESSON 5: Practical Use of Social Sciences in addressing

social concerns and phenomenon

Most Essential Learning Competency:

Analyze the practical use of social sciences in addressing social concerns and phenomenon.
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. determine how social science can be used to address social concerns ( HUMSS_DISII-IVh-6)
2. recognize multidisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary as an approach to looking at society (HUMSS_DISII-IVh-7), and
3. generate analysis of a social phenomenon using at least two approaches from the social sciences. (HUMSS_DISII-IVi-j-8)

Reading 1: Professions
Strengthening the Filipino Nations Through Governance

• It is obvious that the state and all governmental affairs pervade everyday existence of its citizens.
• with its norms and laws the state legitimizes the acquisition and exercise of power. It should be noted, however , that the
state is an abstract concept because the real work of the daily implementation of power is done by the government
composed of individuals who exercise power in the name of the state (Perry and Perry 1980 ).
• In all these workings lies the importance of political scientists in their attempt to analyze and discover the different
factors underlying political occurrences and conditions as they deal principally on political theories, systems, institutions,
and order.
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• Inasmuch as political scientists concern themselves on governmental structures and functions as well as on the various
political mechanisms other social scientists are also of importance when studying human behavior and interaction
involving political processes. this includes sociologists, psychologists, and economists among other since political science
intersects with other fields like history, psychology, economics, law and sociology.
• Experts in the field of political science such as public policy analysts must look into different problems that constantly
plague the Philippine government.
• Professions for graduates of political science include social policy program officer legislative analyst, political aid, lobbyist,
diplomat or even politician.
• A legislative analyst in the Philippines may help evaluate commercial and labor market distortions that have resulted in
the low productivity of agricultural sector
• A social policy program officer may assist in the proper implementation of land reforms in the Philippines to avoid poor
beneficiaries from reselling their land to elites by way of spurious arrangements.
• Policymakers must be able to identify which government regulations are beneficial to the public and crucial to Philippine
development.
• Aside from various government agencies other institutions that employ graduates of political science include law firms,
universities, and colleges, consultancy companies, and research organizations. send me even land jobs in private
businesses media and banking industry.

Toward an Effective Distribution of Resources

• One major game of economics is to fulfill the needs of persons and groups in human societies as it concerns itself in the
production distribution and consumption of material goods and services (Hoselitz 1970 )
• in determining the type of economic system, social scientists may proceed in investigating four major directions that
include (1) economic theory , (2) methodology and measurement , (3) economic policy, and (4) economic history
• the performance of economic system and the changes within the economy can be evaluated and appraised by financial
and economic analysts using applicable methodology and measurements or economic indicators .
• Economic development officers, budget analysts , financial consultants, or market analysts in governmental agencies and
private firms may implement economic policies that could bring about desired positive effect in economic activities.
• economic researchers and analysts periodically evaluate trends and data in order to generate forecasts and calculations
necessary in the formulation of economic strategies and plans .
• graduates of economics may also become involved in the finance sector, such as bunking, accountancy, tax, and
insurance.
• Others may get to be employed in the field of management, marketing , human resources, sales, and advertising.
economics majors may also be hired in the academe.

Challenges to the Modern Filipino Family

• The family is a major topic under the heading of social organization being an area of study of sociology. Sociology, as we
all know now, is one of the social Sciences dealing with the scientific study of human interactions and phenomena.
• social scientists can examine the family while employing different disciplinary and theoretical methods depending on the
nature of the problem or the phenomenon under scrutiny.
• family is an interdisciplinary study according to the eminent Filipino sociologist Belen Medina. For example, the social
anthropological approach may deal on kinship and families in developed localities. using an economic perspective, one
may investigate family financial matters and rising cost of living in the metropolis. the discipline of psychology may put 2
for learning and development among family members. Lastly historians may trace the roots of family and the changes it
had undergone over the course of time (Medina 2001).
• as a social scientist one may study the various challenges affecting the Filipino family. the processes of modernization,
urbanization, and industrialization have influenced the outlook of family members on several important matters
pertaining to employment opportunities, family structure and authority, and gender roles.
• to address the needs of social organizations, graduates of sociology may become exhaustively involved in community and
social services. to be more specific they could work as childcare worker, community organizer, family planning worker,

