Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and

maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works like roads, bridges, canals, dams,
and buildings.
Civil engineering is the application of physical and scientific principles for solving the problems of society, and its
history is intricately linked to advances in understanding of physics and mathematics throughout history.
DAMS - is a structure built across a river or stream to hold back water.
Manmade dams create artificial lakes called reservoirs.
Reservoirs can be used to store water for farming, industry, and household use.
BRIDGES - is a structure built to span a physical obstacle (such as a body of water, valley, road, or rail) without
blocking the way underneath.
Types: ARCH- TIED ARCH, SUSPENSION, TRUSS, CANTILEVER, BEAN, CABLE-STAYED
ROADS - is a wide way leading from one place to another, especially one with a specially prepared surface which
vehicles can use. Roads consist of one or two roadways, each with one or more lanes and any associated
sidewalks and road verges.
HISTORY
In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian as opposed to military
engineering. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton, who constructed the Eddystone
Lighthouse.
The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire, including especially aqueducts, insulae,
harbors, bridges, dams and roads.
aqueducts -an artificial channel for conveying water, typically in the form of a bridge across a valley or other gap.
AQUEDUCTS
EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS A view of the pyramids at Giza from the plateau to the south of
the complex.

QANAT
(in the Middle East) a gently sloping underground channel or tunnel
constructed to lead water from the interior of a hill to a village below.
A qanat or kariz, is a system for transporting water from an aquifer or water
well to the surface, through an underground aqueduct.
PARTHENON, ATHENS GREECE
The Parthenon is a former temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom
the people of Athens considered their patroness. Construction started in 447 BC when the Athenian Empire was
at the peak of its power.
GREAT WALL OF CHINA The Great Wall of China at Jinshanling
Jinshanling is a section of the Great Wall of China located in the mountainous area in Luanping County,
Chengde, Hebei Province, 125 km northeast of Beijing. This section of the wall is connected with the Simatai
section to the east. Some distance to the west lies the Mutianyu section.
CHICHEN ITZA Chichen Itza was a large pre- Columbian city in Mexico built by the Maya people of the Post Classic
BASIC FIELDS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Civil engineering is the design, implementation, and maintenance of public works. This involves facilities and
structures such as arenas, large scale monuments, government buildings, transportation routes as well as other
structures.
• Structural Engineering • Material Engineering
• Geotechnical Engineering • Construction Engineering
• Environmental Engineering • Surveying
• Transportation Engineering • Municipal Engineering
• Water Resource Engineering • Coastal Engineering
• Earthquake Engineering • Tunnel Engineering
STUCTURAL ENGINEERING This branch of civil engineering encompasses the structural analysis and design of
structures.
SP: EARTHQUAKE eng, WIND eng, ARCHITECTURAL eng, OCEAN eng
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING the engineer studies soil, foundations, and bearing capacities.
SP: MINING eng, FOUNDATION eng
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING This civil engineering type is the study of environment friendly designs,
pollution and their resolutions and sewage management.
SP: TRAFFIC eng, HIGHWAY eng, RAILWAY eng
WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING These engineers deal with the design and construction of hydraulic structures.
SP: HYDRAULIC eng, RIVER eng, COASTAL eng, GROUNDWATER eng
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Earthquake engineers study the seismic forces and earthquake resistant structures.
MATERIAL ENGINEERING This branch of civil engineering deals with the study of material strength, properties of
materials used in construction and ceramics.

