Foundation Systems

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code 101 - ARCH 1223 - BUILDING TECH. 3

WEEK 02
The Preparation of Building Plans and Documents

Construction plans consists of drawings, diagrams and notes showing the layout of floors and
uses; the elevations or views, cross-sections; specified materials, other relevant information about
the structure. In general, building plan consist of the following:

a. Architectural plans and detail drawings.

b. Structural design computations and detail drawings.
c. Electrical plans, load analysis, computations and riser diagrams, specifications.
d. Plumbing plans, details of septic vault, diagram of plumbing lines, specifications.
e. Mechanical plans and specifications, where required.
f. Others; Landscaping and interior design, etc.,
g. Documents forming part of the building plans such as:
i. Construction Specifications
ii. Bill of Materials and Cost Estimates
iii. Structural Design Analysis and Computations
iv. Applications for construction permits and utilities.
v. Other Supporting papers or clearances required by local government rules and
regulations.

The plans and companion documents are signed and dry-sealed by the architect and the engineers
who prepared them. The Project owner must also sign them to signify his approval.
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WEEK 02
Foundation Systems
Building Foundations
Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or rock that have
sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics to support them.
There are a very wide range of foundation types suitable for different applications, depending
on considerations such as:
The nature of the load requiring support.

9
Ground conditions.
OO
The presence of water.

oo
89 0
Space availability.
Accessibility.
Sensitivity to noise and vibration.
Very broadly, foundations can be categorized as shallow foundations or deep foundations.
¢ Shallow foundations are typically used where the loads imposed by a structure are low relative to
the bearing capacity of the surface soils.
e Deep foundations are necessary where the bearing capacity of the surface soils is not adequate to support
the loads imposed by a structure and so those loads need to be transferred to deeper layers with
higher bearing capacity.
(Source: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Types_of structural load)
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FOUNDATION
SYSTEMS
FOUNDATIONS
¢ the lowest load-bearing part of a

building, typically below ground
KEW {=}
¢ Foundation systems are classified

into two broad categories -
shallow foundations and deep
foundations.
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
¢ Shallow or spread foundations are employed
when stable soil of adequate bearing capacity
occurs relatively near the ground surface.
* They are placed directly below the lowest
part of a superstructure and transfer building
loads directly to the supporting soil by
vertical pressure.
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¢ Individual or Isolated footings
PN UE coat ccs
¢ Strip footings
GROUND =A)
hoe
¢ Combined footings
NN
\\ ng
oy
AN\ oe
2h)
%
a
ae
¢« Mat or Raft Foundations
When to Choose Raft Foundation

* For foundation design, one of the most important aspects
is choosing the right type of foundation. Raft foundation is
preferred when-
The soil has a low bearing capacity.
Load of the structure has to be distributed over a large
area.
Individual or any other foundation area would
approximately cover 50% of the total ground area beneath
daly aU el tU Lge
The columns or walls are placed so closely that the
individual footings would overlap.
When to Choose Raft Foundation

* Stress on soil needs to be reduced.
* There is a possibility of differential settlement in case
individual footing is used.
When soil strata are unpredictable and contain pockets of
compressible soil.
Basement is to be constructed.
Any other type of footing cannot be used advantageously.
¢ Mat or Raft Foundations
¢« Mat or Raft Foundations
STEEL GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
iron plate —=—— column
steel
beams
(grillage)
concrete pad
STEEL GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
FOUNDATIONS OF THE &T. PAUL BUILDING,
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
* Deep foundations are employed when the
soil underlying a shallow foundation is
unstable or of inadequate soil bearing
Capacity.
¢ They extend down through unsuitable soil to
transfer building loads to a more appropriate
bearing stratum of rock or dense sand and
gravel well below the superstructure.
¢ PILE FOUNDATIONS
End Bearing Pile Friction Pile
Strong Soil
ss
fa)a Solel4
¢ PILE FOUNDATIONS
Pile foundations
low bearing ALTE: low bearing

capacity soil fe capacity soil
; “bedrock 3 SS ee
{or sound soil) AZ YT,
piles bearing on bedrock piles providing support

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Pre-cast Piles
Precast Pile Driving
PLACEMENT OF PILE INSTALLATION OF PILE REPETITION OF PROCESS
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Hiles/5780005/FOUNDATION SYSTEMS (2).pdf
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WEEK 03
Foundation Systems (pt2)
3. HEAVY REINFORCED CONCRETE, PRE-

STRESSED CONCRETE AND STEEL CONSTRUCTION
3.1 FOUNDATION SYSTEMS (Deep and Shallow Foundation)
The foundation system transfers

the lateral loads on the
superstructure to the ground. The
horizontal component of these
lateral forces is transferred largely Shallow Foundations
through a combination of soil
friction on the bottom of footings
Deep Foundations
and the development of passive
soil pressure on the sides of
footings and foundation walls.
Foundation systems are classified
into two broad categories ---
shallow foundations and deep
foundations.
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3.1.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

Shallow or spread foundations are employed when stable soil of
adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near the ground surface. They
are placed directly below the lowest part of a superstructure and transfer
building loads directly to the supporting soil by vertical pressure. The types
of shallow or spread footings are:
1. Individual or isolated footings — are spread footings supporting free-

standing columns and piers.
a. Block or square footings c. Slope or pyramidal footings
NéL- ¥
b. Stepped footings
2. Strip footings — are the continuous spread footings of foundation walls.

