LABORATORY ACTIVITY 3

ENERGY AND CHEMISTRY

EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this activity, the students should be able to:

1. Calculate energy change from calorimetric data.
2. Identify enthalpy sign convention for specific reactions.
3. Use Hess’ Law to calculate enthalpy of an overall reaction.
4. Calculate enthalpy from tabulated data.

INTRODUCTION

In chemistry, it is important to quantify the amount of energy change associated with physical
and chemical changes. This would be straight forward if heat and work associated with any
change simply be measured. However, work is often difficult to quantify. Heat on the other
hand is fairly straightforward to measure. As a result, we are very interested in the heat flow
associated with chemical change.

In the laboratory, it is straightforward to quantify heat flow which is equal to the state function,
enthalpy (H). In chemistry, the best way to think about the enthalpy is that it is very nearly
equivalent to the "energy" of the system. Most importantly, the change in enthalpy for a
process at constant pressure is exactly equal to the heat that flows between the system and the
surroundings for that process. Thus, if we can quantify the heat flow at constant pressure, we
can measure the change in the enthalpy of the system.

MATERIALS

Not Applicable

CHEMICALS

Not Applicable

PROCEDURE

Provide complete answers to the following problems in handwritten form using this format:
 • Given
• Required
• Solution
• Answer

QUESTIONS

1. A system receives 425 J of heat and delivers 425 J of work toits surroundings. What is the
change in internal energy of thesystem (in J)?

2. Complete combustion of 1.0 metric ton ofcoal (assuming purecarbon) to gaseous carbon
dioxide releases 3.3 x 1010 J of heat.Convert this energy to (a) kilojoules; (b) kilocalories.

3. Classify the following processes as exothermic or endothermic: (a) freezing of water; (b)
boiling ofwater; (c) digestion offood; (d) a person running; (e) a person growing; (f) wood
beingchopped; (g)heating with a furnace.

4. Calculate q when 12.0 g of water is heated from 20 °C to 100 °C (specific heat of water =
4.18 J/g·°C).

5. A 295-g aluminum engine part at an initial temperature of3.00°C absorbs 85.0 kJ of heat.
What is the final temperature ofthe part (specific heat of Al = 0.900 J/g·°C)?

6. When 165 mL of water at 22°C is mixed with 85 mL of water at 82°C, what is the
finaltemperature? (Assume that no heatis lost to the surroundings; d of water is 1 .00 g/mL)

7. Consider the following balanced thermochemical equationfor a reaction sometimes used

for H2S production:
⅛S8(s) + H2(g) → H2S(g) ∆Hrxn = -20.2 kJ
(a) Is this an exothermic or endothermic reaction?
(b) What is ∆Hrxn for the reverse reaction?
(c) What is ∆H when 3.2 mol of S8 reacts?
(d) What is ∆H when 20.0 g of S8 reacts?

8. Liquid hydrogen peroxide, an oxidizing agent in many rocketfuel mixtures, releases oxygen
gas on decomposition:
2H2O2(l) → 2H2O (l) + O2(g) ∆Hrxn = - 196. 1 kJ
 How much heat is released when 732 kg of H2O2 decomposes?

9. Calculate ∆Hrxn for

Ca(s) + ½ O2(g) + Co2 (g) → CaCO3(s)
given the following set of reactions:
Ca(s) + ½ O2(g) →CaO(s) ∆H = -635.1 kJ
CaCO3(s) →CaO(s) + CO2(g) ∆H = 178.3 kJ

10. Write the balanced overall equation for the followingprocess (equation 3) and calculate
∆HoveralI.
(1) N2 (g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) ∆H = 180.6 kJ
(2) 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ∆H = - 114.2 kJ
(3) ∆Hoverall=?

11. Calculate ∆H°rxn for each of the following:

(a) 2H2S(g) + 3O2(g) → 2SO2(g) + 2H2O (g)
(b) CH4(g) + CI2(g) → CCI4(l) + HCl(g) [unbalanced]

12. Copper(I) oxide can be oxidized to copper(II) oxide:

Cu2O(s) + ½ O2(g) →2CuO(s) ∆H°rxn = - 146.0 kJ
Given that ∆H°f of Cu2O(s) = -168.6 kJ/mol, what is ∆H°f of CuO(s)?

13. Stearic acid (C18H36O2) is a typical fatty acid, a moleculewith a long hydrocarbon chain and
an organic acid group (COOH) at the end. It is used to make cosmetics, ointments,soaps,
and candles and is found in animal tissue as part of manysaturated fats. In fact, when you
eat meat, chances are that youare ingesting some fats that contain stearic acid.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion ofstearic acid to gaseous
products.
(b) Calculate ∆H°rxnfor this combustion (∆H°f = -948 kJ/mol).
(c) Calculate the heat (q) in kJ and kcal when 1.00 g of stearicacid is burned completely.
(d) The nutritional information for a candy bar states that oneserving contains 11.0 g of fat
and 100 Calfrom fat (1 Cal =1 kcal). Is this information consistent with your answer in
part (c)?

REFERENCES

Silberberg, M. S. (2013). Principles of General Chemistry. New York: McGraw Hill.