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 hospital administrator, housing coordinator, medical records worker, career counselor, public assistance worker,
rehabilitation program worker, or youth outreach worker.
• sociology majors could also get be employed in other fields such as business and industry, education, government, and
research. in business and industry, they could also work as banker, computer analyst, human resource manager,
insurance agent market analyst, project manager, quality control manager, real estate agent, or sales representative. in
education, they could become part of the academe as teachers and counselors. in the government sector they can be
employed as foreign service officer, human rights officer legislative aide or urban planner. in research, they may be hired
as consumer researcher, data analyst interviewer, market researcher or a statistician.

Phenomenon of Environmentalism

• With the unprecedented environmental distraction happening at a fast pace geographer, demographers, and add the
relevant social scientists may need to embrace the philosophy or ideology of environmentalism that seek to improve and
enhance environmental health.
• advocates of environmentalism promote the preservation, restoration an enhancement of the natural environment in the
hope of striking a harmonious balance between the human population and the natural world.
• with all the environmental challenges , Filipino social scientists must continue undertaking studies in order to evaluate
the impact of climate change to marine ecosystems and coastal zones, prevent the spread of infectious diseases to
localities, and formulate plans to avert the threat of a mean.
• urban planners, community organizers, environmental organizers, social policy Program officers and economic
development officers must work hand -in- hand to address these alarming environmental concerns.

Reading 2: Applications and Intersections of the Approaches in Addressing Social Problems

The Established Disciplines

Each discipline has its own way of looking at things through its respective lens. As a result, disciplines in the social Sciences have
their means of analyzing society depending on their focus of study. For example, psychology focuses on the mental and behavioral
characteristics of an individual or group. Sociology may deal with the development, interaction, and collective behavior of humans
in organizations. Anthropology may study the physical development of few months through time. As you can now see, disciplines
possess certain assumptions, notions , suppositions, and techniques relevant to their field of study.

However, with the emergence of intricate problems confronting our society, there is currently a growing trend to apply multiple
standpoints to solve these crises. complex issues may require researchers to be equipped with interdisciplinary understanding and
skills in order to develop a wider perspective that could be lacking if they would just utilize a special discipline. relevant research
institutions such as those based in universities worldwide, are now taking active roles in promoting both disciplinary and
interdisciplinary learning so as “to respond to challenges that transcend disciplines , work in confluence of multiple disciplines, and
develop research trajectories that do not conform to standard disciplinary paths (Golding, 2014 ).

Griffith University, a leading public research University based in Australia, provides a useful definition of several key concepts
pertaining to disciplinarity ash lifted from its Graduates Attributes Interdisciplinary Perspective Toolkit. When one talks about
disciplinary, it means "what is generally understood by discipline or taking a disciplinary perspective on problems” (Griffith
University 2014). research investigations are focused and answers to questions and issues originate from within that discipline.
they said toolkit also differentiate interdisciplinary learning from multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary studies. the following table
summarizes the main point of difference among various fields of study emanating from two or more disciplines. social researchers
are encouraged to employ methods and techniques from other relevant disciplines other than their own expertise.

Terms Main Difference

Interdisciplinary looking at “the same “ issue/s from multiple disciplinary
perspectives, in a way that tries to integrate or make
holistic sense of the various explanations of the
same Phenomena that are generated from each of the
disciplinary perspectives.

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Multidisciplinary the world has many different disciplines each of
which attempts to explain “the same” phenomena
from their respective disciplinary viewpoints.