Stepped footings are strip footings that change levels to accommodate a
sloping grade and maintain the required depth at all points around a building.
| |
ee ee
STRIP rooms \, i
tT Py ; .
Pas , STEPPED FOOTINGS
3. Combined footings.
a. Combined footings. supporting two or more columns. This type of

footing is used where it is not possible to center the footing beneath its
supported column as in the case of columns located at or very near the
property line. In such case, the nearest interior column is selected and
a combined footing constructed under both columns.
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The footing is so designed so that the NeL-

center of gravity of the combined
loads passes through the center of
gravity of the footing area. Combined oe
es ee
column footings are usually
rectangular or trapezoidal in shape.
b. Cantilevered footings. This type

of footing may be used in place of a
combined footing under the same
conditions. In this type of
construction, the footings of the
exterior and interior columns are :
connected by a tie-beam or strap
which is so extended to support the me |
exterior column. The top of the beam
or strap is usually placed level with
the top of the footings. Wh
Line
Heayy Reinfotced
Lee) tage ead Co
Stressed Coylerete & (SAU Oo a o o
Steel Cofstruction c. Continuous footings.
Foundations Systems (EA) These may be:

Fotindation Walls, 1. supporting a line of columns
2. supporting all of the columns
by strips at right angles toea [E2=
other.
They may be inverted slab or

inverted tee continuous
footings.
4, Mat or Raft Foundations
Mat foundations, like continuous footings are used on soil of low bearing
power where there is a tendency towards unequal settlement due to unequal
loading of soil. In this type of foundation all parts of the foundation are so tied
together so that they will act as one and assist each other in keeping level
and plumb.
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Mat foundations may be divided into the following general classes:
1. Flat slabs of plain or reinforced

2. Beams or girders with a slab
concrete
underneath
3. Beams or girders with a slab on top
4. STEEL GRILLAGE FOUNDATION
When itis desired to avoid the deep excavation required for concrete and
masonry footings, and when the load has to be distributed over a wide
area of support, steel rails or beams are used to give the required
moment of resistance with a minimum of depth.
For steel-grillage foundations the foundation

bed should first be covered with a layer of
concrete not less than 6” in thickness and so — H- Stee copunnl
mixed and compacted as to be nearly
impervious to moisture as possible. The ee BASE PLATES
Pond Lor
beams are placed on this layer, the upper Es oP I> BEA
surface brought to a line and the lower

flanges carefully grouted so as to secure an
even bearing. Subsequently, concrete should
be placed between and around the beams so
as to permanently protect them. The beam rr.
trowscn eran)
must not be spaced so near as to prevent the
placing of concrete between them. The clear
space between the flanges of the top layer of
beams should not be less than 2” and should
be somewhat more for the lower layers.
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3.1.2 DEEP FOUNDATIONS
Deep foundations are employed when the soil underlying a shallow

foundation is unstable or of inadequate soil bearing capacity. They extend
down through unsuitable soil to transfer building loads to a more
appropriate bearing stratum of rock or dense sand and gravel well below
the superstructure. The types of deep foundations are pile and caisson
foundations.
1. PILE FOUNDATIONS ae
—A pile foundation is a 4 Sy
system of end bearing or ra f 1
friction piles, pile caps, = cotumn Loan 4“
and tie beams for r
transferring building loads |
LK. Loap BEARING WALL
down to a suitable bearing *S REINFORCED
stratum. “US'S CONCRETE GRADE or
ADS TIE BEAM
EN
REINFORCED CONCRETE
PILE CAP
Pile Cap —1. A slab or connecting beam which covers the heads of a group of piles, tying them tog, ..er so that the structural load
is distributed and they act as a single unit. 2. A metal cap which is placed, as temporary protection, over the head of a
precast pile while it is being driven into the ground.
End bearing piles — depend principally on the bearing resistance of soil

or rock beneath their feet for support. The surrounding soil mass provides
a degree of lateral stability for the long compression member.
Friction piles — depend principally on the frictional resistance of a

surrounding earth mass for support. The skin friction developed between
the sides of a pile and the soil into which the pile is driven is limited by the
adhesion of soil to the pile sides and the shear strength of the surrounding
soil mass.
PILE CAPS
/ -
\© g O [
|i
O it] 2 — END BEARING
PILES
FRICTION PILES
SAMPLE OF PILE CAPS eee
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A. WOOD PILES
GRADE
BUTT DIA 12" TO 22" @
Wood-pile Foundations. When it is
required to build upon a compressible
soil saturated with water and of | (“PILE SHALL BE
considerable depth, the most See hanes ATIVE
practicable method of obtaining a
solid and enduring foundation for @
buildings of moderate height is by |
driving wooden piles. Wooden piles CROSS SECTION
are made from the trunks of trees and
should be as straight as possible, and
not less than 5” in diameter at small tt
end for light buildings, or 8” for heavy >} TIP DIA 5" TO 9"
buildings.
The piles are driven by means ofa drop-hammer or with a steam-