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING This civil engineering branch deals with the planning, construction and
maintenance of structures. Construction engineering is the planning and execution of designs from site
development, environmental, structural, transportation and structural engineers.
SURVEYING This type of civil engineering branch handles the surveying and leveling of land by using different
instruments to map and contour the terrain.
MUNICIPAL ENGINEERING These engineers will work with urban or city governments on the planning and
management of the township.
COASTAL ENGINEERING This branch of civil engineering deals with coastal and marine structures.
TUNNEL ENGINEERING Civil engineers who specialize in tunnel engineering are responsible for the planning,
designing, construction, safety and maintenance of tunnels.
 • What is a project? A project is a [temporary] sequence of unique, complex, and connected activities
having one goal or purpose and that must be completed by specific time, within budget, and according to
specification.
Project management is the process of scoping, planning, staffing, organizing, directing, and controlling the
development of an acceptable system at a minimum cost within a specified time
frame.
MEASURES OF PROJECT SUCCESS
• Measures of Project Success
– The resulting information system is acceptable to the customer.
• – The system was delivered “on time.”
• – The system was delivered “within budget.”
• – The system development process had a minimal impact on ongoing business operations.
CAUSES OF PROJECT FAILURE
• Failure to establish upper-management commitment to the project
• Lack of organization’s commitment to the system development methodology
• Taking shortcuts through or around the system development methodology
Poor expectations management
• Premature commitment to a fixed budget and schedule
• Poor estimating techniques
• Inadequate people management skills
• Failure to adapt to business change
• Insufficient resources
• Failure to “manage to the plan
PROJECT MANAGEMENT TOOLS & TECHNIQUES
A PERT chart is a graphical network model that depicts a project’s tasks and the relationships
between those tasks.
GANTT CHART is a simple horizontal bar chart that depicts project tasks
against a calendar. Each bar represents a named project task. The tasks
are listed vertically in the left-hand column. The horizontal axis is a
calendar timeline.
Joint Project Planning Strategy (JPP) is a strategy wherein all stakeholders in a project (meaning system owners,
users, analysts, designers, and builders) participate in a one-to-three-day project management workshop, the
result of which is consensus agreement on project scope, schedule, resources, and budget. (Of course,
subsequent workshops or meetings may be required to adjust scope, budget, and schedule.)
Project Management Functions
• Scoping • Organizing
• Planning • Directing
• Estimating • Controlling
• Scheduling • Closing
ACTIVITY 1: NEGOTIATE SCOPE
• Scope defines the boundaries of a project—What part of the business is to be studied, analyzed, designed,
constructed, implemented, and ultimately improved?
• Product • Cost
• Quality • Resources
• Time
A statement of work is a narrative description of the work to be performed as part of a project. Common
synonyms include scope statement, project definition, project overview, and document of understanding.
ACTIVITY 2: IDENTIFY TASKS
A work breakdown structure (WBS) is a hierarchical decomposition of the project into phases, activities, and
tasks.
Milestones are events that signify the accomplishment or completion of major deliverables during a project.
ACTIVITY 3: ESTIMATE TASK DURATIONS
1.0 Estimate the minimum amount of time it would take to perform the task. We'll call this the optimistic
duration (OD).
2. 0 Estimate the maximum amount of time it would take to perform the task. We'll call this the pessimistic
duration (PD).
3.0 Estimate the expected duration (ED) that will be needed to perform the task. 4. Calculate the most likely
duration (D) as follows:
ACTIVITY 4: SPECIFY INTERTASK DEPENDENCIES
• Finish-to-start (FS)—The finish of one task triggers the start of another task.
• Start-to-start (SS)—The start of one task triggers the start of another task.
• Finish-to-finish (FF)—Two tasks must finish at the same time.
• Start-to-finish (SF)—The start of one task signifies the finish of another task.
What is pert? Program evaluation and review technique
• Pert was developed as a result of looking for an improved method of planning and evaluating
progress of a large scale research and development program.
What is cpm? Critical path method
• Cpm was designed as a tool for planning, scheduling, and control of construction work.
• Emphasis was on the work or activities to be managed
Pert/cpm – is a control tool for defining the parts of construction job and then putting them together in a
network form.
• The three phases of pert/cpm
• 1) planning- determining the relationship between the work operation and the sequence in which
they are to be performed.
• 2) scheduling- defined as the process of translating the arrow diagram into the time table of
calendar days.
• 3) control- monitor phase
• Additions to the project- refers to the new activities
• Deletion from the project
• Changes as to duration, description, trade indicators, cost estimates or resource estimates
• Actual starting dates
• Actual finishing dates
The network fundamentals
• Network conventions
• One of the main features of pert-cpm is their use of a network or precedence diagram which is the
key in solving typical problems.
The network diagram is composed of a number of arrows and nodes.
Activity Network
• Precedence relations among activities
• Two types of representations
• – Activity on arrow (AOA) – Event 2, Event 3, Activity(2,3)
• – Activity on node (AON) – Arrow to show precedence
Activity on arrow

