9AC1 PRONUNCIATION AND GRAMMAR

I. PRONUNCIATION – CONSONANT DIAGRAPH

ck k pick, thick Never at the beginning

le l pale, sale, whole, Never at the beginning

organelle

ng ŋ sing, singer, ping- Never at the beginning

pong,sink

tch ʧ stitch, watch, catch, Never at the beginning

pitch

wh w What, why Never at the end

h Whole, who

ph f phone, photograph,
phrase, physics,
phobia

sh ʃ shark, wash, shape,

shallow, shoot,
squash, shine, shy,
shoe

qu kw quiz, quality, queen, Never at the end

sequence, quack

quay /ki:/
k

-que at the end of words has the sound of /k/: unique, antique, cheque, boutique,
technique, picturesque, opaque, cheque

BUT QUEUE has the pronunciation /kju:/

th ð this, that, these, those, they, there

θ think, thin, thank, thigh, thought, thousand, thick, thunder

ch ʧ choice, chicken, champion, chapter, chain, chief, When at the

chore, clutch end of
words, /ʧ/:
k chameleon, chemistry, scholar, character, school,
each, reach,
chorus, chord, orchestra, choir, chaos, Christmas,

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 scheme, technical rich, church,
peach
ʃ chef, champagne, cliché, chute, parachute, machine,
chivalry, chemise, chagrin, chauffeur, charlatan,
charade, chandelier, brochure

gh f tough, toughen, laugh, rough, cough, enough

silent

When -i precedes -gh, -gh is silent : light, thigh, might, high,

bright, fright, slight, blight, night, sigh, sight

caught, plough

g ghost, ghee, ghillie, gherkin, ghastly, ghetto

1 A. CHAIN / ʧ/ B. CHAMPION / ʧ/ C. CHAMPAGNE/ ʃ/ D. CHANNEL/ ʧ/

2 A. CHEMISTRY /k/ B. CHIVALRY /ˈʃɪv.əl.ri/ C. CHAUFFEUR /ˈʃəʊ.fər/ D. CHAGRIN  /ˈʃæɡ.rɪn/
3 A. MARCH / ʧ/ B. ANCHOR / ˈæŋ.kər/ C. ACHIEVE / ʧ/ D. BACHELOR / ʧ/
4 A. QUITE B. QUARREL C. QUEEN D. QUAY /kiː/
5 A. THOUGH /ðəʊ/ B. THOUGHT/θɔːt/ C. DAUGHTER /ˈdɔː.tər D. TOUGH  /tʌf/
6 A. TONIGHT  /təˈnaɪt/
B. TOUGHEN  /ˈtʌf·ən/ C. LAUGHTER /ˈlɑːf.tər/ D. COUGH /kɒf/
7 A. LAUNCH ʧ B. DIGESTION C. CHARLATAN  /ˈʃɑː.lə.tən/ D. SUGGESTION
/daɪˈdʒes.tʃən/  /səˈdʒes.tʃən/
8 A. LAUGH B. PLOUGH  /plaʊ/ C. ENOUGH D. COUGH
9 A. MYTH /mɪθ/ B. BATHS /bɑːθ/ th đặc biệt C. BOTH /bəʊθ/ D. TENTH  /tenθ/
10 A. WHO B. WHITE/w/ C. WHEN/w/ D. WHAT /w/
11 A. DEATH  /deθ/ B. CLOTHES  /kləʊðz/ C. WEALTHY /ˈwel.θi D. THIRTY  /ˈθɜː.ti/
12 A. BATHROOM  /ˈbɑːθ.ruːm/ B. THEIR  /ðeər/ C. TOGETHER D. BREATHE /briːð/

 /təˈɡeð.ər/

II. GRAMMAR – REPORTING VERBS AND SUBJUNCTIVE

1. REPORTING VERBS
FORM DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

V + infinitive “Shall I carry your suitcase?” 🡪 He __offers/ed______ to carry my suitcase.

offer, promise, “I will definitely keep in touch.” 🡪 She __promises/ed_______ to keep in touch.
refuse, propose, “I won’t give you the number.” 🡪 He ___refuses/refused_____ to give me the