hammer, a succession of blows being given with a block of cast iron or
steel called the hammer, which slides up and down; the uprights of the
machine is placed over the pile-driver. The machine is placed over the
pile so that the hammer descends fairly on its head, the piles being driven
with the small end down.
Heayy Reinfotced
blige
opetars aD!ke 3.0 _ . .
NOTE. CUT
APPLY
TOPS OF PILE SQUARE TO PILE AXIS AND
2 COATS OF MATCHING TREATMENT.
Steel Cofistruction In driving wooden piles with
2 ,, adrop-hammer, the hammer
Seemed is generally raised by steam-
Folindation Walls, power and is dropped either 1S gs “3
automatically or by hand. a « ia 4
The weight of the hammers a “ .
used for driving piles for Bl og . 2 , *
gigs s ‘ : oY &
building foundations is 3 e* «& ‘
usually from 1,500 to 2,500 n . z ;
lb., and fall varies from 5 to * a rn | .
20 ft., the last blows being = l r r 7
given with a short fall. Steam el cae Nia. meme
hammers are toa MIN, | CAP DETAILS (TYP)
(TYP) |
considerable extent taking
the place of the ordinary |
ONE ieeyee Tineae Cie
drop-hammers as they will
drive more piles in a day,
and with less damage to the
TYP. COMPRESSION PILE
piles.
The steam-hammer delivers quick, short blows, from 60 to 70 to the minute,
and seems to jar the piles down, the short interval between the blows not
giving time for the soil to settle around them.
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In driving piles care should be taken to

keep them plumb, and when the JR [pew
penetration becomes small, the fall aw RING RINC
should be reduced to about 5 ft., the i
blows being given by rapid
succession. Whenever a pile refuses re S
to sink under several blows before Pier
reaching the average depth, it should
be cut off and another pile driven
beside it.
When several piles have been driven to a depth of 20 ft. or more or

refuse to sink more than ’2 in. under 5 blows ofa 1200 Ib. hammer falling
15 ft., itis useless to try them further, as the additional blows result only
in brooming and crushing the heads and points of the piles, and splitting
and crushing the intermediate portions to an unknown extent.
When the penetration is less than 6 in. at each blow the top of the pile
should be protected from brooming by putting on an iron pile ring, about 1
in. less in diameter than the head of the pile, and from 2-1/2 to 3 in. wide by
5/8 in. thick. The head should be chamfered to fit the ring.
Pile Ring — also called a drive band; a steel band which encircles the head of a timber pile to prevent it from splitting when being
driven.
In driving in soft and silty soils, the piles drive better with a square point. When
driven into compact soil, such as sand, gravel, or stiff clay, the point of the
pile should be shod with iron or steel. This is usually in the form of a cast
conical point about 5 in. in dia., secured by along dowel with a ring
around the end of the pile.
Piles that are driven in or exposed to salt water should be thoroughly

impregnated with creosote, dead oil or coal-tar, or some mineral poison to
protect them from teredo or shipworm which will completely honeycomb
an ordinary pile in three or four years.
Piles should not be spaced less than 2 ft. on centers; usual spacing is from 2 to
3 ft. When long piles are driven closer than 2 ft. on centers, there is
danger that they may force each other up from their solid bed on bearing
stratum. Driving the piles close together also breaks up the ground and
diminishes the bearing power. Maximum allowable load on wood piles is
usually 20 tons.
The top of the piles should be cut off at or below the low water mark, otherwise
they will soon commence to decay. They should then be capped, either
with concrete, or with timber or steel grillage. The usual practice is to use
the reinforced-concrete cap, the method being to excavate 6 to 12” below
the tops and one foot outside of the piles. Concrete is then placed around
and above the piles. Approximately 3” above the top of the piles a layer or
reinforcement running in both directions is placed. Caps are usually 18” or
more in thickness.
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Heavy timber grillages may also be used for capping. These are bolted to
the top of the piles and the concrete footings laid on top of it. The
timbers for the grillages should be at least 10” x 10” in cross-section,
and should have sufficient transverse strength to sustain the load
from center to center of piles. They should be laid longitudinally on
top of the piles and fastened to them by means of driftbolts. The
advantages of timber grillage are that it can be easily laid and
effectually holds the top of piles in place. It also tends to distribute the
pressure evenly over the piles, as the transverse strength of the
timber will help to carry the load over a single pile, which for some
reason, may not have the same bearing capacity as the others.
Where timber grillage is used, it should be kept entirely below the lowest
recorded water line, as otherwise it will rot and allow the building to
settle.
Steel beams embedded in concrete are also sometimes used to distribute

the weight over piles, but this is too expensive a method to be
commonly used.
Driftbott —a short rod or square bar driven into holes bored in timber, for attaching adjacent sticks to each other or to piles; varies
from 1 to 2 ft (300 600 mm) in length; often provided with a head or with a sharpened end; also called a drift or driftpin.
B. CONCRETE PILES
Concrete Piles. Concrete piles, either plain or reinforced, possess many

advantages over wooden piles and, in general, can be used in all places
where wooden piles can be driven. Concrete piles are generally used
where wooden piles would be subject to decay or deterioration by the
action of marine worms. They are especially advantageous for
foundations on land where the permanent ground water is at a
considerable depth. Wooden piles must cut of under water as, when
subjected to an atmosphere which is alternately wet and dry, they will
decay. This is unnecessary with concrete piles, and foundations under
such conditions need not start so low as would be the case if timber
piles were used.
In practice concrete piles are generally reinforced. Reinforced-concrete piles

are of two general types: those molded in place and those molded
before driving. Spacing for concrete piles usually from 2’ — 6” to 4’.
Concrete piles are extended atleast 4” into the concrete of the footing,
and where a steel casing surrounds the pile, 3 to 4 in. of concrete is
required between the top of the piles and the footing reinforcement,
unless the casing is trimmed back at a distance, in which case the case
reinforcement is allowed to lie directly upon the butts of the piles.
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1. PRE-CAST PILES
la" TO 24" DIA
GRADE pated}
er ar 34 Pre-castPiles These are usually moulded el
in a yard or at the site allowed to cure for 4 8
weeks before using. In driving, a pre-cast
pile is provided with a cast-iron point, and a i To 44" DIA,
driving head is used in which a cushion of h
sand, rope or other material is placed eD
between a driving block of wood and the See RHNTOREE
concrete in order to prevent the crushing of MAY BE PRE-STRESSED
the pile. Concrete piles are often sunk by 12" TO 54” DIA.
means of water-jet. This method is made TAPER MAY El
possibly by inserting an iron pipe in the BE OMITTED
center of the pile. TYPICAL CROSS SECTIONS
2. CAST-IN-PLACE PILES
Cast-in-place Piles Cast in place piles are constructed in the ground in