Transdisciplinary drawing together the concepts, theories and approaches

from different disciplines in a shared conceptual framework
a complete integration of the discipline perspectives

The Intersdisciplinary Perspective

Demerjian SUV interdisciplines in recent years has blurred the lines between the disciplines and interdisciplinarity
(Repko 2008). examples of interdisciplinary studies are environmental studies, cognitive science arts management ,
social psychology, biochemistry, ethnomusicology, and Native American studies. New emerging fields of study
include resource management, medical ecology, media studies , public health and future studies . the following table
shows the four unique characteristics of interdisciplinary studies.

Interdisciplinary Studies
organized incomprehensive interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary unit plans that focus on a specific topic , theme,
or problem.
place equal emphasis on the mastery of the processes involved in learning about the topic, theme, or problem and
the mastery of content such as concepts, facts, generalizations and principles.
explored using the skills and techniques associated with any academic disciplines that can inform the topic, theme
, or problem under investigation.
ahoma date student diversity by providing for the differentiation of student investigating and reporting
techniques.

it can also be added that “an interdisciplinary perspective might be more than merely multidiscipline all because of
an attempt to sync through the relations between the various disparated isciplines’ explanations” (Griffith University
2014). having an interdisciplinary understanding of social issues may help provide investigators with a broader
perspective in order to deal with problems that cannot be addressed by a single discipline. the following illustrates
the difference between established disciplines an interdisciplinary studies.

Establish Disciplines Interdisciplinary Studies

claim a body of knowledge about certain subjects or
objects
have methods of acquiring knowledge and theories to
order that knowledge
seek to produce new knowledge, concepts, and
theories within or related their domain
process are recognized core of course
have their own community of experts
are self contained and seek to control their respective
domains as they relate to each other
train future experts in their discipline -specific
mmaster’s and doctoral programs
claims a burgeoning professional literature of
increasing sophistication, depth of analysis, breadth of
coverage, and utility
makes use of disciplinary methods , but these are
subsumed under a research process of its own that
involves throwing on relevant disciplinary insights,
concepts , theories, end methods to produce integrated
knowledge
produces new knowledge, more comprehensive
understandings, new meanings and cognitive courses
is beginning to form a core of explicitly interdisciplinary
courses
is forming its own community of experts
it's largely dependent on the disciplines for its source
material
is training future experts in older fields such as
American studies and in newer fields such as cultural
studies through its master’s and doctoral programs an
undergraduate majors

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Practitioners of interdisciplinary studies have formulated several definitions that pertain to the processes, methods,
and concepts related to the field. an integrated definition of interdisciplinary studies, however is that it is “a process
of answering a question, solving a problem, or addressing a topic that is too broad or complex to be dealt with
adequately by a single discipline and draws on disciplinary perspectives an integrate their insights to produce a more
comprehensive understanding or cognitive advancement” ( Repko 2008).

The Multidisciplinary Perspective

A mltidisciplinal approach utilizes Two or more disciplines when investigating a certain issue. However, it is still
concentrates on individual disciplines that are engaged in the study . for example, multi disciplinary researchers and
analyzed processes, themes, issues , or topics using the lens of their specific disciplines in order to address common
problem. no discipline still view a certain condition or problem within the bounds of their expertise while retaining
their distinguishing elements and identity.

Much confusion has resulted in the synonymous usage of multi disciplinary and interdisciplinary perspectives. when
compared to interdisciplinary studies that principally aims to integrate processes, theoris, Add methods for Fuller
understanding of a problem, multi disciplinary studies limits the integration process as they already know disciplines
merely juxtaposes disciplinary perspectives (Repko 2012).
Disciplinary insights are merely placed side-by-side without any attempt for integration. the following diagram
various ways the distinction between the two approaches.

Multidisciplinary

Insights into a common problem from

two disciplines (A+B) are consulted but
no integration occurs.

Interdisciplinary

Insights into a common problem from

two disciplines (A+B) are integrated to
construct a more comprehensive
understanding.