Fundamental elements of pert/cpm networking

 • 1) activity- is the work operations required to complete a task or in some cases, a segment of that task. In
short, it is the actual work between events.
• Arrows should always be pointed to the right
• 2) events- is a point in time signifying the beginning or end of one or more activities. It denotes the
completion of all preceding or predecessor activities and the beginning of one or more succeeding
activities.
• 3) dummy activity- is an arrow on a network showing the dependent relationship between two activities.
However, dummy activity does not represent actual work efforts, and do not consume time. Dummy
activity may be used in the network to distinguish between two or more parallel activities.
• 4) duration of an activity- is the time it takes an activity to be finished. In short, this is the normal time
duration of a task. Duration activity is the span of time from the early start to its early finish or from its
late start to its late finish.
• 5) path- is a sequence of activities that leads from starting node to the finishing node.
• 6) critical path – is the longest route in the network of activities representing a project. The sum of
activities duration along this route is the duration of the project.
• 7) earliest event- is the earliest time occurrence of an event sometimes called earliest event time or early
event time.
• 8) earliest start- of AN ACTIVITY CAN NOT BE EARLIER THAN THE EARLIEST EVENT TIME OF THE EVENT.
• EARLIEST START OF AN ACTIVITY IS ALWAYS EQUAL TO THE EARLIEST EVENT AT THE BEGINNING OF
AN ARROW WHICH IS SOMETIMES CALLED I-NODE.
• EARLIEST FINISH OF AN ACTIVITY IS EQUAL TO ITS EARLIEST START PLUS ITS DURATION OR TIME.
• ES= ES + DURATION OR
• ES = EARLY EVENT + DURATION
• 9) LATE FINISH OF AN ACTIVITY = LATE START + DURATION
• LS + D = LF OR
• LS = LF – D

Scheduling Strategies Forward scheduling establishes a project start date and then schedules forward from that
date. Based on the planned duration of required tasks, their interdependencies, and the allocation of resources
to complete those tasks, a projected project completion date is calculated.
Activity 5: Assign Resources
• People—inclusive of all the system owners, users, analysts, designers, builders, external agents, and
clerical help that will be involved in the project in any way, shape, or form.
• Services—a service such as a quality review that may be charged on a per use basis. • Facilities and
equipment—including all rooms and technology that will be needed to complete the project.
• Supplies and materials—everything from pencils, paper, notebooks, toner cartridges, etc.
• Money—A translation of all of the above into the language of accounting—budgeted dollars!
Resource leveling is a strategy used to correct resource over-allocations by some combination of delaying or
splitting tasks.
TWO TECHNIQUES: task delaying, task splitting
Task Splitting and Delaying
• The critical path for a project is that sequence of dependent tasks that have the largest sum of most likely
durations. The critical path determines the earliest possible completion date of the project.
• Tasks that have slack time can be delayed to achieve resource leveling
ACTIVITY 6: DIRECT THE TEAM EFFORT
• Supervision resources – The DEADLINE – A Novel About Project Management
• The One Minute Manager – The Care and Feeding of Monkeys
• Stages of Team Maturity
ACTIVITY 7: MONITOR AND CONTROL PROGRESS
• Progress reporting
• Change management
• Expectations management
• Schedule adjustments
• critical path analysis (CPA)
CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS AND SLACK TIME
• Using intertask dependencies, determine every possible path through the project.
• For each path, sum the durations of all tasks in the path.
• The path with the longest total duration is the critical path.
• Find slack times for non-critical tasks