the position they are to occupy, and are often reinforced. Practically all
cast in place piles are covered by patents.
GRADE GRADE
im TO 12° TO
26° NAS
DIA. fe GRADE, yt 19" DIA. -
CONCRETE CASING -
COM PACTED
BY RAMMING } {GATED 8" TO 18" DIA
SHELL.
OR PIPE
CROSS
SECTION
CORRUGATED SHELL
UNCASED CASED THICKNESS 12 GA,
SHAPT SHAFT TO 20 GA,
SIDES STRAIGHT
OR TAPERED
Cast-in-place piles may be formed by any of the following methods:
a. Ahollow cylindrical steel tube usually furnished with a tight-fitting

collapsible steel core or mandrel, is driven into the soil. The core is then
collapsed and removed, and the steel shell filled with concrete. Thus
there is a shell or form for every pile, e.g. McArthur piles, Raymond piles
(this uses a No. 24 gauge shell in which a spiral of No. 3 wire is
encased). This is also commonly called a cased pile.
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A steel tube is fitted at the bottom with a driving point and is driven into the
ground to the required depth. Concrete is then poured into the hole thus
formed as the steel tube is gradually withdrawn. The driving point may be
either a conical cast-iron point that is left in place or a hinged cutting-edge
called an alligator point which opens as the tube is withdrawn, e.g.
Simplex piles. This is called an uncased pile.
SHELL
WTAE
See ConeReTe
Teun
See
on
0 (2)
A steel pipe or shell is first driven into the ground. The steel driving core is
then removed and the bottom of the shell is filled with concrete to a height of
about 5 ft. from the bottom. Pressure is then applied to force out the concrete
into the surrounding soil as the core is withdrawn. These are known as
pedestal piles.
C. STEEL PILES CRADE
Steel-pipe Piles. These are concrete-

filled steel pipes which are made to bear
GROSS SECTION
on rock or hard pan. The pipes are
generally 10 to 18 inches in diameter,
having a thickness of 3/8 to 5/8 inches.
The pipe is driven in sections with a
steam-hammer and, as additional sections
are required, these are attached to the
driven section by means of a cast-iron or
steel internal sleeve and re-driven.
When the pipe has reached its bearing level it is cleaned out by blowing or
dug out by means of augers or similar tools. The pipe is then pumped out
and concreted.
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D. COMPOSITE PILES
8" TO 36" DIA,
TYPICAL COMBINATIONS
Composite Piles. 'GRADE- orape |!
These are combination or CROSS SECTION

ee ece al
timber and concrete or SHELL THICKNESS 5/16°1/2)))
steel and concrete piles. eg ee Det Ea CONCRETE
They may be composed
of timber piles with CROSS SECTION
OF PIPE PILE
CONCRETE
FILLED
WITH CORE
concrete coatings held STEEL
SHELL
in position by steel SOCKET REQ'D -
FOR VERTICAL TIMBER
HIGH LOADS ONLY
reinforcements in the END CLOSURE
MAY BE OMITTED
shape of expanded
metal or wire netting. 12" TO 1B" DIA.
The latter are to be GRADE Nae SHELL
cd THICKNESS
considered as timber, ™ aie TYPICAL CROSS Sct Icy
Pee
Va" TO 1/4"
rather than concrete, TYPICAL CROSS SECTION
TRLUTED SHELLY
piles. 10" TO 36" DIA. FUND CURCHETE
CAUSES EXPANSION
SHELL wif i Aarhaik
THICKNESS: mi acten
1/8" TO 1/4"
TYPICAL CROSS SECTION
(SPIRAL WELDED SHEL!) pet DULLED MILES CAN HE PROPEL:
SEATED IN FIM Sn 9 ATA
‘SIDES
STRAIGHT.
OR TAPERED
MIN. TIP DIA. &
2. CAISSON FOUNDATIONS
Caissons are cast-in-place, plain or reinforced concrete piers formed by

boring with a large auger or excavating by hand a shaft in the earthtoa
suitable bearing stratum and filling the shaft with concrete. For this reason
they are also referred to as drilled piles or piers.
[caisson]
Seer eo
Suitable
See
it
| Rock caissons are
socketed caissons that
have a steel H-section
bearing stratum
core within a concrete-
of soil or rock
filled pipe casing.
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WEEK 04
FOUNDATION WALLS, BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION, CISTERNS
3.2 FOUNDATION WALLS, BASEMENT

CONSTRUCTION, CISTERNS
Foundation walls
Wall System (>
provide support for the
superstructure above Slope finish grade to
drain surface water i +—_ Floor System
and enclose a
7
basement wall or crawl Positive anchorage
required to resist
space partly or wholly
SF ps
below grade. In
addition to the vertical Dampproofing
or waterproofing Cast-in-place concrete or
loads from the concrete masonry units
superstructure, pressure
Active sail
ya i
foundation walls must Z

be designed and fn ee
constructed to resist roa Z it ground slab
2 Subsoil drainage —ai
active earth pressure system ——4i | « —4
and anchor the al “| Size of footing is based
‘on the foundation wall
superstructure against load and the allowable
wind and seismic soil bearing capacity
forces.
FOUNDATION WALLS
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FILTER FADRR
BASEMENTWALLS
600x600mm STAINLESS
STEEL MANHOLE COVER
12mmé BARS SPACED 0.60
© 0.20m. BOTHWAYS ig — O_O
20,
seowhccane |
me &
33Fs
—- x
rl | ar 8
= x
Témm DIA, BARS
@ 0.40m OC
*
l. PROVIDE WATERPROOFING
4 = (SPECS BY OTHERS)
L-
+ u =
z
~ F
16mm OW @ 020m 3
4 EF HORIZONTAL BARS 3
— a
16mm OA. BARS 2
© 010m oc. 3
3 i
4 70-25
16mm DIA BARS 12mme TEMP. BARS SP.