Source: Difference between multidisciplinary studies and interdisciplinary studies

Allen F. Repko, Interdisciplinary Research: Process and Theory (California SAGE Publications, Inc., 2012)

Based on the illustration above, while Two separate disciplines are consulted in using the multidisciplinary approach,
no resulting integration happens at the end of the process. While they may view a certain issue simultaneously, the
two disciplines approach, Two disciplines are put to task with the end view of gaining a clear insight on a particular
phenomenon. As a result, the two disciplines complement one another as they try to integrate and synthesize their
findings on the matter.

Applications of Interdisciplinary Studies

Interdisciplinary perspective can be applied in various social science research studies. from various disciplines , a
researcher can gain insights that could result in integration and deepen understanding of an issue or problem.
collaboration from various established disciplines may result in the production of new ideas and the consequent
formation of new fields of study.

Widespread Poverty

One particular discipline may never be able to solve the problem of rampant poverty being experienced by most
developing states all over the world. economics cannot singlehandedly tackle this problem that afflict most societies.
in order to effectively deal with the root cause of poverty, there is a need to utilize insights coming from other
potentially relevant disciplines of the social Sciences apart from economics. for example, policymakers in the
government could utilize the disciplines of demography, sociology, psychology, and political science in order to
formulate actions aimed at lowering poverty levels and improving the lives of people. as integration proceeds along
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the lines of interdisciplinarity, a deeper understanding of the problem is inevitable that could help lawmakers enact
laws to address the issue at hand.

Women’s Health

Different established disciplines come into for in order to understand the nature of Women's Health. on the study of
women , one we basically need to employ the disciplines of psychology and sociology in the social sciences, in
biology in the natural Sciences. Other fields of study can include gender, ethnicity, family and culture. On health
issues, relevant field of study are demography (including fertility and mortality), nutrition , and diseases . a
researcher could try to investigate the nutritional needs of women depending on age brackets women behavior in
response to psychosociological, and environmental factors, or gender-related issues on aging.

The Role of Social Science in Addressing Social Issues

The dichotomy between the rich and the poor can be seen in where they live, with the poor living mostly in
makeshift houses in slum areas and the rich living mostly in condominiums or subdivisions.

But this does not only extend to housing--their living conditions are probably worlds apart as well. many take this
already a simple reality, but the social Sciences would want to delve deeper into the root cause of this.

Social Inequality

Social inequality refers to the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different positions within a group
or society , and contain structured and recurrent patterns of unequal distribution of goods, wealth, opportunities,
rewards and punishments (Crossman 2014). it has several significant dimensions, such as earnings, wealth, power,
prestige, education, lineage, race, and ethnicity. Social inequality means certain groups of people have access to
more resources and opportunities than others. By virtue of social inequality being linked to gender , class, and race,
people who often dominate in societies are males, whites those with higher education, and those with higher
incomes.

If we use Pantayong Pananaw as an approach to analyze the issue of social inequality in the Philippines, the concept
of the greater cultural divide could be applied to explain why social inequality exists. history has shown us that the
great divide between the elite and the masses at percent traces its roots to colonial times when some wealthy
Filipinos were used by Spanish colonizers to implement colonial interests in the country (the principal class). it
became more evident in the 19th century when because of some significant turn of events such as the opening of
Philippine ports to World Trade and the rise of middle class some Filipinos mostly mestizos were able to study in
colleges and universities here and abroad. Because they were well-off and educated, they would constitute the
middle class of Philippine society while the ordinary natives, uneducated and poor, would compose the masses . this
great cultural divide would aggravate the gap between the rich and the poor because the conflict of interest between
the two classes.

Sikolohiyang Pilipino can also be used To analyze social inequality. In Sikolohiyang Pilipino, the core concept of
kapuwa is distinguished from its counterpart in the American English language, which is “other”. Kapuwa means
unity of the self and other, or extension of the self , while “other” means a person or a thing that is different or
distinct from one already mentioned or known about. Therefore, kapuwa signifies unity while "other” signifies
difference of distinctions from the self. social inequality will never occur if people will only value the concept of
kapuwa because if people will only treat other people as extension of themselves they will act based on what is best
not only for themselves but for others as well. If people will treat others as they would want themselves to be
treated, resources will be equally shared among everybody and everyone will get what they need without exploiting
other people for profit.