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demand, etc. “Let’s go to the beach tomorrow.” number.
🡪 They __propose/proposed______ to go to the
beach the following day.
“I want ice cream now!”
🡪 The child _demanded______ to have ice
cream then.
V + that + clause “You always leave such a mess,” said 🡪 The mother _complained______ that the
the mother. child always left such a mess.
complain, explain,
etc. “You have to check the oil regularly,” 🡪 The mechanic ___explains____ that I have to
says the mechanic. check the oil regularly.
V + object + infinitive “Please help me!” said the woman. 🡪 The woman __begged___ me to help her.
O
beg, instruct, invite, “Bake the cake at 250 C,” the chef 🡪 The chef ___instructed____ us to bake the
warn, etc. said. cake at 250OC.
“I’d like you to come to the party,” 🡪 Susan _invited_____ me to come to her
Susan said. party.
“Be careful!”

🡪 The guard __warned____ me to be careful.

V + gerund (V-ing) “You broke the window.”
accuse sb of, deny,
admit, suggest, etc. “I didn’t break the window!”
“I’m sorry. I did break the window.”
“Let’s go to the beach tomorrow.”
🡪 The man _accused___ me of breaking the
window.
🡪 He __denied___ breaking the window.
🡪 She _admitted___ breaking the window.
🡪 They __suggested___ going to the beach the
following day.

2. SUBJUNCTIVE to express obligation, importance, intention.

● does not change in the third person singular (he/she/it)
● is the same for past, present, or future

FORM DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH

V + (that) + S + bare infinitive
insist, propose, request, advise,
ask,demand, order, recommend,
require, suggest, etc.
ADJ + (that) + S + bare infinitive
advisable, anxious, certain,
“You have be on time!” the professor
insisted.
“I don’t think Max should attend the
party,” says the host.
“I’d like the child to be named after
her mother,” the aunt said.
“He must attend the conference,”
says the organizer.
🡪 The professor insisted (that) we
(SHOULD) be on time.
🡪 The host proposes (that) Max
(SHOULD) NOT attend____ the
party.
🡪 The aunt requested (that) the child
(SHOULD) BE named_____ after her
mother.
🡪 It is vital (that) he (SHOULD/MUST)
ATTEND____ the conference.

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 desirable, eager, essential,
important, necessary,
preferable, vital, etc.
N + be + that + S + bare
infinitive
idea, order, proposal,
recommendation, request,
suggestion, etc.
“She should be informed
immediately.”
“The money should be invested two
years from now,” said the economist.
🡪 It is important (that) she (SHOULD)
BE INFORMED____ immediately.
🡪 The recommendation was that the
money (SHOULD) BE INVESTED___
two years from then.

PRACTICE EXERCISES

Exercise 1 – Report the following questions and commands, beginning as shown.

1 “Should these chairs be left out here overnight?” she asked.

🡪 She asked me whether/if those chairs should be left out there overnight.

2 She said, “Are you looking for work?” “Yes, I am,” he replied.

🡪 She asked him if/whether he was looking for work and he replied that he was.

3 “When did you first notice these symptoms?” the doctor asked Miss Harrison.

🡪 The doctor asked Miss Harrison when she had first noticed those symptoms.

4 “What time are you expecting the guests to arrive, Mary?” Ivor asked.

🡪 Ivor wanted to know what time Mary was expecting the guests to arrive.

5 “You really should eat more fresh fruit,” his mother said.

🡪 His mother advised him to eat more fresh fruit. / that he (SHOULD) eat more fresh fruit.

advise sb on/about sth

advise sb about doing sth

6 “Jill ought to apply herself more,” said her tutor.

🡪 Jill’s tutor suggested that she (should/ought to) apply herself more.

suggest one’s doing sth

7 “Make sure you don’t say anything about the party to John,” Oliver said.
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 🡪 Oliver warned me/us not to say anything about the party to John.

8 “I think he should donate the money to charity.”

🡪 Her proposal was that he (SHOULD) donate the money to charity.

Exercise 2 –Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the subjunctive form.

2. paying => pay 3. Take=> be taken 7. Keep 6. Grant=> be granted 5. Admit => be admitted 4.reopen => Be
reopened.

2. pay 3. be taken 4. be reopened 5. be admitted 6. be granted 7. Keep

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