@ 0.20m OL. @ 0.30m. ON CENTER BW.
* BS
os 8o
s
5-16mm Di BARS.
EACH FACE t 95% MoO
PROVIDE 150mm + 1.60 4 (COMPACTION).
THK. GRAVEL BED
SECTION OF CISTERN
41624 ?lesson_id=13198353&section_id=491 48051 215
41624 ?lesson_id=13...
3.3 REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMNS

There may be short columns or long columns.
Short columns — occur when the unsupported height is not

greater than ten times the shortest lateral dimension of the
cross section.
Long columns — occur when the unsupported height is more
than ten times the shortest lateral dimension of the cross
section.
3.3.1 TYPES OF RC COLUMNS
Reinforced-concrete columns may be classified into five types:
1. Tied Columns. These are columns with longitudinal bars and lateral
ties. The ratio of the effective cross-sectional area of vertical
reinforcement to the gross column area should not be less than 1% nor
more than 8%, and should consist of at least 4 bars of a minimum size
of #5.
Lateral tiles shall be at least 3/8” (10 mm) diameter and shall be spaced
apart not over than 16 bar diameters, 48 tie diameters, or the least
dimension of the column. Where there are more than four vertical bars,
additional ties should be provided so that every longitudinal bar will be
firmly held in its designed position. The reinforcement for tied columns
shall be protected by a covering of concrete, cast monolithically with the
core, of at least 1-1/2” (38 mm) thickness.
——_—
- —
| /o@ VERT, BARS
vf
g
4 BARS- | Tle 6 BARS- INNES
ae
3 BARs- anes
eS /
] | po er
nes 2IRe J2 Bes 27S =| BARS TIES
REINFORCEMENTS:
VERT. BARS: 8-20mm¢
TIES "a": 10mm¢ @100mm0.C.(2 SETS)
TIES "b": 10mm¢@ @150mm0.C.(2 SETS)
[é BARS- 4 TES
41624 ?lesson_id=13...
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REQUIREMENTS OF RC TIED COLUMNS
SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE LOADING
wore cs JEL pea reme
2. Spiral Columns. These are columns with longitudinal bars and closely
spaced continuous spiral hooping. For spiral columns, the ratio of the
area of the vertical reinforcement to the gross column area shall not
less than 1% nor more than 8%. The minimum number of bars shall 6,
and the minimum bar size shall #5.
The spiral reinforcement, with min

size of 3/8” shall consist of evenly
spaced continuous Spirals held
firmly in place by at least three 75 mm should be
vertical spacer bars. The center = Clear spacing
= Larger of 25 mm or
to center spacing of the spirals 1.33 times
shall not exceed 3” (75 mm) nor maximum
be less than 1-3/8” (35 mm) or 1- aggregate size
1/2 times the maximum size of
the coarse aggregate. Protective
covering for the column
reinforcement shall not be less Ps O4S(TSE KAYAw- 1)
than 1-1/2” (38 mm). Pr O12 J)
REQUIREMENTS OF RC TIED COLUMNS

SUBJECTED TO EARTHQUAKE LOADING
41624 ?lesson_id=13198353&section_id=491 48051 415
41624 ?lesson_id=13...
3. Composite Columns — where structural steel columns are embedded

into the concrete core of a spiral column.
4, Combined Columns — where structural steel is encased in concrete of
at least 7 cm thick, reinforced with wire mess surrounding the column
at a distance of 3 cm inside the outer face of the concrete cover.
5. Lally Columns — are fabricated steel pipes provided with flat steel
plates which holds a girder or girt, and is filled with grout or concrete
to prevent corrosion.
3.3.2 DOWEL BARS
Dowel bars are short bars used to |-srue poe

transfer the stress at the bottom of oer LaP
the columns to the footings. When nstarnad Bees
dowel bars are used, there should + “
be atleast one dowel bar for each
column bar. The total cross-
sectional area of dowels should not 7 | l
be less than the cross-sectional | | r
area of longitudinal reinforcement oS Pee | [ho
in the column. #5 REINFORCEMENT #6 REINFORCEMENT
-—¥—
#7? REINFORCEMENT
The dowels shall extend into the column and into the pedestal or footing not
less than 50 bars diameter for plain bars or 40 diameters for deformed bars.
9/22/21, 10:06 PM code 101 - ARCH 1223 - BUILDING TECH. 3 - https://us|-tuguegarao.neolms.com/student_lesson/show/2741624?from=%2F stu...
WEEK 05
REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
41624 ?from=%2F student_lesson%2Fshow%2F2741624%3Flesson_id%3D13198353%2..._ 1/11
3.4 REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
3.4.1 SUSPENDED SLABS
In general, there are six types of reinforced-concrete floors systems:
1. One way solid slab and beam