The two Filipino perspectives of Pantayong Pananaw and Sikolohiyang Pilipino Can be used in analyzing and
explaining social inequality. since they both utilize the use of Filipino perspective in analyzing Philippine society,
culture, and history, they are very useful in explaining social inequality using indigenous concepts. the interest in
such a way that both utilize a Filipino perspective in analyzing social inequality in Philippine setting .

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Assessment

I. Read the sentence/s carefully. Write the capital letter which corresponds to the best answer.

1. It is the home of everything we can recall or retrieve from our memory.

A. Conscious B. Preconscious C. Unconscious D. Latent
2. It is the portion of the mind in which morality and higher principles reside, encouraging us to act in socially and
morally acceptable ways.
A. Id B. Superego C. Ego D. phallic
3. What is one way the ego is different from the id and superego?
A. The ego is fully conscious, while the id and superego are unconscious.
B. Freud came up with the id and superego, but Carl Jung developed the idea of the ego.
C. The ego is only concerned with pleasure, while the id and superego are concerned with what is socially
acceptable.
D. The ego is only concerned with what is socially acceptable, while the id and superego are concerned with
pleasure.
4. An unconscious mechanism in which the ego pushes disturbing or threatening thoughts out of consciousness.
A. Repression B. Projection C. Denial D. Displacement
5. A psychosexual stage where the child seeks pleasure from the mouth.
A.Oral B. Latent C. Phallic D. Genital
6. A person who is a functioning alcoholic will often simply deny they have a drinking problem, pointing to how well
they function in their job and relationships. What defense mechanism is the person using?
A. Projection B. Regression C. Denial D. Displacement
7. Which of the following is an example of how a person would behave if their id went unchecked?
A. A person admires roses in a neighbor's yard, so he cuts them and takes them home.
B. A person admires roses in a neighbor's yard, so he goes to the store and buys roses to plant in his yard.
C. A person admires roses in a neighbor's yard, but decides roses are too high maintenance.
D. A person admires roses in a neighbor's yard, so he tells the neighbor how beautiful they are.
8. He is the founding Father of Psychoanalysis.
A. Sigmund Freud B. Carl Jung C. Karl Marx D. George Mead
9. The theory of consumer behavior uses law of diminishing marginal utility to explain how consumers allocate their
incomes. What concept of rational theory was referred by the statement?
A. structure of preferences B. utility maximization
C. decision making under conditions of uncertainty D. centrality of individuals in the explanation of
collective outcomes
10. It is determined purely by taste factors, independent of considerations of prices, income, or availability of
goods.
A. structure of preferences B. utility maximization
C. decision making under conditions of uncertainty D. centrality of individuals in the explanation of
collective outcomes
11. Which situation does not shows decision-making under certainty?
A. when the decision-maker knows what the alternatives are.
B. when the decision-maker knows what conditions are associated with each alternative
C. when the decision-maker knows the outcome of each alternative.
D. when the decision-maker ignore the alternatives.
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12. He pioneered of rational choice theory – the concept that individuals will pursue the most cost-effective means
to achieve their intended outcome – extended the boundaries of economics, and made the discipline relevant to a
wide range of human activities.
A. George Homans B. Gary Becker C. Robert Merton D. Mary Wollstonecraft
13. The rational choice theory is based on the idea that all humans base their decisions on rational calculations,
act with rationality when choosing, and aim to increase either ______ or profit.
A. pleasure B. satisfaction C. happiness D. all of the above

14. It is any repeated action whose repetitive nature comes to be recognized by a self-conscious actor, and thus,
internally represented.
A. habit B. custom C. tradition D. norms
15. A __________ is a habit that is shared by members of a collectivity, and hence social.
A. habit B. custom C. tradition D. norms
16. This movement from informal to formal.
A. transition B. social change C. institutionalization D. convention
For numbers 17-19, choose the letter of the correct answer below.
A. formal institution B. informal institution C. normative institution D. rational choice institution
17. The actors use institutions to maximize their utility.
18. It predicts that the norms and formal rules of institutions will shape the actions of those acting within them.
19. The written constitution, laws, policies, rights and regulations enforced by official authorities.