2. One way joist slab or Ribbed slab
3. Two way solid slab and beam
4. Two way waffle slab
5. Two way flat plate
6. Two way flat slab
Each particular system has its distinct advantages, depending upon the
spacing, of columns, the magnitude of the loads to be supported, lengths
of spans, and the cost of construction. Although the arrangement of the
plan of a building frequently determines the column spacing,
approximately square bays are desirable. Column spacing of 20 ft., more
or less, has proved to be most economical, but this, of course, depends
on the type of floor construction to be used.
1. ONE-WAY SLABS
Probably the most commonly used type or reinforced concrete

construction consists of a solid slab supported by two parallel beams,
the beams framing into girders, and the girders in turn framing into
columns. The reinforcement slabs runs in one direction only, from
beam to beam, hence the slab is known as one-way slab. The number
of beams in a panel depends upon the column spacing and the live
load to be supported. The beams are spaced uniformly and generally
frame into the girders at the center, third or quarter points.
This type of framing is called the beam-and-girder floor. It is readily

constructed and the formwork is simple. The one-way slab is
economical for medium and heavy live loads for comparatively short
spans, 6 to 12 ft. For light live loads, 40 to 60 psf, the spans may be
increased, but long spans for one-way slabs results in comparatively
large dead loads.
The main tensile reinforcement (running along the short direction) in fully
continuous slabs are alternately bent up, usually at an angle of 30 to
45 degrees, atthe fifth points of the span and extend over the supports
to the quarter points of the adjoining span. The remaining bars are
straight, placed in the bottom of the slab. For single span slabs the
bars are bent up at the quarter points.
Another method of placing the reinforcement is to place straight bars at the

bottom of the slab and the other straight bars at the top of the slab
over the supports. If the bent bars are used, bent bars from the
adjoining bars are extended over the supports, thus providing the
same amount of reinforcement over the supports as at mid-span.
In addition to the tensile reinforcement, temperature bars are also provided

running along the long direction. These serve to provide against the
effect of shrinkage and changes in temperature and also to distribute
possible load concentrations over larger areas. The size and spacing
of temperature bars depends upon the slab thickness.
Minimum protective covering for slab reinforcement is 20mm (3’).
| Tensile
Reinforcement
an -—ft— _
we xy
| {T_
— F || | ii
18 Zobren'de oP Bus
commeRS
a) Te. Ri@ m. yt
§ \ TYP. SLAB REINF, LAYOUT
s-6 5-5) NOT 10
Slab is supported on two sides by beams

or load-bearing walls; beams, in turn, may
be supported by girders or columns
GRID GRID GRID GRID

tt | wo 43 aa,
2 owe-mar sua] Lia gta, |. bers, 2, | bs , ive,
a2 TwO-rer SUB ye / ua | | | ee | uy | of | uy
Reinforced Concrete [feos = =
arate | “ca LF \dovtnunie 96 | LLM oo |
juvs | Leus | 7 ears pues | |uses fuses |"
‘2 TYP. SLAB SECTION

(ese)
ee
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tel oe
eg
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S 3|
or aes
(6 \ TYP. SLAB SPACER DETAIL

\sefs-67 ‘NOT TO SALE
2. ONE WAY JOIST OR RIBBED SLABS
For medium span lengths with light or

medium live loads, ribbed slabs have
proved to have an economical type of
floor construction. They are not so
well suited to heavy concentrated
loads as the solid one or two-way
DT ee he ee slabs. A one-way joist slab consists of
lc relatively small adjacent T-beams.
When the open spaces between the
webs or rings are filled with clay tile,
gypsum tile, concrete filler block or Distribution rib is formed
steel forms, the floor system is called ei abc ap da in order
a ribbed slab. oe ee
concentration over a
ee
larger area
Tensile
reinforcement
Pans are reusable metal or
occurs in the ribs
fiberglass molds, tapered
sides allow for easier
Tapered endforms are used
removal to thicken joist ends for
greater shear resistance
Clay tile fillers are generally 12” x 12” in plan with depths of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,
and 15 in. The usual practice is to place the tiles 16” o.c., thus
making the web 4” wide. The layer of concrete placed on top of the
tile is generally 2 or 2-1/2 in. thick. Reinforcement for this type of
construction may consist of two bars placed in the lower part of the
web, one bent and one straight, or of straight bars placed in the top
and bottom parts of the web.
50 mm THK. CONCRETE TOPPING WITHA

oa———— MINIMUM STRENGTH OF 3000 psi
6mm Welded WIREMESH AT
———— 150mm O.C. EACH WAY
am FILLER BLOCK
oO]
™N ~¥)
So vv
. s
qT |
|, _____0.63 _
Metal tile fillers are frequently used for ribbed floors. This is commonly
known as tin-pan construction. The metal forms are usually 36” long,
with 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 in. depths. They are placed on centers in
such a manner as to make the web 4 to 7 in. wide at the lowest point.
Form widths are generally 20 or 30 in.; a common condition is a form
20 in. wide, placed 25 in. on centers, to make a web 5” wide at the
bottom.
The metal forms may be removed or left in place after supporting

formwork has been taken down. To provide a greater web area near
the supports, where the shearing stresses may exceed the allowable,
special metal cores with the sides tapered in plan are used. The
degree of tapering generally is such that the web is increased 4” in
width. As in the case of clay-tile fillers, a 2, 2-1/2, or 3 in. slab is
placed over the metal tile forms, the slab and web forming a T-
section.
Gypsum-tile fillers have the advantage of providing a relatively lightweight

ribbed with a flush ceiling. Although they are made in various sizes, a
common width is 19”, placed 24” o.c., with webs 5” wide. When block
12° wide are used, they are placed 16” o.c., thus forming 4” — wide
webs.
With REMOVABLE STEEL FORMS

1) CJOIST’ WITH 3/8" @ 7-WIRE STRAND GRADE 270 ksi
6mm @ WIREMESH AT 150mm ©.C. EACH WAY
REMOVABLE STEEL FORM
50 mm THK. CONCRETE SLAB
* . 2 * * 2 S
= 7ed
Pe eT od WOOD STIFFENER
eee et |
620. mm,
TOTAL DEAD-LOAD - 1900 po (41 pst)
VOLUME OF CONCRETE SLAB -0.085 M'/ SQ.M
WEIGHT OF STEEL REINF. -4.5 kgs. / SQ.M
cost 7 mi -1,62 Im.

NO, OF RSF/M" - 1.50 pes
NO, OF WS./M’ 4,50 pes
eo ,@ fF
C-Joist on Top of Beam
—) 50mm. Thk. Concrete Slab with a minimum Strength of 3000 psi
‘6mm @ Wiremesh at 150mm O.C. Each Way =
i | pt Cjoist with 3/8" @ 7 - Wirestrand Grade 27Oksig
f pe
re oo a oe a 2
g
|
= |
ee
10 mm @ Dowel Bars at 600mm O.C.

Pete
pe Buec : Rebar {t—..
ems ious ; R.C. Beam
C-Joist’ on Corbel Type Beam

50mm, Thk, Conerete Slab with o minimum Strength of 3000 psi
| 4. & mm @ Wiremesh at 150mm ©.C. Each Way et
| | Cjoist with 3/8° @ 7 - Wirestrand Grade 270ksi
_=+—4
— a i. a. 3
: |
a
+
Rebor |
9/22/21, 10:06 PM code 101 - ARCH 1223 - BUILDING TECH. 3 - https://us|-tuguegarao.neolms.com/student_lesson/show/2741624?from=%2F stu.
C-Joist on Steel | - Beam

50mm. Thk. Concrete Slob with o minimum Strength of 3000 psi »
~ = 6 mm @ Wiremesh at 150mm O.C. Each Way:
| 4 CJoist with 3/8" @ 7 - Wirestrand Grade 270ksi! i
r a t a a a a a + a a a s a a
§ |
223 YT p__
i | - |
i T ]
[7s] 75
10mm. @ Dowel Bars
— Steel |] - Beam
3. TWO-WAY SLABS
When a floor panel is square or nearly so, having beams or walls on four
sides, itis generally economical to use two sets of reinforcing bars
placed at right angles to each other. These bars in two directions
transfer the loads to the four supporting beams or walls. Slabs thus
reinforced are known as two way slabs or slabs supported on four
sides.
For square panels, with supports of equal rigidity, the live and dead loads
are distributed equally in both directions and the reinforcements are
the same each way. When the panel is oblong or rectangular, the
greater part of the load is transmitted by the transverse or short
reinforcement. If the length of the slab exceeds 1.5 times its width,
the entire load is usually assumed to be carried by the short
reinforcement, and the long reinforcement used for shrinkage and
temperature reinforcement only; hence the slab would become a
one-way slab.
In determining the reinforcement of two-way slabs two strips of floor are

considered. One is middle strip, one half of the panel in width,
symmetrical about the panel center line, and extending through the
length of the panel. The other is the column _ strip, one half of the
panel in width and occupying the two quarter-panel areas outside the
middle strip. In placing the reinforcement it is advantageous to place
the bars in the short direction, carrying the greater load, under the
longer bars. Bars are bent up at fifth points and extend over the
supports of the quarter points of the adjoining slabs as is done for
one-way slabs.
Two-way slabs are most efficient when spanning

square or nearly square bays, and suitable for
carrying intermediate to heavy loads
4" (100) min slab depth; rule of thum for

slab depth: slab perimeter/180
Heayy Reinfotced
Lee) tage ead Co
Bg elem ee tec tat
meen eat 4, TWO WAY WAEELE SLAB
A waffle slab is a two way concrete slab reinforced by ribs in two

directions. Waffle slabs are able to carry heavier loads and span longer
distances than flat slabs.
Mach Rents 4
ree) Lu
For greater shear strength and

moment-resisting capacity, solid
heads at column supports are
formed by omitting
5. TWO WAY ELAT PLATE.
A flat plate is a concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in two or

more directions and supported directly by columns without beams or
girders. Simplicity of forming, lower floor-to-floor heights, and some
flexibility in column placement make flat plates practical for apartment and
hotel construction.
fr
eWhile a regular column grid is most appropriate, some
flexibility in column placement is possible
«Shear at column locations governs the thickness of a flat
plate
«Punching shear is the potentially high shearing stress
developed by the reactive force of a column ona
reinforced concrete slab
6. TWO WAY ELAT SLABS.
A flat-slab is a flat plate thickened at its column supports to increase its

shear strength and moment-resisting capacity. The slab is commonly
reinforced with bars running in two directions. This area of increased
thickness is called a drop panel or drop. The columns are generally square
in cross section, but rectangular or circular cross sections are also used.
Column capital may be

used in place of or in
conjunction with a drop
panel for increased
shear resistance
snip
or. sin sty
pee
fei mete
eer. Le Sitecast concrete fat stab consfruction