For numbers 20-22, choose the letter of the correct answer.

A. Expanding human choice
B. Eliminating gender stratification
C. Ending sexual violence and promoting sexual freedom
20. Feminists feel that women should have control over their sexuality and reproduction.
21. Feminists oppose laws and cultural norms that limit income, educational and job opportunities for women.
22. If a woman wants to be a mechanic, she should have the right and opportunity to do so.

23. Which theory has a key phrase “from the point of view of people”?
A. Rational Choice B. Psychoanalysis C. Phenomenology D. Feminism
24. When is the real social process happen according to phenomenologist?
A. When people do things “naturally” and not being too conscious about it.
B. When people do things that are unusual in life.
C. When people caught up in a problematic situation.
D. When people understand the process of equality and equity in the workplace.
25. According to Immanuel Kant who viewed the world as having two aspects: Noumena and phenomena.
Noumena is the truth which can never be fully fathomed as we do not have direct access to it. Which of the
following is an example of a noumena?
A. competition B. God C. conflict D. marriage
26. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about human environment systems?
A. Humans have the capacity to interact with its environment.
B. Humans and the environment have that “mutual” interaction with each other.
C. Humans do not have the capacity to change or influence the balance of the society.
D. Humans always have the capacity to adapt to its environment.
27. Which of the following is a weakness of the human environment system?
A. It provides a bigger and wider view of looking at environmental issues.
B. It highlights the importance of synergy and interconnection or interdependence of the human society and
the environment.
C. It looks at the human agency as not just a user of environmental resources but also protectors of the
environment and other species.
D. It rest on the idea that individually and collectively, humans can resolve environmental issues.

For numbers 28-30, analyze each social ideas and match it to the Filipino thinkers who introduce these ideas.
A. Andres Bonifacio B. Emilio Jacinto C. Jose Rizal D. Isabelo de los Reyes
28. Intelligence is the solution to the ills of the country.
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 29. In a colonial situation where both will and thinking are suppressed, where intellectual fanaticism is the rule,
where one’s will is conditioned to submit to tyranny, it is intellectual liberty that comes primary”.
30. A revolution of war is justified when there is breach of contract.

II. Matching Type.

A. Match the words to its correct definition.

31. Pakikisangkot A. debt of gratitude

32. Pakikipagkaisa B. being a risk taker
33. Pakikibagay C. Civility
34. utang na loob D. treating other person as kapwa
35. pakikitungo E. act of mutual trust
36. Pakikipagpalagayang – loob F. conformity
37. bahala na G. act of joining others
38. Pakikipagkapawa H. being one with others
I. selecting the most beneficial
B. Analyze each social problem and give what social science approach can be used in solving the given
problem. Write the letter of your answer.
A. Rational Choice B. Feminism
C. Human Environment System Approach D. Institutionalism

39. climate change 45. Female Prostitution 49. Improper Segregation

40. scarcity 46. Pollution 50. Traffic problem
41. gender discrimination 47. Unemployment
42. corruption 48. Sexual Harassment
43. Resource exhaustion

Essay: (10 points each)

1. What do you think is the most pressing social issue our country is currently facing? Why?

2. Which career path among the social scientists do you want to pursue? Why?

Final Learning Output

Choose a social issue among the following. Research about your topic in the Philippine setting.

• Gender inequality
• Racial discrimination
• terrorism
• poverty and unemployment
• global warming
• censorship of the press
• health security

Write a two-page analysis about your chosen social issue. Be guided by the rubric below.

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CONGRATULATIONS YOU ARE FINISH WITH THE SECOND
QUARTER!

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