1 ‘ ! i 1 ‘with thickened slab portions at the
{ 1 columns. Column lines and ufferung of
mt ‘om 4 the thickened peniels define two-way “ithips'”
toy { i which are Gesigned as linear beam slemants,
1 ' i
A ee ae System reverts to a slab and beam structure
T Sa oe e al edges
and openings.
Detait |
on Fig. i
108? | 1
\ AL
i ‘
peo ers
«one
jae x = en | ss ‘
\.
os 4 . \,
a
tt + weer laos
f
—— =: af me, “w=,‘ Thickenod panels cast with-
Tithe
:
thor stats
PARTIAL FRAMING PLAN FOR THE FLOOR /
GENERAL VIEW
OF THE COLUMN STRIP
Flat-slab floors are economical in use of material and provide a rigid type of
construction. These floors are particularly suitable for industrial buildings
having large live loads and for buildings in which the columns capitals are
not objectionable. Among the advantages claimed for flat-slab floor are
the simplified formwork, better lighting due to the absence of beams and
girders, a saving in height for given clear story heights, a uniform surface
for suspending sprinkler systems, piping and shafting, and, because of
the absence of sharp corners, better resistance to fire.
The ratio of length to width of flat-slab panels should not exceed 1.33.
Thickness of slab without drop panels or through drop panel, if any, shall
not be less than L/36; thickness of slab with drop panels at points beyond
the drop panel should not be less than L/40. The side of diameter of the
drop panel shall be at least 0.33 times the span in the parallel direction.
The diameter of the column capital measured at the bottom of the slab or
drop panel (in feet) is generally taken between 0.20 and 0.25 L.
There are several methods of reinforcing flat-slabs and flat plates:

1. Two-way system. This system is the most commonly used and consists of two sets
of bars extending directly from column to column in both directions. Slabs are
square or rectangular.
2. Three-way system. The reinforcement extends from column to column, the
columns being placed at the corners of equilateral triangles; hence slabs are
triangular in shape.
3. Four-way system. The reinforcement extends both directly and diagonally between
columns in both directions. The slabs are square or rectangular.
|
I
1
cobain
[sap
Micale strip
Edge panel
pa (alumna and drop pane!
|
Column strip
Ny
Reinforced Concrete
|
T
eee et |
ol ¢
a]
=| 3&
= a
=| 3
&
=
= Sottom bars —
a= Top bars -s
E Cue alil rs
Strh> 1 Miaale sirig | Column strip | Abodie stip | Column sire
| _Bibeepae lp
PLAN ViEW

Foundation Systems

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Foundation Systems

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9/7/2021 code 101 - ARCH 1223 - BUILDING TECH. 3 - https://usl-tuguegarao.neolms.com/student_lesson/show/2741624?

code 101 - ARCH 1223 - BUILDING TECH. 3

The Preparation of Building Plans and Documents

a. Architectural plans and detail drawings.

code 101 - ARCH 1223 - BUILDING TECH. 3

The nature of the load requiring support.

The presence of water.

Very broadly, foundations can be categorized as shallow foundations or deep foundations.

(Source: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Types_of structural load)

¢ the lowest load-bearing part of a

¢ Foundation systems are classified

¢ Individual or Isolated footings

¢« Mat or Raft Foundations

When to Choose Raft Foundation

When to Choose Raft Foundation

¢ Mat or Raft Foundations

¢« Mat or Raft Foundations

STEEL GRILLAGE FOUNDATION

iron plate —=—— column

STEEL GRILLAGE FOUNDATION

FOUNDATIONS OF THE &T. PAUL BUILDING,

End Bearing Pile Friction Pile

low bearing ALTE: low bearing

piles bearing on bedrock piles providing support

https://usl-tuguegarao.neolms.com/student_lesson/show/27 41624 ?from %2Fstudent_lesson%2Fshow%2F

Precast Pile Driving

PLACEMENT OF PILE INSTALLATION OF PILE REPETITION OF PROCESS

Hiles/5780005/FOUNDATION SYSTEMS (2).pdf

code 101 - ARCH 1223 - BUILDING TECH. 3

Foundation Systems (pt2)

3. HEAVY REINFORCED CONCRETE, PRE-

3.1 FOUNDATION SYSTEMS (Deep and Shallow Foundation)

The foundation system transfers

3.1.1 SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

1. Individual or isolated footings — are spread footings supporting free-

a. Block or square footings c. Slope or pyramidal footings

2. Strip footings — are the continuous spread footings of foundation walls.

a. Combined footings. supporting two or more columns. This type of

The footing is so designed so that the NeL-

b. Cantilevered footings. This type

Foundations Systems (EA) These may be:

They may be inverted slab or

Mat foundations may be divided into the following general classes:

1. Flat slabs of plain or reinforced

3. Beams or girders with a slab on top

4. STEEL GRILLAGE FOUNDATION

For steel-grillage foundations the foundation

surface brought to a line and the lower

3.1.2 DEEP FOUNDATIONS

Deep foundations are employed when the soil underlying a shallow

End bearing piles — depend principally on the bearing resistance of soil

Friction piles — depend principally on the frictional resistance of a

SAMPLE OF PILE CAPS eee

The piles are driven by means ofa drop-hammer or with a steam-

In driving piles care should be taken to

When several piles have been driven to a depth of 20 ft. or more or

Piles that are driven in or exposed to salt water should be thoroughly

Steel beams embedded in concrete are also sometimes used to distribute

Concrete Piles. Concrete piles, either plain or reinforced, possess many

In practice concrete piles are generally reinforced. Reinforced-concrete piles

Cast-in-place Piles Cast in place piles are constructed in the ground in

Cast-in-place piles may be formed by any of the following methods:

a. Ahollow cylindrical steel tube usually furnished with a tight-fitting